Contaminación por metales pesados (Hg, Cd, Pb y Cu) en la ostra Crassostrea rhizophorae para dos ecosistemas marino-costeros del Caribe colombiano

La creciente industrialización y descarga de contaminantes han alterado significativamente el equilibrio de los ecosistemas marino-costeros, particularmente en términos de contaminación por metales. Cuando sus contenidos superan las concentraciones de efecto umbral, inducen efectos adversos en los e...

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Autores:: Vélez-Mendoza, Anubis

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Fecha de publicación:: 2024

Institución:: Universidad Nacional de Colombia

Repositorio:: Universidad Nacional de Colombia

Idioma:: spa

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network_acronym_str	UNACIONAL2
network_name_str	Universidad Nacional de Colombia
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv	Contaminación por metales pesados (Hg, Cd, Pb y Cu) en la ostra Crassostrea rhizophorae para dos ecosistemas marino-costeros del Caribe colombiano
dc.title.translated.eng.fl_str_mv	Contamination by heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Pb and Cu) in the oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae for two marine-coastal ecosystems of the Colombian Caribbean
title	Contaminación por metales pesados (Hg, Cd, Pb y Cu) en la ostra Crassostrea rhizophorae para dos ecosistemas marino-costeros del Caribe colombiano
spellingShingle	Contaminación por metales pesados (Hg, Cd, Pb y Cu) en la ostra Crassostrea rhizophorae para dos ecosistemas marino-costeros del Caribe colombiano 500 - Ciencias naturales y matemáticas 550 - Ciencias de la tierra 570 - Biología Elementos potencialmente tóxicos Seston Sedimentos Ostras Potencially toxic elements Seston Sediments Oysters
title_short	Contaminación por metales pesados (Hg, Cd, Pb y Cu) en la ostra Crassostrea rhizophorae para dos ecosistemas marino-costeros del Caribe colombiano
title_full	Contaminación por metales pesados (Hg, Cd, Pb y Cu) en la ostra Crassostrea rhizophorae para dos ecosistemas marino-costeros del Caribe colombiano
title_fullStr	Contaminación por metales pesados (Hg, Cd, Pb y Cu) en la ostra Crassostrea rhizophorae para dos ecosistemas marino-costeros del Caribe colombiano
title_full_unstemmed	Contaminación por metales pesados (Hg, Cd, Pb y Cu) en la ostra Crassostrea rhizophorae para dos ecosistemas marino-costeros del Caribe colombiano
title_sort	Contaminación por metales pesados (Hg, Cd, Pb y Cu) en la ostra Crassostrea rhizophorae para dos ecosistemas marino-costeros del Caribe colombiano
dc.creator.fl_str_mv	Vélez-Mendoza, Anubis
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv	Néstor Hernando, Campos Campos (Thesis advisor) Rico Mora, Jeimmy Paola
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv	Vélez-Mendoza, Anubis
dc.contributor.researchgroup.spa.fl_str_mv	Fauna Marina Colombiana: Biodiversidad y Usos
dc.contributor.orcid.spa.fl_str_mv	Vélez Mendoza, Anubis [0000000338788107]
dc.contributor.cvlac.spa.fl_str_mv	Vélez Mendoza, Anubis Jorge Luis [0000094366]
dc.contributor.scopus.spa.fl_str_mv	Vélez Mendoza, Anubis [57203971403]
dc.subject.ddc.spa.fl_str_mv	500 - Ciencias naturales y matemáticas 550 - Ciencias de la tierra 570 - Biología
topic	500 - Ciencias naturales y matemáticas 550 - Ciencias de la tierra 570 - Biología Elementos potencialmente tóxicos Seston Sedimentos Ostras Potencially toxic elements Seston Sediments Oysters
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv	Elementos potencialmente tóxicos Seston Sedimentos Ostras
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv	Potencially toxic elements Seston Sediments Oysters
description	La creciente industrialización y descarga de contaminantes han alterado significativamente el equilibrio de los ecosistemas marino-costeros, particularmente en términos de contaminación por metales. Cuando sus contenidos superan las concentraciones de efecto umbral, inducen efectos adversos en los ecosistemas y sus habitantes. En la costa Caribe colombiana, es necesario intensificar la vigilancia en la Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta (CGSM) y la bahía de Cispatá (BhC), dos ecosistemas de gran importancia ecológica y socioeconómica de la región, en donde es crucial mejorar en la comprensión del impacto de la contaminación por estos elementos potencialmente tóxicos. En este contexto, la ostra Crassostrea rhizophorae resultó ser un bivalvo idóneo para el estudio, por su capacidad de bioacumular estos contaminantes sin sufrir efectos perjudiciales. Se determinó la contaminación por metales (Hg, Cd y Cu) en las ostras, como el factor de bioconcentración respecto el seston y sedimentos, considerando la talla del organismo, variables fisicoquímicas y épocas climáticas. En cada una de las seis estaciones de muestreo (tres en CGSM y tres en la BhC), se midieron variables fisicoquímicas, se recolectaron muestras compuestas de ostras en tallas juveniles (22 mm-32 mm) y tallas adultas (35 mm-56.5 mm), una muestra compuesta de seston (de tres réplicas) y tres de sedimento (se determinó la materia orgánica, el potencial redox y el contenido de metales). La determinación de los metales se realizó mediante la técnica de espectrofotometría de absorción atómica, utilizando el método EPA 7473 por hidruros para Hg, el método AOAC 999.11 (2002) por horno de grafito (GF-AAS) para Cd y Pb, y por flama (FA-AAS) para Cu. En Pb, tanto en sedimentos como en seston, se presentó el contenido más alto de este elemento potencialmente tóxico en época seca en comparación con la época lluviosa, no obstante, en época seca las estaciones CGS-3 en CGSM y CIS-2 en BhC presentaron una concentración baja ≤0.0003 µg/g Pb p.s., que, junto con la acumulación baja de este metal en bivalvos, se excluyó su análisis en la ostra. El análisis de PERMANOVA reveló diferencias significativas en las concentraciones de Hg, Cd y Cu en las ostras por épocas climáticas, ecosistemas y estaciones, con la mayor bioconcentración relacionada con el seston. En la BhC se determinó la mayor contaminación por Hg y Cu, con una presencia más elevada de Hg durante la época lluviosa correlacionada con la temperatura, y una mayor presencia de Cu durante la época seca con influencia significativa de la salinidad. En CGSM, para el Cd se determinó la mayor contaminación durante la época lluviosa, asociada con la temperatura. En cuanto a las tallas, la bioconcentración de Hg y Cd fue mayor en tallas juveniles, las cuales presentan una mayor tasa de absorción de metales. Sin embargo, este patrón también estuvo influenciado por las condiciones locales, evidenciando una mayor bioconcentración de Hg en tallas adultas en CGSM y de Cd en BhC, ambos durante la época lluviosa. Para Cu, la bioconcentración fue similar en ambas tallas, sugiriendo una mayor influencia de las condiciones locales en cada ecosistema. Aunque las concentraciones de Hg y Cd no representan un riesgo en el consumo de las ostras, se deben mantener medidas de control y gestión. Contrariamente, la situación con el Cu es crítica en la BhC, presentando uno de los mayores riesgos de contaminación por el metal en el mundo durante la última década. Este estudio proporciona una base valiosa para la toma de decisiones y acciones de gestión ambiental, enfocándose en reducir los riesgos asociados con la contaminación por estos metales en estas áreas críticas (Texto tomado de la fuente)
publishDate	2024
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2024-07-12T20:45:14Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv	2024-07-12T20:45:14Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv	2024-07-03
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv	Trabajo de grado - Maestría
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv	Text
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv	http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TM
status_str	acceptedVersion
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv	https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/86443
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv	Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv	Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv	https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/
url	https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/86443 https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv	Universidad Nacional de Colombia Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv	spa
language	spa
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dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv	Universidad Nacional de Colombia
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dc.publisher.faculty.spa.fl_str_mv	Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv	San Andrés Islas
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spelling	Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacionalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Néstor Hernando, Campos Campos (Thesis advisor)dfa894332eba89d1c7508a8cb5d0e675600Rico Mora, Jeimmy Paola784c900ebfa0084a307b6f94f9682bba600Vélez-Mendoza, Anubis939c41a3b32b03f61b12480f2d178c6b600Fauna Marina Colombiana: Biodiversidad y UsosVélez Mendoza, Anubis [0000000338788107]Vélez Mendoza, Anubis Jorge Luis [0000094366]Vélez Mendoza, Anubis [57203971403]2024-07-12T20:45:14Z2024-07-12T20:45:14Z2024-07-03https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/86443Universidad Nacional de ColombiaRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiahttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/La creciente industrialización y descarga de contaminantes han alterado significativamente el equilibrio de los ecosistemas marino-costeros, particularmente en términos de contaminación por metales. Cuando sus contenidos superan las concentraciones de efecto umbral, inducen efectos adversos en los ecosistemas y sus habitantes. En la costa Caribe colombiana, es necesario intensificar la vigilancia en la Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta (CGSM) y la bahía de Cispatá (BhC), dos ecosistemas de gran importancia ecológica y socioeconómica de la región, en donde es crucial mejorar en la comprensión del impacto de la contaminación por estos elementos potencialmente tóxicos. En este contexto, la ostra Crassostrea rhizophorae resultó ser un bivalvo idóneo para el estudio, por su capacidad de bioacumular estos contaminantes sin sufrir efectos perjudiciales. Se determinó la contaminación por metales (Hg, Cd y Cu) en las ostras, como el factor de bioconcentración respecto el seston y sedimentos, considerando la talla del organismo, variables fisicoquímicas y épocas climáticas. En cada una de las seis estaciones de muestreo (tres en CGSM y tres en la BhC), se midieron variables fisicoquímicas, se recolectaron muestras compuestas de ostras en tallas juveniles (22 mm-32 mm) y tallas adultas (35 mm-56.5 mm), una muestra compuesta de seston (de tres réplicas) y tres de sedimento (se determinó la materia orgánica, el potencial redox y el contenido de metales). La determinación de los metales se realizó mediante la técnica de espectrofotometría de absorción atómica, utilizando el método EPA 7473 por hidruros para Hg, el método AOAC 999.11 (2002) por horno de grafito (GF-AAS) para Cd y Pb, y por flama (FA-AAS) para Cu. En Pb, tanto en sedimentos como en seston, se presentó el contenido más alto de este elemento potencialmente tóxico en época seca en comparación con la época lluviosa, no obstante, en época seca las estaciones CGS-3 en CGSM y CIS-2 en BhC presentaron una concentración baja ≤0.0003 µg/g Pb p.s., que, junto con la acumulación baja de este metal en bivalvos, se excluyó su análisis en la ostra. El análisis de PERMANOVA reveló diferencias significativas en las concentraciones de Hg, Cd y Cu en las ostras por épocas climáticas, ecosistemas y estaciones, con la mayor bioconcentración relacionada con el seston. En la BhC se determinó la mayor contaminación por Hg y Cu, con una presencia más elevada de Hg durante la época lluviosa correlacionada con la temperatura, y una mayor presencia de Cu durante la época seca con influencia significativa de la salinidad. En CGSM, para el Cd se determinó la mayor contaminación durante la época lluviosa, asociada con la temperatura. En cuanto a las tallas, la bioconcentración de Hg y Cd fue mayor en tallas juveniles, las cuales presentan una mayor tasa de absorción de metales. Sin embargo, este patrón también estuvo influenciado por las condiciones locales, evidenciando una mayor bioconcentración de Hg en tallas adultas en CGSM y de Cd en BhC, ambos durante la época lluviosa. Para Cu, la bioconcentración fue similar en ambas tallas, sugiriendo una mayor influencia de las condiciones locales en cada ecosistema. Aunque las concentraciones de Hg y Cd no representan un riesgo en el consumo de las ostras, se deben mantener medidas de control y gestión. Contrariamente, la situación con el Cu es crítica en la BhC, presentando uno de los mayores riesgos de contaminación por el metal en el mundo durante la última década. Este estudio proporciona una base valiosa para la toma de decisiones y acciones de gestión ambiental, enfocándose en reducir los riesgos asociados con la contaminación por estos metales en estas áreas críticas (Texto tomado de la fuente)The increasing industrialization and discharge of pollutants have significantly altered the balance of marine-coastal ecosystems, particularly in terms of metal pollution. When concentrations exceed threshold effect levels, they induce adverse effects on ecosystems and their inhabitants. On the the Colombian Caribbean coast, it is essential to intensify monitoring in the Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta (CGSM) and Cispatá Bay (BhC), two ecologically and socioeconomically important ecosystems in the region, to better understand the impact of contamination by these potentially toxic elements. In this context, the oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae was identified as an ideal bivalve for study due to its ability to bioaccumulate these contaminants without suffering detrimental effects. Metal pollution (Hg, Cd, and Cu) in oysters was determined, considering the bioconcentration factor concerning seston and sediments, organism size, physicochemical variables, and climatic seasons. At each of the six sampling stations (three in CGSM and three in BhC), physicochemical variables were measured, composite samples of oysters were collected in juvenile (22 mm-32 mm) and adult sizes (35 mm-56.5 mm), a composite sample of seston (from three replicates), and three sediment samples (determining organic matter, redox potential, and metals content). Metal determination was carried out using atomic absorption spectrophotometry, employing the EPA 7473 method for Hg by hydrides, the AOACC 999.11 (2002) method for Cd and Pb by graphite furnace (GF-AAS), and flame (FA-AAS) for Cu. For Pb, both in sediments and seston, the highest content of this potentially toxic element was observed in the dry season compared to the rainy season. However, during the dry season, stations CGS-3 in CGSM and CIS-2 in BhC exhibited low concentrations ≤0.0003 µg/g Pb p.s., which, along with the low accumulation of this metal in bivalves, led to its exclusion from oyster analysis. PERMANOVA analysis revealed significant differences in Hg, Cd, and Cu concentrations in oysters by climatic seasons, ecosystems, and stations, with the highest bioconcentration related to seston. In BhC, the highest contamination by Hg and Cu was determined, with a higher presence of Hg during the rainy season correlated with temperature and a higher presence of Cu during the dry season with a significant influence of salinity. In CGSM, the highest Cd contamination was determined during the rainy season, associated with temperature. Regarding sizes, bioconcentration of Hg and Cd was higher in juvenile sizes, which exhibit a higher rate of metal absorption. However, this pattern was also influenced by local conditions, showing higher bioconcentration of Hg in adult sizes in CGSM and Cd in BhC, both during the rainy season. For Cu, bioconcentration was similar in both sizes, suggesting a greater influence of local conditions in each ecosystem. Although Hg and Cd concentrations do not pose a risk in oyster consumption, control and management measures must be maintained. Conversely, the situation with Cu is critical in BhC, presenting one of the highest levels of metal contamination in the world over the last decade. This study provides a valuable foundation for decision-making and environmental management actions, focusing on reducing risks associated with metals pollution in these critical areas.Fundación para la Promoción de la Investigación y la Tecnología del Banco de la RepúblicaFondo de Becas Colombia Biodiversa y Fundación Alejandro Ángel Escobar1. Minciencias a través del proyecto “Niveles de contaminación por metales pesados (Hg, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Se, As y Cu), PCB (bifenilos policlorados) y HAP (hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos) en ambientes marinos y costeros del Caribe colombiano (Código 71641)” en el marco del programa “Redes tróficas marinas del Caribe colombiano en la era del plástico y los contaminantes tóxicos (Código Minciencias 71475)”, apoyo el sostenimiento, matrícula, salida de campo y análisis de laboratorio del estudiante. 2. La Fundación para la Promoción de la Investigación y la Tecnología del Banco de la República en el marco del Proyecto 5.131 con la Universidad Nacional de Colombia (Código Hermes 59755) y el Fondo de Becas Colombia Biodiversa y para la Fundación Alejandro Ángel Escobar, apoyaron financieramente la investigación en los análisis de laboratorio en la determinación de metales en la ostra Crassostrea rhizophorae. 3. La Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Caribe con fondos del posgrado apoyó al estudiante en las salidas de campo en la Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta (CGSM) y económicamente en las participaciones de los eventos científicos: II y III Seminario Nacional de la Asociación Colombiana de Investigaciones en Ciencias del Mar-ACIMAR (2022 y 2023), XIX Seminario Nacional de Ciencias y Tecnologías del Mar-SENALMAR (2022), y al International Conference on Marine Science: the future ocean we want-ICMS CEMarin (2023).MaestríaMagíster en Ciencias - BiologíaBiología marinaXIX, 132 paginasapplication/pdfspaUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaCaribe - Caribe - Maestría en Ciencias - BiologíaCentro de estudios en Ciencias del mar-CECIMARFacultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesSan Andrés IslasUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Caribe500 - Ciencias naturales y matemáticas550 - Ciencias de la tierra570 - BiologíaElementos potencialmente tóxicosSestonSedimentosOstrasPotencially toxic elementsSestonSedimentsOystersContaminación por metales pesados (Hg, Cd, Pb y Cu) en la ostra Crassostrea rhizophorae para dos ecosistemas marino-costeros del Caribe colombianoContamination by heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Pb and Cu) in the oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae for two marine-coastal ecosystems of the Colombian CaribbeanTrabajo de grado - Maestríainfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionTexthttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TMAbdel-Wahab, M., Yassien, M. 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Analytica Chimica Acta, 606(2), 135-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2007.11.018Niveles de contaminación por metales pesados (Hg, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Se, As y Cu), PCB (bifenilos policlorados) y HAP (hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos) en ambientes marinos y costeros del Caribe colombiano (Código 71641)MincienciasPúblico generalLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-85879https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/86443/3/license.txteb34b1cf90b7e1103fc9dfd26be24b4aMD53ORIGINAL1143147191.2024.pdf1143147191.2024.pdfTesis de Maestría en Ciencias Biologíaapplication/pdf4933900https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/86443/4/1143147191.2024.pdf1a2648803b0fe584479f792f82d7d17dMD54THUMBNAIL1143147191.2024.pdf.jpg1143147191.2024.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg4217https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/86443/5/1143147191.2024.pdf.jpg877b94bc3a4c45a26dcbef6291736fa5MD55unal/86443oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/864432024-07-12 23:15:16.318Repositorio 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Colombiarepositorio_nal@unal.edu.coUEFSVEUgMS4gVMOJUk1JTk9TIERFIExBIExJQ0VOQ0lBIFBBUkEgUFVCTElDQUNJw5NOIERFIE9CUkFTIEVOIEVMIFJFUE9TSVRPUklPIElOU1RJVFVDSU9OQUwgVU5BTC4KCkxvcyBhdXRvcmVzIHkvbyB0aXR1bGFyZXMgZGUgbG9zIGRlcmVjaG9zIHBhdHJpbW9uaWFsZXMgZGUgYXV0b3IsIGNvbmZpZXJlbiBhIGxhIFVuaXZlcnNpZGFkIE5hY2lvbmFsIGRlIENvbG9tYmlhIHVuYSBsaWNlbmNpYSBubyBleGNsdXNpdmEsIGxpbWl0YWRhIHkgZ3JhdHVpdGEgc29icmUgbGEgb2JyYSBxdWUgc2UgaW50ZWdyYSBlbiBlbCBSZXBvc2l0b3JpbyBJbnN0aXR1Y2lvbmFsLCBiYWpvIGxvcyBzaWd1aWVudGVzIHTDqXJtaW5vczoKCgphKQlMb3MgYXV0b3JlcyB5L28gbG9zIHRpdHVsYXJlcyBkZSBsb3MgZGVyZWNob3MgcGF0cmltb25pYWxlcyBkZSBhdXRvciBzb2JyZSBsYSBvYnJhIGNvbmZpZXJlbiBhIGxhIFVuaXZlcnNpZGFkIE5hY2lvbmFsIGRlIENvbG9tYmlhIHVuYSBsaWNlbmNpYSBubyBleGNsdXNpdmEgcGFyYSByZWFsaXphciBsb3Mgc2lndWllbnRlcyBhY3RvcyBzb2JyZSBsYSBvYnJhOiBpKSByZXByb2R1Y2lyIGxhIG9icmEgZGUgbWFuZXJhIGRpZ2l0YWwsIHBlcm1hbmVudGUgbyB0ZW1wb3JhbCwgaW5jbHV5ZW5kbyBlbCBhbG1hY2VuYW1pZW50byBlbGVjdHLDs25pY28sIGFzw60gY29tbyBjb252ZXJ0aXIgZWwgZG9jdW1lbnRvIGVuIGVsIGN1YWwgc2UgZW5jdWVudHJhIGNvbnRlbmlkYSBsYSBvYnJhIGEgY3VhbHF1aWVyIG1lZGlvIG8gZm9ybWF0byBleGlzdGVudGUgYSBsYSBmZWNoYSBkZSBsYSBzdXNjcmlwY2nDs24gZGUgbGEgcHJlc2VudGUgbGljZW5jaWEsIHkgaWkpIGNvbXVuaWNhciBhbCBww7pibGljbyBsYSBvYnJhIHBvciBjdWFscXVpZXIgbWVkaW8gbyBwcm9jZWRpbWllbnRvLCBlbiBtZWRpb3MgYWzDoW1icmljb3MgbyBpbmFsw6FtYnJpY29zLCBpbmNsdXllbmRvIGxhIHB1ZXN0YSBhIGRpc3Bvc2ljacOzbiBlbiBhY2Nlc28gYWJpZXJ0by4gQWRpY2lvbmFsIGEgbG8gYW50ZXJpb3IsIGVsIGF1dG9yIHkvbyB0aXR1bGFyIGF1dG9yaXphIGEgbGEgVW5pdmVyc2lkYWQgTmFjaW9uYWwgZGUgQ29sb21iaWEgcGFyYSBxdWUsIGVuIGxhIHJlcHJvZHVjY2nDs24geSBjb211bmljYWNpw7NuIGFsIHDDumJsaWNvIHF1ZSBsYSBVbml2ZXJzaWRhZCByZWFsaWNlIHNvYnJlIGxhIG9icmEsIGhhZ2EgbWVuY2nDs24gZGUgbWFuZXJhIGV4cHJlc2EgYWwgdGlwbyBkZSBsaWNlbmNpYSBDcmVhdGl2ZSBDb21tb25zIGJham8gbGEgY3VhbCBlbCBhdXRvciB5L28gdGl0dWxhciBkZXNlYSBvZnJlY2VyIHN1IG9icmEgYSBsb3MgdGVyY2Vyb3MgcXVlIGFjY2VkYW4gYSBkaWNoYSBvYnJhIGEgdHJhdsOpcyBkZWwgUmVwb3NpdG9yaW8gSW5zdGl0dWNpb25hbCwgY3VhbmRvIHNlYSBlbCBjYXNvLiBFbCBhdXRvciB5L28gdGl0dWxhciBkZSBsb3MgZGVyZWNob3MgcGF0cmltb25pYWxlcyBkZSBhdXRvciBwb2Ryw6EgZGFyIHBvciB0ZXJtaW5hZGEgbGEgcHJlc2VudGUgbGljZW5jaWEgbWVkaWFudGUgc29saWNpdHVkIGVsZXZhZGEgYSBsYSBEaXJlY2Npw7NuIE5hY2lvbmFsIGRlIEJpYmxpb3RlY2FzIGRlIGxhIFVuaXZlcnNpZGFkIE5hY2lvbmFsIGRlIENvbG9tYmlhLiAKCmIpIAlMb3MgYXV0b3JlcyB5L28gdGl0dWxhcmVzIGRlIGxvcyBkZXJlY2hvcyBwYXRyaW1vbmlhbGVzIGRlIGF1dG9yIHNvYnJlIGxhIG9icmEgY29uZmllcmVuIGxhIGxpY2VuY2lhIHNlw7FhbGFkYSBlbiBlbCBsaXRlcmFsIGEpIGRlbCBwcmVzZW50ZSBkb2N1bWVudG8gcG9yIGVsIHRpZW1wbyBkZSBwcm90ZWNjacOzbiBkZSBsYSBvYnJhIGVuIHRvZG9zIGxvcyBwYcOtc2VzIGRlbCBtdW5kbywgZXN0byBlcywgc2luIGxpbWl0YWNpw7NuIHRlcnJpdG9yaWFsIGFsZ3VuYS4KCmMpCUxvcyBhdXRvcmVzIHkvbyB0aXR1bGFyZXMgZGUgZGVyZWNob3MgcGF0cmltb25pYWxlcyBkZSBhdXRvciBtYW5pZmllc3RhbiBlc3RhciBkZSBhY3VlcmRvIGNvbiBxdWUgbGEgcHJlc2VudGUgbGljZW5jaWEgc2Ugb3RvcmdhIGEgdMOtdHVsbyBncmF0dWl0bywgcG9yIGxvIHRhbnRvLCByZW51bmNpYW4gYSByZWNpYmlyIGN1YWxxdWllciByZXRyaWJ1Y2nDs24gZWNvbsOzbWljYSBvIGVtb2x1bWVudG8gYWxndW5vIHBvciBsYSBwdWJsaWNhY2nDs24sIGRpc3RyaWJ1Y2nDs24sIGNvbXVuaWNhY2nDs24gcMO6YmxpY2EgeSBjdWFscXVpZXIgb3RybyB1c28gcXVlIHNlIGhhZ2EgZW4gbG9zIHTDqXJtaW5vcyBkZSBsYSBwcmVzZW50ZSBsaWNlbmNpYSB5IGRlIGxhIGxpY2VuY2lhIENyZWF0aXZlIENvbW1vbnMgY29uIHF1ZSBzZSBwdWJsaWNhLgoKZCkJUXVpZW5lcyBmaXJtYW4gZWwgcHJlc2VudGUgZG9jdW1lbnRvIGRlY2xhcmFuIHF1ZSBwYXJhIGxhIGNyZWFjacOzbiBkZSBsYSBvYnJhLCBubyBzZSBoYW4gdnVsbmVyYWRvIGxvcyBkZXJlY2hvcyBkZSBwcm9waWVkYWQgaW50ZWxlY3R1YWwsIGluZHVzdHJpYWwsIG1vcmFsZXMgeSBwYXRyaW1vbmlhbGVzIGRlIHRlcmNlcm9zLiBEZSBvdHJhIHBhcnRlLCAgcmVjb25vY2VuIHF1ZSBsYSBVbml2ZXJzaWRhZCBOYWNpb25hbCBkZSBDb2xvbWJpYSBhY3TDumEgY29tbyB1biB0ZXJjZXJvIGRlIGJ1ZW5hIGZlIHkgc2UgZW5jdWVudHJhIGV4ZW50YSBkZSBjdWxwYSBlbiBjYXNvIGRlIHByZXNlbnRhcnNlIGFsZ8O6biB0aXBvIGRlIHJlY2xhbWFjacOzbiBlbiBtYXRlcmlhIGRlIGRlcmVjaG9zIGRlIGF1dG9yIG8gcHJvcGllZGFkIGludGVsZWN0dWFsIGVuIGdlbmVyYWwuIFBvciBsbyB0YW50bywgbG9zIGZpcm1hbnRlcyAgYWNlcHRhbiBxdWUgY29tbyB0aXR1bGFyZXMgw7puaWNvcyBkZSBsb3MgZGVyZWNob3MgcGF0cmltb25pYWxlcyBkZSBhdXRvciwgYXN1bWlyw6FuIHRvZGEgbGEgcmVzcG9uc2FiaWxpZGFkIGNpdmlsLCBhZG1pbmlzdHJhdGl2YSB5L28gcGVuYWwgcXVlIHB1ZWRhIGRlcml2YXJzZSBkZSBsYSBwdWJsaWNhY2nDs24gZGUgbGEgb2JyYS4gIAoKZikJQXV0b3JpemFuIGEgbGEgVW5pdmVyc2lkYWQgTmFjaW9uYWwgZGUgQ29sb21iaWEgaW5jbHVpciBsYSBvYnJhIGVuIGxvcyBhZ3JlZ2Fkb3JlcyBkZSBjb250ZW5pZG9zLCBidXNjYWRvcmVzIGFjYWTDqW1pY29zLCBtZXRhYnVzY2Fkb3Jlcywgw61uZGljZXMgeSBkZW3DoXMgbWVkaW9zIHF1ZSBzZSBlc3RpbWVuIG5lY2VzYXJpb3MgcGFyYSBwcm9tb3ZlciBlbCBhY2Nlc28geSBjb25zdWx0YSBkZSBsYSBtaXNtYS4gCgpnKQlFbiBlbCBjYXNvIGRlIGxhcyB0ZXNpcyBjcmVhZGFzIHBhcmEgb3B0YXIgZG9ibGUgdGl0dWxhY2nDs24sIGxvcyBmaXJtYW50ZXMgc2Vyw6FuIGxvcyByZXNwb25zYWJsZXMgZGUgY29tdW5pY2FyIGEgbGFzIGluc3RpdHVjaW9uZXMgbmFjaW9uYWxlcyBvIGV4dHJhbmplcmFzIGVuIGNvbnZlbmlvLCBsYXMgbGljZW5jaWFzIGRlIGFjY2VzbyBhYmllcnRvIENyZWF0aXZlIENvbW1vbnMgeSBhdXRvcml6YWNpb25lcyBhc2lnbmFkYXMgYSBzdSBvYnJhIHBhcmEgbGEgcHVibGljYWNpw7NuIGVuIGVsIFJlcG9zaXRvcmlvIEluc3RpdHVjaW9uYWwgVU5BTCBkZSBhY3VlcmRvIGNvbiBsYXMgZGlyZWN0cmljZXMgZGUgbGEgUG9sw610aWNhIEdlbmVyYWwgZGUgbGEgQmlibGlvdGVjYSBEaWdpdGFsLgoKCmgpCVNlIGF1dG9yaXphIGEgbGEgVW5pdmVyc2lkYWQgTmFjaW9uYWwgZGUgQ29sb21iaWEgY29tbyByZXNwb25zYWJsZSBkZ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Contaminación por metales pesados (Hg, Cd, Pb y Cu) en la ostra Crassostrea rhizophorae para dos ecosistemas marino-costeros del Caribe colombiano

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