Asociación entre disminución de la sensibilidad parasitaria in vitro y respuesta terapéutica en pacientes con Leishmaniasis cutánea tratados en el centro dermatológico Federico Lleras Acosta de la ciudad de Bogotá entre 2006 y 2012

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease, broadly distributed in the planet and with high incidence among socially vulnerable persons. It has been underestimated by healthcare systems and society, with a great burden of disease. Despite an available effective and well established trea...

Full description

Autores:
Zapata Pinillos, Erik
Tipo de recurso:
Fecha de publicación:
2021
Institución:
Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Repositorio:
Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Idioma:
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/80048
Acceso en línea:
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/80048
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/
Palabra clave:
610 - Medicina y salud::616 - Enfermedades
Leishmaniasis
Miltefosine
Resistencia a drogas
Antimoniato de meglumina
Pentamidina
Leishmaniasis cutánea
resistencia a drogas
Leishmaniasis
Miltefosine
Drug resistance
Meglumine antimoniate
Pentamidine
Cutaneous leishmaniasis
Miltefosine
Rights
openAccess
License
Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional
id UNACIONAL2_b6c56cd493fe640e9f087c849bd4b3d8
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/80048
network_acronym_str UNACIONAL2
network_name_str Universidad Nacional de Colombia
repository_id_str
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Asociación entre disminución de la sensibilidad parasitaria in vitro y respuesta terapéutica en pacientes con Leishmaniasis cutánea tratados en el centro dermatológico Federico Lleras Acosta de la ciudad de Bogotá entre 2006 y 2012
dc.title.translated.eng.fl_str_mv Association between reduced in vitro susceptibility and response to treatment in cutaneous leishmaniasis patients treated in the dermatologic centre Federico Lleras Acosta in Bogota between 2006 and 2012
title Asociación entre disminución de la sensibilidad parasitaria in vitro y respuesta terapéutica en pacientes con Leishmaniasis cutánea tratados en el centro dermatológico Federico Lleras Acosta de la ciudad de Bogotá entre 2006 y 2012
spellingShingle Asociación entre disminución de la sensibilidad parasitaria in vitro y respuesta terapéutica en pacientes con Leishmaniasis cutánea tratados en el centro dermatológico Federico Lleras Acosta de la ciudad de Bogotá entre 2006 y 2012
610 - Medicina y salud::616 - Enfermedades
Leishmaniasis
Miltefosine
Resistencia a drogas
Antimoniato de meglumina
Pentamidina
Leishmaniasis cutánea
resistencia a drogas
Leishmaniasis
Miltefosine
Drug resistance
Meglumine antimoniate
Pentamidine
Cutaneous leishmaniasis
Miltefosine
title_short Asociación entre disminución de la sensibilidad parasitaria in vitro y respuesta terapéutica en pacientes con Leishmaniasis cutánea tratados en el centro dermatológico Federico Lleras Acosta de la ciudad de Bogotá entre 2006 y 2012
title_full Asociación entre disminución de la sensibilidad parasitaria in vitro y respuesta terapéutica en pacientes con Leishmaniasis cutánea tratados en el centro dermatológico Federico Lleras Acosta de la ciudad de Bogotá entre 2006 y 2012
title_fullStr Asociación entre disminución de la sensibilidad parasitaria in vitro y respuesta terapéutica en pacientes con Leishmaniasis cutánea tratados en el centro dermatológico Federico Lleras Acosta de la ciudad de Bogotá entre 2006 y 2012
title_full_unstemmed Asociación entre disminución de la sensibilidad parasitaria in vitro y respuesta terapéutica en pacientes con Leishmaniasis cutánea tratados en el centro dermatológico Federico Lleras Acosta de la ciudad de Bogotá entre 2006 y 2012
title_sort Asociación entre disminución de la sensibilidad parasitaria in vitro y respuesta terapéutica en pacientes con Leishmaniasis cutánea tratados en el centro dermatológico Federico Lleras Acosta de la ciudad de Bogotá entre 2006 y 2012
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Zapata Pinillos, Erik
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv Saavedra Trujillo, Carlos Humberto
Echeverry Gaitan, Maria Clara
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Zapata Pinillos, Erik
dc.subject.ddc.spa.fl_str_mv 610 - Medicina y salud::616 - Enfermedades
topic 610 - Medicina y salud::616 - Enfermedades
Leishmaniasis
Miltefosine
Resistencia a drogas
Antimoniato de meglumina
Pentamidina
Leishmaniasis cutánea
resistencia a drogas
Leishmaniasis
Miltefosine
Drug resistance
Meglumine antimoniate
Pentamidine
Cutaneous leishmaniasis
Miltefosine
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv Leishmaniasis
Miltefosine
Resistencia a drogas
Antimoniato de meglumina
Pentamidina
Leishmaniasis cutánea
resistencia a drogas
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv Leishmaniasis
Miltefosine
Drug resistance
Meglumine antimoniate
Pentamidine
Cutaneous leishmaniasis
Miltefosine
description Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease, broadly distributed in the planet and with high incidence among socially vulnerable persons. It has been underestimated by healthcare systems and society, with a great burden of disease. Despite an available effective and well established treatment since the 50’s, it has been documented an increasing rate of resistance and treatment failure. Reports in Latin America, show resistance rates between 10-20% and 25% of subjects with treatment failure using first line drugs. Nevertheless, there is no clear association between reduced in vitro susceptibility from the parasite and treatment response. This case control study with 34 subjects in a reference center in Bogotá, aimed to establish an association between reduced in vitro susceptibility and response to treatment. The results showed an OR 0.71 (IC 95% 0.085 – 9.39), which possibly means that there is no relation among the mentioned variables. These results suggest that susceptibility testing would not impact clinical decision making as treatment failure predictors, therefore limiting its systematic use
publishDate 2021
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2021-08-27T22:52:33Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2021-08-27T22:52:33Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2021-07-26
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Trabajo de grado - Especialidad Médica
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv Text
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TM
status_str acceptedVersion
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/80048
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/
url https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/80048
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv 1. Bermudez H, Rojas E, Garcia L, et al. Efficacy and safety of a generic sodium stibogluconate for the treatment of tegumentary leishmaniasis in Isiboro Secure Park, Bolivia. Ann Trop Med Hyg.2006;100:591-600
2. Oliveira-Neto MP, Schubach A, Mattos M,et al. A low dose antimony treatment in 159 patients with American cutaneous leishmaniasis: extensive follow up studies. Am J Trop Med Hyg.1997;57:651-655.
3. Llanos Cuentas A, Tulliano G, Araujo Castillo R. Clinical and parasite species risk factors for pentavalent antimonil treatment failure in cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Peru.2008;46(2):223-231.
4. Palacios R, Osorio LE, Grajalew LF, et al. Treatment failure in children in a randomized clinical trial with 10 and 20 days of meglumine antimonate for cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania Viannia species. Am J Trop Med Hyg.2001;64:187-193.
5. Rojas R, Valderrama L, Valderrama M, et al. Resistance to antimony and treatment failure in human Leishmania (Viannia) infection. J Infect Dis. 2006;193(10):1375-1383.
6. Obonaga R, Fernandez OL, Valderrama L. Treatment failure and miltefosine susceptibility in dermal leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania subgenus Viannia species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother.2014;58(1):144-152.
7. Castro MM, Cossio A, Velasco C, Osorio L. Risk factors for therapeutic failure to meglumine antimoniate and miltefosine in adults and children with cutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia: a cohort study. Plos Negl Trop Dis.2017;11(4):e005515 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pntd.0005515
8. Robledo SM, Puerta JA, Muñoz DL, Guardo M, Velez ID. Eficacia y tolerancia de la pentamidina en el tratamiento de la leishmaniasis cutánea producida por L. panamensis en Colombia. Biomédica.2006;26(1):188-193.
9. Fernandez OL, Diaz Toro Y, Ovalle C, et al. Miltefosine and antimonial drug susceptibility of Leishmania Viannia species and populations in regions of high transmission in Colombia. Plos Negl Trop Dis.2014;8(5):e2871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002871
10. Arevalo J, Ramirez L, Adaui V, et al. Influence of Leishmania (Viannia) species on the response to antimonial treatment in patients with american tegumentary leishmaniasis. The journal of infectious diseases. 2007;195:1846-1851.
11. Llanos Cuentas A, Tulliano G, Araujo Castillo R, et al. Clinical and parasite species risk factors for pentavalent antimonial treatment failure in cutaneous leishmaniasis in Peru. Clinical infectious diseases.2008;46:223-231.
12. Coelho A, Trinconi C, Costa C, Uliana S. In vitro and in vivo miltefosine susceptibility of a leishmania amazonensis isolate from a patient with diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis. Plos Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8(7):e2999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002999
13. Espada C, Ribeiro Dias F, Dorta M, et al. Susceptibility to miltefosine in Brazilian clinical isolates of Leishmania braziliensis. AM J Trop Med Hyg.2017;96(3):656-659.
14. Berman JD, Chulay JD, Hendricks LD, Oster CN. Susceptibility of clinically sensitive and resistant Leishmania to pentavalent antimony in vitro. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1982; 31(3 parte 1):459-465.
15. Grogl M, Thomason TN, Franke ED. Drug resistance in leishmaniasis: its implication in systemic chemotherapy of cutaneous and mucocutaneous disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1992; 47(1):117-126.
16. Robledo SM, Valencia AZ, Saravia NG. Sensitivity to glucantime of leishmania viannia isolated from patients prior treatment. J Parasitol. 1999; 85(2):360-366.
17. Jackson JE, Tally JD, Ellis WY, et al. Quantitative in vitro drug potency and drug susceptibility evaluation of Leishmania spp from patients unresponsive to pentavalent antimony therapy. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1990;43:464-480
18. Azeredo Coutinho RB, Mendoza SC, Callahan H, et al. Sensitivity of Leishmania braziliensis promastigotes to meglumine antimoniate is higher tan that of other Leishmania species and correlates with response to therapy in American tegumentary leishmaniasis. J Parasitol. 2007;93(3):688-693.
19. Desjeux P. Leishmaniasis: current situation and new perspectives. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2004;27:305-318.
20. Kolaczinski JH, Hope A, Ruiz JA, et al. Kala-azar epidemiology and control, southern Sudan. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14:664- 666
21. Magill AJ. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in the returning traveler. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2005;19:241-266
22. Organización Panamericana de la Salud. Manual de procedimientos para vigilancia y control de las leishmaniasis en las Américas. Washington, D.C.: OPS; 2019.
23. Instituto Nacional de Salud. Informe de evento leishmaniasis cutánea, mucosa y visceral,Colombia,2018. Bogotá;2018. https://www.ins.gov.co/buscador-eventos/Informesdeevento/LEISHMANIASIS_2018.pdf (ultimo acceso 29 de Junio de 2019)
24. Bailey F, Mondragon Shem K,Hotez P, et al. A new perspective on cutaneous Leishmaniasis implications for global prevalence and burden of disease estimates. Plos Negl Trop Dis.2017;11(8):e0005739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005739
25. Hotez PJ, Alvarado M, Basañez MG, et al. The global burden of disease study 2010: Interpretation and implications for neglected tropical diseases. Plos Negl Trop Dis.2014;8(7):e2865 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002865 P
26. Okwa OO. Tropical parasitic diseases and women. Ann Afr Med. 2007; 6: 157–163
27. Homsi Y, Makdisi G. Leishmaniasis: a forgotten disease among neglected people. Int J Health. 2010; 11: 2
28. Magill Alan. Leishmania species: visceral (Kala-Azar), cutaneous, and mucosal leishmaniasis. En: Principles and practice of infectious disease. Seventh edition. Philadelphia: Churchil Livingstone Elsevier; 2010. 3463-3480.
29. Akhoundi M, Downing T, Votypka J, et al. Leishmania infections: molecular targets and diagnosis. Molecular aspects of medicine.2017;57:1-29.
30. Peacock CS, Seeger K, Harris D, et al. Comparative genomic analysis of three Leishmania species that cause diverse human disease. Nat Genet. 2007;39:839-847.
31. Reithinger R, Dujardin JC, Louzir H, et al. Cutaneous leishmaniasis. Lancet Infect Dis 2007;7:581-596.
32. Medical parasitology. En: Medical microbiology. 27th edition. New York: Mc Graw Hill;2013. 705-739.
33. Ghersetich J, Menchini G, Teofoli P, et al. Immune response to Leishmania infection in human skin. Clin Dermatol.1999;17:333-338.
34. Weina PJ, Neafle RC, Wortmamm G, Polhemus M, Aronson NE. Old World leishmaniasis: an emerging infection among deployed US military and civilian workers. Clin Infect Dis. 2004; 39: 1674-1680
35. Ramirez JR, Adugelo S, Muskus C. Diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia: the sampling site within lesions influences the sensitivity of parasitological diagnosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2000; 38: 3768-3773.
36. Vega-López F. Review: Diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Curr Opin Infect. 2003; Dis 16: 97-101.
37. Blum J, Desjeux P, Schwartz E, Beck B, Hazt C. Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis among travellers. J Antimicrob Chemother.2004; 53: 158-166.
38. Srivastava P, Dayama A, Mehrotra S, Sundar S. Diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg.2011; 105: 1-6
39. Vilaplana C, Blanco S, Domínguez J, Giménez M, Ausina V, Tural C, Muñoz C. Noninvasive method for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis by a latex agglutination test for detection of antigens in urine samples. J Clin Microbiol.2004; 42: 1853-1854.
40. Ryan JR, Smithyman AM, Rajasekariah GH, Hochberg L, Stiteler JM, Martin SK. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on soluble promastigote antigen detects immunoglobulin M (IgM) & IgG antibodies in sera from cases of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Clin Microbiol.2002; 40: 1037-1043.
41. Rajasekariah GH, Ryan JR, Hillier SR, Yi LP, Stiteler JM, Cui L, Smithyman AM, Martin SK. Optimisation of an ELISA for the serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis using in vitro derived promastigote antigens. J Immunol Methods.2001; 252: 105-119.
42. Kumar R, Pai K, Pathak K, Sundar S.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for recombinant K39 antigen in diagnosis, prognosis of Indian visceral leishmaniasis. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol.2001; 8: 1220-1224.
43. Elmahallawy EK, Martínez AS, Rodríguez Graner J, et al. Diagnosis of leishmaniasis. J Infect Dev Ctries.2014;8(8):961-972.
44. Maurya R, Mehrotra S, Prajapati VK, Nylén S, Sacks D, Sundar S. Evaluation of blood agar microtiter plates for culturing leishmania parasites to titrate parasite burden in spleen and peripheral blood of patients with visceral leishmaniasis. J Clin Microbiol.2010; 48: 1932-1934.
45. Vinayak VK, Mahaja D, Sobt RC, Singl N, Sunda S. Anti-66 kDa anti-leishmanial antibodies as specific immunodiagnostic probe for visceral leishmaniasis. Indian J Med Res.1994; 99: 109-114.
46. Pattabhi S, Whittle J, Mohamath R, El-Safi S, et al. A Design development and evaluation of rK28-based point-of-care tests for improving rapid diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis.2010; 4: e822.
47. Croft S, Sundar S, Fairlamb AH. Drug resistance in Leishmaniasis. Clinical Microbiology Reviews.2006;19(1):111-126.
48. Denton H, McGregor JC, Coombs GH. Reduction of antileishmanial pentavalent antimonial drugs by a parasite specific thiol dependent reductase, TDR1. Biochem J. 2004;381:405-412
49. Zhou Y, Messier N, Ouellette M, Rosen BP, Mukhopadhyway R. Leishmania major LmACR2 is a pentavalent antimony reductase that confers sensitivity to the drug Pentostam. J Biol Chem. 2004;279:37445-37451.
50. Haldar AK, Sen P, Roy S. Use of antimony in the treatment of Leishmaniasis: current status and future directions. Molecular biology international.2011:PMID 571242
51. Walker J, Saravia NG. Inhibition of Leishmania donovani promastigote DNA topoisomerase I and human monocyte DNA topoisomerase I and II by antimonial drugs and classical antitopoisomerase agents. Journal of parasitology. 2004;90(5):1155-1162.
52. Ferreira CDS, Castro Pimienta AM, Demicheli C, Frezard F. Characterization of reactions of antimoniate and meglumine antimoniate with a guanine ribonucleoside at different pH. 2006;19(5):573-581.
53. Basu JM, Mookerjee A, Sen P, et al. Sodium antimony gluconate induces generation of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide via phosphoinositide 3 kinase and mitogen activated protein kinase activation in Leishmania donovani infected macrophages. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy.2006;50(5):1788-1797.
54. Bray P, Barrett MP, Ward SA, Konning HP. Pentamidine uptake and resistance in pathogenic protozoa: past, present and future. Trends Parasitol. 2003;19:232-239.
55. Barratt G, Saint Pierre Chazalet M, Loiseau PM. Cellular transport and lipid interactions of miltefosine. Curr Drug Metab.2009;10(3):247-255.
56. Lux H, Heise N, Klenner T, et al. Ether lipid (alkyl phospholipid) metabolism and the mechanism of action of ether lipid analogues in Leishmania. Mol Biochem Parasitol.2000;111:1-14.
57. Paris C, Loiseau PM, Bories C, Breard J. Miltefosine induces apoptosis like death in Leishmania donovani promastigotes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother.2004;48:852-859.
58. Dorlo TP, Balasegaram M, Beijnen JH, de Vries PJ. Miltefosine: a review of its pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of Leishmaniasis. J Antimicrob Chemother.2012;67(11):2576-2597.
59. Perez Victoria FJ, Gamarro F, Ouellette M, Castanys S. Functional cloning of the miltefosine transporter. A novel P type phospholipid translocase from Leishmania involved in drug resistance. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:49965-49971.
60. Sundar S, Olliaro PL. Miltefosine in the treatment of Leishmaniasis: clinical evidence of informed clinical risk management. Ther Clin Risk Manag.2007;3(5):733-740.
61. Ramos H, Valdivieso E, Gamargo M, Dagger F, Cohen BE. Amphotericin B kills unicelular leishmanias by forming aqueous pores permeable to small cations and anions. J Membr Biol. 1996;152(1):65-75
62. Anderson TM, Clay MC, Cioffi AG, Diaz KA,Hisao GS, Turttle MD, et al. Amphotericin forms an extra-membranous and fungicidal sterol sponge. Nat Chem Biol. 2014;10(5):400-406.
63. Ministerio de salud y protección social. Lineamientos para la atención clínica integral de leishmaniasis en Colombia. Bogotá; 2018. https://www.minsalud.gov.co/sites/rid/Lists/BibliotecaDigital/RIDE/VS/PP/PAI/Lineamientos-leishmaniasis.pdf (ultimo acceso 15 de Mayo de 2019).
64. Maltezou H. Drug resistance in visceral Leishmaniasis. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology.2010;2010:PMID:19888437
65. Singh N. Drug resistance mechanism in clinical isolates of Leishmania donovani. Indian J Med Res. 2006;123(3):411-422.
66. El Fadili K, Messier N, Leprohon P, Roy G, Guimond C, Trudel N, et al. Role of the ABC transporter MRPA in antimony resistance in Leishmania infantum axenic and intracelular amastigotes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49(5):1988-93.
67. Manzano JI, Garcia Hernandez R, Castanys S, Gamarro F. A new ABC half transporter in Leishmania major is involved in resistance to antimony. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57():3719-30.
68. Perea A, Manzano JI, Castanys S, Gamarro F. The LABCG2 Transporter from the Protozoan Parasite Leishmania is involved in antimony resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60(6):3489-96
69. Wyllie S, Vickers TJ, Fairlamb AH. Roles of trypanothione S tranferase and tryparedoxin peroxidase in resistance to antimonials. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52(4):1359-65
70. Mandal G, Wyllie S, Singh N, Sundar S, Fairlamb AH, Chatterjee M. Increased levels of thiols protect antimony unresponsive Leishmania donovani field isolates against reactive oxygen species generated by trivalent antimony. Parasitology. 2007;134(Pt 12):1679-87
71. Basselin M, Denise H, Coombs GH, Barrett MO. Resistance to pentamidine in Leishmania mexicana involves exclusión of the drug from the mithocondrion. Antimicrob Agents Chemother.2002;46:3731-3738.
72. Sundar S, Olliaro PL. Miltefosine in the treatment of Leishmaniasis: clinical evidence for informed clinical risk management. Ther Clin Risk Manag.2007;3(5):733-740.
73. Castanys Muñoz E, Perez Victoria JM, Gamarro F, Castanys S. Characterization of an ABCG like transporter from the protozoan parasite Leishmania with a role in drug resistance and transbilayer lipid movement. Antimicrob Agents Chemother.2008;52:3573-3579.
74. Rakotomanga M, Sain Pierre Chazalet M, Loiseau PM. Alteration of fatty acid sterol metabolism in miltefosine resistant Leishmania donovani promastigotes and consequences for drug membrane interactions. Antimicrob Agents Chemother.2005;49:2677-2686.
75. Gamarro F, Sanchez Caete MP, Castanys S. Mechanisms of miltefosine resistance in Leishmania. En: Drug resistance in Leishmania parasites. First Edition. Springer Verlag.2013.
76. Purkait B, Kumar A, Nandi N, et al. Mechanism of amphotericin B resistance in clinical isolates of Leishmania donovani. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56(2):1031-1041.
77. Pourshafie M, Morand S, Virion A, Rakotomanga M, et al. Cloning of S-adenosyl-L-methionine:C-24-Delta-sterol-methyltransferase (ERG6) from Leishmania donovani and characterization of mRNAs in wild type and amphotericin B resistant promastigotes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother.2004;48(7):2409-2414.
78. Mwenechanya R, Kovarova J, Dickens NJ, et al. Sterol 14 alpha demethylase mutation leads to amphotericin B resistance in Leishmania mexicana. PLos Negl Trop Dis.2017;11(6):e0005649 PMID: 28622334.
79. Fernandez Prada C, Vincent IM, Brotherton MC, Roberts M, Roy G, et al. Different mutations in a P-type ATPase transporter in Leishmania parasites are associated with cross resistance to two leading drugs by distinct mechanism. Plos Negl Trop Dis.2016;10(12):e0005171. PMID:27911896
80. Salgado Almario J, Hernandez CA, Ovalle CE. Geographical distribution of Leishmania species in Colombia, 1985-2017. Biomedica. 2019 Jun 15;39(2):278-290
81. Ramirez JD, Hernandez C, León CM, et al. Taxonomy, diversity, temporal and geographical distribution of cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Colombia: A retrospective study. Sci Rep. 2016 Jun 22;6:28266
82. Rojas R, Valderrama L, Valderrama M, et al. Resistance to antimony and treatment failure in human Leishmania (Viannia) infection. J Infect Dis. 2006 May 15;193(10):1375-83.
83. Azeredo Coutinho RBG, Mendoca SCF, Callahan H, et al. Sensitivity of Leishmania braziliensis promastigotes to meglumine antimoniate (glucantime) is higher than that of other Leishmania species and correlates with response to therapy in American tegumentary leishmaniasis. J Parasitol. 2007 Jun;93(3):688-693
dc.rights.coar.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
dc.rights.license.spa.fl_str_mv Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional
dc.rights.uri.spa.fl_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv 43 páginas
dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.program.spa.fl_str_mv Bogotá - Medicina - Especialidad en Medicina Interna
dc.publisher.department.spa.fl_str_mv Departamento de Medicina Interna
dc.publisher.faculty.spa.fl_str_mv Facultad de Medicina
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv Bogotá, Colombia
dc.publisher.branch.spa.fl_str_mv Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá
institution Universidad Nacional de Colombia
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/80048/1/license.txt
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/80048/2/1140834196.2021.pdf
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/80048/3/license_rdf
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/80048/4/1140834196.2021.pdf.jpg
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv cccfe52f796b7c63423298c2d3365fc6
fbe2f89c53e6f23ae7861ae69bbe8954
0175ea4a2d4caec4bbcc37e300941108
b322cbd44ebcc81745d6e348ef01bb06
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
repository.mail.fl_str_mv repositorio_nal@unal.edu.co
_version_ 1814089409053589504
spelling Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacionalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Saavedra Trujillo, Carlos Humberto08c609ca0fa0817e557a78e527acaa4fEcheverry Gaitan, Maria Clarab92a66f8bde4778de4953033bae69422Zapata Pinillos, Erik71bc9c2dc11baf63ef17c81bc5cd486c2021-08-27T22:52:33Z2021-08-27T22:52:33Z2021-07-26https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/80048Universidad Nacional de ColombiaRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiahttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease, broadly distributed in the planet and with high incidence among socially vulnerable persons. It has been underestimated by healthcare systems and society, with a great burden of disease. Despite an available effective and well established treatment since the 50’s, it has been documented an increasing rate of resistance and treatment failure. Reports in Latin America, show resistance rates between 10-20% and 25% of subjects with treatment failure using first line drugs. Nevertheless, there is no clear association between reduced in vitro susceptibility from the parasite and treatment response. This case control study with 34 subjects in a reference center in Bogotá, aimed to establish an association between reduced in vitro susceptibility and response to treatment. The results showed an OR 0.71 (IC 95% 0.085 – 9.39), which possibly means that there is no relation among the mentioned variables. These results suggest that susceptibility testing would not impact clinical decision making as treatment failure predictors, therefore limiting its systematic useLa leishmaniasis cutánea es considerada una enfermedad tropical desatendida, con una amplia distribución geográfica en el mundo e incidencia importante en población socialmente vulnerable. Tiene un impacto infravalorado por la sociedad y los sistemas de salud, con una carga de enfermedad no despreciable. A pesar de disponer de esquemas terapéuticos desde hace 70 años, en las ultimas décadas se ha venido documentando resistencia creciente por parte del parásito a las primeras líneas de tratamiento y altos índices de falla terapéutica. Trabajos realizados en América Latina reportan resistencia entre el 10-20% y tasas de falla terapéutica a la primera línea de tratamiento del 25%. Sin embargo, no es clara la correlación entre la disminución de la sensibilidad parasitaria in vitro y la respuesta terapéutica. Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles, con un total de 34 pacientes en un centro de referencia de Bogotá para determinar la asociación entre la sensibilidad in vitro disminuida y la respuesta clínica al tratamiento. Se obtuvo un OR 0.71 (IC 95% 0.085 – 9.39) con lo cual posiblemente no existe relación entre las variables. Estos resultados sugieren que las pruebas de sensibilidad disminuidas in vitro no impactan en la toma de decisiones en la practica clínica, como posibles predictores de falla al tratamiento por lo cual el papel en el uso sistemático de ellas es limitado.Especialidades MédicasEspecialista en medicina internaDesarrollo de métodos diagnósticos en enfermedades de transmisión vectorial43 páginasapplication/pdf610 - Medicina y salud::616 - EnfermedadesLeishmaniasisMiltefosineResistencia a drogasAntimoniato de megluminaPentamidinaLeishmaniasis cutánearesistencia a drogasLeishmaniasisMiltefosineDrug resistanceMeglumine antimoniatePentamidineCutaneous leishmaniasisMiltefosineAsociación entre disminución de la sensibilidad parasitaria in vitro y respuesta terapéutica en pacientes con Leishmaniasis cutánea tratados en el centro dermatológico Federico Lleras Acosta de la ciudad de Bogotá entre 2006 y 2012Association between reduced in vitro susceptibility and response to treatment in cutaneous leishmaniasis patients treated in the dermatologic centre Federico Lleras Acosta in Bogota between 2006 and 2012Trabajo de grado - Especialidad Médicainfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionTexthttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TMBogotá - Medicina - Especialidad en Medicina InternaDepartamento de Medicina InternaFacultad de MedicinaBogotá, ColombiaUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá1. Bermudez H, Rojas E, Garcia L, et al. Efficacy and safety of a generic sodium stibogluconate for the treatment of tegumentary leishmaniasis in Isiboro Secure Park, Bolivia. Ann Trop Med Hyg.2006;100:591-6002. Oliveira-Neto MP, Schubach A, Mattos M,et al. A low dose antimony treatment in 159 patients with American cutaneous leishmaniasis: extensive follow up studies. Am J Trop Med Hyg.1997;57:651-655.3. Llanos Cuentas A, Tulliano G, Araujo Castillo R. Clinical and parasite species risk factors for pentavalent antimonil treatment failure in cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Peru.2008;46(2):223-231.4. Palacios R, Osorio LE, Grajalew LF, et al. Treatment failure in children in a randomized clinical trial with 10 and 20 days of meglumine antimonate for cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania Viannia species. Am J Trop Med Hyg.2001;64:187-193.5. Rojas R, Valderrama L, Valderrama M, et al. Resistance to antimony and treatment failure in human Leishmania (Viannia) infection. J Infect Dis. 2006;193(10):1375-1383.6. Obonaga R, Fernandez OL, Valderrama L. Treatment failure and miltefosine susceptibility in dermal leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania subgenus Viannia species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother.2014;58(1):144-152.7. Castro MM, Cossio A, Velasco C, Osorio L. Risk factors for therapeutic failure to meglumine antimoniate and miltefosine in adults and children with cutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia: a cohort study. Plos Negl Trop Dis.2017;11(4):e005515 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pntd.00055158. Robledo SM, Puerta JA, Muñoz DL, Guardo M, Velez ID. Eficacia y tolerancia de la pentamidina en el tratamiento de la leishmaniasis cutánea producida por L. panamensis en Colombia. Biomédica.2006;26(1):188-193.9. Fernandez OL, Diaz Toro Y, Ovalle C, et al. Miltefosine and antimonial drug susceptibility of Leishmania Viannia species and populations in regions of high transmission in Colombia. Plos Negl Trop Dis.2014;8(5):e2871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.000287110. Arevalo J, Ramirez L, Adaui V, et al. Influence of Leishmania (Viannia) species on the response to antimonial treatment in patients with american tegumentary leishmaniasis. The journal of infectious diseases. 2007;195:1846-1851.11. Llanos Cuentas A, Tulliano G, Araujo Castillo R, et al. Clinical and parasite species risk factors for pentavalent antimonial treatment failure in cutaneous leishmaniasis in Peru. Clinical infectious diseases.2008;46:223-231.12. Coelho A, Trinconi C, Costa C, Uliana S. In vitro and in vivo miltefosine susceptibility of a leishmania amazonensis isolate from a patient with diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis. Plos Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8(7):e2999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.000299913. Espada C, Ribeiro Dias F, Dorta M, et al. Susceptibility to miltefosine in Brazilian clinical isolates of Leishmania braziliensis. AM J Trop Med Hyg.2017;96(3):656-659.14. Berman JD, Chulay JD, Hendricks LD, Oster CN. Susceptibility of clinically sensitive and resistant Leishmania to pentavalent antimony in vitro. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1982; 31(3 parte 1):459-465.15. Grogl M, Thomason TN, Franke ED. Drug resistance in leishmaniasis: its implication in systemic chemotherapy of cutaneous and mucocutaneous disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1992; 47(1):117-126.16. Robledo SM, Valencia AZ, Saravia NG. Sensitivity to glucantime of leishmania viannia isolated from patients prior treatment. J Parasitol. 1999; 85(2):360-366.17. Jackson JE, Tally JD, Ellis WY, et al. Quantitative in vitro drug potency and drug susceptibility evaluation of Leishmania spp from patients unresponsive to pentavalent antimony therapy. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1990;43:464-48018. Azeredo Coutinho RB, Mendoza SC, Callahan H, et al. Sensitivity of Leishmania braziliensis promastigotes to meglumine antimoniate is higher tan that of other Leishmania species and correlates with response to therapy in American tegumentary leishmaniasis. J Parasitol. 2007;93(3):688-693.19. Desjeux P. Leishmaniasis: current situation and new perspectives. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2004;27:305-318.20. Kolaczinski JH, Hope A, Ruiz JA, et al. Kala-azar epidemiology and control, southern Sudan. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14:664- 66621. Magill AJ. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in the returning traveler. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2005;19:241-26622. Organización Panamericana de la Salud. Manual de procedimientos para vigilancia y control de las leishmaniasis en las Américas. Washington, D.C.: OPS; 2019.23. Instituto Nacional de Salud. Informe de evento leishmaniasis cutánea, mucosa y visceral,Colombia,2018. Bogotá;2018. https://www.ins.gov.co/buscador-eventos/Informesdeevento/LEISHMANIASIS_2018.pdf (ultimo acceso 29 de Junio de 2019)24. Bailey F, Mondragon Shem K,Hotez P, et al. A new perspective on cutaneous Leishmaniasis implications for global prevalence and burden of disease estimates. Plos Negl Trop Dis.2017;11(8):e0005739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.000573925. Hotez PJ, Alvarado M, Basañez MG, et al. The global burden of disease study 2010: Interpretation and implications for neglected tropical diseases. Plos Negl Trop Dis.2014;8(7):e2865 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002865 P26. Okwa OO. Tropical parasitic diseases and women. Ann Afr Med. 2007; 6: 157–16327. Homsi Y, Makdisi G. Leishmaniasis: a forgotten disease among neglected people. Int J Health. 2010; 11: 228. Magill Alan. Leishmania species: visceral (Kala-Azar), cutaneous, and mucosal leishmaniasis. En: Principles and practice of infectious disease. Seventh edition. Philadelphia: Churchil Livingstone Elsevier; 2010. 3463-3480.29. Akhoundi M, Downing T, Votypka J, et al. Leishmania infections: molecular targets and diagnosis. Molecular aspects of medicine.2017;57:1-29.30. Peacock CS, Seeger K, Harris D, et al. Comparative genomic analysis of three Leishmania species that cause diverse human disease. Nat Genet. 2007;39:839-847.31. Reithinger R, Dujardin JC, Louzir H, et al. Cutaneous leishmaniasis. Lancet Infect Dis 2007;7:581-596.32. Medical parasitology. En: Medical microbiology. 27th edition. New York: Mc Graw Hill;2013. 705-739.33. Ghersetich J, Menchini G, Teofoli P, et al. Immune response to Leishmania infection in human skin. Clin Dermatol.1999;17:333-338.34. Weina PJ, Neafle RC, Wortmamm G, Polhemus M, Aronson NE. Old World leishmaniasis: an emerging infection among deployed US military and civilian workers. Clin Infect Dis. 2004; 39: 1674-168035. Ramirez JR, Adugelo S, Muskus C. Diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia: the sampling site within lesions influences the sensitivity of parasitological diagnosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2000; 38: 3768-3773.36. Vega-López F. Review: Diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Curr Opin Infect. 2003; Dis 16: 97-101.37. Blum J, Desjeux P, Schwartz E, Beck B, Hazt C. Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis among travellers. J Antimicrob Chemother.2004; 53: 158-166.38. Srivastava P, Dayama A, Mehrotra S, Sundar S. Diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg.2011; 105: 1-639. Vilaplana C, Blanco S, Domínguez J, Giménez M, Ausina V, Tural C, Muñoz C. Noninvasive method for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis by a latex agglutination test for detection of antigens in urine samples. J Clin Microbiol.2004; 42: 1853-1854.40. Ryan JR, Smithyman AM, Rajasekariah GH, Hochberg L, Stiteler JM, Martin SK. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on soluble promastigote antigen detects immunoglobulin M (IgM) & IgG antibodies in sera from cases of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Clin Microbiol.2002; 40: 1037-1043.41. Rajasekariah GH, Ryan JR, Hillier SR, Yi LP, Stiteler JM, Cui L, Smithyman AM, Martin SK. Optimisation of an ELISA for the serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis using in vitro derived promastigote antigens. J Immunol Methods.2001; 252: 105-119.42. Kumar R, Pai K, Pathak K, Sundar S.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for recombinant K39 antigen in diagnosis, prognosis of Indian visceral leishmaniasis. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol.2001; 8: 1220-1224.43. Elmahallawy EK, Martínez AS, Rodríguez Graner J, et al. Diagnosis of leishmaniasis. J Infect Dev Ctries.2014;8(8):961-972.44. Maurya R, Mehrotra S, Prajapati VK, Nylén S, Sacks D, Sundar S. Evaluation of blood agar microtiter plates for culturing leishmania parasites to titrate parasite burden in spleen and peripheral blood of patients with visceral leishmaniasis. J Clin Microbiol.2010; 48: 1932-1934.45. Vinayak VK, Mahaja D, Sobt RC, Singl N, Sunda S. Anti-66 kDa anti-leishmanial antibodies as specific immunodiagnostic probe for visceral leishmaniasis. Indian J Med Res.1994; 99: 109-114.46. Pattabhi S, Whittle J, Mohamath R, El-Safi S, et al. A Design development and evaluation of rK28-based point-of-care tests for improving rapid diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis.2010; 4: e822.47. Croft S, Sundar S, Fairlamb AH. Drug resistance in Leishmaniasis. Clinical Microbiology Reviews.2006;19(1):111-126.48. Denton H, McGregor JC, Coombs GH. Reduction of antileishmanial pentavalent antimonial drugs by a parasite specific thiol dependent reductase, TDR1. Biochem J. 2004;381:405-41249. Zhou Y, Messier N, Ouellette M, Rosen BP, Mukhopadhyway R. Leishmania major LmACR2 is a pentavalent antimony reductase that confers sensitivity to the drug Pentostam. J Biol Chem. 2004;279:37445-37451.50. Haldar AK, Sen P, Roy S. Use of antimony in the treatment of Leishmaniasis: current status and future directions. Molecular biology international.2011:PMID 57124251. Walker J, Saravia NG. Inhibition of Leishmania donovani promastigote DNA topoisomerase I and human monocyte DNA topoisomerase I and II by antimonial drugs and classical antitopoisomerase agents. Journal of parasitology. 2004;90(5):1155-1162.52. Ferreira CDS, Castro Pimienta AM, Demicheli C, Frezard F. Characterization of reactions of antimoniate and meglumine antimoniate with a guanine ribonucleoside at different pH. 2006;19(5):573-581.53. Basu JM, Mookerjee A, Sen P, et al. Sodium antimony gluconate induces generation of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide via phosphoinositide 3 kinase and mitogen activated protein kinase activation in Leishmania donovani infected macrophages. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy.2006;50(5):1788-1797.54. Bray P, Barrett MP, Ward SA, Konning HP. Pentamidine uptake and resistance in pathogenic protozoa: past, present and future. Trends Parasitol. 2003;19:232-239.55. Barratt G, Saint Pierre Chazalet M, Loiseau PM. Cellular transport and lipid interactions of miltefosine. Curr Drug Metab.2009;10(3):247-255.56. Lux H, Heise N, Klenner T, et al. Ether lipid (alkyl phospholipid) metabolism and the mechanism of action of ether lipid analogues in Leishmania. Mol Biochem Parasitol.2000;111:1-14.57. Paris C, Loiseau PM, Bories C, Breard J. Miltefosine induces apoptosis like death in Leishmania donovani promastigotes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother.2004;48:852-859.58. Dorlo TP, Balasegaram M, Beijnen JH, de Vries PJ. Miltefosine: a review of its pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of Leishmaniasis. J Antimicrob Chemother.2012;67(11):2576-2597.59. Perez Victoria FJ, Gamarro F, Ouellette M, Castanys S. Functional cloning of the miltefosine transporter. A novel P type phospholipid translocase from Leishmania involved in drug resistance. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:49965-49971.60. Sundar S, Olliaro PL. Miltefosine in the treatment of Leishmaniasis: clinical evidence of informed clinical risk management. Ther Clin Risk Manag.2007;3(5):733-740.61. Ramos H, Valdivieso E, Gamargo M, Dagger F, Cohen BE. Amphotericin B kills unicelular leishmanias by forming aqueous pores permeable to small cations and anions. J Membr Biol. 1996;152(1):65-7562. Anderson TM, Clay MC, Cioffi AG, Diaz KA,Hisao GS, Turttle MD, et al. Amphotericin forms an extra-membranous and fungicidal sterol sponge. Nat Chem Biol. 2014;10(5):400-406.63. Ministerio de salud y protección social. Lineamientos para la atención clínica integral de leishmaniasis en Colombia. Bogotá; 2018. https://www.minsalud.gov.co/sites/rid/Lists/BibliotecaDigital/RIDE/VS/PP/PAI/Lineamientos-leishmaniasis.pdf (ultimo acceso 15 de Mayo de 2019).64. Maltezou H. Drug resistance in visceral Leishmaniasis. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology.2010;2010:PMID:1988843765. Singh N. Drug resistance mechanism in clinical isolates of Leishmania donovani. Indian J Med Res. 2006;123(3):411-422.66. El Fadili K, Messier N, Leprohon P, Roy G, Guimond C, Trudel N, et al. Role of the ABC transporter MRPA in antimony resistance in Leishmania infantum axenic and intracelular amastigotes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49(5):1988-93.67. Manzano JI, Garcia Hernandez R, Castanys S, Gamarro F. A new ABC half transporter in Leishmania major is involved in resistance to antimony. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57():3719-30.68. Perea A, Manzano JI, Castanys S, Gamarro F. The LABCG2 Transporter from the Protozoan Parasite Leishmania is involved in antimony resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60(6):3489-9669. Wyllie S, Vickers TJ, Fairlamb AH. Roles of trypanothione S tranferase and tryparedoxin peroxidase in resistance to antimonials. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52(4):1359-6570. Mandal G, Wyllie S, Singh N, Sundar S, Fairlamb AH, Chatterjee M. Increased levels of thiols protect antimony unresponsive Leishmania donovani field isolates against reactive oxygen species generated by trivalent antimony. Parasitology. 2007;134(Pt 12):1679-8771. Basselin M, Denise H, Coombs GH, Barrett MO. Resistance to pentamidine in Leishmania mexicana involves exclusión of the drug from the mithocondrion. Antimicrob Agents Chemother.2002;46:3731-3738.72. Sundar S, Olliaro PL. Miltefosine in the treatment of Leishmaniasis: clinical evidence for informed clinical risk management. Ther Clin Risk Manag.2007;3(5):733-740.73. Castanys Muñoz E, Perez Victoria JM, Gamarro F, Castanys S. Characterization of an ABCG like transporter from the protozoan parasite Leishmania with a role in drug resistance and transbilayer lipid movement. Antimicrob Agents Chemother.2008;52:3573-3579.74. Rakotomanga M, Sain Pierre Chazalet M, Loiseau PM. Alteration of fatty acid sterol metabolism in miltefosine resistant Leishmania donovani promastigotes and consequences for drug membrane interactions. Antimicrob Agents Chemother.2005;49:2677-2686.75. Gamarro F, Sanchez Caete MP, Castanys S. Mechanisms of miltefosine resistance in Leishmania. En: Drug resistance in Leishmania parasites. First Edition. Springer Verlag.2013.76. Purkait B, Kumar A, Nandi N, et al. Mechanism of amphotericin B resistance in clinical isolates of Leishmania donovani. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56(2):1031-1041.77. Pourshafie M, Morand S, Virion A, Rakotomanga M, et al. Cloning of S-adenosyl-L-methionine:C-24-Delta-sterol-methyltransferase (ERG6) from Leishmania donovani and characterization of mRNAs in wild type and amphotericin B resistant promastigotes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother.2004;48(7):2409-2414.78. Mwenechanya R, Kovarova J, Dickens NJ, et al. Sterol 14 alpha demethylase mutation leads to amphotericin B resistance in Leishmania mexicana. PLos Negl Trop Dis.2017;11(6):e0005649 PMID: 28622334.79. Fernandez Prada C, Vincent IM, Brotherton MC, Roberts M, Roy G, et al. Different mutations in a P-type ATPase transporter in Leishmania parasites are associated with cross resistance to two leading drugs by distinct mechanism. Plos Negl Trop Dis.2016;10(12):e0005171. PMID:2791189680. Salgado Almario J, Hernandez CA, Ovalle CE. Geographical distribution of Leishmania species in Colombia, 1985-2017. Biomedica. 2019 Jun 15;39(2):278-29081. Ramirez JD, Hernandez C, León CM, et al. Taxonomy, diversity, temporal and geographical distribution of cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Colombia: A retrospective study. Sci Rep. 2016 Jun 22;6:2826682. Rojas R, Valderrama L, Valderrama M, et al. Resistance to antimony and treatment failure in human Leishmania (Viannia) infection. J Infect Dis. 2006 May 15;193(10):1375-83.83. Azeredo Coutinho RBG, Mendoca SCF, Callahan H, et al. Sensitivity of Leishmania braziliensis promastigotes to meglumine antimoniate (glucantime) is higher than that of other Leishmania species and correlates with response to therapy in American tegumentary leishmaniasis. J Parasitol. 2007 Jun;93(3):688-693LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-83964https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/80048/1/license.txtcccfe52f796b7c63423298c2d3365fc6MD51ORIGINAL1140834196.2021.pdf1140834196.2021.pdfTesis de Especialización en Medicina Internaapplication/pdf923720https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/80048/2/1140834196.2021.pdffbe2f89c53e6f23ae7861ae69bbe8954MD52CC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8908https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/80048/3/license_rdf0175ea4a2d4caec4bbcc37e300941108MD53THUMBNAIL1140834196.2021.pdf.jpg1140834196.2021.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg3935https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/80048/4/1140834196.2021.pdf.jpgb322cbd44ebcc81745d6e348ef01bb06MD54unal/80048oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/800482023-07-26 23:04:15.032Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiarepositorio_nal@unal.edu.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