Spin-glass y la mano invisible de Adam Smith
ilustraciones, graficas
- Autores:
-
Ávila, Diego
- Tipo de recurso:
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2022
- Institución:
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia
- Repositorio:
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia
- Idioma:
- spa
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/82914
- Palabra clave:
- 330 - Economía
B12: Classical (includes Adam Smith)
B59: Other
D50: General
D79: Other
B12: Clásica (incluye Adam Smith)
B59: Otros
Teoría de la complejidad
Mano Invisible
Mercado libre
Simulación basada en agentes
Complexity theory
Invisible hand
Free market
Agent-based simulation
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional
| id |
UNACIONAL2_f1d1e1e52a2d6004d696a518a56ba005 |
|---|---|
| oai_identifier_str |
oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/82914 |
| network_acronym_str |
UNACIONAL2 |
| network_name_str |
Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
| repository_id_str |
|
| dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv |
Spin-glass y la mano invisible de Adam Smith |
| dc.title.translated.eng.fl_str_mv |
Spin-glass and Adam Smith's invisible hand |
| title |
Spin-glass y la mano invisible de Adam Smith |
| spellingShingle |
Spin-glass y la mano invisible de Adam Smith 330 - Economía B12: Classical (includes Adam Smith) B59: Other D50: General D79: Other B12: Clásica (incluye Adam Smith) B59: Otros Teoría de la complejidad Mano Invisible Mercado libre Simulación basada en agentes Complexity theory Invisible hand Free market Agent-based simulation |
| title_short |
Spin-glass y la mano invisible de Adam Smith |
| title_full |
Spin-glass y la mano invisible de Adam Smith |
| title_fullStr |
Spin-glass y la mano invisible de Adam Smith |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Spin-glass y la mano invisible de Adam Smith |
| title_sort |
Spin-glass y la mano invisible de Adam Smith |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Ávila, Diego |
| dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv |
Monsalve Gómez, Sergio |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Ávila, Diego |
| dc.contributor.researchgroup.spa.fl_str_mv |
Grupo de Investigación en Modelos Económicos y Métodos Cuantitativos (Imemc) |
| dc.contributor.orcid.spa.fl_str_mv |
0000-0003-0135-724X |
| dc.contributor.cvlac.spa.fl_str_mv |
Ávila, Diego [0000037610] |
| dc.contributor.googlescholar.spa.fl_str_mv |
Ávila, Diego [ZY_W6cUAAAAJ] |
| dc.subject.ddc.spa.fl_str_mv |
330 - Economía |
| topic |
330 - Economía B12: Classical (includes Adam Smith) B59: Other D50: General D79: Other B12: Clásica (incluye Adam Smith) B59: Otros Teoría de la complejidad Mano Invisible Mercado libre Simulación basada en agentes Complexity theory Invisible hand Free market Agent-based simulation |
| dc.subject.jel.eng.fl_str_mv |
B12: Classical (includes Adam Smith) B59: Other D50: General D79: Other |
| dc.subject.jel.spa.fl_str_mv |
B12: Clásica (incluye Adam Smith) B59: Otros |
| dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Teoría de la complejidad Mano Invisible Mercado libre Simulación basada en agentes |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Complexity theory Invisible hand Free market Agent-based simulation |
| description |
ilustraciones, graficas |
| publishDate |
2022 |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2022 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-01-13T15:16:51Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-01-13T15:16:51Z |
| dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Trabajo de grado - Maestría |
| dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis |
| dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion |
| dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv |
Text |
| dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TM |
| status_str |
acceptedVersion |
| dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/82914 |
| dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv |
Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
| dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
| dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ |
| url |
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/82914 https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ |
| identifier_str_mv |
Universidad Nacional de Colombia Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
| dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv |
spa |
| language |
spa |
| dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
Allais, M. (1943). À la recherche d´une discipline économique (Vol. 2). Impr. Industria. Anderson, P. (1978). The concept of frustration in spin glasses. Journal of the Less Common Metals, 62, 291–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5088(78)90040-1 Arrow, K. (1986). Rationality of self and others in an economic system. The Journal of Business, 59(4), S385–S399. https://doi.org/10.1086/296376 Arrow, K. (2007). Getting to economic equilibrium: A problem and its history. En X. Deng & F. C. Graham (Eds.), Internet and network economics (pp. 1–2). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Arrow, K., & Debreu, G. (1954). Existence of an equilibrium for a competitive economy. Econometrica, 22(3), 265. https://doi.org/10.2307/1907353 Arrow, K., & Hahn, F. (1971). General competitive analysis. Holden-Day. Arthur, B. (1994). Inductive reasoning and bounded rationality. The American Economic Review, 84(2), 406–411. Arthur, B. (2009). The nature of technology: What it is and how it evolves. Allen Lane. Arthur, B. (2014). Complexity and the economy. Arthur, B., Beinhocker, E., & Stanger, A. (2020). Complexity economics: Dialogues of the applied complexity network. Proceedings of the Santa Fe Institute’s 2019 Fall Symposium. SFI Press. Bak, P., Tang, C., & Wiesenfeld, K. (1988). Self-organized criticality. Physical Review A, 38(1), 364–374. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.38.364 Banco de la República de Colombia. (2021). Mercado accionario. https://www.banrep.gov.co/es/estadisticas/ Banerjee, A., Burlina, P., & Alajaji, F. (1999). Image segmentation and labeling using the Polya urn model. IEEE transactions on image processing, 8(9), 1243–1253. Beinhocker, E. (2006). The origin of wealth: Evolution, complexity, and the radical remaking of economics. Harvard Business Press. Bernstein, J. (2005). Bachelier. American Journal of Physics, 73(5), 395–398. https://doi.org/10.1119/1.1848117 Bikhchandani, S., & Sharma, S. (2000). Herd behavior in financial markets. IMF Staff papers, 47(3), 279–310. Birkhoff, G. (1917). Dynamical systems with two degrees of freedom. Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, 18(2), 199–300. https://doi.org/10.2307/1988861 Birkhoff, G. (1931). Proof of the ergodic theorem. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 17(12), 656–660. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.17.2.656 Blume, L. (1993). The statistical mechanics of strategic interaction. Games and Economic Behavior, 5(3), 387–424. https://doi.org/10.1006/game.1993.1023 Brock, W. (1993). Pathways to randomness in the economy: Emergent nonlinearity and chaos in economics and finance. Estudios Económicos, 8(1 (15)), 3–55. Brown, D., & Matzkin, R. (1998). Estimation of nonparametric functions in simultaneous equations models, with an application to consumer demand (Número 1175). Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers. https://elischolar. library.yale.edu/cowles-discussion-paper-series/1423 Callaway, E. (2022). `The entire protein universe’: AI predicts shape of nearly every known protein. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-022-02083-2 Capra, F., & Luisi, P. (2014). The systems view of life. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511895555 Cara, M., Pla, O., & Guinea, F. (2000). Learning, competition and cooperation in simple games. The European Physical Journal B - Condensed Matter and Complex Systems, 13(3), 413–416. https://doi.org/10.1007/s100510050051 Chakrabarti, B. (2005). Econophys-Kolkata: A short story. En A. Chatterjee, S. Yarlagadda, & B. Chakrabarti (Eds.), Econophysics of wealth distributions: Econophys-Kolkata I (pp. 225–228). Springer Milan. https://doi.org/10.1007/88-470-0389-X_26 Challet, D., & Zhang, Y. (1997). Emergence of cooperation and organization in an evolutionary game. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 246(3–4), 407–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4371(97)00419-6 Challet, D., & Zhang, Y. (1998). On the minority game: Analytical and numerical studies. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 256(3–4), 514–532. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4371(98)00260-X Darwin, C. (1859). On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. John Murray. David, P. A. (1985). Clio and the economics of QWERTY. The American Economic Review, 75(2), 332–337. de Groot, A. (1965). Thought and choice in chess. Mouton. Debreu, G. (1959). Theory of value: An axiomatic analysis of economic equilibrium (Vol. 17). Yale University Press. Debreu, G. (1962). New concepts and techniques for equilibrium analysis. International Economic Review, 3(3), 257–273. https://doi.org/10.2307/2525394 Debreu, G. (1974). Excess demand functions. Journal of Mathematical Economics, 1(1), 15–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4068(74)90032-9 Deichmann, U. (2017). Hierarchy, determinism, and specificity in theories of development and evolution. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, 39(4), 33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40656-017-0160-3 Dhami, S. (2016). The foundations of behavioral economic analysis. Oxford University Press. Dopfer, K. (2006). The origins of meso economics: Schumpeter’s legacy (Papers on Economics and Evolution Núm. 0610). Max Planck Institute of Economics. http://hdl.handle.net/10419/31822 Durlauf, S. (1993). Nonergodic Economic Growth. The Review of Economic Studies, 60(2), 349. https://doi.org/10.2307/2298061 Durlauf, S. (2012). Complexity, economics, and public policy. Politics, Philosophy & Economics, 11(1), 45–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470594X11434625 Dvorak, A., Merrick, N., Dealey, W., & Ford, G. (1936). Typewriting behavior: Psychology applied to teaching and learning typewriting. American Book Company. Edgeworth, F. (1881). Mathematical psychics: An essay on the application of mathematics to the moral sciences. C. Kegan Paul & Co. Faggini, M., & Parziale, A. (2012). The failure of economic theory. Lessons from chaos theory. Modern Economy, 3(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.4236/me.2012.31001 Fama, E. (1970). Efficient capital markets: A review of theory and empirical work. The Journal of Finance, 25(2), 383–417. https://doi.org/10.2307/2325486 Fama, E., & French, K. (2010). Luck versus skill in the cross-section of mutual fund returns. The Journal of Finance, 65(5), 1915–1947. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2010.01598.x Farmer, J., Way, R., & Mealy, P. (2020). Estimating the costs of energy transition scenarios using probabilistic forecasting methods. Institute for New Economic Thinking at the Oxford Martin School, University. Fisher, I. (1910). Introduction to economic science. Macmillan. Foley, D. (1994). A statistical equilibrium theory of markets. Journal of Economic Theory, 62(2), 321–345. https://doi.org/10.1006/jeth.1994.1018 Föllmer, H. (1974). Random economies with many interacting agents. Journal of Mathematical Economics, 1(1), 51–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4068(74)90035-4 Gabaix, X., Gopikrishnan, P., Plerou, V., & Stanley, E. (2003). A theory of power-law distributions in financial market fluctuations. Nature, 423(6937). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01624 Gabaix, X., Gopikrishnan, P., Plerou, V., & Stanley, E. (2006). Institutional investors and stock market volatility. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 121(2), 461–504. https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.2006.121.2.461 Gabaix, X., Gopikrishnan, P., Plerou, V., & Stanley, E. (2007). A theory of limited liquidity and large investors causing spikes in stock market volatility and trading volume. Journal of the European Economic Association, 5(2–3), 564–573. https://doi.org/10.1162/jeea.2007.5.2-3.564 Geanakoplos, J. (2003). Nash and Walras equilibrium via Brouwer. Economic Theory, 21(2–3), 585–603. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001990000076 Gibbs, J. (1902). Elementary principles in statistical mechanics. Scribner’s sons. Gibney, E. (2022). Could machine learning fuel a reproducibility crisis in science? Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-022-02035-w Gintis, H. (2006). Book review: The origin of wealth: Evolution, complexity, and the radical remaking of economics. Journal of Economic Literature, 44(4), 1018–1031. Gintis, H. (2007). The dynamics of general equilibrium. Economic Journal, 117(523), 1280–1309. https://doi.org/10.0.4.87/j.1468-0297.2007.02083.x Gleick, J. (1987). Chaos: Making a new science. Viking Penguin. Gorman, W. (1961). On a class of preference fields. Metroeconomica, 13(2), 53–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-999X.1961.tb00819.x Hahn, F. (1982). Reflections on the Invisible Hand. Lloyds Bank Review, 144, 1–21. Hicks, J. (1937). Mr. Keynes and the “Classics”; A Suggested Interpretation. Econometrica, 5(2), 147–159. https://doi.org/10.2307/1907242 Hicks, J. (1939). Value and Capital: An Inquiry into Some Fundamental Principles of Economic Theory (2a ed.). Clarendon Press. Huang, W., & Day, R. (2001). On the statistical properties of ergodic economic systems. Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society, 6(3), 181–189. Ising, E. (1925). Beitrag zur theorie des ferromagnetismus. Zeitschrift für Physik, 31(1), 253–258. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02980577 Jackson, M. (2019). The human network: How your social position determines your power, beliefs, and behaviors. Vintage. Jaffé, W. (1980). Walras’s economics as others see it. Journal of Economic Literature, 18(2), 528–549. Jhonson, N., & Kotz, S. (1977). Urn models and their application. John Wiley & Sons. Jordan, J. (1982). A dynamic model of expectations equilibrium. Journal of Economic Theory, 28(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0531(82)90060-6 Kaizoji, T. (2010). Multiple equilibria and chaos in a discrete tâtonnement process. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 76(3), 597–599. Keynes, J. (1921). A treatise on probability (Vol. 31). Dover Publications. Keynes, J. (1936). The general theory of employment interest and money. Macmillan and Co. Kirman, A. (1989). The intrinsic limits of modern economic theory: The emperor has no clothes. The Economic Journal, 99(395), 126–139. https://doi.org/10.2307/2234075 Kirman, A. (2021). Walras or Pareto: Who is to blame for the state of modern economic theory? Review of Political Economy, 33(2), 280–302. https://doi.org/10.1080/09538259.2021.1889173 Kochugovindan, S., & Vriend, N. (1998). Is the study of complex adaptive systems going to solve the mystery of Adam Smith’s “Invisible Hand”? The Independent Review, 3(1), 53–66. Krugman, P. (1996). What economists can learn from evolutionary theorists. A talk given to the European Association for Evolutionary Political Economy. Kyle, A., & Obizhaeva, A. (2012). Large Bets and Stock Market Crashes. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2023776 Levy, M., & Solomon, S. (1997). New evidence for the power-law distribution of wealth. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 242(1–2), 90–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4371(97)00217-3 Lorenz, E. (1993). The essence of chaos. UCL. Lucas, R. E., & Moll, B. (2014). Knowledge growth and the allocation of time. Journal of Political Economy, 122(1), 1–51. https://doi.org/10.1086/674363 Malthus, T. (1798). An essay on the principle of population. McMaster University Archive for the History of Economic Thought. Malthus, T. (1815). An inquiry into the nature and progress of rent, and the principles by which it is regulated. John Murray. Mandel, A., & Gintis, H. (2016). Decentralized Pricing and the equivalence between Nash and Walrasian equilibrium. Journal of Mathematical Economics, 63, 84–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmateco.2015.12.008 Mantegna, R., & Stanley, E. (2000). An introduction to econophysics: Correlations and complexity in finance. Cambridge University Press. Mantel, R. (1974). On the characterization of aggregate excess demand. Journal of Economic Theory, 7(3), 348–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0531(74)90100-8 Manuca, R., Li, Y., Riolo, R., & Savit, R. (1998). The structure of adaptive competition in minority games. https://arxiv.org/abs/adap-org/9811005 Marshall, A. (1890). Principles of economics. Macmillan. Marshall, A. (1919). Industry and trade. MacMillan. Marx, K. (1859). Zur Kritik der politischen Oekonomie. Mas-Colell, A., Whinston, M., & Green, J. (1995). Microeconomic theory (R. Campbell & A. Skinnerm, Eds.). Oxford University Press. McKenzie, L. (1954). On Equilibrium in Graham’s model of world trade and other competitive systems. Econometrica, 22(2), 147. https://doi.org/10.2307/1907539 Menger, C. (1871). Grundsätze der volkswirthschaftslehre. W. Braumüller. Mitchell, M. (2019). Artificial intelligence: A guide for thinking humans. Penguin UK. Mitchell, M. (2021). Why AI is harder than we think. http://arxiv.org/abs/2104.12871 Monsalve, S. (2017). Competencia bajo equilibrio general. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas. Monsalve, S., & Avila, D. (2022). Microeconomia y Complejidad. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas. Escuela de Economía. En preparación. Mukherji, A. (2008). Stability of a competitive economy: A reconsideration. International Journal of Economic Theory, 4(2), 317–336. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-7363.2008.00073.x Muth, J. (1961). Rational Expectations and the Theory of Price Movements. Econometrica, 29(3), 315–335. https://doi.org/10.2307/1909635 Palmer, R., Arthur, B., Holland, J., & LeBaron, B. (1999). An artificial stock market. Artificial Life and Robotics, 3(1), 27–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02481484 Palmer, R., Arthur, B., Holland, John., LeBaron, B., & Tayler, P. (1994). Artificial economic life: A simple model of a stockmarket. Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena, 75(1–3), 264–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2789(94)90287-9 Pareto, V. (1896). La curva delle entrate e le osservazioni del prof. Edgeworth. Giornale degli economisti, 13, 439–448. Pareto, V. (1897). Cours d’Économie Politique (Vol. 2). Librairie de la Société du Recueil Sirey. Pareto, V. (1906). Manuale di economia politica (Vol. 13). Societa Editrice. http://hdl.handle.net/2027/ nyp.33433008069308 Peitzsch, E., Stahle, D., Fagre, D., Clark, A., Pederson, G., Hendrikx, J., & Birkeland, K. (2019). Tree ring dataset for a regional avalanche chronology in northwest Montana, 1636–2017: U.S. Geological Survey data release. https://doi.org/10.5066/P9TLHZAI Peters, O., & Gell-Mann, M. (2016). Evaluating gambles using dynamics. Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science, 26(2), 023103. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4940236 Poincaré, H. (1903). La Science et l’hypothèse (E. Flammarion, Ed.). Ernest Flammarion. Poincaré, H. (1989). Les méthodes nouvelles de la mécanique céleste (Vol. 3). Gauthier-Villars, Imprimeur-Libraire. Poitras, G. (2013). Ergodicity and the history of neoclassical economic theory. Simon Fraser University. https://www.sfu.ca/\~poitras/HES\_erg.pdf Pólya, G. (1930). Sur quelques points de la théorie des probabilités. Annales de l’institut Henri Poincaré, 1(2), 117–161. Popper, K. (1963). Conjectures and Refutations. En T. Schick (Ed.), Readings in the Philosophy of Science (pp. 33–39). Routledge and Keagan Paul. Prigogine, I., & Stengers, I. (1997). The end of certainty: Time’s flow and the laws of nature. Free Press. Rodrik, Dani. (2015). Economic rules: Why economic works, when it fails, and how to tell the difference. Oxford University Press. Rosser, B. (2013). A conceptual history of economic dynamics. http://cob.jmu.edu/rosserjb/ECONOMIC\%20DYNAMICS\%20 with\%20figures.docx Saari, D. (1995). A chaotic exploration of aggregation paradoxes. SIAM Review, 37(1), 37–52. https://doi.org/10.1137/1037002 Samuelson, P. (1947). Foundations of economic analysis. Harvard University Press. Sauce, B., & Matzel, L. (2017). Inductive reasoning. En Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior (Vol. 6, pp. 1–8). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_1045-1 Savage, L. (1954). The foundations of statistics. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Savit, R., Manuca, R., & Riolo, R. (1997). Adaptive competition, market efficiency, phase transitions and spin-glasses. http://arxiv.org/abs/adap-org/9712006 Savit, R., Manuca, R., & Riolo, R. (1999). Adaptive competition, market efficiency, and phase transitions. Physical Review Letters, 82(10), 2203–2206. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.2203 Scarf, H., & Hansen, T. (1973). The computation of economic equilibria. Yale University Press. Schumpeter, J. (1939). Business Cycles: A theoretical, historical and statistical analysis of the Capitalist process. McGraw-Hill. Schumpeter, J. (1954). History of economic thought. Oxford University Press. Sen, A., Fitoussi, J., & Stiglitz, J. (2010). Mismeasuring our lives: Why GDP doesn’t add up. The New Press. Shackle, G. (1938). Expectations, Investment and Income. Oxford University Press. Smale, S. (1976). Dynamics in General Equilibrium Theory. The American Economic Review, 66(2), 288–294. Smith, A. (1759). The theory of moral sentiments. Bohn, H. Smith, A. (1776a). An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations (Vol. 1). W. Strahan & T. Cadell, in the Strand. https://archive.org/details/inquiryintonatur01smit Solé, R., & Elena, S. (2018). Viruses as complex adaptive systems. Princeton University Press. Solomon, S., & Richmond, P. (2001). Power laws of wealth, market order volumes and market returns. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 299(1–2), 188–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4371(01)00295-3 Sonnenschein, H. (1973). Do Walras’ identity and continuity characterize the class of community excess demand functions? Journal of Economic Theory, 6(4), 345–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0531(73)90066-5 Starr, R. (1997). General equilibrium theory: An introduction. Cambridge University Press. Stutzer, M. (1994). The statistical mechanics of asset prices. En K. Elworthy, W. Evenitt, & E. Lee (Eds.), Differential equations, dynamical systems, and control science (pp. 321–342). Marcel Dekker. Swain, A., & Fagan, W. (2019). Group size and decision making: Experimental evidence for minority games in fish behaviour. Animal Behaviour, 155, 9–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.05.017 Thurner, S., Hanel, R., & Klimek, P. (2018). Introduction to the theory of complex systems. Oxford University Press. Toulouse, G., Vannimenus, J., & Maillard, J. M. (1977). Spin glasses and roughening transition. Journal de Physique Lettres, 38(22), 459–461. https://doi.org/10.1051/jphyslet:019770038022045900 Vaughn, K. (1989). Invisible Hand. En J. Eatwell, M. Milgate, & P. Newman (Eds.), In the Invisible Hand (The new palgrave) (pp. 168–172). Macmillan. Veblen, T. (1898). Why is economics not an evolutionary science? The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 12(4), 373–397. https://doi.org/10.2307/1882952 Veblen, T. (1900). The preconceptions of economic science. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 14(2), 240–269. https://doi.org/10.2307/1883770 Walras, L. (1874). Éléments d’économie politique pure, ou théorie de la richesse sociale. Corbaz & Cie. http://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044019368778 Walras, L. (1877). Éléments d’économie politique pure, ou Théorie de la richesse sociale (2a ed.). Corbaz. Walras, L. (1896). Éléments d’économie politique pure, ou Théorie de la richesse sociale (3a ed.). Rouge. Walras, L. (1898). Études d’économie politique appliqué (Théorie de la production de la richesse sociale). Rouge. Wilson, D., & Kirman, A. (Eds.). (2016). Complexity and evolution: Toward a new synthesis for economics. MIT Press. Arrow, K., Block, H., & Hurwicz, L. (1959). On the stability of the competitive equilibrium, II. Econometrica, 27(1), 82–109. https://doi.org/10.2307/1907779 Bassett, D., & Claveau, F. (2018). El entomólogo económico: Entrevista con Alan Kirman. Revista de Economía Institucional, 21(40), 343–367. https://doi.org/10.18601/01245996.v21n40.13 Cavagna, A., Garrahan, J., Giardina, I., & Sherrington, D. (1999). Thermal model for adaptive competition in a market. Physical Review Letters, 83(21), 4429–4432. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.4429 Challet, D., Marsili, M., & Zecchina, R. (2000). Comment on “Thermal model for adaptive competition in a market”. Physical Review Letters, 85(23), 5008–5008. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.5008 Eggenberger, F., & Pólya, G. (1923). Über die statistik verketteter vorgänge. ZAMM - Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik, 3(4), 279–289. https://doi.org/10.1002/zamm.19230030407 Heisenberg, W. (1927). Ueber die grundprinzipien der "quantenmechanik". Forschungen und Fortschritte, 3(11), 83. |
| dc.rights.coar.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| dc.rights.license.spa.fl_str_mv |
Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional |
| dc.rights.uri.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
| dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| rights_invalid_str_mv |
Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
| dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv |
xviii, 107 páginas |
| dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
| dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv |
Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
| dc.publisher.program.spa.fl_str_mv |
Bogotá - Ciencias Económicas - Maestría en Ciencias Económicas |
| dc.publisher.faculty.spa.fl_str_mv |
Facultad de Ciencias Económicas |
| dc.publisher.branch.spa.fl_str_mv |
Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá |
| institution |
Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
| bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/82914/1/license.txt https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/82914/2/AvilaDiego_SpinGlassManoInvisible.pdf https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/82914/3/AvilaDiego_SpinGlassManoInvisible.pdf.jpg |
| bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
eb34b1cf90b7e1103fc9dfd26be24b4a c88394a074a4479a3dc404634a143def e1eac6743a633cd3cd69d9f4a8e74c9b |
| bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 MD5 MD5 |
| repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
| repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
repositorio_nal@unal.edu.co |
| _version_ |
1814089246889213952 |
| spelling |
Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacionalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Monsalve Gómez, Sergio21942623587670478d09c7d348f740efÁvila, Diegoae9a64449c1c920bc44fa2af8c882cf1Grupo de Investigación en Modelos Económicos y Métodos Cuantitativos (Imemc)0000-0003-0135-724XÁvila, Diego [0000037610]Ávila, Diego [ZY_W6cUAAAAJ]2023-01-13T15:16:51Z2023-01-13T15:16:51Z2022https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/82914Universidad Nacional de ColombiaRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiahttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ilustraciones, graficasEste trabajo propone una aproximación al problema de la Mano Invisible de Adam , diferente a la planteada por la teoría neoclásica con el primer teorema del bienestar. Con base en el modelo adaptativo spin-glass del Juego de la Minoría, que fuera originalmente propuesto por , aquí se le adicionan características evolutivas en red. Estas simulaciones permiten evidenciar la emergencia de propiedades observadas en los mercados libres capitalistas como son la segregación, las burbujas (y con ello, las crisis), la desigualdad en la distribución del ingreso, las dinámicas fuera del equilibrio y la información incompleta, entre otras. Se postula que este sistema económico Complejo (adaptativo y evolutivo) así construido, podría convertirse, en el futuro, en un paradigma para el estudio de esos mercados, aunque esto es objeto de debate (Texto tomado de la fuente)This paper proposes an approach to the Invisible Hand problem of Adam that is different from the one proposed by neoclassical theory with the first welfare theorem. Based on the adaptive spin-glass model of the Minority Game, originally proposed by , here I add evolutionary network characteristics. The simulations evidence the emergence of properties observed in capitalist free markets such as segregation, bubbles (and thus, crises), inequality in income distribution, out-of-equilibrium dynamics, and incomplete information, among others. Although this is subject to debate, I postulate that this construction of a complex (adaptive and evolutionary) economic system in the future could become a paradigm for studying these markets.MaestríaMagíster en Ciencias EconómicasTeoría y Política Económicaxviii, 107 páginasapplication/pdfspaUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaBogotá - Ciencias Económicas - Maestría en Ciencias EconómicasFacultad de Ciencias EconómicasUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá330 - EconomíaB12: Classical (includes Adam Smith)B59: OtherD50: GeneralD79: OtherB12: Clásica (incluye Adam Smith)B59: OtrosTeoría de la complejidadMano InvisibleMercado libreSimulación basada en agentesComplexity theoryInvisible handFree marketAgent-based simulationSpin-glass y la mano invisible de Adam SmithSpin-glass and Adam Smith's invisible handTrabajo de grado - Maestríainfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionTexthttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TMAllais, M. (1943). À la recherche d´une discipline économique (Vol. 2). Impr. Industria.Anderson, P. (1978). The concept of frustration in spin glasses. Journal of the Less Common Metals, 62, 291–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5088(78)90040-1Arrow, K. (1986). Rationality of self and others in an economic system. The Journal of Business, 59(4), S385–S399. https://doi.org/10.1086/296376Arrow, K. (2007). Getting to economic equilibrium: A problem and its history. En X. Deng & F. C. Graham (Eds.), Internet and network economics (pp. 1–2). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.Arrow, K., & Debreu, G. (1954). Existence of an equilibrium for a competitive economy. Econometrica, 22(3), 265. https://doi.org/10.2307/1907353Arrow, K., & Hahn, F. (1971). General competitive analysis. Holden-Day.Arthur, B. (1994). Inductive reasoning and bounded rationality. The American Economic Review, 84(2), 406–411.Arthur, B. (2009). The nature of technology: What it is and how it evolves. Allen Lane.Arthur, B. (2014). Complexity and the economy.Arthur, B., Beinhocker, E., & Stanger, A. (2020). Complexity economics: Dialogues of the applied complexity network. Proceedings of the Santa Fe Institute’s 2019 Fall Symposium. SFI Press.Bak, P., Tang, C., & Wiesenfeld, K. (1988). Self-organized criticality. Physical Review A, 38(1), 364–374. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.38.364Banco de la República de Colombia. (2021). Mercado accionario. https://www.banrep.gov.co/es/estadisticas/Banerjee, A., Burlina, P., & Alajaji, F. (1999). Image segmentation and labeling using the Polya urn model. IEEE transactions on image processing, 8(9), 1243–1253.Beinhocker, E. (2006). The origin of wealth: Evolution, complexity, and the radical remaking of economics. Harvard Business Press.Bernstein, J. (2005). Bachelier. American Journal of Physics, 73(5), 395–398. https://doi.org/10.1119/1.1848117Bikhchandani, S., & Sharma, S. (2000). Herd behavior in financial markets. IMF Staff papers, 47(3), 279–310.Birkhoff, G. (1917). Dynamical systems with two degrees of freedom. Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, 18(2), 199–300. https://doi.org/10.2307/1988861Birkhoff, G. (1931). Proof of the ergodic theorem. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 17(12), 656–660. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.17.2.656Blume, L. (1993). The statistical mechanics of strategic interaction. Games and Economic Behavior, 5(3), 387–424. https://doi.org/10.1006/game.1993.1023Brock, W. (1993). Pathways to randomness in the economy: Emergent nonlinearity and chaos in economics and finance. Estudios Económicos, 8(1 (15)), 3–55.Brown, D., & Matzkin, R. (1998). Estimation of nonparametric functions in simultaneous equations models, with an application to consumer demand (Número 1175). Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers. https://elischolar. library.yale.edu/cowles-discussion-paper-series/1423Callaway, E. (2022). `The entire protein universe’: AI predicts shape of nearly every known protein. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-022-02083-2Capra, F., & Luisi, P. (2014). The systems view of life. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511895555Cara, M., Pla, O., & Guinea, F. (2000). Learning, competition and cooperation in simple games. The European Physical Journal B - Condensed Matter and Complex Systems, 13(3), 413–416. https://doi.org/10.1007/s100510050051Chakrabarti, B. (2005). Econophys-Kolkata: A short story. En A. Chatterjee, S. Yarlagadda, & B. Chakrabarti (Eds.), Econophysics of wealth distributions: Econophys-Kolkata I (pp. 225–228). Springer Milan. https://doi.org/10.1007/88-470-0389-X_26Challet, D., & Zhang, Y. (1997). Emergence of cooperation and organization in an evolutionary game. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 246(3–4), 407–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4371(97)00419-6Challet, D., & Zhang, Y. (1998). On the minority game: Analytical and numerical studies. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 256(3–4), 514–532. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4371(98)00260-XDarwin, C. (1859). On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. John Murray.David, P. A. (1985). Clio and the economics of QWERTY. The American Economic Review, 75(2), 332–337.de Groot, A. (1965). Thought and choice in chess. Mouton.Debreu, G. (1959). Theory of value: An axiomatic analysis of economic equilibrium (Vol. 17). Yale University Press.Debreu, G. (1962). New concepts and techniques for equilibrium analysis. International Economic Review, 3(3), 257–273. https://doi.org/10.2307/2525394Debreu, G. (1974). Excess demand functions. Journal of Mathematical Economics, 1(1), 15–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4068(74)90032-9Deichmann, U. (2017). Hierarchy, determinism, and specificity in theories of development and evolution. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, 39(4), 33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40656-017-0160-3Dhami, S. (2016). The foundations of behavioral economic analysis. Oxford University Press.Dopfer, K. (2006). The origins of meso economics: Schumpeter’s legacy (Papers on Economics and Evolution Núm. 0610). Max Planck Institute of Economics. http://hdl.handle.net/10419/31822Durlauf, S. (1993). Nonergodic Economic Growth. The Review of Economic Studies, 60(2), 349. https://doi.org/10.2307/2298061Durlauf, S. (2012). Complexity, economics, and public policy. Politics, Philosophy & Economics, 11(1), 45–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470594X11434625Dvorak, A., Merrick, N., Dealey, W., & Ford, G. (1936). Typewriting behavior: Psychology applied to teaching and learning typewriting. American Book Company.Edgeworth, F. (1881). Mathematical psychics: An essay on the application of mathematics to the moral sciences. C. Kegan Paul & Co.Faggini, M., & Parziale, A. (2012). The failure of economic theory. Lessons from chaos theory. Modern Economy, 3(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.4236/me.2012.31001Fama, E. (1970). Efficient capital markets: A review of theory and empirical work. The Journal of Finance, 25(2), 383–417. https://doi.org/10.2307/2325486Fama, E., & French, K. (2010). Luck versus skill in the cross-section of mutual fund returns. The Journal of Finance, 65(5), 1915–1947. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2010.01598.xFarmer, J., Way, R., & Mealy, P. (2020). Estimating the costs of energy transition scenarios using probabilistic forecasting methods. Institute for New Economic Thinking at the Oxford Martin School, University.Fisher, I. (1910). Introduction to economic science. Macmillan.Foley, D. (1994). A statistical equilibrium theory of markets. Journal of Economic Theory, 62(2), 321–345. https://doi.org/10.1006/jeth.1994.1018Föllmer, H. (1974). Random economies with many interacting agents. Journal of Mathematical Economics, 1(1), 51–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4068(74)90035-4Gabaix, X., Gopikrishnan, P., Plerou, V., & Stanley, E. (2003). A theory of power-law distributions in financial market fluctuations. Nature, 423(6937). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01624Gabaix, X., Gopikrishnan, P., Plerou, V., & Stanley, E. (2006). Institutional investors and stock market volatility. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 121(2), 461–504. https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.2006.121.2.461Gabaix, X., Gopikrishnan, P., Plerou, V., & Stanley, E. (2007). A theory of limited liquidity and large investors causing spikes in stock market volatility and trading volume. Journal of the European Economic Association, 5(2–3), 564–573. https://doi.org/10.1162/jeea.2007.5.2-3.564Geanakoplos, J. (2003). Nash and Walras equilibrium via Brouwer. Economic Theory, 21(2–3), 585–603. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001990000076Gibbs, J. (1902). Elementary principles in statistical mechanics. Scribner’s sons.Gibney, E. (2022). Could machine learning fuel a reproducibility crisis in science? Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-022-02035-wGintis, H. (2006). Book review: The origin of wealth: Evolution, complexity, and the radical remaking of economics. Journal of Economic Literature, 44(4), 1018–1031.Gintis, H. (2007). The dynamics of general equilibrium. Economic Journal, 117(523), 1280–1309. https://doi.org/10.0.4.87/j.1468-0297.2007.02083.xGleick, J. (1987). Chaos: Making a new science. Viking Penguin.Gorman, W. (1961). On a class of preference fields. Metroeconomica, 13(2), 53–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-999X.1961.tb00819.xHahn, F. (1982). Reflections on the Invisible Hand. Lloyds Bank Review, 144, 1–21.Hicks, J. (1937). Mr. Keynes and the “Classics”; A Suggested Interpretation. Econometrica, 5(2), 147–159. https://doi.org/10.2307/1907242Hicks, J. (1939). Value and Capital: An Inquiry into Some Fundamental Principles of Economic Theory (2a ed.). Clarendon Press.Huang, W., & Day, R. (2001). On the statistical properties of ergodic economic systems. Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society, 6(3), 181–189.Ising, E. (1925). Beitrag zur theorie des ferromagnetismus. Zeitschrift für Physik, 31(1), 253–258. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02980577Jackson, M. (2019). The human network: How your social position determines your power, beliefs, and behaviors. Vintage.Jaffé, W. (1980). Walras’s economics as others see it. Journal of Economic Literature, 18(2), 528–549.Jhonson, N., & Kotz, S. (1977). Urn models and their application. John Wiley & Sons.Jordan, J. (1982). A dynamic model of expectations equilibrium. Journal of Economic Theory, 28(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0531(82)90060-6Kaizoji, T. (2010). Multiple equilibria and chaos in a discrete tâtonnement process. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 76(3), 597–599.Keynes, J. (1921). A treatise on probability (Vol. 31). Dover Publications.Keynes, J. (1936). The general theory of employment interest and money. Macmillan and Co.Kirman, A. (1989). The intrinsic limits of modern economic theory: The emperor has no clothes. The Economic Journal, 99(395), 126–139. https://doi.org/10.2307/2234075Kirman, A. (2021). Walras or Pareto: Who is to blame for the state of modern economic theory? Review of Political Economy, 33(2), 280–302. https://doi.org/10.1080/09538259.2021.1889173Kochugovindan, S., & Vriend, N. (1998). Is the study of complex adaptive systems going to solve the mystery of Adam Smith’s “Invisible Hand”? The Independent Review, 3(1), 53–66.Krugman, P. (1996). What economists can learn from evolutionary theorists. A talk given to the European Association for Evolutionary Political Economy.Kyle, A., & Obizhaeva, A. (2012). Large Bets and Stock Market Crashes. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2023776Levy, M., & Solomon, S. (1997). New evidence for the power-law distribution of wealth. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 242(1–2), 90–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4371(97)00217-3Lorenz, E. (1993). The essence of chaos. UCL.Lucas, R. E., & Moll, B. (2014). Knowledge growth and the allocation of time. Journal of Political Economy, 122(1), 1–51. https://doi.org/10.1086/674363Malthus, T. (1798). An essay on the principle of population. McMaster University Archive for the History of Economic Thought.Malthus, T. (1815). An inquiry into the nature and progress of rent, and the principles by which it is regulated. John Murray.Mandel, A., & Gintis, H. (2016). Decentralized Pricing and the equivalence between Nash and Walrasian equilibrium. Journal of Mathematical Economics, 63, 84–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmateco.2015.12.008Mantegna, R., & Stanley, E. (2000). An introduction to econophysics: Correlations and complexity in finance. Cambridge University Press.Mantel, R. (1974). On the characterization of aggregate excess demand. Journal of Economic Theory, 7(3), 348–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0531(74)90100-8Manuca, R., Li, Y., Riolo, R., & Savit, R. (1998). The structure of adaptive competition in minority games. https://arxiv.org/abs/adap-org/9811005Marshall, A. (1890). Principles of economics. Macmillan.Marshall, A. (1919). Industry and trade. MacMillan.Marx, K. (1859). Zur Kritik der politischen Oekonomie.Mas-Colell, A., Whinston, M., & Green, J. (1995). Microeconomic theory (R. Campbell & A. Skinnerm, Eds.). Oxford University Press.McKenzie, L. (1954). On Equilibrium in Graham’s model of world trade and other competitive systems. Econometrica, 22(2), 147. https://doi.org/10.2307/1907539Menger, C. (1871). Grundsätze der volkswirthschaftslehre. W. Braumüller.Mitchell, M. (2019). Artificial intelligence: A guide for thinking humans. Penguin UK.Mitchell, M. (2021). Why AI is harder than we think. http://arxiv.org/abs/2104.12871Monsalve, S. (2017). Competencia bajo equilibrio general. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas.Monsalve, S., & Avila, D. (2022). Microeconomia y Complejidad. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas. Escuela de Economía. En preparación.Mukherji, A. (2008). Stability of a competitive economy: A reconsideration. International Journal of Economic Theory, 4(2), 317–336. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-7363.2008.00073.xMuth, J. (1961). Rational Expectations and the Theory of Price Movements. Econometrica, 29(3), 315–335. https://doi.org/10.2307/1909635Palmer, R., Arthur, B., Holland, J., & LeBaron, B. (1999). An artificial stock market. Artificial Life and Robotics, 3(1), 27–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02481484Palmer, R., Arthur, B., Holland, John., LeBaron, B., & Tayler, P. (1994). Artificial economic life: A simple model of a stockmarket. Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena, 75(1–3), 264–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2789(94)90287-9Pareto, V. (1896). La curva delle entrate e le osservazioni del prof. Edgeworth. Giornale degli economisti, 13, 439–448.Pareto, V. (1897). Cours d’Économie Politique (Vol. 2). Librairie de la Société du Recueil Sirey.Pareto, V. (1906). Manuale di economia politica (Vol. 13). Societa Editrice. http://hdl.handle.net/2027/ nyp.33433008069308Peitzsch, E., Stahle, D., Fagre, D., Clark, A., Pederson, G., Hendrikx, J., & Birkeland, K. (2019). Tree ring dataset for a regional avalanche chronology in northwest Montana, 1636–2017: U.S. Geological Survey data release. https://doi.org/10.5066/P9TLHZAIPeters, O., & Gell-Mann, M. (2016). Evaluating gambles using dynamics. Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science, 26(2), 023103. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4940236Poincaré, H. (1903). La Science et l’hypothèse (E. Flammarion, Ed.). Ernest Flammarion.Poincaré, H. (1989). Les méthodes nouvelles de la mécanique céleste (Vol. 3). Gauthier-Villars, Imprimeur-Libraire.Poitras, G. (2013). Ergodicity and the history of neoclassical economic theory. Simon Fraser University. https://www.sfu.ca/\~poitras/HES\_erg.pdfPólya, G. (1930). Sur quelques points de la théorie des probabilités. Annales de l’institut Henri Poincaré, 1(2), 117–161.Popper, K. (1963). Conjectures and Refutations. En T. Schick (Ed.), Readings in the Philosophy of Science (pp. 33–39). Routledge and Keagan Paul.Prigogine, I., & Stengers, I. (1997). The end of certainty: Time’s flow and the laws of nature. Free Press.Rodrik, Dani. (2015). Economic rules: Why economic works, when it fails, and how to tell the difference. Oxford University Press.Rosser, B. (2013). A conceptual history of economic dynamics. http://cob.jmu.edu/rosserjb/ECONOMIC\%20DYNAMICS\%20 with\%20figures.docxSaari, D. (1995). A chaotic exploration of aggregation paradoxes. SIAM Review, 37(1), 37–52. https://doi.org/10.1137/1037002Samuelson, P. (1947). Foundations of economic analysis. Harvard University Press.Sauce, B., & Matzel, L. (2017). Inductive reasoning. En Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior (Vol. 6, pp. 1–8). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_1045-1Savage, L. (1954). The foundations of statistics. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Savit, R., Manuca, R., & Riolo, R. (1997). Adaptive competition, market efficiency, phase transitions and spin-glasses. http://arxiv.org/abs/adap-org/9712006Savit, R., Manuca, R., & Riolo, R. (1999). Adaptive competition, market efficiency, and phase transitions. Physical Review Letters, 82(10), 2203–2206. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.2203Scarf, H., & Hansen, T. (1973). The computation of economic equilibria. Yale University Press.Schumpeter, J. (1939). Business Cycles: A theoretical, historical and statistical analysis of the Capitalist process. McGraw-Hill.Schumpeter, J. (1954). History of economic thought. Oxford University Press.Sen, A., Fitoussi, J., & Stiglitz, J. (2010). Mismeasuring our lives: Why GDP doesn’t add up. The New Press.Shackle, G. (1938). Expectations, Investment and Income. Oxford University Press.Smale, S. (1976). Dynamics in General Equilibrium Theory. The American Economic Review, 66(2), 288–294.Smith, A. (1759). The theory of moral sentiments. Bohn, H.Smith, A. (1776a). An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations (Vol. 1). W. Strahan & T. Cadell, in the Strand. https://archive.org/details/inquiryintonatur01smitSolé, R., & Elena, S. (2018). Viruses as complex adaptive systems. Princeton University Press.Solomon, S., & Richmond, P. (2001). Power laws of wealth, market order volumes and market returns. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 299(1–2), 188–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4371(01)00295-3Sonnenschein, H. (1973). Do Walras’ identity and continuity characterize the class of community excess demand functions? Journal of Economic Theory, 6(4), 345–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0531(73)90066-5Starr, R. (1997). General equilibrium theory: An introduction. Cambridge University Press.Stutzer, M. (1994). The statistical mechanics of asset prices. En K. Elworthy, W. Evenitt, & E. Lee (Eds.), Differential equations, dynamical systems, and control science (pp. 321–342). Marcel Dekker.Swain, A., & Fagan, W. (2019). Group size and decision making: Experimental evidence for minority games in fish behaviour. Animal Behaviour, 155, 9–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.05.017Thurner, S., Hanel, R., & Klimek, P. (2018). Introduction to the theory of complex systems. Oxford University Press.Toulouse, G., Vannimenus, J., & Maillard, J. M. (1977). Spin glasses and roughening transition. Journal de Physique Lettres, 38(22), 459–461. https://doi.org/10.1051/jphyslet:019770038022045900Vaughn, K. (1989). Invisible Hand. En J. Eatwell, M. Milgate, & P. Newman (Eds.), In the Invisible Hand (The new palgrave) (pp. 168–172). Macmillan.Veblen, T. (1898). Why is economics not an evolutionary science? The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 12(4), 373–397. https://doi.org/10.2307/1882952Veblen, T. (1900). The preconceptions of economic science. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 14(2), 240–269. https://doi.org/10.2307/1883770Walras, L. (1874). Éléments d’économie politique pure, ou théorie de la richesse sociale. Corbaz & Cie. http://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044019368778Walras, L. (1877). Éléments d’économie politique pure, ou Théorie de la richesse sociale (2a ed.). Corbaz.Walras, L. (1896). Éléments d’économie politique pure, ou Théorie de la richesse sociale (3a ed.). Rouge.Walras, L. (1898). Études d’économie politique appliqué (Théorie de la production de la richesse sociale). Rouge.Wilson, D., & Kirman, A. (Eds.). (2016). Complexity and evolution: Toward a new synthesis for economics. MIT Press.Arrow, K., Block, H., & Hurwicz, L. (1959). On the stability of the competitive equilibrium, II. Econometrica, 27(1), 82–109. https://doi.org/10.2307/1907779Bassett, D., & Claveau, F. (2018). El entomólogo económico: Entrevista con Alan Kirman. Revista de Economía Institucional, 21(40), 343–367. https://doi.org/10.18601/01245996.v21n40.13Cavagna, A., Garrahan, J., Giardina, I., & Sherrington, D. (1999). Thermal model for adaptive competition in a market. Physical Review Letters, 83(21), 4429–4432. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.4429Challet, D., Marsili, M., & Zecchina, R. (2000). Comment on “Thermal model for adaptive competition in a market”. Physical Review Letters, 85(23), 5008–5008. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.5008Eggenberger, F., & Pólya, G. (1923). Über die statistik verketteter vorgänge. ZAMM - Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik, 3(4), 279–289. https://doi.org/10.1002/zamm.19230030407Heisenberg, W. (1927). Ueber die grundprinzipien der "quantenmechanik". Forschungen und Fortschritte, 3(11), 83.EstudiantesInvestigadoresMaestrosLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-85879https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/82914/1/license.txteb34b1cf90b7e1103fc9dfd26be24b4aMD51ORIGINALAvilaDiego_SpinGlassManoInvisible.pdfAvilaDiego_SpinGlassManoInvisible.pdfTesis de Maestría en Ciencias Económicasapplication/pdf1799303https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/82914/2/AvilaDiego_SpinGlassManoInvisible.pdfc88394a074a4479a3dc404634a143defMD52THUMBNAILAvilaDiego_SpinGlassManoInvisible.pdf.jpgAvilaDiego_SpinGlassManoInvisible.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg3823https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/82914/3/AvilaDiego_SpinGlassManoInvisible.pdf.jpge1eac6743a633cd3cd69d9f4a8e74c9bMD53unal/82914oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/829142023-08-12 23:03:50.402Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiarepositorio_nal@unal.edu.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 |