Evaluación de los niveles plasmáticos de magnesio y su asociación con fibrilación auricular en postoperatorio de cirugía cardiaca

La fibrilación auricular es una de las complicaciones más frecuentes en el postoperatorio de cirugía cardíaca con una incidencia de más del 50% en cirugía valvular. La hipomagnesemia se observa después de cirugía cardiaca y aunque varios estudios han sugerido que la administración de magnesio dismin...

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Autores:
Marmolejo Valois, Libardo
Hernandez Huertas, Felipe
Tipo de recurso:
https://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f
Fecha de publicación:
2025
Institución:
Universidad El Bosque
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Repositorio U. El Bosque
Idioma:
spa
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Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12495/13949
Palabra clave:
Fibrilación auricular
Magnesio
Procedimientos quirúrgicos cardíacos
Cuidado postoperatorio
Atrial fibrillation
Magnesium
Cardiac Surgical Procedures
Postoperative Care
WG 100
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License
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International
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network_acronym_str UNBOSQUE2
network_name_str Repositorio U. El Bosque
repository_id_str
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Evaluación de los niveles plasmáticos de magnesio y su asociación con fibrilación auricular en postoperatorio de cirugía cardiaca
dc.title.translated.none.fl_str_mv Evaluation of plasma magnesium levels and their association with atrial fibrillation in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery
title Evaluación de los niveles plasmáticos de magnesio y su asociación con fibrilación auricular en postoperatorio de cirugía cardiaca
spellingShingle Evaluación de los niveles plasmáticos de magnesio y su asociación con fibrilación auricular en postoperatorio de cirugía cardiaca
Fibrilación auricular
Magnesio
Procedimientos quirúrgicos cardíacos
Cuidado postoperatorio
Atrial fibrillation
Magnesium
Cardiac Surgical Procedures
Postoperative Care
WG 100
title_short Evaluación de los niveles plasmáticos de magnesio y su asociación con fibrilación auricular en postoperatorio de cirugía cardiaca
title_full Evaluación de los niveles plasmáticos de magnesio y su asociación con fibrilación auricular en postoperatorio de cirugía cardiaca
title_fullStr Evaluación de los niveles plasmáticos de magnesio y su asociación con fibrilación auricular en postoperatorio de cirugía cardiaca
title_full_unstemmed Evaluación de los niveles plasmáticos de magnesio y su asociación con fibrilación auricular en postoperatorio de cirugía cardiaca
title_sort Evaluación de los niveles plasmáticos de magnesio y su asociación con fibrilación auricular en postoperatorio de cirugía cardiaca
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Marmolejo Valois, Libardo
Hernandez Huertas, Felipe
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv Hernandez Leiva, Edgar
Hernandez Huertas, Felipe
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Marmolejo Valois, Libardo
Hernandez Huertas, Felipe
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Fibrilación auricular
Magnesio
Procedimientos quirúrgicos cardíacos
Cuidado postoperatorio
topic Fibrilación auricular
Magnesio
Procedimientos quirúrgicos cardíacos
Cuidado postoperatorio
Atrial fibrillation
Magnesium
Cardiac Surgical Procedures
Postoperative Care
WG 100
dc.subject.keywords.none.fl_str_mv Atrial fibrillation
Magnesium
Cardiac Surgical Procedures
Postoperative Care
dc.subject.nlm.none.fl_str_mv WG 100
description La fibrilación auricular es una de las complicaciones más frecuentes en el postoperatorio de cirugía cardíaca con una incidencia de más del 50% en cirugía valvular. La hipomagnesemia se observa después de cirugía cardiaca y aunque varios estudios han sugerido que la administración de magnesio disminuiría la incidencia de fibrilación auricular postoperatoria, su efectividad es controversial, debido a que esta información proviene de ensayos con escaso tamaño de muestra y con resultados contradictorios.
publishDate 2025
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2025-02-13T20:35:43Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2025-02-13T20:35:43Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2025-02
dc.type.coar.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f
dc.type.local.spa.fl_str_mv Tesis/Trabajo de grado - Monografía - Especialización
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dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesis
dc.type.coarversion.none.fl_str_mv https://purl.org/coar/version/c_ab4af688f83e57aa
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dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12495/13949
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv instname:Universidad El Bosque
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv reponame:Repositorio Institucional Universidad El Bosque
dc.identifier.repourl.none.fl_str_mv repourl:https://repositorio.unbosque.edu.co
url https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12495/13949
identifier_str_mv instname:Universidad El Bosque
reponame:Repositorio Institucional Universidad El Bosque
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dc.language.iso.fl_str_mv spa
language spa
dc.relation.references.none.fl_str_mv 1. Baeza-Herrera, L.A., Rojas-Velasco, G., Márquez-Murillo, M.F., Portillo-Romero, A.D.R., Medina-Paz, L., Álvarez-Álvarez, R.J., Ramos-Enríquez, Á., BarandaTovar, F.M., 2020. Fibrilación auricular en cirugía cardíaca. Archivos de Cardiología de México 89.. https://doi.org/10.24875/acm.19000134
2. Lauer M S, Eagle K A, Buckley M J, DeSanctis R W. Atrial fibrillation following coronary artery bypass surgery. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1989 Mar 1;31 (5):367–78.
3. Chaudhary R, Garg J, Turagam M, Chaudhary R, Gupta R, Nazir T, Bozorgnia B, Albert C, Lakkireddy D. Role of Prophylactic Magnesium Supplementation in Prevention of Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 20 Randomized Controlled Trials. J Atr Fibrillation. 2019 Jun 30;12(1):2154. doi: 10.4022/jafib.2154. PMID: 31687067; PMCID: PMC6811340.
4. Khan MS, Yamashita K, Sharma V, Ranjan R, Selzman CH, Dosdall DJ. Perioperative Biomarkers Predicting Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation Risk After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: A Narrative Review. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2020 Jul;34(7):1933-1941. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2019.09.022. Epub 2019 Sep 18. PMID: 31653497; PMCID: PMC7078035
5. Wang TJ, Parise H, Levy D, D’Agostino RB, Wolf PA, Vasan RS, Benjamin EJ. Obesity and the risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation. JAMA. 2004;292(20):2471–7.
6. Maesen B, Nijs J, Maessen J, Allessie M, Schotten U. Post-operative atrial fibrillation: a maze of mechanisms. Europace. 2012 Feb;14(2):159-74. doi: 10.1093/europace/eur208. Epub 2011 Aug 6. PMID: 21821851; PMCID: PMC3262403.
7. Hernández-Leiva E, Dennis R, Isaza D, Umaña JP. Hemoglobin and B-type natriuretic peptide preoperative values but not inflammatory markers, are associated with postoperative morbidity in cardiac surgery: a prospective cohort analytic study. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2013 Jul 5;8:170. doi: 10.1186/1749-8090-8-170. PMID: 23829692; PMCID: PMC3717010.
8. Svagzdiene Milda, Sirvinskas Edmundas, Benetis Rimantas, Raliene Laima, Simatoniene Violeta. Atrial fibrillation and changes in serum and urinary electrolyte levels after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. Medicina (Kaunas) 2009;45 (12):960–70.
9. Alonso A, Agarwal SK, Soliman EZ, Ambrose M, Chamberlain AM, Prineas RJ, Folsom AR. Incidence of atrial fibrillation in whites and African-Americans: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Am Heart J. 2009;158(1):111–7.
10. Rafaqat, S., Khurshid, H. et al. Electrolyte’s imbalance role in atrial fibrillation: Pharmacological management. Int J Arrhythm 23, 15 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42444-022-00065-z
11. Fawcett WJ, Haxby EJ, Male DA. Magnesium: physiology and pharmacology. Br J Anaesth. 1999;83(2):302–20.
12. Fanning W J, Thomas C S, Roach A, Tomichek R, Alford W C, Stoney W S. Prophylaxis of atrial fibrillation with magnesium sulfate after coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 1991 Sep;52 (3):529–33.
13. Arsenault KA, Yusuf AM, Crystal E, Healey JS, Morillo C, Nair GM, et al. Interventions for preventing post-operative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing heart surgery. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013;1(3611):1-219
14. de Waal BA, Buise MP, van Zundert AAJ. Perioperative statin therapy in patients at high risk for cardiovascular morbidity undergoing surgery:a review. Br J Anaesth. 2015;114(1):4452.
15. Shepherd J, Jones J, Frampton G K, Tanajewski L, Turner D. Intravenous magnesium sulphate and sotalol for prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess 2008;12(28)
16. Jedwab R, Redley B, Hutchinson A. Magnesium sulphate replacement therapy in cardiac surgery patients: a systematic review. Aust Crit Care. 2018;31(2):1-13.
17. Gu WJ, Wu ZJ, Wang PF, Aung LHH, Yin RX. Intravenous magnesium prevents atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting: a meta-analysis of 7 doubleblind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trials. Trials. 2012;13(1):1–8.
18. Chaudhary R, Garg J, Turagam M, Chaudhary R, Gupta R, Nazir T, Bozorgnia B, Albert C, Lakkireddy D. Role of Prophylactic Magnesium Supplementation in Prevention of Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 20 Randomized Controlled Trials. J Atr Fibrillation. 2019 Jun 30;12(1):2154. doi: 10.4022/jafib.2154. PMID: 31687067; PMCID: PMC6811340.
19. Wu, X., Wang, C., Zhu, J. et al. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on magnesium in addition to beta-blocker for prevention of postoperative atrial arrhythmias after coronary artery bypass grafting. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 13, 5 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2261-13-5
20. Arsenault KA, Yusuf AM, Crystal E, Healey JS, Morillo C, Nair GM, et al. Interventions for preventing post-operative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing heart surgery. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013;1(3611):1-219
21. Ha ACT, Mazer CD, Verma S, Yanagawa B, Verma A. Management of postoperative atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2016;31(2):183–90
22. Baeza-Herrera Luis A., Rojas-Velasco Gustavo, Márquez-Murillo Manlio F., Portillo-Romero Alejandra del R., Medina-Paz Lourdes, Álvarez-Álvarez Rolando et al . Fibrilación auricular en cirugía cardíaca. Arch. Cardiol. Méx. [revista en la Internet]. 2019 Dic [citado 2023 Abr 09] ; 89( 4 ): 348-359.
23. Klevay Leslie M, Milne David B. Low dietary magnesium increases supraventricular ectopy. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2002 Mar;75 (3):550–4.
24. Millane T A, Jennison S H, Mann J M, Holt D W, McKenna W J, Camm A J. Myocardial magnesium depletion associated with prolonged hypomagnesemia: a longitudinal study in heart transplant recipients. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1992 Oct;20 (4):806–12.
25. Roden D M, Iansmith D H. Effects of low potassium or magnesium concentrations on isolated cardiac tissue. Am. J. Med. 1987 Mar 20;82 (3A):18–23
26. Howitt SH, Grant SW, Campbell NG, Malagon I, McCollum C. Are Serum Potassium and Magnesium Levels Associated with Atrial Fibrillation After Cardiac Surgery? J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2020 May;34(5):1152-1159. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2019.10.045. Epub 2019 Nov 2. PMID: 31948890; PMCID: PMC7610845.
27. Rasmussen H S, Thomsen P E. The electrophysiological effects of intravenous magnesium on human sinus node, atrioventricular node, atrium, and ventricle. Clin Cardiol. 1989 Feb;12 (2):85–90.
28. Chaudhary R, Garg J, Turagam M, Chaudhary R, Gupta R, Nazir T, Bozorgnia B, Albert C, Lakkireddy D. Role of Prophylactic Magnesium Supplementation in Prevention of Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation in Patients Undergoing CoronaryArtery Bypass Grafting: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 20 Randomized Controlled Trials. J Atr Fibrillation. 2019 Jun 30;12(1):2154. doi: 10.4022/jafib.2154. PMID: 31687067; PMCID: PMC6811340.
29. Mashal Qureshi, Ammaarah Ahmed, Victoria Massie, Ellenor Marshall, Amer Harky. Determinants of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. Rev. Cardiovasc. Med. 2021, 22(2), 329–341. https://doi.org/10.31083/j.rcm2202040
30. Edgar Hernández-Leiva, Felipe Hernández-Huertas. The use of inotropes and not hyperchloremia is an independent risk factor for acute kidney injury during the postoperative period of cardiac surgery. A prospective cohort-study. International Journal of Surgery Open,Volume 45 2022,100507,ISSN 2405-8572, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijso.2022.100507.
31. Jiang, YY., Hou, HT., Yang, Q. et al. Chloride Channels are Involved in the Development of Atrial Fibrillation – A Transcriptomic and proteomic Study. Sci Rep 7, 10215 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-10590-w
32. Ortega, C. Regresion logi¬stica no condicionada y tamaño de muestra: una revision bibliografica. Rev. Esp. Salud Publica [online]. 2002, vol.76, n.2, pp.85-93. ISSN 2173-9110.
33. Bradley D, et al. Pharmacologic Prophylaxis: American College of Chest Physicians Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation After Cardiac Surgery. Chest. 2005;128(2 Suppl):39S-47S. doi:10.1378/chest.128.2_suppl.39s.
34. Fairley JL, Zhang L Magnesium Status and Magnesium Therapy in Cardiac Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Focusing on Arrhythmia Prevention. Journal of Critical Care. 2017;42:69-77. doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2017.05.038.
35. Tohme J, et al. Preoperative Oral Magnesium Loading to Prevent Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation Following Coronary Surgery: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery : Official Journal of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 2022;62(5):ezac269. doi:10.1093/ejcts/ezac269.
36. Klinger RY, et all. .Intraoperative Magnesium Administration Does Not Reduce Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation After Cardiac Surgery.Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2015;121(4):861-867. doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000000873.
37. Lancaster TS, Schill MR Potassium and Magnesium Supplementation Do Not Protect Against Atrial Fibrillation After Cardiac Operation: A Time-Matched Analysis. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2016;102(4):1181-8. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2016.06.066.
38. Arnaud MJ. Update on the assessment of magnesium status. Br J Nutr 2008; 99 Suppl 3: S24-36.
39. Elin RJ. Assessment of magnesium status for diagnosis and therapy. Magnes Res 2010; 23(4): S194-8.
40. Roderica Rui Ge Ng. The Association of Acute Kidney Injury and Atrial Fibrillation After Cardiac Surgery in an Asian Prospective Cohort Study. Medicine. 2016;95(12):e3005. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000003005.
41. Chua SK et al. Renal Dysfunction and the Risk of Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation After Cardiac Surgery: Role Beyond the CHA2DS2-VASc Score. Journal of the Working Groups on Cardiac Pacing, Arrhythmias, and Cardiac Cellular Electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology. 2015;17(9):1363-70. doi:10.1093/europace/euu360.
42. Chua SK, et al. Association Between Renal Function, Diastolic Dysfunction, and Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation Following Cardiac Surgery. Circulation Journal : Official Journal of the Japanese Circulation Society. 2013;:DN/JST.JSTAGE/circj/CJ-13-0273.
43. Cole OM, Acute Kidney Injury and Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia. 2020;34(7):1783-1790. doi:10.1053/j.jvca.2019.12.048.
44. Banach M, et al. Atrial Fibrillation as a Nonpsychiatric Predictor of Delirium After Cardiac Surgery: A Pilot Study. Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2008;14(5):CR286-291.
45. Sanson G, et al. Delirium After Cardiac Surgery. Incidence, Phenotypes, Predisposing and Precipitating Risk Factors, and Effects. Heart & Lung : The Journal of Critical Care. 2018 Jul - Aug;47(4):408-417. doi:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2018.04.005.
46. Andrási TB, T Risk Factors for Postoperative Delirium After Cardiac Surgical Procedures With Cardioplegic Arrest. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery : Official Journal of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 2022;62(1):ezab570. doi:10.1093/ejcts/ezab570.
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spelling Hernandez Leiva, EdgarHernandez Huertas, FelipeMarmolejo Valois, LibardoHernandez Huertas, Felipe2025-02-13T20:35:43Z2025-02-13T20:35:43Z2025-02https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12495/13949instname:Universidad El Bosquereponame:Repositorio Institucional Universidad El Bosquerepourl:https://repositorio.unbosque.edu.coLa fibrilación auricular es una de las complicaciones más frecuentes en el postoperatorio de cirugía cardíaca con una incidencia de más del 50% en cirugía valvular. La hipomagnesemia se observa después de cirugía cardiaca y aunque varios estudios han sugerido que la administración de magnesio disminuiría la incidencia de fibrilación auricular postoperatoria, su efectividad es controversial, debido a que esta información proviene de ensayos con escaso tamaño de muestra y con resultados contradictorios.Fundación CadioinfantilEspecialista en Cardiología de AdultosEspecializaciónAtrial fibrillation is one of the most frequent complications in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery, with an incidence of more than 50% in valvular surgery. Hypomagnesemia is observed after cardiac surgery and although several studies have suggested that the administration of magnesium would decrease the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation, its effectiveness is controversial, because this information comes from trials with small sample size and contradictory results.application/pdfAttribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/Acceso abiertohttps://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Fibrilación auricularMagnesioProcedimientos quirúrgicos cardíacosCuidado postoperatorioAtrial fibrillationMagnesiumCardiac Surgical ProceduresPostoperative CareWG 100Evaluación de los niveles plasmáticos de magnesio y su asociación con fibrilación auricular en postoperatorio de cirugía cardiacaEvaluation of plasma magnesium levels and their association with atrial fibrillation in the postoperative period of cardiac surgeryEspecialización en Cardiología AdultosUniversidad El BosqueFacultad de MedicinaTesis/Trabajo de grado - Monografía - Especializaciónhttps://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1fhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1finfo:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesishttps://purl.org/coar/version/c_ab4af688f83e57aa1. Baeza-Herrera, L.A., Rojas-Velasco, G., Márquez-Murillo, M.F., Portillo-Romero, A.D.R., Medina-Paz, L., Álvarez-Álvarez, R.J., Ramos-Enríquez, Á., BarandaTovar, F.M., 2020. Fibrilación auricular en cirugía cardíaca. Archivos de Cardiología de México 89.. https://doi.org/10.24875/acm.190001342. Lauer M S, Eagle K A, Buckley M J, DeSanctis R W. Atrial fibrillation following coronary artery bypass surgery. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1989 Mar 1;31 (5):367–78.3. Chaudhary R, Garg J, Turagam M, Chaudhary R, Gupta R, Nazir T, Bozorgnia B, Albert C, Lakkireddy D. Role of Prophylactic Magnesium Supplementation in Prevention of Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 20 Randomized Controlled Trials. J Atr Fibrillation. 2019 Jun 30;12(1):2154. doi: 10.4022/jafib.2154. PMID: 31687067; PMCID: PMC6811340.4. Khan MS, Yamashita K, Sharma V, Ranjan R, Selzman CH, Dosdall DJ. Perioperative Biomarkers Predicting Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation Risk After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: A Narrative Review. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2020 Jul;34(7):1933-1941. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2019.09.022. Epub 2019 Sep 18. PMID: 31653497; PMCID: PMC70780355. Wang TJ, Parise H, Levy D, D’Agostino RB, Wolf PA, Vasan RS, Benjamin EJ. Obesity and the risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation. JAMA. 2004;292(20):2471–7.6. Maesen B, Nijs J, Maessen J, Allessie M, Schotten U. Post-operative atrial fibrillation: a maze of mechanisms. Europace. 2012 Feb;14(2):159-74. doi: 10.1093/europace/eur208. Epub 2011 Aug 6. PMID: 21821851; PMCID: PMC3262403.7. Hernández-Leiva E, Dennis R, Isaza D, Umaña JP. Hemoglobin and B-type natriuretic peptide preoperative values but not inflammatory markers, are associated with postoperative morbidity in cardiac surgery: a prospective cohort analytic study. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2013 Jul 5;8:170. doi: 10.1186/1749-8090-8-170. PMID: 23829692; PMCID: PMC3717010.8. Svagzdiene Milda, Sirvinskas Edmundas, Benetis Rimantas, Raliene Laima, Simatoniene Violeta. Atrial fibrillation and changes in serum and urinary electrolyte levels after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. Medicina (Kaunas) 2009;45 (12):960–70.9. Alonso A, Agarwal SK, Soliman EZ, Ambrose M, Chamberlain AM, Prineas RJ, Folsom AR. Incidence of atrial fibrillation in whites and African-Americans: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Am Heart J. 2009;158(1):111–7.10. Rafaqat, S., Khurshid, H. et al. Electrolyte’s imbalance role in atrial fibrillation: Pharmacological management. Int J Arrhythm 23, 15 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42444-022-00065-z11. Fawcett WJ, Haxby EJ, Male DA. Magnesium: physiology and pharmacology. Br J Anaesth. 1999;83(2):302–20.12. Fanning W J, Thomas C S, Roach A, Tomichek R, Alford W C, Stoney W S. Prophylaxis of atrial fibrillation with magnesium sulfate after coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann. 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