La relación entre el comercio internacional y las políticas de inmigración: evidencia de México y Estados Unidos

Este artículo describe cómo la administración de Trump trata a México como un campo de pruebas en términos de comercio e inmigración, dos temas importantes respecto a los cuales prometió un cambio radical de política. Así, el objetivo de este trabajo es demostrar que el anuncio de la nueva ley de in...

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Autores:
Desilus, Bendreff
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2020
Institución:
Universidad El Bosque
Repositorio:
Repositorio U. El Bosque
Idioma:
eng
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oai:repositorio.unbosque.edu.co:20.500.12495/5919
Acceso en línea:
http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12495/5919
https://doi.org/10.18270/cuaderlam.v16i31.3119
Palabra clave:
Déficit comercial
salarios
poder
nacionalismo blanco
Trade deficit
Wages
Power
white nationalism
Rights
openAccess
License
Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional
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repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv La relación entre el comercio internacional y las políticas de inmigración: evidencia de México y Estados Unidos
dc.title.translated.spa.fl_str_mv The relationship between international trade and immigration policies: Evidence from Mexico and the United States
title La relación entre el comercio internacional y las políticas de inmigración: evidencia de México y Estados Unidos
spellingShingle La relación entre el comercio internacional y las políticas de inmigración: evidencia de México y Estados Unidos
Déficit comercial
salarios
poder
nacionalismo blanco
Trade deficit
Wages
Power
white nationalism
title_short La relación entre el comercio internacional y las políticas de inmigración: evidencia de México y Estados Unidos
title_full La relación entre el comercio internacional y las políticas de inmigración: evidencia de México y Estados Unidos
title_fullStr La relación entre el comercio internacional y las políticas de inmigración: evidencia de México y Estados Unidos
title_full_unstemmed La relación entre el comercio internacional y las políticas de inmigración: evidencia de México y Estados Unidos
title_sort La relación entre el comercio internacional y las políticas de inmigración: evidencia de México y Estados Unidos
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Desilus, Bendreff
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Desilus, Bendreff
dc.contributor.orcid.none.fl_str_mv Desilus, Bendreff [0000-0002-2346-2983]
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv Déficit comercial
salarios
poder
nacionalismo blanco
topic Déficit comercial
salarios
poder
nacionalismo blanco
Trade deficit
Wages
Power
white nationalism
dc.subject.keywords.spa.fl_str_mv Trade deficit
Wages
Power
white nationalism
description Este artículo describe cómo la administración de Trump trata a México como un campo de pruebas en términos de comercio e inmigración, dos temas importantes respecto a los cuales prometió un cambio radical de política. Así, el objetivo de este trabajo es demostrar que el anuncio de la nueva ley de inmigración, conocida como Reforma de la Inmigración Estadounidense para un Empleo Fuerte (RAISE, por su sigla en inglés) y la política de inmigración en su conjunto son el reflejo del racismo y la supremacía blanca de la administración Trump. Se analiza el déficit en cuenta corriente entre México y Estados Unidos, que se ha utilizado como ancla para la política migratoria. Asimismo, se destaca la teoría realista de las relaciones internacionales, según la cual el poder está en el centro de todo tipo de acuerdos comerciales liberados. Dado lo anterior, se señalan los siguientes problemas estructurales: (i) el racismo y el nacionalismo blanco en la administración Trump; (ii) las causas y las consecuencias del poder y el grado de explotación en la relación comercial entre Estados Unidos y México; (iii) que la reducción del déficit comercial de Estados Unidos con los socios del Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte no es un reflejo del Juego Limpio en el Comercio Mundial y, por lo tanto, es insostenible a largo plazo, y (iv) que el crecimiento del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) en el primer trimestre de 2019 (3,2 %) de los Estados Unidos no es la medida de la economía o el arancel de importación, sino el resultado de un gran recorte de impuestos corporativos para que este sector logre mayores beneficios.
publishDate 2020
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2020-10-09
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2021-07-08T19:48:51Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2021-07-08T19:48:51Z
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dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv instname:Universidad El Bosque
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https://doi.org/10.18270/cuaderlam.v16i31.3119
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dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv Álvarez, T. M. & Azpeitia Sánchez, F. (2010). Liberalización financiera y evolución del crédito en México. Denarius. Revista de Economía y Administración, 13(2), 57-108.
Amadeo, K. (26 July 2018). US Trade Deficit by Country, With Current Statistics and Issues. Why America Cannot Just Make Everything It Needs. The Balance. Retrieved from: https://www.thebalance.com/trade-deficit-by-county-3306264
Applebaum, A. (1 October 2018). Trump’s new NAFTA is pretty much the same as the old one - but at what cost? The Washington Post. Retrieved from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/global-opinions/wp/2018/10/01/trumps-new-nafta-is-pretty-much-the-same-as-the-old-one-but-at-what-cost/?utm_term=.d55d6945bfd9
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (2018). Stats APEC. APEC. Retrieved from: http://statistics.apec.org/index.php/key_indicator/kid_result_flash/11
Atkinson, A. B. (2015). Inequality: What can be done. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Bennet, B., Berenson, T. & Abramson, A. (2019). How Republicans Are Talking Trump Into Accepting a Smaller Border Wall Deal. Time. Retrieved from: http://time.com/5528673/donald-trump-congress-border-security-compromise-republicans/
Boswell , C. (2010). Addressing the causes of migratory and refugee movements: The role of the European Union. New issues in Refugee Research. Working paper No. 73. Institute for Peace Research. University of Hamburg Germany.
Clausing, K. (2019). Open: The Progressive Case of Free Trade, Immigration, and Global Capital. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Cohen, G. A. (1979). The Labor Theory of Value and The Concept of Exploitation. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 8(4), 338-360.
Congressional Research Service (2019). NAFTA Renegotiation and the Proposed United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA).
Deaton, A. (2015). Weak States, Poor countries. Social Europe. Retrieved from: https://www.socialeurope.eu/weak-states-poor-countries
Dougherty, J. E. & Pfaltzgraff, R. L. (1993). Contending Theories of International Relations. Buenos Aires: Pearson.
Egan, M. (5 June 2019). Tariffs on Mexico could cost America 400,000 jobs, a new report says. CNN Business. Retrieved from: https://edition.cnn.com/2019/06/05/business/mexico-tariffs-job-losses
Feagin, J. (2012). White Party, White Government: Race, Class and US Politics. New York: Routledge.
Gilpin, R. (2000). The Challenge of Global Capitalism. New Jersey: Princeton.
Girma, S., & Yu, Z. (2002). The Link between Immigration and Trade: Evidence from the United Kingdom. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 138(1), 115-130. Retrieved from from www.jstor.org/stable/40440885
Guess, T. J. (2006). The Social Construction of Whiteness: Racism by Intent, Racism by Consequence. Critical Sociology, 32(4), 649-673.
Guillén, H. (1997). La contrarrevolución neoliberal en México. México: Era.
Harkinson, J. (27 October 2016). Meet the White Nationalist Trying to Ride the Trump Train to Lasting Power. Mother Jones. Retrieved from: https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2016/10/richard-spencer-trump-alt-right-white-nationalist/
Hirschman, A. O. (1945). National Power and the Structure of Foreign Trade. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Holsti, K. J. (1964). The Concept of Power in the Study of International Relations. Background, 7(4), 179-194.
Hoppe, H. H. (1998). The Case of Free Trade and Restricted Immigration. Journal of Libertarian Studies, 13(2), 221-233.
Hume, D. (1758/2015). Essays: Moral, Political and Literary. New York: Wallachia Publishers.
Inglehart, R. F. & Norris, P. (August 2016). Trump, Brexit, and the Rise of Populism: Economic Have-Nots and Cultural Backlash. HKS Faculty Research Working Paper Series. Retrieved from: https://www.hks.harvard.edu/publications/trump-brexit-and-rise-populism-economic-have-nots-and-cultural-backlash
Inwood, J. (2019). White supremacy, White Counter-Revolutionary Politics, and the Rise of Donald Trump. Politics and Space, 37(4), 579-596.
Jackson, J. K. (28 June 2018). Trade Deficit and US Trade Policy. Congressional Research Service. Retrieved from: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R45243.pdf
Kennan, George. F (1959). “American Diplomacy”. The University of Chicago. Printed in the United States of America.
Kissinger, Henry. A. (1957). A World Restored. Published by Echo Points Books & Media. Printed in the USA
Kregel, J. (2019). Globalization, Nationalism and Clearing Systems. EconStor. Public Policy Brief, 147. Retrieved from: https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/201769/1/ppb_147.pdf
Kregel, J. (2004). External Financing for Development and International Financial Instability. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Retrieved from: https://unctad.org/en/Docs/gdsmdpbg2420048_en.pdf
Maskovsky, J. (2017). Toward the anthropology of white nationalist postracialism. Hau: Journal of Ethnographic Theory, 7(1), 433-440.
McKeogh, C. (2007). Reinhold Niebuhr’s Christian realism/Christian idealism. In W. D. Clinton (Ed.), The Realist Tradition and Contemporary International Relations (pp. 191-211). Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press.
Moreno-Brid, J. C. (1999). Reformas macroeconómicas e inversión manufacturera en México. Santiago de Chile: CEPAL.
Morgenthau, H. J. (1948). Politics Among Nations, the Struggle for Power and Peace. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Ocampo, J. A. (2014). The Latin American Debt Crisis in Historical Perspective. In J. E. Stiglitz & D. Heymann (Ed.), Life After Debt. International Economic Association Series (pp. 87-115). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Ortiz, Martínez, G. (2003). América Latina y el Consenso de Washington. La fatiga de la reforma. Finanzas & Desarrollo, 40(3), 15-17.
Peters, M. E. (2017). Trading Barriers: Immigration and the Remaking of Globalization. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
ProMéxico (2016). The Mexican Aumotive industry: Current Situation, Challenges and opportunities. Ministry of Economy.
Sandoval, M. & García Arroyo, F. (1990). La economía mexicana en el fin del siglo. Revista de la CEPAL, Número 42, pp. 217-254.
Schaefer, J. & Baldas, T. (10 August 2019). Inside the El Paso shooting: A store manager, a frantic father, grateful survivors. USA Today. Retrieved from: https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/08/10/el-paso-shooting-survivors-recall-panic-terror-time-stopped/1974322001/
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Stiglitz, J. (2000). Globalization and its Discontents. Madrid: Taurus.
Strausz- Hupé, R. (1942). The Struggle for Space and Power. New York: G.P, Putnam’s Son.
Time Staff (16 June 2015). Here's Donald Trump's Presidential Announcement Speech. Time. Retrieved from: https://time.com/3923128/donald-trump-announcement-speech/
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United States Census Bureau (2020). Trade in Goods with Mexico. United States Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/balance/c2010.html
United States Senate (13 February 2017). Reforming American Immigration for Strong Employment Act or the RAISE Act. Retrieved from: https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-bill/354
White, R. & Tadesse, B. (2010). Cultural Diversity, Immigration and International Trade: An Empirical Examination of the Relationship in Nine OECD Countries. In L. B. Kerwin (Ed.), Cultural Diversity: Issues, Challenges and Perspectives (pp. 775-808). New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
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World Bank (2008). Report No. 44288-GLB. Retrieved from: http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/571741468336058627/pdf/442880ESW0whiBox0338899B01PUBLIC1.pdf
World Trade Organization (2020). Mexico and the WTO. Retrieved from: https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/mexico_e.htm
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spelling Desilus, BendreffDesilus, Bendreff [0000-0002-2346-2983]2021-07-08T19:48:51Z2021-07-08T19:48:51Z2020-10-092248-6011http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12495/5919https://doi.org/10.18270/cuaderlam.v16i31.3119instname:Universidad El Bosquereponame:Repositorio Institucional Universidad El Bosquerepourl:https://repositorio.unbosque.edu.coEste artículo describe cómo la administración de Trump trata a México como un campo de pruebas en términos de comercio e inmigración, dos temas importantes respecto a los cuales prometió un cambio radical de política. Así, el objetivo de este trabajo es demostrar que el anuncio de la nueva ley de inmigración, conocida como Reforma de la Inmigración Estadounidense para un Empleo Fuerte (RAISE, por su sigla en inglés) y la política de inmigración en su conjunto son el reflejo del racismo y la supremacía blanca de la administración Trump. Se analiza el déficit en cuenta corriente entre México y Estados Unidos, que se ha utilizado como ancla para la política migratoria. Asimismo, se destaca la teoría realista de las relaciones internacionales, según la cual el poder está en el centro de todo tipo de acuerdos comerciales liberados. Dado lo anterior, se señalan los siguientes problemas estructurales: (i) el racismo y el nacionalismo blanco en la administración Trump; (ii) las causas y las consecuencias del poder y el grado de explotación en la relación comercial entre Estados Unidos y México; (iii) que la reducción del déficit comercial de Estados Unidos con los socios del Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte no es un reflejo del Juego Limpio en el Comercio Mundial y, por lo tanto, es insostenible a largo plazo, y (iv) que el crecimiento del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) en el primer trimestre de 2019 (3,2 %) de los Estados Unidos no es la medida de la economía o el arancel de importación, sino el resultado de un gran recorte de impuestos corporativos para que este sector logre mayores beneficios.This paper is concerned on how the Trump administration treats Mexico as testing ground in terms of trade and immigration, two major subjects on which the US president promised a radical policy shift. The main objective of this paper is to demonstrate that the announcement of the new immigration law, known as the Reforming American Immigration for Strong Employment (RAISE), and the immigration policy as a whole are the reflection of racism and white supremacy of the Trump administration. We analyze how the current account deficit between Mexico and the United States has been used as an anchor for the immigration policy, and also, we analyze the realistic theory of international relations, according to which, power is at the center of all types of free trade agreements. According to these analyses, we point to the next structural problems: (i) the racism and white-nationalism in the Trump administration, (ii) the causes and consequences of power and the degree of exploitation in the trade relationship between Unites States and Mexico, (iii); that the trade deficit reduction of US with NAFTA partners is not a reflect of Fair Play in a World Trade and, therefore, is unsustainable in the long term, and (iv) that the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth in the first quarter of 2019 (3.2 percent) of the United States is not the measure of the economy or import tariff, it is a result of a big corporate tax cut which necessarily mean a higher corporate benefits.application/pdfengUniversidad el BosqueUniversidad el Bosque2248-6011https://revistas.unbosque.edu.co/index.php/cuaderlam/article/view/3119/2842Álvarez, T. M. & Azpeitia Sánchez, F. (2010). Liberalización financiera y evolución del crédito en México. Denarius. Revista de Economía y Administración, 13(2), 57-108.Amadeo, K. (26 July 2018). US Trade Deficit by Country, With Current Statistics and Issues. Why America Cannot Just Make Everything It Needs. The Balance. Retrieved from: https://www.thebalance.com/trade-deficit-by-county-3306264Applebaum, A. (1 October 2018). Trump’s new NAFTA is pretty much the same as the old one - but at what cost? The Washington Post. Retrieved from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/global-opinions/wp/2018/10/01/trumps-new-nafta-is-pretty-much-the-same-as-the-old-one-but-at-what-cost/?utm_term=.d55d6945bfd9Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (2018). Stats APEC. APEC. Retrieved from: http://statistics.apec.org/index.php/key_indicator/kid_result_flash/11Atkinson, A. B. (2015). Inequality: What can be done. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Bennet, B., Berenson, T. & Abramson, A. (2019). How Republicans Are Talking Trump Into Accepting a Smaller Border Wall Deal. Time. Retrieved from: http://time.com/5528673/donald-trump-congress-border-security-compromise-republicans/Boswell , C. (2010). Addressing the causes of migratory and refugee movements: The role of the European Union. New issues in Refugee Research. Working paper No. 73. Institute for Peace Research. University of Hamburg Germany.Clausing, K. (2019). Open: The Progressive Case of Free Trade, Immigration, and Global Capital. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Cohen, G. A. (1979). The Labor Theory of Value and The Concept of Exploitation. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 8(4), 338-360.Congressional Research Service (2019). NAFTA Renegotiation and the Proposed United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA).Deaton, A. (2015). Weak States, Poor countries. Social Europe. Retrieved from: https://www.socialeurope.eu/weak-states-poor-countriesDougherty, J. E. & Pfaltzgraff, R. L. (1993). Contending Theories of International Relations. Buenos Aires: Pearson.Egan, M. (5 June 2019). Tariffs on Mexico could cost America 400,000 jobs, a new report says. CNN Business. Retrieved from: https://edition.cnn.com/2019/06/05/business/mexico-tariffs-job-lossesFeagin, J. (2012). White Party, White Government: Race, Class and US Politics. New York: Routledge.Gilpin, R. (2000). The Challenge of Global Capitalism. New Jersey: Princeton.Girma, S., & Yu, Z. (2002). The Link between Immigration and Trade: Evidence from the United Kingdom. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 138(1), 115-130. Retrieved from from www.jstor.org/stable/40440885Guess, T. J. (2006). The Social Construction of Whiteness: Racism by Intent, Racism by Consequence. Critical Sociology, 32(4), 649-673.Guillén, H. (1997). La contrarrevolución neoliberal en México. México: Era.Harkinson, J. (27 October 2016). Meet the White Nationalist Trying to Ride the Trump Train to Lasting Power. Mother Jones. Retrieved from: https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2016/10/richard-spencer-trump-alt-right-white-nationalist/Hirschman, A. O. (1945). National Power and the Structure of Foreign Trade. Berkeley: University of California Press.Holsti, K. J. (1964). The Concept of Power in the Study of International Relations. Background, 7(4), 179-194.Hoppe, H. H. (1998). The Case of Free Trade and Restricted Immigration. Journal of Libertarian Studies, 13(2), 221-233.Hume, D. (1758/2015). Essays: Moral, Political and Literary. New York: Wallachia Publishers.Inglehart, R. F. & Norris, P. (August 2016). Trump, Brexit, and the Rise of Populism: Economic Have-Nots and Cultural Backlash. HKS Faculty Research Working Paper Series. Retrieved from: https://www.hks.harvard.edu/publications/trump-brexit-and-rise-populism-economic-have-nots-and-cultural-backlashInwood, J. (2019). White supremacy, White Counter-Revolutionary Politics, and the Rise of Donald Trump. Politics and Space, 37(4), 579-596.Jackson, J. K. (28 June 2018). Trade Deficit and US Trade Policy. Congressional Research Service. Retrieved from: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R45243.pdfKennan, George. F (1959). “American Diplomacy”. The University of Chicago. Printed in the United States of America.Kissinger, Henry. A. (1957). A World Restored. Published by Echo Points Books & Media. Printed in the USAKregel, J. (2019). Globalization, Nationalism and Clearing Systems. EconStor. Public Policy Brief, 147. Retrieved from: https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/201769/1/ppb_147.pdfKregel, J. (2004). External Financing for Development and International Financial Instability. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Retrieved from: https://unctad.org/en/Docs/gdsmdpbg2420048_en.pdfMaskovsky, J. (2017). Toward the anthropology of white nationalist postracialism. Hau: Journal of Ethnographic Theory, 7(1), 433-440.McKeogh, C. (2007). Reinhold Niebuhr’s Christian realism/Christian idealism. In W. D. Clinton (Ed.), The Realist Tradition and Contemporary International Relations (pp. 191-211). Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press.Moreno-Brid, J. C. (1999). Reformas macroeconómicas e inversión manufacturera en México. Santiago de Chile: CEPAL.Morgenthau, H. J. (1948). Politics Among Nations, the Struggle for Power and Peace. New York: McGraw-Hill.Ocampo, J. A. (2014). The Latin American Debt Crisis in Historical Perspective. In J. E. Stiglitz & D. Heymann (Ed.), Life After Debt. International Economic Association Series (pp. 87-115). London: Palgrave Macmillan.Ortiz, Martínez, G. (2003). América Latina y el Consenso de Washington. La fatiga de la reforma. Finanzas & Desarrollo, 40(3), 15-17.Peters, M. E. (2017). Trading Barriers: Immigration and the Remaking of Globalization. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.ProMéxico (2016). The Mexican Aumotive industry: Current Situation, Challenges and opportunities. Ministry of Economy.Sandoval, M. & García Arroyo, F. (1990). La economía mexicana en el fin del siglo. 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