Un estudio crítico de la experimentación en la economía del desarrollo

¿Por qué son tan populares las RCT en la economía del desarrollo? No se trata simplemente de que ofrezcan un buen método para estimar el impacto causal de una intervención y, por tanto, que ofrezcan evidencia sólida en lo que respecta a la ejecución de políticas públicas. Por un lado, la evidencia q...

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Autores:: Ortiz Duque, Julián Marcel

Tipo de recurso:

Fecha de publicación:: 2020

Institución:: Universidad Nacional de Colombia

Repositorio:: Universidad Nacional de Colombia

Idioma:: spa

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dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv	Un estudio crítico de la experimentación en la economía del desarrollo
dc.title.translated.eng.fl_str_mv	A critical study of experimentation in development economics
title	Un estudio crítico de la experimentación en la economía del desarrollo
spellingShingle	Un estudio crítico de la experimentación en la economía del desarrollo 330 - Economía Técnicas de evaluación Evaluation techniques RCT Aleatorización Antropología económica Desarrollo económico Subdesarrollo RCT Randomization Economic anthropology Economic development Underdevelopment Investigación sobre el desarrollo Development research Desarrollo económico y social Economic and social development
title_short	Un estudio crítico de la experimentación en la economía del desarrollo
title_full	Un estudio crítico de la experimentación en la economía del desarrollo
title_fullStr	Un estudio crítico de la experimentación en la economía del desarrollo
title_full_unstemmed	Un estudio crítico de la experimentación en la economía del desarrollo
title_sort	Un estudio crítico de la experimentación en la economía del desarrollo
dc.creator.fl_str_mv	Ortiz Duque, Julián Marcel
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv	Giraldo Giraldo, Cesar Augusto
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv	Ortiz Duque, Julián Marcel
dc.subject.ddc.spa.fl_str_mv	330 - Economía
topic	330 - Economía Técnicas de evaluación Evaluation techniques RCT Aleatorización Antropología económica Desarrollo económico Subdesarrollo RCT Randomization Economic anthropology Economic development Underdevelopment Investigación sobre el desarrollo Development research Desarrollo económico y social Economic and social development
dc.subject.ocde.none.fl_str_mv	Técnicas de evaluación Evaluation techniques
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv	RCT Aleatorización Antropología económica Desarrollo económico Subdesarrollo
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv	RCT Randomization Economic anthropology Economic development Underdevelopment
dc.subject.unesco.none.fl_str_mv	Investigación sobre el desarrollo Development research Desarrollo económico y social Economic and social development
description	¿Por qué son tan populares las RCT en la economía del desarrollo? No se trata simplemente de que ofrezcan un buen método para estimar el impacto causal de una intervención y, por tanto, que ofrezcan evidencia sólida en lo que respecta a la ejecución de políticas públicas. Por un lado, la evidencia que proveen, si bien es sólida, no contribuye por sí sola al desarrollo teórico de envergadura que requiere la investigación científica, y por otro lado hay otros tipos de investigación que pueden explorar aspectos interesantes y enriquecedores de la economía del desarrollo que, no obstante, son opacados por la popularidad de las RCT como gold standard de la investigación. Ahora bien, su popularidad puede ser comprendida si se estudia la historia de la economía del desarrollo y el conjunto de relaciones sociales que vinculan a los distintos actores que financian, implementan y son objeto de estudio de las RCT. Esto permite, finalmente, ofrecer una caracterización de qué es y qué sucede hoy con el desarrollo.
publishDate	2020
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv	2020
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2021-04-28T21:46:03Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv	2021-04-28T21:46:03Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv	Trabajo de grado - Maestría
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv	Text
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status_str	acceptedVersion
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv	https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/79456
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv	Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv	Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv	https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/
url	https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/79456 https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv	Universidad Nacional de Colombia Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv	spa
language	spa
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv	Alacevich, M. (2010). La economía política del Banco Mundial : los primeros años. Colombia: World Bank; Mayol Ediciones S.A. Angrist, J., Bettinger, E., & Kremer, M. (2006). Long-term educational consequences of secondary school vouchers: Evidence from administrative records in Colombia. American Economic Review. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.96.3.847 Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J.-S. (2010). The Credibility Revolution in Empirical Economics: How Better Research Design is Taking the Con out of Econometrics. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 24(2), 3. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.unal.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsjsr&AN=edsjsr.25703496&lang=es&site=eds-live Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J. S. (2008). Mostly harmless econometrics: An empiricist’s companion. Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist’s Companion. Attanasio, O., Guarín, A., Medina, C., & Meghir, C. (2017). Vocational training for disadvantaged youth in Colombia: A long-term follow-up. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.20150554 Attanasio, O., Kugler, A., & Meghir, C. (2011). Subsidizing vocational training for disadvantaged youth in Colombia: Evidence from a randomized trial. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.3.3.188 Backmann, M. (2017). What’s in a gold standard? In defence of randomised controlled trials. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-017-9773-2 Banco Mundial. (1991). Resumen del Informe Sobre el Desarrollo Mundial (1991): la Tarea Acuciante del Desarrollo. Washington D.C. Banco Mundial. (1997). Resumen del Informe Sobre el Desarrollo Mundial (1997): El Estado en un Mundo en Transformación. Washington D.C. Banerjee, A. (2009). Big Answers for Big Questions: The Presumption of Growth Policy. In What Works in Development? (pp. 207–221). Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. Banerjee, A. V., Duflo, E., & Glennerster, R. (2008). Putting a band-aid on a corpse: Incentives for nurses in the Indian public health care system. Journal of the European Economic Association, 6(2–3). https://doi.org/10.1162/JEEA.2008.6.2-3.487 Bédécarrats, F., Guérin, I., & Roubaud, F. (2019). All that Glitters is not Gold. The Political Economy of Randomized Evaluations in Development. Development and Change, 50(3), 735–762. https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12378 Bedecarrats, F., Guerin, I., Roubaud, F., & Guérin, I. (2015). The gold standard for randomised evaluations: from discussion of method to political economy. Working Paper, (33), 1–21. Böckerman, P., Cawley, J., Viinikainen, J., Lehtimäki, T., Rovio, S., Seppälä, I., … Raitakari, O. (2019). The effect of weight on labor market outcomes: An application of genetic instrumental variables. Health Economics (United Kingdom), 28(1), 65–77. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.3828 Boyer, R. (2006). Half a century of development theories. An Institutionalist Survey. In G. Stathakis & G. Vaggi (Eds.), Economic Development and Social Change: Historical roots and modern perspectives (pp. 29–73). Oxford-New York: Routledge. Cartwright, N., & Hardie, J. (2012). Evidence-based policy : a practical guide to doing it better. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.unal.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsbvb&AN=EDSBVB.BV041280398&lang=es&site=eds-live Carvalho, F. J. C. de. (2008). Keynes and the Reform of the Capitalist Social Order. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 31(2), 191. https://doi.org/10.2753/PKE0160-3477310201 CEPAL. (1955). Introducción a la técnica de programación. México D.F.: Publicación de las Naciones Unidas. Cohen, J., & Easterly, W. (2009). Introduction: Thinking big versus thinking small. In W. Easterly & J. Cohen (Eds.), What works in development? : Thinking big and thinking small (pp. 1–23). Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.unal.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edszbw&AN=EDSZBW618099611&lang=es&site=eds-live Collier, P., Elliott, V. L., Hegre, H., Hoeffler, A., Reynal-Querol, M., & Sambanis, N. (2003). Breaking the conflict trap : civil war and development policy (English). (P. Collier, V. L. Elliott, H. Hegre, A. Hoeffler, M. Reynal-Querol, & N. Sambanis, Eds.). Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. Retrieved from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/908361468779415791/Breaking-the-conflict-trap-civil-war-and-development-policy Collier, P., & Hoeffler, A. (1998). On economic causes of civil war. Oxford Economic Papers, 50(4). https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/50.4.563 Collier, P., & Hoeffler, A. (2004). Greed and grievance in civil war. Oxford Economic Papers, 56(4). https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpf064 Dal Bó, E., & Dal Bó, P. (2011). Workers, warriors, and criminals: Social conflict in general equilibrium. Journal of the European Economic Association, 9(4), 646–677. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-4774.2011.01025.x Deaton, A., & Cartwright, N. (2018). Understanding and misunderstanding randomized controlled trials. Social Science and Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.12.005 Dethier, J.-J. (2009). World Bank Policy Research: A Historical Overview. Policy Research. Dube, O., & Vargas, J. F. (2013). Commodity price shocks and civil conflict: Evidence from Colombia. Review of Economic Studies, 80(4). https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdt009 Duflo, E. (2017). Richard T. Ely Lecture: The Economist as Plumber. American Economic Review, 107(5), 1–26. Retrieved from http://www.aeaweb.org/aer/ Duflo, E., & Banerjee, A. V. (2012). Poor economics : a radical rethinking of the way to fight global poverty. New York: PublicAffairs. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.unal.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cat02704a&AN=unc.000766564&lang=es&site=eds-live Easterly, W. (2001). The Elusive Quest for Growth. Hong Kong: The MIT Press. Escobar, A. (2007). La Invención del Tercer Mundo: Construcción y Deconstrucción del Desarrollo. Caracas: Fundación editorial el perro y la rana. Frank, A. G. (1978). Dependent accumulation and underdevelopment. London; New York: Macmillan. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.unal.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edshlc&AN=edshlc.000825773-6&lang=es&site=eds-live Gertler, P. J., Martinez, S., Premand, P., Rawlings, L. B., & Vermeersch, C. M. J. (2011). La evaluación de impacto en la práctica. Washington D.C.: Banco Mundial. https://doi.org/978-0-8213-8681-1 Gibson, B. (2008). Data problemas and empirical modeling in development economics. In A. Krishna & J. Ros (Eds.), International Handbook of Development Economics: Volume one (pp. 83–94). Cheltenham-Northampton: Elgar. Hirschman, A. (2013). The Rise and Decline of Development Economics. In The Essential Hirschman (pp. 49–73). Princeton; New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Huertas Ramos, J. D. (2017). La planeación del desarrollo: de los conceptos a la técnica. Administración y Desarrollo, 47(2), 10–22. Jatteau, A. (2017). Arthur Jatteau, Faire preuve par le chiffre ? Le cas des expérimentations aléatoires en économie. Revue de La Régulation, (21). https://doi.org/10.4000/regulation.12323 Kant, I. (2004). ¿Qué es la ilustración?: y otros escritos de ética, política y filosofía de la historia. Alianza Editorial. Retrieved from https://books.google.com.co/books?id=sqDsqUjhteEC Keil, F. C., Stein, C., Webb, L., Billings, V. D., & Rozenblit, L. (2008). Discerning the division of cognitive labor: An emerging understanding of how knowledge is clustered in other minds. Cognitive Science, 32(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/03640210701863339 Khankher, S., Koolwal, G., & Samad, H. (2010). Handbook on Impact Evaluation. Washington D.C.: World Bank. Lakatos, I. (1982). Historia de la ciencia y sus reconstrucciones racionales. Madrid: Tecnos. Lakatos, I. (1983). La metodología de los programas de investigación científica. Madrid: Alianza Editorial. Leijonhufvud, A. (1973). Life Among The Econ. Economic Inquiry, (3), 327. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.1973.tb01065.x Levine, R., & Renelt, D. (1992). A Sensitivity Analysis of Cross-Country Growth Regressions. The American Economic Review, 82(4), 942. Retrieved from http://ez.urosario.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsjsr&AN=edsjsr.2117352&lang=es&site=eds-live&scope=site Mason, E., & Asher, R. (1973). The World Bank Since Bretton Woods. Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institution. Meier, G. (2005). Biography of a Subject: An Evolution of Development Economics. Nueva York: Oxford University Press. Miguel, E., Satyanath, S., & Sergenti, E. (2004). Economic Shocks and Civil Conflict: An Instrumental Variables Approach. Journal of Political Economy, 112(4), 725. https://doi.org/10.1086/421174 Mill, J. S. (1936). Principles of Political Economy. London: Longmans, Green and Co. Myrdal, G. (1957). Economic Theory and Underdevelopment Regions. London: Duckworth. Popper, K. R. (1983). Conjeturas y refutaciones. El desarrollo del conocimiento científico. Vasa. Pritchett, L. (2009). The Policy Irrelevance of the Economics of Education: Is “Normative as Positive” Just Useless or Worse? In What Works in Development? Thinking Big and Thinking Small (pp. 130–164). Harrisonburg, Virginia: Brookings Institution Press. Rabb, N., Fernbach, P. M., & Sloman, S. A. (2019). Individual Representation in a Community of Knowledge. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2019.07.011 Rahnema, M. (1991). Global Poverty. A Pauperizing Myth. Interculture, 24(2), 4–51. Ravallion, M. (2018). Should the Randomistas (Continue to) Rule? Working Paper. Center for Global Development. Retrieved from http://ez.urosario.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsrep&AN=edsrep.p.cgd.wpaper.492&lang=es&site=eds-live&scope=site Ray, D., & Esteban, J. (2017). Conflict and Development. Annual Review of Economics. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-061109-080205 Rist, G. (2008). The History of Development: Form Western Origins to Global Faith. New York: Zed Books. Robertson, A. F. (1984). People and the State, An Anthropology of Planned Development. New York: Cambridge University Press. Rosenstein-Rodan, P. (1957). Notes on the Theory of the “Big Push.” Cambridge, Massachusetts. Rostow, W. W. (1990). The Stages of Economic Growth, a Non-Communist Manifesto. New York: Cambridge University Press. Sachs, W. (1990). The Archaeology of the Development Idea. Interculture, 23(4), 1–37. Sala-i-Martin, X. (1997). I Just Ran Two Million Regressions. The American Economic Review, 87(2), 178. Retrieved from http://ez.urosario.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsjsr&AN=edsjsr.2950909&lang=es&site=eds-live&scope=site Taffet, J. (2007). Foreign Aid as Foreign Policy: The Alliance for Progress in Latin America. New York: Routledge. Truman, H. (1949). Inaugural Address of Harry S. Truman. Retrieved December 15, 2019, from https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/truman.asp Wegner, D. (1986). Transactive Memory: A Contemporary Analysis of the Group Mind. In B. Mullen & G. Goethals (Eds.), Theories of Group Behaviour (pp. 185–208). New York: Springer-Verlag.
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dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv	1 recurso en línea (74 páginas)
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dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv	Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.publisher.program.spa.fl_str_mv	Bogotá - Ciencias Económicas - Maestría en Ciencias Económicas
dc.publisher.department.spa.fl_str_mv	Escuela de Economía
dc.publisher.faculty.spa.fl_str_mv	Facultad de Ciencias Económicas
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv	Bogotá
dc.publisher.branch.spa.fl_str_mv	Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá
institution	Universidad Nacional de Colombia
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spelling	Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacionalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Giraldo Giraldo, Cesar Augusto67e4f29a9ba0400f44a10697795011f0Ortiz Duque, Julián Marcel4fb3bb480a83314c32ba7799e4ac8cfc2021-04-28T21:46:03Z2021-04-28T21:46:03Z2020https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/79456Universidad Nacional de ColombiaRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiahttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/¿Por qué son tan populares las RCT en la economía del desarrollo? No se trata simplemente de que ofrezcan un buen método para estimar el impacto causal de una intervención y, por tanto, que ofrezcan evidencia sólida en lo que respecta a la ejecución de políticas públicas. Por un lado, la evidencia que proveen, si bien es sólida, no contribuye por sí sola al desarrollo teórico de envergadura que requiere la investigación científica, y por otro lado hay otros tipos de investigación que pueden explorar aspectos interesantes y enriquecedores de la economía del desarrollo que, no obstante, son opacados por la popularidad de las RCT como gold standard de la investigación. Ahora bien, su popularidad puede ser comprendida si se estudia la historia de la economía del desarrollo y el conjunto de relaciones sociales que vinculan a los distintos actores que financian, implementan y son objeto de estudio de las RCT. Esto permite, finalmente, ofrecer una caracterización de qué es y qué sucede hoy con el desarrollo.Why are RCTs so popular in development economics? It is not simply that they offer a good method to estimate the causal impact of an intervention and, therefore, that they offer solid evidence regarding the execution of public policies. On the one hand, the evidence they provide, while solid, does not by itself contribute to the far-reaching theoretical development that scientific research requires, and on the other hand there are other types of research that can explore interesting and enriching aspects of development economics that, nonetheless, are overshadowed by the popularity of RCTs as a research gold standard. However, their popularity can be understood by studying the history of development economics and the set of social relations that links the different actors that finance, implement and are the subject of study by RCTs. This allow us to, finally, offer a characterization of what is and what is happening nowadays with development.MaestríaEconomía del desarrollo1 recurso en línea (74 páginas)application/pdfspaUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaBogotá - Ciencias Económicas - Maestría en Ciencias EconómicasEscuela de EconomíaFacultad de Ciencias EconómicasBogotáUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá330 - EconomíaTécnicas de evaluaciónEvaluation techniquesRCTAleatorizaciónAntropología económicaDesarrollo económicoSubdesarrolloRCTRandomizationEconomic anthropologyEconomic developmentUnderdevelopmentInvestigación sobre el desarrolloDevelopment researchDesarrollo económico y socialEconomic and social developmentUn estudio crítico de la experimentación en la economía del desarrolloA critical study of experimentation in development economicsTrabajo de grado - Maestríainfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionTexthttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TMAlacevich, M. (2010). La economía política del Banco Mundial : los primeros años. Colombia: World Bank; Mayol Ediciones S.A.Angrist, J., Bettinger, E., & Kremer, M. (2006). Long-term educational consequences of secondary school vouchers: Evidence from administrative records in Colombia. American Economic Review. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.96.3.847Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J.-S. (2010). The Credibility Revolution in Empirical Economics: How Better Research Design is Taking the Con out of Econometrics. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 24(2), 3. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.unal.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsjsr&AN=edsjsr.25703496&lang=es&site=eds-liveAngrist, J. D., & Pischke, J. S. (2008). Mostly harmless econometrics: An empiricist’s companion. Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist’s Companion.Attanasio, O., Guarín, A., Medina, C., & Meghir, C. (2017). Vocational training for disadvantaged youth in Colombia: A long-term follow-up. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.20150554Attanasio, O., Kugler, A., & Meghir, C. (2011). Subsidizing vocational training for disadvantaged youth in Colombia: Evidence from a randomized trial. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.3.3.188Backmann, M. (2017). What’s in a gold standard? In defence of randomised controlled trials. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-017-9773-2Banco Mundial. (1991). Resumen del Informe Sobre el Desarrollo Mundial (1991): la Tarea Acuciante del Desarrollo. Washington D.C.Banco Mundial. (1997). Resumen del Informe Sobre el Desarrollo Mundial (1997): El Estado en un Mundo en Transformación. Washington D.C.Banerjee, A. (2009). Big Answers for Big Questions: The Presumption of Growth Policy. In What Works in Development? (pp. 207–221). Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.Banerjee, A. V., Duflo, E., & Glennerster, R. (2008). Putting a band-aid on a corpse: Incentives for nurses in the Indian public health care system. Journal of the European Economic Association, 6(2–3). https://doi.org/10.1162/JEEA.2008.6.2-3.487Bédécarrats, F., Guérin, I., & Roubaud, F. (2019). All that Glitters is not Gold. The Political Economy of Randomized Evaluations in Development. Development and Change, 50(3), 735–762. https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12378Bedecarrats, F., Guerin, I., Roubaud, F., & Guérin, I. (2015). The gold standard for randomised evaluations: from discussion of method to political economy. Working Paper, (33), 1–21.Böckerman, P., Cawley, J., Viinikainen, J., Lehtimäki, T., Rovio, S., Seppälä, I., … Raitakari, O. (2019). The effect of weight on labor market outcomes: An application of genetic instrumental variables. Health Economics (United Kingdom), 28(1), 65–77. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.3828Boyer, R. (2006). Half a century of development theories. An Institutionalist Survey. In G. Stathakis & G. Vaggi (Eds.), Economic Development and Social Change: Historical roots and modern perspectives (pp. 29–73). Oxford-New York: Routledge.Cartwright, N., & Hardie, J. (2012). Evidence-based policy : a practical guide to doing it better. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.unal.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsbvb&AN=EDSBVB.BV041280398&lang=es&site=eds-liveCarvalho, F. J. C. de. (2008). Keynes and the Reform of the Capitalist Social Order. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 31(2), 191. https://doi.org/10.2753/PKE0160-3477310201CEPAL. (1955). Introducción a la técnica de programación. México D.F.: Publicación de las Naciones Unidas.Cohen, J., & Easterly, W. (2009). Introduction: Thinking big versus thinking small. In W. Easterly & J. Cohen (Eds.), What works in development? : Thinking big and thinking small (pp. 1–23). Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. 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