Clasificación de semioquímicos asociados a coleópteros del suborden Polyphaga mediante redes neuronales artificiales

ilustraciones, graficas

Autores:
Valencia Colman, Laura Sofía
Tipo de recurso:
Fecha de publicación:
2022
Institución:
Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Repositorio:
Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Idioma:
spa
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/82182
Acceso en línea:
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/82182
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/
Palabra clave:
540 - Química y ciencias afines
Descriptores Moleculares
Análisis de Componentes Principales
Bosques Aleatorios
Boruta-SHAP
C-means
Mapas Autoorganizados de Kohonen
Perceptrón Multicapa
Molecular Descriptors
Principal Component Analysis
Random Forests
Boruta-SHAP
C-means
Kohonen Self Organizing Maps
Multilayer Perceptron
Rights
openAccess
License
Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional
id UNACIONAL2_cec550c6db2d810dfc230a2645b32a6d
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/82182
network_acronym_str UNACIONAL2
network_name_str Universidad Nacional de Colombia
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Clasificación de semioquímicos asociados a coleópteros del suborden Polyphaga mediante redes neuronales artificiales
dc.title.translated.eng.fl_str_mv Classification of semiochemicals associated with coleoptera of the Polyphaga suborder by means of artificial neural networks
title Clasificación de semioquímicos asociados a coleópteros del suborden Polyphaga mediante redes neuronales artificiales
spellingShingle Clasificación de semioquímicos asociados a coleópteros del suborden Polyphaga mediante redes neuronales artificiales
540 - Química y ciencias afines
Descriptores Moleculares
Análisis de Componentes Principales
Bosques Aleatorios
Boruta-SHAP
C-means
Mapas Autoorganizados de Kohonen
Perceptrón Multicapa
Molecular Descriptors
Principal Component Analysis
Random Forests
Boruta-SHAP
C-means
Kohonen Self Organizing Maps
Multilayer Perceptron
title_short Clasificación de semioquímicos asociados a coleópteros del suborden Polyphaga mediante redes neuronales artificiales
title_full Clasificación de semioquímicos asociados a coleópteros del suborden Polyphaga mediante redes neuronales artificiales
title_fullStr Clasificación de semioquímicos asociados a coleópteros del suborden Polyphaga mediante redes neuronales artificiales
title_full_unstemmed Clasificación de semioquímicos asociados a coleópteros del suborden Polyphaga mediante redes neuronales artificiales
title_sort Clasificación de semioquímicos asociados a coleópteros del suborden Polyphaga mediante redes neuronales artificiales
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Valencia Colman, Laura Sofía
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv Daza Caicedo, Edgar Eduardo
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Valencia Colman, Laura Sofía
dc.contributor.researchgroup.spa.fl_str_mv Grupo de Química Teórica
dc.subject.ddc.spa.fl_str_mv 540 - Química y ciencias afines
topic 540 - Química y ciencias afines
Descriptores Moleculares
Análisis de Componentes Principales
Bosques Aleatorios
Boruta-SHAP
C-means
Mapas Autoorganizados de Kohonen
Perceptrón Multicapa
Molecular Descriptors
Principal Component Analysis
Random Forests
Boruta-SHAP
C-means
Kohonen Self Organizing Maps
Multilayer Perceptron
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv Descriptores Moleculares
Análisis de Componentes Principales
Bosques Aleatorios
Boruta-SHAP
C-means
Mapas Autoorganizados de Kohonen
Perceptrón Multicapa
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv Molecular Descriptors
Principal Component Analysis
Random Forests
Boruta-SHAP
C-means
Kohonen Self Organizing Maps
Multilayer Perceptron
description ilustraciones, graficas
publishDate 2022
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2022-08-29T22:52:16Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2022-08-29T22:52:16Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2022
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Trabajo de grado - Maestría
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv Text
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TM
status_str acceptedVersion
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/82182
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/
url https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/82182
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv spa
language spa
dc.relation.indexed.spa.fl_str_mv RedCol
LaReferencia
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv Abdi, H. & Williams, L. J. Principal component analysis Wiley interdisciplinary reviews: computational statistics, Wiley Online Library, 2010, 2, 433-459
Allison, J. D.; Borden, J. H. & Seybold, S. J. A review of the chemical ecology of the Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) Chemoecology, Springer, 2004, 14, 123-150
Allouche, A.-R. Gabedit—A graphical user interface for computational chemistry softwares Journal of computational chemistry, Wiley Online Library, 2011, 32, 174-182
Assembly, G. The International Committee on Bionomenclature, 2011
Bakthavatsalam, N. Semiochemicals Ecofriendly pest management for food security, Elsevier, 2016, 563-611
Bezdek, J. C.; Ehrlich, R. & Full, W. FCM: The fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm Computers & geosciences, Elsevier, 1984, 10, 191-203
Black, P. E. & others Algorithms and Theory of Computation Handbook Dictionary of algorithms and data structures, CRC Press LLC, 1999
Blomquist, G. & Vogt, R. (Eds.) Insect Pheromone Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Elsevier Academic Press, 2003
Brownlee, J. Data preparation for machine learning: data cleaning, feature selection, and data transforms in Python, Machine Learning Mastery, 2020
Burns, J. A. & Whitesides, G. M. Feed-forward neural networks in chemistry: mathematical systems for classification and pattern recognition, Chemical Reviews, ACS Publications, 1993, 93, 2583-2601
Cai, D.; Zhang, C. & He, X. Unsupervised feature selection for multi-cluster data, Proceedings of the 16th ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining, 2010, 333-342
Cebeci, Z.; Yildiz, F.; Kavlak, A.; Cebeci, C. & Onder, H. ppclust: Probabilistic and Possibilistic Cluster Analysis, R package version 0.1, 2019, 3
Chen, R.-C.; Dewi, C.; Huang, S.-W. & Caraka, R. E. Selecting critical features for data classification based on machine learning methods, Journal of Big Data, Springer, 2020, 7, 1-26
Deep Learning for Deep Chemistry: Optimizing the Prediction of Chemical Patterns, Front. Chem., 2019, 7, 809.
David, L.; Thakkar, A.; Mercado, R. & Engkvist, O. Molecular representations in AI-driven drug discovery: a review and practical guide, Journal of Cheminformatics, BioMed Central, 2020, 12, 1-22
Delgadillo, D. Feromonas. Lo que el viento se llevó, Revista Casa del Tiempo, 2005, 3
Dong, J.; Cao, D.-S.; Miao, H.-Y.; Liu, S.; Deng, B.-C.; Yun, Y.-H.; Wang, N.-N.; Lu, A.-P.; Zeng, W.-B. & Chen, A. F. ChemDes: an integrated web-based platform for molecular descriptor and fingerprint computation, Journal of cheminformatics, BioMed Central, 2015, 7, 60
Effrosynidis, D. & Arampatzis, A. An evaluation of feature selection methods for environmental data, Ecological Informatics, Elsevier, 2021, 61, 101224
El-Sayed, A. M. The pherobase: database of insect pheromones and semiochemicals, 2022
Ezzat, S. M.; Jeevanandam, J.; Egbuna, C.; Merghany, R. M.; Akram, M.; Daniyal, M.; Nisar, J. & Sharif, A. Semiochemicals: A Green Approach to Pest and Disease Control, Natural Remedies for Pest, Disease and Weed Control, Elsevier, 2020, 81-89
Frisch, M. J.; Trucks, G. W.; Schlegel, H. B.; Scuseria, G. E.; Robb, M. A.; Cheeseman, J. R.; Scalmani, G.; Barone, V.; Petersson, G. A.; Nakatsuji, H.; Li, X.; Caricato, M.; Marenich, A. V.; Bloino, J.; Janesko, B. G.; Gomperts, R.; Mennucci, B.; Hratchian, H. P.; Ortiz, J. V.; Izmaylov, A. F.; Sonnenberg, J. L.; Williams-Young, D.; Ding, F.; Lipparini, F.; Egidi, F.; Goings, J.; Peng, B.; Petrone, A.; Henderson, T.; Ranasinghe, D.; Zakrzewski, V. G.; Gao, J.; Rega, N.; Zheng, G.; Liang, W.; Hada, M.; Ehara, M.; Toyota, K.; Fukuda, R.; Hasegawa, J.; Ishida, M.; Nakajima, T.; Honda, Y.; Kitao, O.; Nakai, H.; Vreven, T.; Throssell, K.; Montgomery Jr., J. A.; Peralta, J. E.; Ogliaro, F.; Bearpark, M. J.; Heyd, J. J.; Brothers, E. N.; Kudin, K. N.; Staroverov, V. N.; Keith, T. A.; Kobayashi, R.; Normand, J.; Raghavachari, K.; Rendell, A. P.; Burant, J. C.; Iyengar, S. S.; Tomasi, J.; Cossi, M.; Millam, J. M.; Klene, M.; Adamo, C.; Cammi, R.; Ochterski, J. W.; Martin, R. L.; Morokuma, K.; Farkas, O.; Foresman, J. B. & Fox, D. J. Gaussian16 Revision C.01 2016
Genuer, R.; Poggi, J.-M. & Tuleau-Malot, C. Variable selection using random forests, Pattern recognition letters, Elsevier, 2010, 31, 2225-2236
Géron, A. Hands-On Machine Learning with Scikit-Learn, Keras, and TensorFlow: Concepts, Tools, and Techniques to Build Intelligent Systems, O'Reilly Media, 2019
Ghosh, S. & Dubey, S. K. Comparative analysis of k-means and fuzzy c-means algorithms International, Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, Citeseer, 2013, 4
Gitau, C.; Bashford, R.; Carnegie, A. & Gurr, G. A review of semiochemicals associated with bark beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) pests of coniferous trees: a focus on beetle interactions with other pests and their associates, Forest Ecology and Management, Elsevier, 2013, 297, 1-14
Grinberg, M. Flask web development: developing web applications with python, O'Reilly Media, Inc., 2018
Janet, J. P. & Kulik, H. J. Machine Learning in Chemistry, American Chemical Society, 2020
Jaramillo-Noreña, J.; León, G. D. S.; Rodríguez, V. P.; Garzón, D. Q.; Cuartas, M. Á. Z. & Arroyave, M. G. Capitulo 7: Manejo integrado de plagas, Tecnología para el cultivo de tomate bajo condiciones protegidas, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria, 2013
Judd, W. S.; Campbell, C. S.; Kellogg, E. A.; Stevens, P. F. & Donoghue, M. J. Plant systematics: a phylogenetic approach, Ecología mediterranea, 1999, 25, 215
Kalousis, A.; Prados, J. & Hilario, M. Stability of feature selection algorithms: a study on high-dimensional spaces, Knowledge and information systems, Springer, 2007, 12, 95-116
Kasabov, N. K. Time-space, spiking neural networks and brain-inspired artificial intelligence, Springer, 2019
Kassambara, A. Multivariate Analysis II: Practical Guide to Principal Component Methods in R, Scotts Valley, CA: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.[Google Scholar], 2017
Kassambara, A. Practical guide to principal component methods in R: PCA, M (CA), FAMD, MFA, HCPC, factoextra, Sthda, 2017, 2
Keany, E. BorutaShap, MIT License, 2021
Kohonen, T. Self-organized formation of topologically correct feature maps, Biological cybernetics, Springer, 1982, 43, 59-69
Kohonen, T. The self-organizing map, Proceedings of the IEEE, IEEE, 1990, 78, 1464-1480
Kramer, O. Scikit-learn, Machine learning for evolution strategies, Springer, 2016, 45-53
Kuhn, M. & Johnson, K. Feature engineering and selection: A practical approach for predictive models, CRC Press, 2019
Kursa, M. B. & Rudnicki, W. R. Feature selection with the Boruta package, Journal of statistical software, 2010, 36, 1-13
Kuzma, T. & Farkaš, I. Embedding Complexity of Learned Representations in Neural Networks, International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks, 2019, 518-528
Lal, T. N.; Chapelle, O.; Weston, J. & Elisseeff, A. Embedded methods, Feature extraction, Springer, 2006, 137-165
Lundberg, S. M. & Lee, S.-I. A unified approach to interpreting model predictions, Advances in neural information processing systems, 2017, 30
Maltarollo, V. G.; Honório, K. M. & da Silva, A. B. F. Suzuki, K. (Ed.) Applications of Artificial Neural Networks in Chemical Problems, Chap.10, Artificial Neural Networks, IntechOpen, 2013
Mauri, A.; Consonni, V. & Todeschini, R. Molecular descriptors, Springer International Publishing, 2017
McHugh, M. L. Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic, Biochemia medica, Medicinska naklada, 2012, 22, 276-282
Mishra, S. S.; Shroff, S.; Sahu, J. K.; Naik, P. P. & Baitharu, I. Insect Pheromones and Its Applications in Management of Pest Population, Natural Materials and Products from Insects: Chemistry and Applications, Springer, 2020, 121-136
Mitchell, T. M. & others Machine learning, McGraw-hill New York, 1997
Moretto Cosson, K. y. A. Pollination of Amorphophallus barthlottii and A. abyssinicus subsp. akeassii (Araceae) by dung beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea), Association Catharsius, 2019
Morgan, E. D. Biosynthesis in insects, Royal society of chemistry, 2010
Moriwaki, H.; Tian, Y.-S.; Kawashita, N. & Takagi, T. Mordred: a molecular descriptor calculator, Journal of cheminformatics, BioMed Central, 2018, 10, 1-14
Mustaqeem, A.; Anwar, S. M. & Majid, M. Multiclass classification of cardiac arrhythmia using improved feature selection and SVM invariants, Computational and mathematical methods in medicine, Hindawi, 2018, 2018
MySQL, A. MySQL, 2001
Odell, S. G.; Lazo, G. R.; Woodhouse, M. R.; Hane, D. L. & Sen, T. Z. The art of curation at a biological database: principles and application, Current Plant Biology, Elsevier, 2017, 11, 2-11
Pardo-Locarno, L.; González, J.; Pérez, C.; Yepes, F. & Fernández, C. Escarabajos de importancia agrícola (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) en la región Caribe colombiana: Registros y propuestas de manejo, Boletín Del Museo Entomológico Francisco Luis Gallejo, 2012, 4, 7-23
Peterson, M. A.; Dobler, S.; Larson, E. L.; Juárez, D.; Schlarbaum, T.; Monsen, K. J. & Francke, W. Profiles of cuticular hydrocarbons mediate male mate choice and sexual isolation between hybridising Chrysochus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Chemoecology, Springer, 2007, 17, 87-96
Piñeiro Gomez, J. Diseño de bases de datos relacionales, Ediciones Paraninfo, SA, 2014
Pla, L. Análisis multivariado: método de componentes principales, OEA (Organizacion de los Estados Americanos), 1986
Raices, M. Comunicación química en larvas de Rhinella arenarum. Caracterización del comportamiento antipredatorio y de las señales de alarma, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, 2018
Raju, M.; Gopi, V. P. & Anitha, V. Multi-class Classification of Alzheimer's Disease using 3DCNN Features and Multilayer Perceptron, 2021 Sixth International Conference on Wireless Communications, Signal Processing and Networking (WiSPNET), 2021, 368-373
Romero-Frías, A.; Murata, Y.; Simões Bento, J. M. & Osorio, C. (1R, 2S, 6R)-Papayanal: a new male-specific volatile compound released by the guava weevil Conotrachelus psidii (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, Oxford University Press, 2016, 80, 848-855
Romero-Frías, A. A.; Sinuco, D. C. & Bento, J. M. S. Male-specific volatiles released by the big avocado seed weevil Heilipus lauri Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, SciELO Brasil, 2019, 30, 158-163
Romero-López, A. A.; Reyes-Chilpa, R.; Pérez-Flores, F. J.; Lugo-García, G. A. & Maldonado-Rodríguez, J. I. Chemicals in the Genital Chamber of Two Mexican Species of Phyllophaga, Southwestern Entomologist, Society of Southwestern Entomologists, 2019, 44, 457 - 464
Samuel, A. L. Some studies in machine learning using the game of checkers, IBM Journal of research and development, IBM, 1959, 3, 210-229
Sandri, M. & Zuccolotto, P. Variable selection using random forests, Data analysis, classification and the forward search, Springer, 2006, 263-270
Sharma, A.; Sandhi, R. K. & Reddy, G. V. A Review of Interactions between Insect Biological Control Agents and Semiochemicals, Insects, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2019, 10, 439
Shibata, E.; Sato, S.; Sakuratani, Y.; Sugimoto, T.; Kimura, F. & Ito, F. Cerambycid beetles (Coleoptera) lured to chemicals in forests of Nara Prefecture, central Japan, Annals of the Entomological Society of America, Oxford University Press Oxford, UK, 1996, 89, 835-842
Silva, W. D.; Millar, J. G.; Hanks, L. M.; Costa, C. M.; Leite, M. O.; Tonelli, M. & Bento, J. M. S. Interspecific cross-attraction between the South American cerambycid beetles Cotyclytus curvatus and Megacyllene acuta is averted by minor pheromone components, Journal of chemical ecology, Springer, 2018, 44, 268-275
Smart, L.; Aradottir, G. & Bruce, T. Role of semiochemicals in integrated pest management, Integrated Pest Management, Elsevier, 2014, 93-109
Sneath, P. H. Thirty years of numerical taxonomy, Systematic Biology, Society of Systematic Biologists, 1995, 44, 281-298
Solorio-Fernández, S.; Carrasco-Ochoa, J. A. & Mart\inez-Trinidad, J. F. A review of unsupervised feature selection methods, Artificial Intelligence Review, Springer, 2020, 53, 907-948
Spurlock, J. Bootstrap: responsive web development, O'Reilly Media, Inc., 2013
Stanczyk, S.; Champion, B. & Leyton, R. Theory and practice of relational databases, CRC Press, 2003
Syakur, M.; Khotimah, B.; Rochman, E. & Satoto, B. D. Integration k-means clustering method and elbow method for identification of the best customer profile cluster, IOP conference series: materials science and engineering, 2018, 336, 012017
Tauler, R.; Walczak, B. & Brown, S. D. Comprehensive chemometrics: chemical and biochemical data analysis, Elsevier, 2009
Thai, V. D.; Hoan, N. Q. & others Improving Feature Map Quality of SOM Based on Adjusting the Neighborhood Function, International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, LJS Publishing, 2016, 14, 746
Todeschini, R. & Consonni, V. Handbook of molecular descriptors, John Wiley & Sons, 2008
Touzet, H. Tree edit distance with gaps, Information Processing Letters, Citeseer, 2003, 85, 123-129
Uriarte, E. A. & Mart\in, F. D. Topology preservation in SOM, International journal of applied mathematics and computer sciences, Citeseer, 2005, 1, 19-22
Vettigli, G. MiniSom: minimalistic and NumPy-based implementation of the Self Organizing Map, 2013
Vidal Medina, V. Señales químicas entre el escarabajo-plaga Strategus aloeus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae) y la palma de aceite (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2021, 120
Warner, J. & Sexauer, J. JDWarner/scikit-fuzzy: Scikit-Fuzzy version 0.4. 2 Nov, 2019
Wei, J. N.; Duvenaud, D. & Aspuru-Guzik, A. Neural networks for the prediction of organic chemistry reactions, ACS central science, ACS Publications, 2016, 2, 725-732
dc.rights.coar.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
dc.rights.license.spa.fl_str_mv Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional
dc.rights.uri.spa.fl_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv xii, 55 páginas
dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.publisher.program.spa.fl_str_mv Bogotá - Ciencias - Maestría en Ciencias - Química
dc.publisher.department.spa.fl_str_mv Departamento de Química
dc.publisher.faculty.spa.fl_str_mv Facultad de Ciencias
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv Bogotá, Colombia
dc.publisher.branch.spa.fl_str_mv Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá
institution Universidad Nacional de Colombia
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/82182/1/license.txt
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/82182/2/1072713817.2022.pdf
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33
30e7307fbab695945e9b23201b0468d5
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv MD5
MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
repository.mail.fl_str_mv repositorio_nal@unal.edu.co
_version_ 1806886540916293632
spelling Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacionalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Daza Caicedo, Edgar Eduardod478d46b83a39179002cacb1622589ddValencia Colman, Laura Sofíac43a56fd61ad1425dcf264d2cb283147Grupo de Química Teórica2022-08-29T22:52:16Z2022-08-29T22:52:16Z2022https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/82182Universidad Nacional de ColombiaRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiahttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ilustraciones, graficasEn esta investigación buscamos establecer la relación entre los compuesto que median la interacción y el mensaje que transmiten para los coleópteros del suborden Polyphaga. Para ello, nos propusimos desarrollar herramientas de aprendizaje de máquina para predecir la respuesta de un individuo al exponerse a un cierto compuesto; es decir, establecer la naturaleza del semioquímico según la especie a la que pertenezca el individuo y, a la vez, buscar patrones entre estas moléculas. Construimos una base de datos relacional basada en el lenguaje SQL en la que almacenamos información correspondiente a las categorías taxonómicas de los insectos, sus hospederos y los semioquímicos reportados para cada especie; así como, el tipo de semioquímico, es decir, si es feromona (de agregación, de rastro, sexual, ovoposición, etc) o aleloquímico (cairomona, sinomona o alomona); si presenta atracción específica (macho y/o hembra) y la metodología mediante la cual se evaluó su actividad (pruebas de campo, electroantenografía u olfatometría). La información con la cual alimentamos esta base de datos provino de una revisión de 957 artículos publicados en revistas especializadas, en los cuales se reportan 981 compuestos como semioquímicos. Para implementar las técnicas de aprendizaje de máquina, requerimos una caracterización cuantitativa tanto de la estructura química de cada uno de los semioquímicos, como de la clasificación taxonómica de los insectos. Para lo primero empleamos un conjunto de 1287 descriptores moleculares, este conjunto es hiper-redundante dado que se busca poder incluir la mayor cantidad de información sobre las características de cada compuesto y su posible vínculo con la propiedad esperada. Para la caracterización de las categorías taxonómicas creamos un código taxonómico numérico capaz de dar cuenta de la similitud de dos especies. Una vez calculamos las variables procedimos a seleccionar los más discriminantes o apropiados para una clasificación dada. El proceso de selección de variables lo hicimos con las técnicas de Análisis de Componentes Principales, Bosques Aleatorios y Boruta-SHAP. Para la predicción de la función de los semioquímicos y la búsqueda de patrones entre ellos implementamos los algoritmos de: C-means, mapas auto-organizados de Kohonen y perceptrones multicapa; todos empleando Python. La combinación de estas herramientas nos permitió dilucidar un primer patrón de clasificación relacionado con su origen biosintético y así clasificar el conjunto de semioquímicos según de las rutas biosintéticas de las cuales se derivan. Además, logramos establecer un modelo capaz de asignar el tipo de mensaje que transmite un compuesto dado, es decir la función que cumple para la pareja insecto-molécula; en otras palabras adscribimos una función a cada semioquímico dependiendo del insecto con que interactúa. (Texto tomado de la fuente)In this research we seek to establish the relationship between the compounds that mediate the interaction and the message they transmit for beetles of the suborder Polyphaga. Consequently, we set out to develop tools employing machine learning to predict the response of each individual when exposed to a certain compound; that is, to establish the nature of the semiochemical according to the species to which the individual belongs, and at the same time look for patterns between these molecules. We built a relational database based on SQL language in which we store information corresponding to the taxonomic categories of insects, their hosts and the semiochemicals reported for each species; as well as the type of semiochemical, that is, if it corresponds to a pheromone (aggregation, trace, sexual, oviposition, etc.) or an allelochemical (kairomone, sinomone or allomone); if it presents specific attraction (male, female, larva) and the methodology by which its activity was evaluated (field tests, electroantenography or olfactometry). The information with which we fed this database came from a review of 957 articles published in specialized journals, in which 981 compounds are reported as semiochemicals. To implement machine learning techniques, we require a quantitative characterization of both the chemical structure of each of the semiochemicals and the taxonomic classification of insects. For the first, we use a set of 1287 molecular descriptors, this set is hyper-redundant since it seeks to be able to include the greatest amount of information about the characteristics of each compound and its possible linkage with the expected property. For the characterization of the taxonomic categories we created a numerical taxonomic code capable of accounting for the similarity of two species. Once we calculated the variables, we proceeded to select the most discriminating or appropriate for a given classification. The variable selection process was carried out using Principal Component Analysis, Random Forest and Boruta-SHAP techniques. For the prediction of the function of semiochemicals and the search for patterns between them, we implement the following algorithms: C-means, Kohonen self-organized maps and multilayer perceptrons; all using Python. The combination of these tools allowed us to elucidate a first classification pattern related to their biosynthetic origin and thus classify the set of semiochemicals according to the biosynthetic routes from which they are derived. In addition, we managed to establish a model capable of assigning the type of message transmitted by a given compound, that is, the function it fulfills for the insect-molecule pair; in other words, we ascribe a function to each semiochemical depending on the insect with which it interacts.MaestríaMagíster en Ciencias - QuímicaQuímica computacionalEcología químicaxii, 55 páginasapplication/pdfspaUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaBogotá - Ciencias - Maestría en Ciencias - QuímicaDepartamento de QuímicaFacultad de CienciasBogotá, ColombiaUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá540 - Química y ciencias afinesDescriptores MolecularesAnálisis de Componentes PrincipalesBosques AleatoriosBoruta-SHAPC-meansMapas Autoorganizados de KohonenPerceptrón MulticapaMolecular DescriptorsPrincipal Component AnalysisRandom ForestsBoruta-SHAPC-meansKohonen Self Organizing MapsMultilayer PerceptronClasificación de semioquímicos asociados a coleópteros del suborden Polyphaga mediante redes neuronales artificialesClassification of semiochemicals associated with coleoptera of the Polyphaga suborder by means of artificial neural networksTrabajo de grado - Maestríainfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionTexthttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TMRedColLaReferenciaAbdi, H. & Williams, L. J. Principal component analysis Wiley interdisciplinary reviews: computational statistics, Wiley Online Library, 2010, 2, 433-459Allison, J. D.; Borden, J. H. & Seybold, S. J. A review of the chemical ecology of the Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) Chemoecology, Springer, 2004, 14, 123-150Allouche, A.-R. Gabedit—A graphical user interface for computational chemistry softwares Journal of computational chemistry, Wiley Online Library, 2011, 32, 174-182Assembly, G. The International Committee on Bionomenclature, 2011Bakthavatsalam, N. Semiochemicals Ecofriendly pest management for food security, Elsevier, 2016, 563-611Bezdek, J. C.; Ehrlich, R. & Full, W. FCM: The fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm Computers & geosciences, Elsevier, 1984, 10, 191-203Black, P. E. & others Algorithms and Theory of Computation Handbook Dictionary of algorithms and data structures, CRC Press LLC, 1999Blomquist, G. & Vogt, R. (Eds.) Insect Pheromone Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Elsevier Academic Press, 2003Brownlee, J. Data preparation for machine learning: data cleaning, feature selection, and data transforms in Python, Machine Learning Mastery, 2020Burns, J. A. & Whitesides, G. M. Feed-forward neural networks in chemistry: mathematical systems for classification and pattern recognition, Chemical Reviews, ACS Publications, 1993, 93, 2583-2601Cai, D.; Zhang, C. & He, X. Unsupervised feature selection for multi-cluster data, Proceedings of the 16th ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining, 2010, 333-342Cebeci, Z.; Yildiz, F.; Kavlak, A.; Cebeci, C. & Onder, H. ppclust: Probabilistic and Possibilistic Cluster Analysis, R package version 0.1, 2019, 3Chen, R.-C.; Dewi, C.; Huang, S.-W. & Caraka, R. E. Selecting critical features for data classification based on machine learning methods, Journal of Big Data, Springer, 2020, 7, 1-26Deep Learning for Deep Chemistry: Optimizing the Prediction of Chemical Patterns, Front. Chem., 2019, 7, 809.David, L.; Thakkar, A.; Mercado, R. & Engkvist, O. Molecular representations in AI-driven drug discovery: a review and practical guide, Journal of Cheminformatics, BioMed Central, 2020, 12, 1-22Delgadillo, D. Feromonas. Lo que el viento se llevó, Revista Casa del Tiempo, 2005, 3Dong, J.; Cao, D.-S.; Miao, H.-Y.; Liu, S.; Deng, B.-C.; Yun, Y.-H.; Wang, N.-N.; Lu, A.-P.; Zeng, W.-B. & Chen, A. F. ChemDes: an integrated web-based platform for molecular descriptor and fingerprint computation, Journal of cheminformatics, BioMed Central, 2015, 7, 60Effrosynidis, D. & Arampatzis, A. An evaluation of feature selection methods for environmental data, Ecological Informatics, Elsevier, 2021, 61, 101224El-Sayed, A. M. The pherobase: database of insect pheromones and semiochemicals, 2022Ezzat, S. M.; Jeevanandam, J.; Egbuna, C.; Merghany, R. M.; Akram, M.; Daniyal, M.; Nisar, J. & Sharif, A. Semiochemicals: A Green Approach to Pest and Disease Control, Natural Remedies for Pest, Disease and Weed Control, Elsevier, 2020, 81-89Frisch, M. J.; Trucks, G. W.; Schlegel, H. B.; Scuseria, G. E.; Robb, M. A.; Cheeseman, J. R.; Scalmani, G.; Barone, V.; Petersson, G. A.; Nakatsuji, H.; Li, X.; Caricato, M.; Marenich, A. V.; Bloino, J.; Janesko, B. G.; Gomperts, R.; Mennucci, B.; Hratchian, H. P.; Ortiz, J. V.; Izmaylov, A. F.; Sonnenberg, J. L.; Williams-Young, D.; Ding, F.; Lipparini, F.; Egidi, F.; Goings, J.; Peng, B.; Petrone, A.; Henderson, T.; Ranasinghe, D.; Zakrzewski, V. G.; Gao, J.; Rega, N.; Zheng, G.; Liang, W.; Hada, M.; Ehara, M.; Toyota, K.; Fukuda, R.; Hasegawa, J.; Ishida, M.; Nakajima, T.; Honda, Y.; Kitao, O.; Nakai, H.; Vreven, T.; Throssell, K.; Montgomery Jr., J. A.; Peralta, J. E.; Ogliaro, F.; Bearpark, M. J.; Heyd, J. J.; Brothers, E. N.; Kudin, K. N.; Staroverov, V. N.; Keith, T. A.; Kobayashi, R.; Normand, J.; Raghavachari, K.; Rendell, A. P.; Burant, J. C.; Iyengar, S. S.; Tomasi, J.; Cossi, M.; Millam, J. M.; Klene, M.; Adamo, C.; Cammi, R.; Ochterski, J. W.; Martin, R. L.; Morokuma, K.; Farkas, O.; Foresman, J. B. & Fox, D. J. Gaussian16 Revision C.01 2016Genuer, R.; Poggi, J.-M. & Tuleau-Malot, C. Variable selection using random forests, Pattern recognition letters, Elsevier, 2010, 31, 2225-2236Géron, A. Hands-On Machine Learning with Scikit-Learn, Keras, and TensorFlow: Concepts, Tools, and Techniques to Build Intelligent Systems, O'Reilly Media, 2019Ghosh, S. & Dubey, S. K. Comparative analysis of k-means and fuzzy c-means algorithms International, Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, Citeseer, 2013, 4Gitau, C.; Bashford, R.; Carnegie, A. & Gurr, G. A review of semiochemicals associated with bark beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) pests of coniferous trees: a focus on beetle interactions with other pests and their associates, Forest Ecology and Management, Elsevier, 2013, 297, 1-14Grinberg, M. Flask web development: developing web applications with python, O'Reilly Media, Inc., 2018Janet, J. P. & Kulik, H. J. Machine Learning in Chemistry, American Chemical Society, 2020Jaramillo-Noreña, J.; León, G. D. S.; Rodríguez, V. P.; Garzón, D. Q.; Cuartas, M. Á. Z. & Arroyave, M. G. Capitulo 7: Manejo integrado de plagas, Tecnología para el cultivo de tomate bajo condiciones protegidas, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria, 2013Judd, W. S.; Campbell, C. S.; Kellogg, E. A.; Stevens, P. F. & Donoghue, M. J. Plant systematics: a phylogenetic approach, Ecología mediterranea, 1999, 25, 215Kalousis, A.; Prados, J. & Hilario, M. Stability of feature selection algorithms: a study on high-dimensional spaces, Knowledge and information systems, Springer, 2007, 12, 95-116Kasabov, N. K. Time-space, spiking neural networks and brain-inspired artificial intelligence, Springer, 2019Kassambara, A. Multivariate Analysis II: Practical Guide to Principal Component Methods in R, Scotts Valley, CA: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.[Google Scholar], 2017Kassambara, A. Practical guide to principal component methods in R: PCA, M (CA), FAMD, MFA, HCPC, factoextra, Sthda, 2017, 2Keany, E. BorutaShap, MIT License, 2021Kohonen, T. Self-organized formation of topologically correct feature maps, Biological cybernetics, Springer, 1982, 43, 59-69Kohonen, T. The self-organizing map, Proceedings of the IEEE, IEEE, 1990, 78, 1464-1480Kramer, O. Scikit-learn, Machine learning for evolution strategies, Springer, 2016, 45-53Kuhn, M. & Johnson, K. Feature engineering and selection: A practical approach for predictive models, CRC Press, 2019Kursa, M. B. & Rudnicki, W. R. Feature selection with the Boruta package, Journal of statistical software, 2010, 36, 1-13Kuzma, T. & Farkaš, I. Embedding Complexity of Learned Representations in Neural Networks, International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks, 2019, 518-528Lal, T. N.; Chapelle, O.; Weston, J. & Elisseeff, A. Embedded methods, Feature extraction, Springer, 2006, 137-165Lundberg, S. M. & Lee, S.-I. A unified approach to interpreting model predictions, Advances in neural information processing systems, 2017, 30Maltarollo, V. G.; Honório, K. M. & da Silva, A. B. F. Suzuki, K. (Ed.) Applications of Artificial Neural Networks in Chemical Problems, Chap.10, Artificial Neural Networks, IntechOpen, 2013Mauri, A.; Consonni, V. & Todeschini, R. Molecular descriptors, Springer International Publishing, 2017McHugh, M. L. Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic, Biochemia medica, Medicinska naklada, 2012, 22, 276-282Mishra, S. S.; Shroff, S.; Sahu, J. K.; Naik, P. P. & Baitharu, I. Insect Pheromones and Its Applications in Management of Pest Population, Natural Materials and Products from Insects: Chemistry and Applications, Springer, 2020, 121-136Mitchell, T. M. & others Machine learning, McGraw-hill New York, 1997Moretto Cosson, K. y. A. Pollination of Amorphophallus barthlottii and A. abyssinicus subsp. akeassii (Araceae) by dung beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea), Association Catharsius, 2019Morgan, E. D. Biosynthesis in insects, Royal society of chemistry, 2010Moriwaki, H.; Tian, Y.-S.; Kawashita, N. & Takagi, T. Mordred: a molecular descriptor calculator, Journal of cheminformatics, BioMed Central, 2018, 10, 1-14Mustaqeem, A.; Anwar, S. M. & Majid, M. Multiclass classification of cardiac arrhythmia using improved feature selection and SVM invariants, Computational and mathematical methods in medicine, Hindawi, 2018, 2018MySQL, A. MySQL, 2001Odell, S. G.; Lazo, G. R.; Woodhouse, M. R.; Hane, D. L. & Sen, T. Z. The art of curation at a biological database: principles and application, Current Plant Biology, Elsevier, 2017, 11, 2-11Pardo-Locarno, L.; González, J.; Pérez, C.; Yepes, F. & Fernández, C. Escarabajos de importancia agrícola (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) en la región Caribe colombiana: Registros y propuestas de manejo, Boletín Del Museo Entomológico Francisco Luis Gallejo, 2012, 4, 7-23Peterson, M. A.; Dobler, S.; Larson, E. L.; Juárez, D.; Schlarbaum, T.; Monsen, K. J. & Francke, W. Profiles of cuticular hydrocarbons mediate male mate choice and sexual isolation between hybridising Chrysochus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Chemoecology, Springer, 2007, 17, 87-96Piñeiro Gomez, J. Diseño de bases de datos relacionales, Ediciones Paraninfo, SA, 2014Pla, L. Análisis multivariado: método de componentes principales, OEA (Organizacion de los Estados Americanos), 1986Raices, M. Comunicación química en larvas de Rhinella arenarum. Caracterización del comportamiento antipredatorio y de las señales de alarma, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, 2018Raju, M.; Gopi, V. P. & Anitha, V. Multi-class Classification of Alzheimer's Disease using 3DCNN Features and Multilayer Perceptron, 2021 Sixth International Conference on Wireless Communications, Signal Processing and Networking (WiSPNET), 2021, 368-373Romero-Frías, A.; Murata, Y.; Simões Bento, J. M. & Osorio, C. (1R, 2S, 6R)-Papayanal: a new male-specific volatile compound released by the guava weevil Conotrachelus psidii (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, Oxford University Press, 2016, 80, 848-855Romero-Frías, A. A.; Sinuco, D. C. & Bento, J. M. S. Male-specific volatiles released by the big avocado seed weevil Heilipus lauri Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, SciELO Brasil, 2019, 30, 158-163Romero-López, A. A.; Reyes-Chilpa, R.; Pérez-Flores, F. J.; Lugo-García, G. A. & Maldonado-Rodríguez, J. I. Chemicals in the Genital Chamber of Two Mexican Species of Phyllophaga, Southwestern Entomologist, Society of Southwestern Entomologists, 2019, 44, 457 - 464Samuel, A. L. Some studies in machine learning using the game of checkers, IBM Journal of research and development, IBM, 1959, 3, 210-229Sandri, M. & Zuccolotto, P. Variable selection using random forests, Data analysis, classification and the forward search, Springer, 2006, 263-270Sharma, A.; Sandhi, R. K. & Reddy, G. V. A Review of Interactions between Insect Biological Control Agents and Semiochemicals, Insects, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2019, 10, 439Shibata, E.; Sato, S.; Sakuratani, Y.; Sugimoto, T.; Kimura, F. & Ito, F. Cerambycid beetles (Coleoptera) lured to chemicals in forests of Nara Prefecture, central Japan, Annals of the Entomological Society of America, Oxford University Press Oxford, UK, 1996, 89, 835-842Silva, W. D.; Millar, J. G.; Hanks, L. M.; Costa, C. M.; Leite, M. O.; Tonelli, M. & Bento, J. M. S. Interspecific cross-attraction between the South American cerambycid beetles Cotyclytus curvatus and Megacyllene acuta is averted by minor pheromone components, Journal of chemical ecology, Springer, 2018, 44, 268-275Smart, L.; Aradottir, G. & Bruce, T. Role of semiochemicals in integrated pest management, Integrated Pest Management, Elsevier, 2014, 93-109Sneath, P. H. Thirty years of numerical taxonomy, Systematic Biology, Society of Systematic Biologists, 1995, 44, 281-298Solorio-Fernández, S.; Carrasco-Ochoa, J. A. & Mart\inez-Trinidad, J. F. A review of unsupervised feature selection methods, Artificial Intelligence Review, Springer, 2020, 53, 907-948Spurlock, J. Bootstrap: responsive web development, O'Reilly Media, Inc., 2013Stanczyk, S.; Champion, B. & Leyton, R. Theory and practice of relational databases, CRC Press, 2003Syakur, M.; Khotimah, B.; Rochman, E. & Satoto, B. D. Integration k-means clustering method and elbow method for identification of the best customer profile cluster, IOP conference series: materials science and engineering, 2018, 336, 012017Tauler, R.; Walczak, B. & Brown, S. D. Comprehensive chemometrics: chemical and biochemical data analysis, Elsevier, 2009Thai, V. D.; Hoan, N. Q. & others Improving Feature Map Quality of SOM Based on Adjusting the Neighborhood Function, International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, LJS Publishing, 2016, 14, 746Todeschini, R. & Consonni, V. Handbook of molecular descriptors, John Wiley & Sons, 2008Touzet, H. Tree edit distance with gaps, Information Processing Letters, Citeseer, 2003, 85, 123-129Uriarte, E. A. & Mart\in, F. D. Topology preservation in SOM, International journal of applied mathematics and computer sciences, Citeseer, 2005, 1, 19-22Vettigli, G. MiniSom: minimalistic and NumPy-based implementation of the Self Organizing Map, 2013Vidal Medina, V. Señales químicas entre el escarabajo-plaga Strategus aloeus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae) y la palma de aceite (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2021, 120Warner, J. & Sexauer, J. JDWarner/scikit-fuzzy: Scikit-Fuzzy version 0.4. 2 Nov, 2019Wei, J. N.; Duvenaud, D. & Aspuru-Guzik, A. Neural networks for the prediction of organic chemistry reactions, ACS central science, ACS Publications, 2016, 2, 725-732EstudiantesInvestigadoresMaestrosPúblico generalLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81748https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/82182/1/license.txt8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33MD51ORIGINAL1072713817.2022.pdf1072713817.2022.pdfTesis de Maestría en Ciencias Químicaapplication/pdf2251588https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/82182/2/1072713817.2022.pdf30e7307fbab695945e9b23201b0468d5MD52unal/82182oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/821822023-01-23 17:30:18.966Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiarepositorio_nal@unal.edu.coTk9URTogUExBQ0UgWU9VUiBPV04gTElDRU5TRSBIRVJFClRoaXMgc2FtcGxlIGxpY2Vuc2UgaXMgcHJvdmlkZWQgZm9yIGluZm9ybWF0aW9uYWwgcHVycG9zZXMgb25seS4KCk5PTi1FWENMVVNJVkUgRElTVFJJQlVUSU9OIExJQ0VOU0UKCkJ5IHNpZ25pbmcgYW5kIHN1Ym1pdHRpbmcgdGhpcyBsaWNlbnNlLCB5b3UgKHRoZSBhdXRob3Iocykgb3IgY29weXJpZ2h0Cm93bmVyKSBncmFudHMgdG8gRFNwYWNlIFVuaXZlcnNpdHkgKERTVSkgdGhlIG5vbi1leGNsdXNpdmUgcmlnaHQgdG8gcmVwcm9kdWNlLAp0cmFuc2xhdGUgKGFzIGRlZmluZWQgYmVsb3cpLCBhbmQvb3IgZGlzdHJpYnV0ZSB5b3VyIHN1Ym1pc3Npb24gKGluY2x1ZGluZwp0aGUgYWJzdHJhY3QpIHdvcmxkd2lkZSBpbiBwcmludCBhbmQgZWxlY3Ryb25pYyBmb3JtYXQgYW5kIGluIGFueSBtZWRpdW0sCmluY2x1ZGluZyBidXQgbm90IGxpbWl0ZWQgdG8gYXVkaW8gb3IgdmlkZW8uCgpZb3UgYWdyZWUgdGhhdCBEU1UgbWF5LCB3aXRob3V0IGNoYW5naW5nIHRoZSBjb250ZW50LCB0cmFuc2xhdGUgdGhlCnN1Ym1pc3Npb24gdG8gYW55IG1lZGl1bSBvciBmb3JtYXQgZm9yIHRoZSBwdXJwb3NlIG9mIHByZXNlcnZhdGlvbi4KCllvdSBhbHNvIGFncmVlIHRoYXQgRFNVIG1heSBrZWVwIG1vcmUgdGhhbiBvbmUgY29weSBvZiB0aGlzIHN1Ym1pc3Npb24gZm9yCnB1cnBvc2VzIG9mIHNlY3VyaXR5LCBiYWNrLXVwIGFuZCBwcmVzZXJ2YXRpb24uCgpZb3UgcmVwcmVzZW50IHRoYXQgdGhlIHN1Ym1pc3Npb24gaXMgeW91ciBvcmlnaW5hbCB3b3JrLCBhbmQgdGhhdCB5b3UgaGF2ZQp0aGUgcmlnaHQgdG8gZ3JhbnQgdGhlIHJpZ2h0cyBjb250YWluZWQgaW4gdGhpcyBsaWNlbnNlLiBZb3UgYWxzbyByZXByZXNlbnQKdGhhdCB5b3VyIHN1Ym1pc3Npb24gZG9lcyBub3QsIHRvIHRoZSBiZXN0IG9mIHlvdXIga25vd2xlZGdlLCBpbmZyaW5nZSB1cG9uCmFueW9uZSdzIGNvcHlyaWdodC4KCklmIHRoZSBzdWJtaXNzaW9uIGNvbnRhaW5zIG1hdGVyaWFsIGZvciB3aGljaCB5b3UgZG8gbm90IGhvbGQgY29weXJpZ2h0LAp5b3UgcmVwcmVzZW50IHRoYXQgeW91IGhhdmUgb2J0YWluZWQgdGhlIHVucmVzdHJpY3RlZCBwZXJtaXNzaW9uIG9mIHRoZQpjb3B5cmlnaHQgb3duZXIgdG8gZ3JhbnQgRFNVIHRoZSByaWdodHMgcmVxdWlyZWQgYnkgdGhpcyBsaWNlbnNlLCBhbmQgdGhhdApzdWNoIHRoaXJkLXBhcnR5IG93bmVkIG1hdGVyaWFsIGlzIGNsZWFybHkgaWRlbnRpZmllZCBhbmQgYWNrbm93bGVkZ2VkCndpdGhpbiB0aGUgdGV4dCBvciBjb250ZW50IG9mIHRoZSBzdWJtaXNzaW9uLgoKSUYgVEhFIFNVQk1JU1NJT04gSVMgQkFTRUQgVVBPTiBXT1JLIFRIQVQgSEFTIEJFRU4gU1BPTlNPUkVEIE9SIFNVUFBPUlRFRApCWSBBTiBBR0VOQ1kgT1IgT1JHQU5JWkFUSU9OIE9USEVSIFRIQU4gRFNVLCBZT1UgUkVQUkVTRU5UIFRIQVQgWU9VIEhBVkUKRlVMRklMTEVEIEFOWSBSSUdIVCBPRiBSRVZJRVcgT1IgT1RIRVIgT0JMSUdBVElPTlMgUkVRVUlSRUQgQlkgU1VDSApDT05UUkFDVCBPUiBBR1JFRU1FTlQuCgpEU1Ugd2lsbCBjbGVhcmx5IGlkZW50aWZ5IHlvdXIgbmFtZShzKSBhcyB0aGUgYXV0aG9yKHMpIG9yIG93bmVyKHMpIG9mIHRoZQpzdWJtaXNzaW9uLCBhbmQgd2lsbCBub3QgbWFrZSBhbnkgYWx0ZXJhdGlvbiwgb3RoZXIgdGhhbiBhcyBhbGxvd2VkIGJ5IHRoaXMKbGljZW5zZSwgdG8geW91ciBzdWJtaXNzaW9uLgo=