Factores de riesgo asociados a mortalidad en pacientes con SDRA por COVID-19 sometidos a terapia prono en un hospital universitario de Bogotá, Colombia
ilustraciones, gráficas, tablas
- Autores:
-
Larrahondo Velasco, Jimmi
- Tipo de recurso:
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2021
- Institución:
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia
- Repositorio:
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia
- Idioma:
- spa
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/80938
- Palabra clave:
- 610 - Medicina y salud::617 - Cirugía, medicina regional, odontología, oftalmología, otología, audiología
Síndrome de Dificultad Respiratoria del Adulto
Infecciones por Coronavirus
Respiración Artificial
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult
Coronavirus Infections
Respiration, Artificial
Enfermedad por coronavirus 2019
Síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo
Insuficiencia respiratoria
Ventilación mecánica
Terapia prono
Coronavirus disease 2019
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Respiratory insufficiency
Mechanical ventilation
Prone therapy
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional
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dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv |
Factores de riesgo asociados a mortalidad en pacientes con SDRA por COVID-19 sometidos a terapia prono en un hospital universitario de Bogotá, Colombia |
dc.title.translated.eng.fl_str_mv |
Risk factors associated with mortality in patients with ARDS due to COVID-19 undergoing prone therapy in a university hospital in Bogotá, Colombia |
title |
Factores de riesgo asociados a mortalidad en pacientes con SDRA por COVID-19 sometidos a terapia prono en un hospital universitario de Bogotá, Colombia |
spellingShingle |
Factores de riesgo asociados a mortalidad en pacientes con SDRA por COVID-19 sometidos a terapia prono en un hospital universitario de Bogotá, Colombia 610 - Medicina y salud::617 - Cirugía, medicina regional, odontología, oftalmología, otología, audiología Síndrome de Dificultad Respiratoria del Adulto Infecciones por Coronavirus Respiración Artificial Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult Coronavirus Infections Respiration, Artificial Enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 Síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo Insuficiencia respiratoria Ventilación mecánica Terapia prono Coronavirus disease 2019 Acute respiratory distress syndrome Respiratory insufficiency Mechanical ventilation Prone therapy |
title_short |
Factores de riesgo asociados a mortalidad en pacientes con SDRA por COVID-19 sometidos a terapia prono en un hospital universitario de Bogotá, Colombia |
title_full |
Factores de riesgo asociados a mortalidad en pacientes con SDRA por COVID-19 sometidos a terapia prono en un hospital universitario de Bogotá, Colombia |
title_fullStr |
Factores de riesgo asociados a mortalidad en pacientes con SDRA por COVID-19 sometidos a terapia prono en un hospital universitario de Bogotá, Colombia |
title_full_unstemmed |
Factores de riesgo asociados a mortalidad en pacientes con SDRA por COVID-19 sometidos a terapia prono en un hospital universitario de Bogotá, Colombia |
title_sort |
Factores de riesgo asociados a mortalidad en pacientes con SDRA por COVID-19 sometidos a terapia prono en un hospital universitario de Bogotá, Colombia |
dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Larrahondo Velasco, Jimmi |
dc.contributor.advisor.spa.fl_str_mv |
Valero Bernal, José Francisco Pérez Cely, Jairo Antonio Espinosa Almanza, Carmelo José |
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv |
Larrahondo Velasco, Jimmi |
dc.subject.ddc.spa.fl_str_mv |
610 - Medicina y salud::617 - Cirugía, medicina regional, odontología, oftalmología, otología, audiología |
topic |
610 - Medicina y salud::617 - Cirugía, medicina regional, odontología, oftalmología, otología, audiología Síndrome de Dificultad Respiratoria del Adulto Infecciones por Coronavirus Respiración Artificial Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult Coronavirus Infections Respiration, Artificial Enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 Síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo Insuficiencia respiratoria Ventilación mecánica Terapia prono Coronavirus disease 2019 Acute respiratory distress syndrome Respiratory insufficiency Mechanical ventilation Prone therapy |
dc.subject.decs.spa.fl_str_mv |
Síndrome de Dificultad Respiratoria del Adulto Infecciones por Coronavirus Respiración Artificial |
dc.subject.decs.eng.fl_str_mv |
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult Coronavirus Infections Respiration, Artificial |
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 Síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo Insuficiencia respiratoria Ventilación mecánica Terapia prono |
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Coronavirus disease 2019 Acute respiratory distress syndrome Respiratory insufficiency Mechanical ventilation Prone therapy |
description |
ilustraciones, gráficas, tablas |
publishDate |
2021 |
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2021 |
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-02-10T20:48:57Z |
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-02-10T20:48:57Z |
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Trabajo de grado - Especialidad Médica |
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis |
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion |
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv |
Text |
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TM |
status_str |
acceptedVersion |
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/80938 |
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv |
Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ |
url |
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/80938 https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ |
identifier_str_mv |
Universidad Nacional de Colombia Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv |
spa |
language |
spa |
dc.relation.indexed.spa.fl_str_mv |
Bireme |
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al (2020) Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet 395:497–506 Ge H, Wang X, Yuan X, Xiao G, Wang C, Deng T, Yuan Q, Xiao X (2020) The epidemiology and clinical information about COVID-19. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 39:1011–1019 Wu Z, McGoogan JM (2020) Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA 323:1239–1242 Alhazzani W, Møller MH, Arabi YM, et al (2020) Surviving Sepsis Campaign: Guidelines on the Management of Critically Ill Adults with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Crit Care Med 48:e440–e469 Guérin C, Reignier J, Richard J-C, et al (2013) Prone Positioning in Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine 368:2159–2168 Scholten EL, Beitler JR, Prisk GK, Malhotra A (2017) Treatment of ARDS With Prone Positioning. Chest 151:215–224 Koulouras V, Papathanakos G, Papathanasiou A, Nakos G (2016) Efficacy of prone position in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients: A pathophysiology-based review. World Journal of Critical Care Medicine 5:121 Garcia PDW, Fumeaux T, Guerci P, Heuberger DM, Montomoli J, Roche-Campo F, Schuepbach RA, Hilty MP (2020) Prognostic factors associated with mortality risk and disease progression in 639 critically ill patients with COVID-19 in Europe: Initial report of the international RISC-19-ICU prospective observational cohort. EClinicalMedicine 25:100449 Patel U, Malik P, Usman MS, et al (2020) Age-Adjusted Risk Factors Associated with Mortality and Mechanical Ventilation Utilization Amongst COVID-19 Hospitalizations—a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine 2:1740–1749 Dardeir A, Marudhai S, Patel M, Ghani MR, Busa V (2020) Factors Influencing Prone Positioning in Treating Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and the Effect on Mortality Rate. Cureus 12:e10767 Modrykamien AM, Daoud Y (2018) Factors among patients receiving prone positioning for the acute respiratory distress syndrome found useful for predicting mortality in the intensive care unit. Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings 31:1–5 Mathews KS, Soh H, Shaefi S, et al. Prone Positioning and Survival in Mechanically Ventilated Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019–Related Respiratory Failure. Critical Care Medicine. 2021;49(7). Gattinoni L, Chiumello D, Caironi P, Busana M, Romitti F, Brazzi L, Camporota L (2020) COVID-19 pneumonia: different respiratory treatments for different phenotypes? Intensive Care Med 46:1099–1102 Fan E, Beitler JR, Brochard L, Calfee CS, Ferguson ND, Slutsky AS, Brodie D (2020) COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome: is a different approach to management warranted? Lancet Respir Med 8:816–821 Phua J, Weng L, Ling L, et al (2020) Intensive care management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): challenges and recommendations. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine 8:506–517 Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, et al (2020) A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. New England Journal of Medicine 382:727–733 ArcGIS Dashboards. https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html Rothan HA, Byrareddy SN (2020) The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. Journal of Autoimmunity 109:102433 Rabi FA, Al Zoubi MS, Kasasbeh GA, Salameh DM, Al-Nasser AD (2020) SARS-CoV-2 and Coronavirus Disease 2019: What We Know So Far. Pathogens. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9030231 Ferguson ND, Fan E, Camporota L, et al (2012) The Berlin definition of ARDS: an expanded rationale, justification, and supplementary material. Intensive Care Medicine 38:1573–1582 Torres Acosta MA, Singer BD (2020) Pathogenesis of COVID-19-induced ARDS: implications for an ageing population. Eur Respir J. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02049-2020 Brochard L, Slutsky A, Pesenti A (2017) Mechanical Ventilation to Minimize Progression of Lung Injury in Acute Respiratory Failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 195:438–442 Li X, Ma X (2020) Acute respiratory failure in COVID-19: is it “typical” ARDS? Critical Care. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-02911-9 Ferrando C, Suarez-Sipmann F, Mellado-Artigas R, et al (2020) Clinical features, ventilatory management, and outcome of ARDS caused by COVID-19 are similar to other causes of ARDS. Intensive Care Med. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-06192-2 Kelsey JL, Whittemore AS, Evans AS, Thompson WD. Methods in Observational Epidemiology. Monographs in Epidemiology. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 1996. Rothman KJ, Greenland S, Lash TL (2008) Modern Epidemiology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 201 Whitley E, Ball J. Statistics review 3: hypothesis testing and P values. Crit Care. 2002;6(3):222-5. Erratum in: Crit Care. 2003;7(1):15. Ali Z, Bhaskar S. Basic statistical tools in research and data analysis. Indian J Anaesth. 2016;60(9):662-9. Erratum in: Indian J Anaesth. 2016;60(10):790. Kleinbaum DG, Klein M. Logistic Regression: A Self-Learning Text. 3rd ed. New York: Springer; 2010. Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA 2020; 323: 1239–42. Grasselli G, Zangrillo A, Zanella A, et al. Baseline characteristics and outcomes of 1591 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy region, Italy. JAMA 2020; 323: 1574–81. Karagiannidis C, Mostert C, Hentschker C, et al. Case characteristics, resource use, and outcomes of 10 021 patients with COVID-19 admitted to 920 German hospitals: an observational study. Lancet Respir Med 2020; 8: 853–62. Mathews KS, Soh H, Shaefi S, et al. Prone Positioning and Survival in Mechanically Ventilated Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019-Related Respiratory Failure. Crit Care Med. 2021;49(7):1026-1037. Estenssoro E, Loudet CI, Ríos FG, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 in Argentina (SATICOVID): a prospective, multicentre cohort study. Lancet Respir Med. 2021;9(9):989-998. COVID-ICU Group on behalf of the REVA Network and the COVID-ICU Investigators. Clinical characteristics and day-90 outcomes of 4244 critically ill adults with COVID-19: a prospective cohort study. Intensive Care Med. 2021;47(1):60-73. Ferrando C, Suarez-Sipmann F, Mellado-Artigas R, et al. Clinical features, ventilatory management, and outcome of ARDS caused by COVID-19 are similar to other causes of ARDS. Intensive Care Med 2020; 46: 2200–11. Botta M, Tsonas AM, Pillay J, et al. Ventilation management and clinical outcomes in invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 (PRoVENT-COVID): a national, multicentre, observational cohort study. Lancet Respir Med 2021; 9: 139–48. |
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Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional |
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34 páginas |
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application/pdf |
dc.coverage.city.spa.fl_str_mv |
Bogotá |
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Colombia |
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv |
Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
dc.publisher.program.spa.fl_str_mv |
Bogotá - Medicina - Especialidad en Anestesiología y Reanimación |
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Departamento de Cirugía |
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Facultad de Medicina |
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Bogotá, Colombia |
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Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá |
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Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
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Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacionalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Valero Bernal, José Franciscoba702cb17ce7bc319d6da28abeaa27e2Pérez Cely, Jairo Antonio6699676a0aa07b3ffe6041ad04866466600Espinosa Almanza, Carmelo José0c9ec38a850d6cc74f20b3a041d1ecc6600Larrahondo Velasco, Jimmi67e68c370b4ee22225c8d5f3a9140ed42022-02-10T20:48:57Z2022-02-10T20:48:57Z2021https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/80938Universidad Nacional de ColombiaRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiahttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ilustraciones, gráficas, tablasUna pequeña pero considerable proporción de pacientes COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pueden desarrollar síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo (SDRA) severo con requerimiento de ventilación mecánica invasiva, lo cual condiciona un riesgo elevado de mortalidad. La terapia prono es una de las pocas intervenciones que ha demostrado mejorar la supervivencia en pacientes con SDRA severo. Dado que es importante caracterizar nuestra población para optimizar estrategias en la atención médica, se planteó el siguiente estudio. Objetivo primario: Establecer los factores de riesgo asociados a mortalidad en pacientes con SDRA secundario a COVID-19 que son sometidos a terapia de ventilación mecánica en prono, en un hospital universitario de Bogotá. Colombia. Metodología: Estudio observacional, analítico, de cohorte retrospectiva. La información se recopiló de la base de datos de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) del Hospital Universitario Nacional de Colombia (HUN) desde marzo de 2020 a marzo de 2021. La estadística descriptiva se organizó en frecuencias y porcentajes para variables categóricas y, rangos, mediana, media y desviación estándar (DE) para variables continuas. El análisis bivariado se estableció con significancia a 2 colas con p < 0.05, T student para variables continuas y test de Chi2 para variables cualitativas. Finalmente, el análisis multivariado se llevo a cabo con un modelo de regresión logística. Resultados: Fueron analizados 242 pacientes, 171 hombres (70.6%) y 71 mujeres (29.3%). El promedio de edad fue de 62.9 años (DE 12.5). Las comorbilidades más frecuentes fueron la hipertensión arterial (HTA) con 48.7%, obesidad (39.6%) y diabetes (29.3%). Al ingreso a UCI las alteraciones en laboratorios más frecuentes fueron, elevación de dímero D y proteína C reactiva (PCR). El valor de la relación entre la PaO2 y la FiO2 (PaFi) fue considerablemente bajo (106.97, DE 32.9) al ingreso a la UCI. La mortalidad global fue de 52.5%. Los pacientes no sobrevivientes presentaron significativamente mayor edad y mayor prevalencia de HTA, así mismo presentaron niveles mayores de PCR y lactato sérico. También presentaron mayor requerimiento de soporte vasopresor y terapia de reemplazo renal. Se identificaron como factores de riesgo independientes la edad (OR 1.06 [1.03 – 1.08]), la terapia de reemplazo renal (OR 2.22 [1.08 – 4.61]) y el valor del lactato de ingreso a UCI (1.62 [1.03 – 2.6]). El valor de PaFi al tercer ciclo prono fue predictor de supervivencia (OR 0.99 [0.98 – 0.99]). Conclusión: La mortalidad en los pacientes con COVID-19 ventilados mecánicamente y sometidos a terapia prono es alta. La edad, el valor de lactato sérico al ingreso a UCI y el requerimiento de terapia de reemplazo renal son factores de riesgo asociados a mortalidad. La mejoría de la PaFi al tercer ciclo prono predice supervivencia. (Texto tomado de la fuente).Background: A small but considerable proportion of COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) patients may develop severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) requiring invasive mechanical ventilation, which conditions a high risk of mortality. Prone therapy is one of the few interventions that have been shown to improve survival in patients with severe ARDS. Because it is important to characterize our population to optimize strategies in medical care, the following study was proposed. Primary aim: To establish the risk factors associated with mortality in patients with ARDS secondary to COVID-19 who received prone mechanical ventilation therapy in a university hospital in Bogotá. Colombia. Methods: Observational, analytical, retrospective cohort study. The information was collected from the database of the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of the National University Hospital of Colombia (HUN) from March 2020 to March 2021. The descriptive statistics were organized in frequencies and percentages for categorical variables and, ranges, median, mean and standard deviation (SD) for continuous variables. The bivariate analysis was established with 2-tailed significance with p < 0.05, T student for continuous variables and Chi2 test for qualitative variables. Finally, the multivariate analysis was carried out with a logistic regression model. Results: A total of 242 patients were analyzed, 171 men (70.6%) and 71 women (29.3%). The average age was 62.9 years (SD 12.5). The most frequent comorbidities were hypertension (48.7%), obesity (39.6%) and diabetes (29.3%). Upon admission to the ICU, the most frequent laboratory abnormalities were elevated D-dimer and CRP. Ratio of partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) to fractional inspired oxygen (FiO2) was considerably low (106.97, SD 32.9) on admission to the ICU. Overall mortality was 52.5%. Non-surviving patients were significantly older and had a higher prevalence of hypertension, as well as higher levels of CRP and serum lactate. They also presented a higher requirement for vasopressor support and renal replacement therapy. Age (OR 1.06 [1.03 – 1.08]), renal replacement therapy (OR 2.22 [1.08 – 4.61]), and ICU admission lactate value (1.62 [1.03 – 2.6]) were identified as independent risk factors. The PaFi value at the third prone cycle was a predictor of survival (OR 0.99 [0.98 – 0.99]). Conclusions: Mortality in mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients undergoing prone therapy is high. Age, serum lactate value at admission to the ICU and the requirement for renal replacement therapy are risk factors associated with mortality. The improvement of PaFi at the third prone cycle predicts survival.Especialidades MédicasEspecialista en Anestesiología y ReanimaciónEstudio observacional, analítico, de cohorte retrospectiva. La información se recopiló de la base de datos de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) del Hospital Universitario Nacional de Colombia (HUN) desde marzo de 2020 a marzo de 2021. La estadística descriptiva se organizó en frecuencias y porcentajes para variables categóricas y, rangos, mediana, media y desviación estándar (DE) para variables continuas. El análisis bivariado se estableció con significancia a 2 colas con p < 0.05, T student para variables continuas y test de Chi2 para variables cualitativas. Finalmente, el análisis multivariado se llevo a cabo con un modelo de regresión logística.34 páginasapplication/pdfspaUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaBogotá - Medicina - Especialidad en Anestesiología y ReanimaciónDepartamento de CirugíaFacultad de MedicinaBogotá, ColombiaUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá610 - Medicina y salud::617 - Cirugía, medicina regional, odontología, oftalmología, otología, audiologíaSíndrome de Dificultad Respiratoria del AdultoInfecciones por CoronavirusRespiración ArtificialRespiratory Distress Syndrome, AdultCoronavirus InfectionsRespiration, ArtificialEnfermedad por coronavirus 2019Síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudoInsuficiencia respiratoriaVentilación mecánicaTerapia pronoCoronavirus disease 2019Acute respiratory distress syndromeRespiratory insufficiencyMechanical ventilationProne therapyFactores de riesgo asociados a mortalidad en pacientes con SDRA por COVID-19 sometidos a terapia prono en un hospital universitario de Bogotá, ColombiaRisk factors associated with mortality in patients with ARDS due to COVID-19 undergoing prone therapy in a university hospital in Bogotá, ColombiaTrabajo de grado - Especialidad Médicainfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionTexthttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TMBogotáColombiaBiremeHuang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al (2020) Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet 395:497–506Ge H, Wang X, Yuan X, Xiao G, Wang C, Deng T, Yuan Q, Xiao X (2020) The epidemiology and clinical information about COVID-19. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 39:1011–1019Wu Z, McGoogan JM (2020) Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA 323:1239–1242Alhazzani W, Møller MH, Arabi YM, et al (2020) Surviving Sepsis Campaign: Guidelines on the Management of Critically Ill Adults with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Crit Care Med 48:e440–e469Guérin C, Reignier J, Richard J-C, et al (2013) Prone Positioning in Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine 368:2159–2168Scholten EL, Beitler JR, Prisk GK, Malhotra A (2017) Treatment of ARDS With Prone Positioning. Chest 151:215–224Koulouras V, Papathanakos G, Papathanasiou A, Nakos G (2016) Efficacy of prone position in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients: A pathophysiology-based review. World Journal of Critical Care Medicine 5:121Garcia PDW, Fumeaux T, Guerci P, Heuberger DM, Montomoli J, Roche-Campo F, Schuepbach RA, Hilty MP (2020) Prognostic factors associated with mortality risk and disease progression in 639 critically ill patients with COVID-19 in Europe: Initial report of the international RISC-19-ICU prospective observational cohort. EClinicalMedicine 25:100449Patel U, Malik P, Usman MS, et al (2020) Age-Adjusted Risk Factors Associated with Mortality and Mechanical Ventilation Utilization Amongst COVID-19 Hospitalizations—a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine 2:1740–1749Dardeir A, Marudhai S, Patel M, Ghani MR, Busa V (2020) Factors Influencing Prone Positioning in Treating Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and the Effect on Mortality Rate. Cureus 12:e10767Modrykamien AM, Daoud Y (2018) Factors among patients receiving prone positioning for the acute respiratory distress syndrome found useful for predicting mortality in the intensive care unit. Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings 31:1–5Mathews KS, Soh H, Shaefi S, et al. Prone Positioning and Survival in Mechanically Ventilated Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019–Related Respiratory Failure. Critical Care Medicine. 2021;49(7).Gattinoni L, Chiumello D, Caironi P, Busana M, Romitti F, Brazzi L, Camporota L (2020) COVID-19 pneumonia: different respiratory treatments for different phenotypes? Intensive Care Med 46:1099–1102Fan E, Beitler JR, Brochard L, Calfee CS, Ferguson ND, Slutsky AS, Brodie D (2020) COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome: is a different approach to management warranted? Lancet Respir Med 8:816–821Phua J, Weng L, Ling L, et al (2020) Intensive care management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): challenges and recommendations. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine 8:506–517Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, et al (2020) A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. New England Journal of Medicine 382:727–733ArcGIS Dashboards. https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.htmlRothan HA, Byrareddy SN (2020) The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. Journal of Autoimmunity 109:102433Rabi FA, Al Zoubi MS, Kasasbeh GA, Salameh DM, Al-Nasser AD (2020) SARS-CoV-2 and Coronavirus Disease 2019: What We Know So Far. 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