Análisis de concentración de los NORM en muestras de agua del Valle del Magdalena Medio

ilustraciones, graficas, mapas

Autores:: Cipagauta Mora, Jennifer Brigitte

Tipo de recurso:

Fecha de publicación:: 2022

Institución:: Universidad Nacional de Colombia

Repositorio:: Universidad Nacional de Colombia

Idioma:: spa

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repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv	Análisis de concentración de los NORM en muestras de agua del Valle del Magdalena Medio
dc.title.translated.eng.fl_str_mv	Analysis of NORM concentration in water samples from the Magdalena Medio Valley
title	Análisis de concentración de los NORM en muestras de agua del Valle del Magdalena Medio
spellingShingle	Análisis de concentración de los NORM en muestras de agua del Valle del Magdalena Medio 530 - Física::535 - Luz y radiación relacionada FISICA NUCLEAR Nuclear physics ANALISIS DEL AGUA Water analysis NORM concentración de actividad dosis límite de detección Concentration of activity dose the limit of detection
title_short	Análisis de concentración de los NORM en muestras de agua del Valle del Magdalena Medio
title_full	Análisis de concentración de los NORM en muestras de agua del Valle del Magdalena Medio
title_fullStr	Análisis de concentración de los NORM en muestras de agua del Valle del Magdalena Medio
title_full_unstemmed	Análisis de concentración de los NORM en muestras de agua del Valle del Magdalena Medio
title_sort	Análisis de concentración de los NORM en muestras de agua del Valle del Magdalena Medio
dc.creator.fl_str_mv	Cipagauta Mora, Jennifer Brigitte
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv	Cristancho Mejía, Fernando Romero Ordóñez, Fernando Elí
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv	Cipagauta Mora, Jennifer Brigitte
dc.contributor.researchgroup.spa.fl_str_mv	Grupo de Física Nuclear de la Universidad Nacional
dc.subject.ddc.spa.fl_str_mv	530 - Física::535 - Luz y radiación relacionada
topic	530 - Física::535 - Luz y radiación relacionada FISICA NUCLEAR Nuclear physics ANALISIS DEL AGUA Water analysis NORM concentración de actividad dosis límite de detección Concentration of activity dose the limit of detection
dc.subject.lemb.none.fl_str_mv	FISICA NUCLEAR Nuclear physics ANALISIS DEL AGUA Water analysis
dc.subject.proposal.none.fl_str_mv	NORM
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv	concentración de actividad dosis límite de detección
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv	Concentration of activity dose the limit of detection
description	ilustraciones, graficas, mapas
publishDate	2022
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2022-06-03T14:13:36Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv	2022-06-03T14:13:36Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv	2022-06-02
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv	Trabajo de grado - Maestría
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis
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dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv	Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
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identifier_str_mv	Universidad Nacional de Colombia Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv	spa
language	spa
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv	International Atomic Energy Agency. Preparation and certification of IAEA gamma-ray spectrometry reference materials RGU-1, RGTh-U and RGK-1, 1987. Sreenath Gupta. Natural Gas: Extraction to End Use. BoD--Books on Demand, 2012. International Atomic Energy Agency. Extent of environmental contamination by naturally occurring radioactive material (norm) and technological options for mitigation. Technical report, International Atomic Energy Agency, 2003. K. P. Smith. An overview of naturally occurring radioactive materials (norm) in the petroleum industry. Technical report, Argonne National Lab., IL (United States)., 1992. M Arenas et al. Proyecto MEGIA: Estudio de la Demanda del Agua en el Sector Norte del Valle Medio del Magdalena. Producto No. 6. Technical report, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2020. William R Leo. Techniques for nuclear and particle physics experiments: a how-to approach. Springer Science & Business Media, 2012. Gordon Gilmore. Practical gamma-ray spectroscopy. John Wiley & Sons, 2011. Michael E Kitto, Pravin P Parekh, Miguel A Torres, and Dominik Schneider. Radionuclide and chemical concentrations in mineral waters at saratoga springs, new york. Journal of environmental radioactivity, 80(3):327–339, 2005. Aydan Altikulac, S Turhan, and Hasan Gumucs. The natural and artificial radionuclides in drinking water samples and consequent population doses. Journal of radiation research and applied sciences, 8(4):578–582, 2015. P Andrew Karam. The high background radiation area in ramsar iran: Geology, norm, biology, lnt, and possible regulatory fun. Technical report, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA (US), 2002. K. Buchtela. Radiochemical methods — gamma-ray spectrometry. In Paul Worsfold, Alan Townshend, and Colin Poole, editors, Encyclopedia of Analytical Science (Second Edition), pages 72–79. Elsevier, Oxford, second edition, 2005. Fernando Cristancho. Instrumentación nuclear-Notas de clase. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Bogotá, 2021. J Gómez-Muñoz, ML Cortés, and F Cristancho. Gamma backscattering in soil layers with different thickness and water content. In AIP Conference Proceedings, volume 1423, pages 418–421. AIP, 2012. Nouredine Zettili. Quantum mechanics: concepts and applications. American Association of Physics Teachers, 2003. Ernest Rutherford and Frederick Soddy. Radioactive change. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 5(29):576–591, 1903. International Atomic Energy Agency. Guidelines for radioelement mapping using gamma ray spectrometry data, 2003. E Mingarro. The radioactive equilibrium and determination methods for ratio e Ra/U; Desequilibrio Radiactivos-1. Método β−γ. Determinación de la razón eRa/U. Valoración del contenido en U3O8. 1966. Glenn F Knoll. Radiation detection and measurement. John Wiley & Sons, 2010. National Institute of Standars and Technology NIST. Xcom nist.element compound mixture selection, 2019. International Standard, Determination of characteristic limits (decision threshold, detection limit and limits of the confidence interval) for measurements of ionizing radiation. Standard, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, CH, 2010. Gordon Gilmore. Practical gamma-ray spectroscopy. John Wiley & Sons, 2011. Determination and interpretation of characteristic limits for radiactivity measurements. Standard, International Organization for Standardization, Vienna, 2017. Max S Matheson and Bernard Smaller. Paramagnetic species in gamma-irradiated ice. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 23(3):521–528, 1955. A Guidebook. Measurement of radionuclides in food and the environment. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency. Retrieved from https://www. iaea. org/publications/1398/measurement-of-radionuclides-in-food-and-the-environment, 1989. Mohand Hamlat, S Djeffal, and Hocine Kadi. Assessment of radiation exposures from naturally occurring radioactive materials in the oil and gas industry. Applied radiation and isotopes : including data, instrumentation and methods for use in agriculture, industry and medicine, 55:141–6, 08 2001. S Shawky, H Amer, AA Nada, TM Abd El-Maksoud, and NM Ibrahiem. Characteristics of norm in the oil industry from eastern and western deserts of egypt. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 55(1):135–139, 2001. M. Palomo, A. Peñalver, C. Aguilar, and F. Borrull. Presence of naturally occurring radioactive materials in sludge samples from several spanish water treatment plants. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 181(1):716–721, 2010. Augustine Faanu, James H Ephraim, and Emmanuel O Darko. Assessment of public exposure to naturally occurring radioactive materials from mining and mineral processing activities of tarkwa goldmine in ghana. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 180(1):15–29, 2011. Taavi Vaasma, Madis Kiisk, Maria Leier, Siiri Suursoo, Alar Jantsikene, and Kaisa Putk. Norm-related industrial activities in estonia–establishing national norm inventory. Journal of Sustainable Mining, 18(2):86–93, 2019. Safia Hamidalddin et al. Measurement of natural radiation, calculation of radiation doses of agricultural environmental samples in the western region-kingdom of saudi arabia. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences, 15(1):69–74, 2022. T Gäfvert, I Færevik, and AL Rudjord. Assessment of the discharge of norm to the north sea from produced water by the norwegian oil and gas industry. Radioactivity in the Environment, 8:193–205, 2006. Water quality — Sampling — Part 11: Guidance on sampling of groundwaters. Standard, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, CH, 2003. Water quality — Sampling — Part 3: Guidance on the preservation and handling of water samples. Standard, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, CH, 2003. M. Cortes. Energy and time characterization of the response of the soil to γ-rays. Tesis de maestría, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2010. Water quality—Determination of the activity concentration of radionuclides—Method by high resolution gamma-ray spectrometry. Standard, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, CH, 2017. Ochoa P and Cristancho F. Corrección por eficiencia y optimización de la posición de muestras para medir concentraciones de NORM usando un detector de HPGe. Trabajo de grado, Departamento de Física - Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, 2017. H Friedmann, C Nuccetelli, B Michalik, M Anagnostakis, G Xhixha, K Kovler, G de With, C Gascó,WS chroeyers, R Trevisi, et al. Measurement of norm. In Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in Construction, pages 61–133. Elsevier, 2017. AR Awudu, EO Darko, C Schandorf, EK Hayford, MK Abekoe, and PK Ofori-Danson. Determination of activity concentration levels of 238u, 232th, and 40k in drinking water in a gold mine in ghana. Health physics, 99(2):S149–S153, 2010. J Vennart. The 1990 recommendations of the international commission on radiological protection. Journal of Radiological Protection, 11(3):199, 1991. Volume I Unscear, United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, et al. Report to the general assembly. Anex B: Exposures from Natural Radiation Sources, New York, 2000. World Health Organization et al. Guidelines for drinking-water quality 4th ed. geneva, switzerland: World health organization; 2011, 2016. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation et al. Sources and effects of ionizing radiation, unscear 2008. Report to the General Assembly with Scientific Annexes, 1, 2008. UK Pandey and P Krishnamurthy. Uranium and thorium abundances in some graphitebearing precambrian rocks of india and implications. Current Science (Bangalore), 68(8):826–828, 1995. C Manikyamba, Nuru Said, M Santosh, Abhishek Saha, Sohini Ganguly, and KSV Subramanyam. U enrichment and th/u fractionation in archean boninites: Implications for paleo-ocean oxygenation and u cycling at juvenile subduction zones. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 157:187–197, 2018. Claude Degueldre and Malcolm J Joyce. Evidence and uncertainty for uranium and thorium abundance: A review. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 124:103299, 2020. Y Kopylova, N Guseva, A Shestakova, A Khvaschevskaya, and K Arakchaa. Uranium and thorium behavior in groundwater of the natural spa area “choygan mineral water”( east tuva). In IOP conference series: Earth and environmental science, volume 27, page 012034. IOP Publishing, 2015.
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dc.coverage.region.none.fl_str_mv	Valle del Magdalena Medio
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv	Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.publisher.program.spa.fl_str_mv	Bogotá - Ciencias - Maestría en Ciencias - Física
dc.publisher.department.spa.fl_str_mv	Departamento de Física
dc.publisher.faculty.spa.fl_str_mv	Facultad de Ciencias
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv	Bogotá, Colombia
dc.publisher.branch.spa.fl_str_mv	Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá
institution	Universidad Nacional de Colombia
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spelling	Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacionalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Cristancho Mejía, Fernandodaeaf86260917e5f8bf12dfb6d9ca150600Romero Ordóñez, Fernando Elí3896ed66943913b8bea47bf1c1330419Cipagauta Mora, Jennifer Brigitte388af9159636f91e035f02c06de2f5c5Grupo de Física Nuclear de la Universidad Nacional2022-06-03T14:13:36Z2022-06-03T14:13:36Z2022-06-02https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/81499Universidad Nacional de ColombiaRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiahttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ilustraciones, graficas, mapasA los isótopos radiactivos $^{232}$Th, $^{238}$U y $^{40}$K se les conoce por sus siglas en inglés como NORM (Normally Occurring Radioactive Materials). Se tomaron 25 muestras de agua en la zona de estudio, el Valle del Magdalena Medio, de donde se determinaron las concentraciones de estos radionúcleos usando un sistema de espectroscopía gamma de alta resolución. Determinando el umbral de decisión y límite de detección se encontró que 7 muestras tienen presencia de $^{238}$U, 2 muestras contienen $^{40}$K pero estos niveles de uranio y potasio están por debajo del límite de detección. Adicionalmente, se reporta que ninguna de las muestras tiene concentración de actividad de torio superior al límite de decisión. (Texto tomado de la fuente)The radioactive isotopes $^{232}$Th, $^{238}$U y $^{40}$K are known as NORM (Normally Occurring Radioactive Materials). Taking a series of water samples in the study zone, the Middle Magdalena Valley, the concentration of these radionuclides is determined using a high-resolution gamma spectroscopy system. Determining the decision threshold and detection limit, it was found that 7 samples had the presence of $^{238}$U, 2 samples contained $^{40}$K but these uranium and potassium levels are below the detection limit. Additionally, it is reported that none of the samples has a thorium activity concentration above the decision limit.Proyecto de Investigación MEGIA, “Modelo multiescala de gestión integral del agua con análisis de incertidumbre de la información para la realización de la evaluación ambiental estratégica (EAE) del subsector de hidrocarburos en el Valle Medio del Magdalena” contrato 157-2018 suscrito con Minciencias, antes Colciencias y financiado por la Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos ANH.MaestríaMagíster en Ciencias - FísicaFísica Nuclearxii, 42 páginasapplication/pdfspaUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaBogotá - Ciencias - Maestría en Ciencias - FísicaDepartamento de FísicaFacultad de CienciasBogotá, ColombiaUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá530 - Física::535 - Luz y radiación relacionadaFISICA NUCLEARNuclear physicsANALISIS DEL AGUAWater analysisNORMconcentración de actividaddosislímite de detecciónConcentration of activitydosethe limit of detectionAnálisis de concentración de los NORM en muestras de agua del Valle del Magdalena MedioAnalysis of NORM concentration in water samples from the Magdalena Medio ValleyTrabajo de grado - Maestríainfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionTexthttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TMValle del Magdalena MedioInternational Atomic Energy Agency. Preparation and certification of IAEA gamma-ray spectrometry reference materials RGU-1, RGTh-U and RGK-1, 1987.Sreenath Gupta. Natural Gas: Extraction to End Use. BoD--Books on Demand, 2012.International Atomic Energy Agency. Extent of environmental contamination by naturally occurring radioactive material (norm) and technological options for mitigation. Technical report, International Atomic Energy Agency, 2003.K. P. Smith. An overview of naturally occurring radioactive materials (norm) in the petroleum industry. Technical report, Argonne National Lab., IL (United States)., 1992.M Arenas et al. Proyecto MEGIA: Estudio de la Demanda del Agua en el Sector Norte del Valle Medio del Magdalena. Producto No. 6. Technical report, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2020.William R Leo. Techniques for nuclear and particle physics experiments: a how-to approach. Springer Science & Business Media, 2012.Gordon Gilmore. Practical gamma-ray spectroscopy. John Wiley & Sons, 2011.Michael E Kitto, Pravin P Parekh, Miguel A Torres, and Dominik Schneider. Radionuclide and chemical concentrations in mineral waters at saratoga springs, new york. Journal of environmental radioactivity, 80(3):327–339, 2005.Aydan Altikulac, S Turhan, and Hasan Gumucs. The natural and artificial radionuclides in drinking water samples and consequent population doses. Journal of radiation research and applied sciences, 8(4):578–582, 2015.P Andrew Karam. The high background radiation area in ramsar iran: Geology, norm, biology, lnt, and possible regulatory fun. Technical report, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA (US), 2002.K. Buchtela. Radiochemical methods — gamma-ray spectrometry. In Paul Worsfold, Alan Townshend, and Colin Poole, editors, Encyclopedia of Analytical Science (Second Edition), pages 72–79. Elsevier, Oxford, second edition, 2005.Fernando Cristancho. Instrumentación nuclear-Notas de clase. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Bogotá, 2021.J Gómez-Muñoz, ML Cortés, and F Cristancho. Gamma backscattering in soil layers with different thickness and water content. In AIP Conference Proceedings, volume 1423, pages 418–421. AIP, 2012.Nouredine Zettili. Quantum mechanics: concepts and applications. American Association of Physics Teachers, 2003.Ernest Rutherford and Frederick Soddy. Radioactive change. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 5(29):576–591, 1903.International Atomic Energy Agency. Guidelines for radioelement mapping using gamma ray spectrometry data, 2003.E Mingarro. The radioactive equilibrium and determination methods for ratio e Ra/U; Desequilibrio Radiactivos-1. Método β−γ. Determinación de la razón eRa/U. Valoración del contenido en U3O8. 1966.Glenn F Knoll. Radiation detection and measurement. John Wiley & Sons, 2010.National Institute of Standars and Technology NIST. Xcom nist.element compound mixture selection, 2019.International Standard, Determination of characteristic limits (decision threshold, detection limit and limits of the confidence interval) for measurements of ionizing radiation. Standard, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, CH, 2010.Gordon Gilmore. Practical gamma-ray spectroscopy. John Wiley & Sons, 2011.Determination and interpretation of characteristic limits for radiactivity measurements. Standard, International Organization for Standardization, Vienna, 2017.Max S Matheson and Bernard Smaller. Paramagnetic species in gamma-irradiated ice. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 23(3):521–528, 1955.A Guidebook. Measurement of radionuclides in food and the environment. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency. Retrieved from https://www. iaea. org/publications/1398/measurement-of-radionuclides-in-food-and-the-environment, 1989.Mohand Hamlat, S Djeffal, and Hocine Kadi. Assessment of radiation exposures from naturally occurring radioactive materials in the oil and gas industry. Applied radiation and isotopes : including data, instrumentation and methods for use in agriculture, industry and medicine, 55:141–6, 08 2001.S Shawky, H Amer, AA Nada, TM Abd El-Maksoud, and NM Ibrahiem. Characteristics of norm in the oil industry from eastern and western deserts of egypt. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 55(1):135–139, 2001.M. Palomo, A. Peñalver, C. Aguilar, and F. Borrull. Presence of naturally occurring radioactive materials in sludge samples from several spanish water treatment plants. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 181(1):716–721, 2010.Augustine Faanu, James H Ephraim, and Emmanuel O Darko. Assessment of public exposure to naturally occurring radioactive materials from mining and mineral processing activities of tarkwa goldmine in ghana. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 180(1):15–29, 2011.Taavi Vaasma, Madis Kiisk, Maria Leier, Siiri Suursoo, Alar Jantsikene, and Kaisa Putk. Norm-related industrial activities in estonia–establishing national norm inventory. Journal of Sustainable Mining, 18(2):86–93, 2019.Safia Hamidalddin et al. Measurement of natural radiation, calculation of radiation doses of agricultural environmental samples in the western region-kingdom of saudi arabia. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences, 15(1):69–74, 2022.T Gäfvert, I Færevik, and AL Rudjord. Assessment of the discharge of norm to the north sea from produced water by the norwegian oil and gas industry. Radioactivity in the Environment, 8:193–205, 2006.Water quality — Sampling — Part 11: Guidance on sampling of groundwaters. Standard, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, CH, 2003.Water quality — Sampling — Part 3: Guidance on the preservation and handling of water samples. Standard, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, CH, 2003.M. Cortes. Energy and time characterization of the response of the soil to γ-rays. Tesis de maestría, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2010.Water quality—Determination of the activity concentration of radionuclides—Method by high resolution gamma-ray spectrometry. Standard, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, CH, 2017.Ochoa P and Cristancho F. Corrección por eficiencia y optimización de la posición de muestras para medir concentraciones de NORM usando un detector de HPGe. Trabajo de grado, Departamento de Física - Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, 2017.H Friedmann, C Nuccetelli, B Michalik, M Anagnostakis, G Xhixha, K Kovler, G de With, C Gascó,WS chroeyers, R Trevisi, et al. Measurement of norm. In Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in Construction, pages 61–133. Elsevier, 2017.AR Awudu, EO Darko, C Schandorf, EK Hayford, MK Abekoe, and PK Ofori-Danson. Determination of activity concentration levels of 238u, 232th, and 40k in drinking water in a gold mine in ghana. Health physics, 99(2):S149–S153, 2010.J Vennart. The 1990 recommendations of the international commission on radiological protection. Journal of Radiological Protection, 11(3):199, 1991.Volume I Unscear, United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, et al. Report to the general assembly. Anex B: Exposures from Natural Radiation Sources, New York, 2000.World Health Organization et al. Guidelines for drinking-water quality 4th ed. geneva, switzerland: World health organization; 2011, 2016.United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation et al. Sources and effects of ionizing radiation, unscear 2008. Report to the General Assembly with Scientific Annexes, 1, 2008.UK Pandey and P Krishnamurthy. Uranium and thorium abundances in some graphitebearing precambrian rocks of india and implications. Current Science (Bangalore), 68(8):826–828, 1995.C Manikyamba, Nuru Said, M Santosh, Abhishek Saha, Sohini Ganguly, and KSV Subramanyam. U enrichment and th/u fractionation in archean boninites: Implications for paleo-ocean oxygenation and u cycling at juvenile subduction zones. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 157:187–197, 2018.Claude Degueldre and Malcolm J Joyce. Evidence and uncertainty for uranium and thorium abundance: A review. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 124:103299, 2020.Y Kopylova, N Guseva, A Shestakova, A Khvaschevskaya, and K Arakchaa. Uranium and thorium behavior in groundwater of the natural spa area “choygan mineral water”( east tuva). In IOP conference series: Earth and environmental science, volume 27, page 012034. IOP Publishing, 2015.Proyecto de Investigación MEGIAEstudiantesInvestigadoresMaestrosPúblico generalORIGINAL1022402335.2022.pdf1022402335.2022.pdfTesis de Maestría en Ciencias - Físicaapplication/pdf1397320https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/81499/1/1022402335.2022.pdf84767f1868b906b9ac37321af13517d8MD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-84074https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/81499/2/license.txt8153f7789df02f0a4c9e079953658ab2MD52THUMBNAIL1022402335.2022.pdf.jpg1022402335.2022.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg4383https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/81499/3/1022402335.2022.pdf.jpgbef9bed7502fbc635d985031bec4b28cMD53unal/81499oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/814992024-08-06 23:09:56.005Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de 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