Influence of microplastics in the community of benthic foraminifera from a historical perspective

gráficos, imágenes, mapas, tablas

Autores:: Mora-Galindo, Estefany Andrea

Tipo de recurso:

Fecha de publicación:: 2024

Institución:: Universidad Nacional de Colombia

Repositorio:: Universidad Nacional de Colombia

Idioma:: eng

id	UNACIONAL2_aef78b3755ebc4dbbff6667d831f9adf
oai_identifier_str	oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/86429
network_acronym_str	UNACIONAL2
network_name_str	Universidad Nacional de Colombia
repository_id_str
dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv	Influence of microplastics in the community of benthic foraminifera from a historical perspective
dc.title.translated.spa.fl_str_mv	Influencia de los microplásticos en la comunidad de foraminíferos bentónicos desde una perspectiva histórica
title	Influence of microplastics in the community of benthic foraminifera from a historical perspective
spellingShingle	Influence of microplastics in the community of benthic foraminifera from a historical perspective 560 - Paleontología::562 - Invertebrados fósiles 560 - Paleontología::563 - Miscelánea fósiles marinos y costeros invertebrados 570 - Biología::577 - Ecología Microplastic Benthic foraminifera Sediment pollution Historical analysis Microplásticos Foraminíferos bentónicos Contaminación sedimento Análisis histórico
title_short	Influence of microplastics in the community of benthic foraminifera from a historical perspective
title_full	Influence of microplastics in the community of benthic foraminifera from a historical perspective
title_fullStr	Influence of microplastics in the community of benthic foraminifera from a historical perspective
title_full_unstemmed	Influence of microplastics in the community of benthic foraminifera from a historical perspective
title_sort	Influence of microplastics in the community of benthic foraminifera from a historical perspective
dc.creator.fl_str_mv	Mora-Galindo, Estefany Andrea
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv	Espinosa Díaz, Luisa Fernanda Campos Campos, Néstor Hernando
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv	Mora-Galindo, Estefany Andrea
dc.contributor.researchgroup.spa.fl_str_mv	Fauna Marina Colombiana: Biodiversidad y Usos
dc.contributor.orcid.spa.fl_str_mv	Mora Galindo, Estefany Andrea [0009000073179505]
dc.subject.ddc.spa.fl_str_mv	560 - Paleontología::562 - Invertebrados fósiles 560 - Paleontología::563 - Miscelánea fósiles marinos y costeros invertebrados 570 - Biología::577 - Ecología
topic	560 - Paleontología::562 - Invertebrados fósiles 560 - Paleontología::563 - Miscelánea fósiles marinos y costeros invertebrados 570 - Biología::577 - Ecología Microplastic Benthic foraminifera Sediment pollution Historical analysis Microplásticos Foraminíferos bentónicos Contaminación sedimento Análisis histórico
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv	Microplastic Benthic foraminifera Sediment pollution Historical analysis
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv	Microplásticos Foraminíferos bentónicos Contaminación sedimento Análisis histórico
description	gráficos, imágenes, mapas, tablas
publishDate	2024
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2024-07-10T20:10:47Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv	2024-07-10T20:10:47Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv	2024
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv	Trabajo de grado - Maestría
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv	Text
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv	http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TM
status_str	acceptedVersion
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv	https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/86429
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv	Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv	Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv	https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/
url	https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/86429 https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv	Universidad Nacional de Colombia Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv	eng
language	eng
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv	Acoplásticos. (n.d.). Nuestra asociación, quiénes somos. Retrieved August 16, 2022, from https://www.acoplasticos.org/index.php/mnu-nos/mnu-nos-nta-aso Acosta-Coley, I., Duran-Izquierdo, M., Rodriguez-Cavallo, E., Mercado-Camargo, J., Mendez-Cuadro, D., & Olivero-Verbel, J. (2019). Quantification of microplastics along the Caribbean Coastline of Colombia: Pollution profile and biological effects on Caenorhabditis elegans. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 146(June), 574–583. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.06.084 Acosta-Herrera, N. C. (2004). Compendio Foraminíferos de Colombia. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Acosta, K. (2012). Cartagena, entre el progreso industrial y el rezago social. In Documentos de Trabajo Sobre Economía Regional. Banco de la República. https://www.banrep.gov.co/sites/default/files/publicaciones/archivos/dtser_178.pdf Alves Martins, M. V., Hohenegger, J., Martínez-Colón, M., Frontalini, F., Bergamashi, S., Laut, L., Belart, P., Mahiques, M., Pereira, E., Rodrigues, R., Terroso, D., Miranda, P., Geraldes, M. C., Villena, H. H., Reis, T., Socorro, O. A. A., de Mello e Sousa, S. H., Yamashita, C., & Rocha, F. (2020). Ecological quality status of the NE sector of the Guanabara Bay (Brazil): A case of living benthic foraminiferal resilience. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 158(111449). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111449 Alves Martins, M. V., Yamashita, C., de Mello e Sousa, S. H., Machado Koutsoukos, E. A., Trevisan Disaró, S., Debenay, J.-P., & Duleba, W. (2019). Response of Benthic Foraminifera to Environmental Variability: Importance of Benthic Foraminifera in Monitoring Studies. In Monitoring of Marine Pollution (pp. 225–240). https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81658 Arias-Ortiz, A., Masqué, P., Garcia-Orellana, J., Serrano, O., Mazarrasa, I., Marbá, N., Lovelock, C. E., Lavery, P. S., & Duarte, C. M. (2018). Reviews and syntheses: 210Pb-derived sediment and carbon accumulation rates in vegetated coastal ecosystems - Setting the record straight. Biogeosciences, 15(22), 6791–6818. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6791-2018 Birarda, G., Buosi, C., Caridi, F., Casu, M. A., De Giudici, G., Di Bella, L., Medas, D., Meneghini, C., Pierdomenico, M., Sabbatini, A., Surowka, A., & Vaccari, L. (2021). Plastics, (bio)polymers and their apparent biogeochemical cycle: An infrared spectroscopy study on foraminifera. Environmental Pollution, 279, 116912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116912 Bouchet, V. M. P., Seuront, L., Tsujimoto, A., Richirt, J., Frontalini, F., Tsuchiya, M., Matsuba, M., & Nomaki, H. (2023). Foraminifera and plastic pollution: Knowledge gaps and research opportunities. Environmental Pollution, 324(January), 121365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121365 Camacho, H., & Longobucco, M. (2007). Los invertebrados Fósiles (1a ed.). Capolungo, C., Genovese, D., Montalti, M., Rampazzo, E., Zaccheroni, N., & Prodi, L. (2021). Photoluminescence‐Based Techniques for the Detection of Micro‐ and Nanoplastics. Chemistry—A European Journal, 27, 17529–17541. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1002/chem.202102692 Carnahan, E. A., Hoare, A. M., Hallock, P., Lidz, B. H., & Reich, C. D. (2009). Foraminiferal assemblages in Biscayne Bay, Florida, USA: Responses to urban and agricultural influence in a subtropical estuary. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 59(8–12), 221–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.08.008 Carson, H. S., Colbert, S. L., Kaylor, M. J., & McDermid, K. J. (2011). Small plastic debris changes water movement and heat transfer through beach sediments. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 62(8), 1708–1713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.05.032 Colton Jr, J. B., Burns, B. R., & Knapp, F. D. (1974). Plastic Particles in Surface Waters of the Northwestern Atlantic: The abundance, distribution, source, and significance of various types of plastics are discussed. Science, 185(4150), 491–497. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/185/4150/491 Ding, Y., & Ying, S. (2015). Cell Structure, Density and Impact Strength of Cellulose Acetate Foamed with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Cellular Polymers, 34(6), 339–352. https://doi.org/10.1177/026248931503400603 Feldmeijer, W., Metcalfe, B., Scussolini, P., & Arthur, K. (2013). The effect of chemical pretreatment of sediment upon foraminiferal-based proxies. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 14(10), 3996–4014. https://doi.org/10.1002/ggge.20233 Frias, J., & Nash, R. (2019). Microplastics: Finding a consensus on the definition. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 138, 145–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.11.022 Frias, J., Pagter, E., Nash, R., O’Connor, I., Carretero, O., Filgueiras, A., Viñas, L., Gago, J., Antunes, J., Bessa, F., Sobral, P., Goruppi, A., Tirelli, V., Pedrotti, M. L., Suaria, G., Aliani, S., Lopes, C., Raimundo, J., Caetano, M., … Gerdts, G. (2018). Standardised protocol for monitoring microplastics in sediments. JPI-Oceans BASEMAN Project, May, 33. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.36256.89601/1 Galindo, A., Costa-Redondo, L. C., Vasco-Echeverri, O., & Arana, V. A. (2023). Microplastic pollution in coastal areas of Colombia: Review. Marine Environmental Research, 190(June). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106027 Galloway, T. S., Cole, M., & Lewis, C. (2017). Interactions of microplastic debris throughout the marine ecosystem. Nature Ecology and Evolution, 1, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0116 Garcés-Ordóñez, O., Castillo-Olaya, V. A., Granados-Briceño, A. F., Blandón García, L. M., & Espinosa Díaz, L. F. (2019). Marine litter and microplastic pollution on mangrove soils of the Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, Colombian Caribbean. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 145(2), 455–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.06.058 Garcés-Ordóñez, O., Espinosa, L. F., Costa Muniz, M., Salles Pereira, L. B., & Meigikos dos Anjos, R. (2021). Abundance, distribution, and characteristics of microplastics in coastal surface waters of the Colombian Caribbean and Pacific. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(32), 43431–43442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13723-x Garcés-Ordóñez, O., Saldarriaga-Vélez, J. F., Espinosa-Díaz, L. F., Canals, M., Sánchez-Vidal, A., & Thiel, M. (2022). A systematic review on microplastic pollution in water, sediments, and organisms from 50 coastal lagoons across the globe. Environmental Pollution, 315(September). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120366 Grefstad, A. I. (2019). Marine benthic foraminifera and microplastics Accumulation and effects following short-and long-term exposure [Universitetet i Oslo]. http://www.duo.uio.no/ Hallock, P. (2012). The FoRAM Index revisited: uses, challenges, and limitations. Proceedings of the 12th International Coral Reef …, July, 9–13. http://www.icrs2012.com/proceedings/manuscripts/ICRS2012_15F_2.pdf Haynes, J. R. (1981). Foraminifera. Hayward, B. W., Holzmann, M., Pawlowski, J., Parker, J. H., Kaushik, T., Toyofuku, M. S., & Tsuchiya, M. (2021). Molecular and morphological taxonomy of living Ammonia and related taxa (Foraminifera) and their biogeography. Micropaleontology, 67(2), 109–313. https://doi.org/10.47894/mpal.67.2-3.01 Hidalgo-Ruz, V., Gutow, L., Thompson, R. C., & Thiel, M. (2012). Microplastics in the marine environment: A review of the methods used for identification and quantification. Environmental Science and Technology, 46(6), 3060–3075. https://doi.org/10.1021/es2031505 Hope, J. A., Coco, G., & Thrush, S. F. (2020). Effects of Polyester Microfibers on Microphytobenthos and Sediment-Dwelling Infauna. Environmental Science and Technology, 54(13), 7970–7982. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c00514 IAEA. (2012). Radiocronología de Sedimentos Costeros Utilizando 210Pb: Modelos, Validación y Aplicaciones. 118. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/234076951_Radiocronologia_de_Sedimentos_Costeros_Utilizando_210Pb_Modelos_Validacion_y_Aplicaciones/file/32bfe50ededce8cb3e.pdf IAEA. (2021). Guía Para el Uso de Sedimentos en la Reconstrucción Histórica de la Contaminación en Zonas Costeras IAEA-TECDOC-1953. https://doi.org/ISBN 978-92-0-333721-2 INVEMAR. (2003). Manual de técnicas analíticas para la determinación de parámetros fisicoquímicos y contaminantes marinos (agua, sedimentos y organismos). Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. www.invemar.org.co ISO 10694. (1995). ISO 10694:1995 - Soil quality — Determination of organic and total carbon after dry combustion (elementary analysis) (p. 5). International Organization for Standardization. https://www.iso.org/standard/18782.html ISO 11464. (2006). Soil quality — Pretreatment of samples for physico-chemical analysis (p. 11). International Organization for Standardization. https://www.iso.org/standard/37718.html ISO 13878. (1998). Soil quality — Determination of total nitrogen content by dry combustion (“elemental analysis”) (p. 7). International Organization for Standardization. https://www.iso.org/standard/23117.html Jones, R. W. (2014). Foraminifera and their applications. Cambridge University Press, New York. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139567619 Klootwijk, A. T., Alve, E., Hess, S., Renaud, P. E., Sørlie, C., & Dolven, J. K. (2021). Monitoring environmental impacts of fish farms: Comparing reference conditions of sediment geochemistry and benthic foraminifera with the present. Ecological Indicators, 120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106818 Kranner, M., Harzhauser, M., Beer, C., Auer, G., & Piller, W. E. (2022). Calculating dissolved marine oxygen values based on an enhanced Benthic Foraminifera Oxygen Index. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-05295-8 Krishnaswamy, S., Lal, D., Martin, J. M., & Meybeck, M. (1971). Geochronology of lake sediments. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 11(1–5), 407–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(71)90202-0 Kutralam-Muniasamy, G., Pérez-Guevara, F., Elizalde-Martínez, I., & Shruti, V. C. (2020). Review of current trends, advances and analytical challenges for microplastics contamination in Latin America. Environmental Pollution, 267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115463 Ladewig, S. M., Bianchi, T. S., Coco, G., Hope, J. A., & Thrush, S. F. (2021). A call to evaluate Plastic’s impacts on marine benthic ecosystem interaction networks. Environmental Pollution, 273, 116423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116423 Lakatos, Á., & Kalmár, F. (2013). Investigation of thickness and density dependence of thermal conductivity of expanded polystyrene insulation materials. Materials and Structures, 46(7), 1101–1105. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-012-9956-5 Lavoy, M., & Crossman, J. (2019). A Novel Method for Organic Matter Removal from Samples Containing Microplastics. Science of the Total Environment, 135907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117357 Lebreton, L. C. M., van der Zwet, J., Damsteeg, J.-W., Slat, B., Andrady, A., & Reisser, J. (2017). River plastic emissions to the world’s oceans. Nature Communications, 8(1), 15611. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15611 Lee, M., & Kim, H. (2022). COVID-19 Pandemic and Microplastic Pollution. Nanomaterials, 12(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12050851 Libes, S. M. (2009). Introduction to marine biochemistry. In Elsevier Science (Ed.), Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Guru Sekolah Dasar (Second, Vol. 6, Issue August). Lin, J., Xu, X. M., Yue, B. Y., Xu, X. P., Liu, J. Z., Zhu, Q., & Wang, J. H. (2021). Multidecadal records of microplastic accumulation in the coastal sediments of the East China Sea. Chemosphere, 270, 128658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128658 Liu, S., Shang, E., Liu, J., Wang, Y., Bolan, N., Kirkham, M. B., & Li, Y. (2022). What have we known so far for fluorescence staining and quantification of microplastics: A tutorial review. Frontiers of Environmental Science and Engineering, 16(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-021-1442-2 Losada Muñoz, D., & Parada Ruffinatti, C. (1986). Foraminíferos bentónicos y su relación con la materia orgánica particulada en el sedimento. Caldasia, 14(68), 563–584. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23641449 Martin, C., Baalkhuyur, F., Valluzzi, L., Saderne, V., Cusack, M., Almahasheer, H., Krishnakumar, P. K., Rabaoui, L., Qurban, M. A., Arias-Ortiz, A., Masqué, P., & Duarte, C. M. (2020). Exponential increase of plastic burial in mangrove sediments as a major plastic sink. Science Advances, 6(44). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz5593 Martin, J., Lusher, A. L., & Nixon, F. C. (2022). A review of the use of microplastics in reconstructing dated sedimentary archives. Science of the Total Environment, 806(7491), 150818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150818 Matsuguma, Y., Takada, H., Kumata, H., Kanke, H., Sakurai, S., Suzuki, T., Itoh, M., Okazaki, Y., Boonyatumanond, R., Zakaria, M. P., Weerts, S., & Newman, B. (2017). Microplastics in sediment cores from Asia and Africa as indicators of temporal trends in plastic pollution. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 73(2), 230–239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-017-0414-9 Meyers, N., Catarino, A. I., Declercq, A. M., Brenan, A., Devriese, L., Vandegehuchte, M., De Witte, B., Janssen, C., & Everaert, G. (2022). Microplastic detection and identification by Nile red staining: Towards a semi-automated, cost- and time-effective technique. Science of the Total Environment, 823, 153441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153441 Miranda, C., & Parada Ruffinatti, C. (1987). Distribución del foramínifero Ammonia beccarii (linné) y su relación con algunos parámetros sedimentológicos en la Ciénaga de los Vásquez (Isla Barú, Colombia). Boletín de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, 17, 49–60. Moore, C. J. (2008). Synthetic polymers in the marine environment: A rapidly increasing, long-term threat. Environmental Research, 108(2), 131–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2008.07.025 Murray, J. (1991). Ecology and palaeoecology of benthic foraminifera. Harlow: Longman scientific and technical. http://lib.ugent.be/catalog/rug01:000310130 Murray, J. (2006). Ecology and Applications of Benthic Foraminifera. Cambridge University Press, New York. www.cambridge.org/9780521828390 Muthu, S. S. (Ed.). (2021). Microplastics Pollution (1st ed.). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0297-9 Nares, G. S., Thomson, F. T., Thomson, C. W., & Murray, J. (1884). Report on the scientific results of the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-76 under the command of Captain George S. Nares ... and the late Captain Frank Tourle Thomson, R.N: Vol. Zoology v. Neill and company. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/18396 Nelms, S. E., Duncan, E. M., Broderick, A. C., Galloway, T. S., Godfrey, M. H., Hamann, M., Lindeque, P. K., & Godley, B. J. (2016). Plastic and marine turtles: a review and call for research. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 73(2), 165–181. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv165 Nichols, G. (2009). Sedimentology and Stratigraphy (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. http://www.wiley.com/go/nicholssedimentology Ortíz Royero, J. C. (2007). Huracanes y tormentas tropicales en el mar Caribe colombiano desde 1900. Boletín Científico CIOH, 25, 54–60. https://doi.org/10.26640/22159045.162 Parada Ruffinatti, C. (1992). Comparación morfológica de topotipos de Ammonia beccarii (linne) con especímenes del Caribe colombiano, Golfo de Méjico y Atlántico oeste. Parada Ruffinatti, C., Camacho Rodríguez, C., Caro Caro, C. I., González Contreras, L. S., & Miranda, C. (1996). Lagunas Costeras de Barú, Foraminíferos bentónicos y sedimentos. In Foraminíferos del Pleistoceno - Holoceno en el Caribe Colombiano (pp. 115–215). Patel, R. M. (2016). Polyethylene. Multilayer Flexible Packaging: Second Edition, 17–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-37100-1.00002-8 Pérez-Asensio, J. N., & Rodríguez-Ramírez, A. (2020). Benthic Foraminiferal Salinity index in marginal-marine environments: A case study from the Holocene Guadalquivir estuary, SW Spain. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 560(September), 110021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.110021 Plafcan, M. M., Schwing, P. T., Romero, I. C., Brooks, G. R., Larson, R. A., O’Malley, B. J., & Stallings, C. D. (2024). Benthic foraminifera in Gulf of Mexico show temporal and spatial dynamics of microplastics. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 200(February), 116090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116090 Prata, J. C., Alves, J. R., da Costa, J. P., Duarte, A. C., & Rocha-Santos, T. (2020). Major factors influencing the quantification of Nile Red stained microplastics and improved automatic quantification (MP-VAT 2.0). Science of the Total Environment, 719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137498 Prata, J. C., da Costa, J. P., Duarte, A. C., & Rocha-Santos, T. (2019). Methods for sampling and detection of microplastics in water and sediment: A critical review. TrAC - Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 110, 150–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2018.10.029 Prata, J. C., Manana, M. J., Duarte, A. C., & Rocha-santos, T. (2020). What Is the Minimum Volume of Sample to Find Sampling of Aveiro Lagoon and Vouga River, Portugal. Water, 12(1219), 1–10. Prata, J. C., Reis, V., Matos, J. T. V., da Costa, J. P., Duarte, A. C., & Rocha-Santos, T. (2019). A new approach for routine quantification of microplastics using Nile Red and automated software (MP-VAT). Science of the Total Environment, 690, 1277–1283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.060 Pregnolato, L. A., Viana, R. D. A., Passos, C. C., Misailidis, M. L., & Duleba, W. (2018). Ammonia-Elphidium Index as a proxy for marine pollution assessment, Northeast Brazil. Journal of Sedimentary Environments, 3(3), 176–186. https://doi.org/10.12957/jse.2018.38001 Rangel-Buitrago, N., Arroyo-Olarte, H., Trilleras, J., Arana, V. A., Mantilla-Barbosa, E., Gracia C, A., Mendoza, A. V., Neal, W. J., Williams, A. T., & Micallef, A. (2021). Microplastics pollution on Colombian Central Caribbean beaches. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 170(June), 112685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112685 Rangel-Buitrago, N., Mendoza, A. V., Mantilla-Barbosa, E., Arroyo-Olarte, H., Arana, V. A., Trilleras, J., Gracia C, A., Neal, W. J., & Williams, A. T. (2021). Plastic pollution on the Colombian central Caribbean beaches. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 162(September), 111837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111837 Rangel-Buitrago, N., & Neal, W. J. (2023). A geological perspective of plastic pollution. Science of The Total Environment, 893(April), 164867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164867 Rangel-Buitrago, N., Ochoa, F. L., Rodríguez, R. D. B., Moreno, J. B., Trilleras, J., Arana, V. A., & Neal, W. J. (2023). Decoding plastic pollution in the geological record: A baseline study on the Caribbean Coast of Colombia, north South America. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 192(April). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114993 Rocha-Santos, T., Costa, M. F., & Mouneyrac, C. (2022). Handbook of Microplastics in the Environment. In Handbook of Microplastics in the Environment. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39041-9 Rogers, K. L., Carreres‐Calabuig, J. A., Gorokhova, E., & Posth, N. R. (2020). Micro‐by‐micro interactions: How microorganisms influence the fate of marine microplastics. Limnology and Oceanography Letters, 5(1), 18–36. https://doi.org/10.1002/lol2.10136 Rönnfeld, W. (2008). Foraminiferen: Ein Katalog typischer Formen. Institut für Geowissenschaften der Universitat Tübingen. Sanchez-Cabeza, J. ., & Ruiz-Fernández, A. C. (2012). 210Pb sediment radiochronology: An integrated formulation and classification of dating models. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 82, 183–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2010.12.024 Saraswati, P. K. (2021). Foraminiferal micropaleontology for understanding earth’s history. Elsevier. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/C2020-0-01137-0 Seeley, M. E., Song, B., Passie, R., & Hale, R. C. (2020). Microplastics affect sedimentary microbial communities and nitrogen cycling. Nature Communications, 11(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16235-3 Sen Gupta, B. K. (2013). Modern Foraminifera. In Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Suokhrie, T., & Saraswat, R. (2017). Foraminifera as Bio-Indicators of Pollution: A Review of Research Over the Last Decade Abundant presence of foraminifera in the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone View project. December. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317184862 Toro, P. P. V., Ibarra-gutierrez, K., Bernal, C. A., & Díaz, L. F. E. (2021). Accumulation Rates Using the 210Pb Dating Method in a Sediment Core of the Cispatá Bay, a Marine Protected Area in the Southwestern Colombian Caribbean. Geology, Earth & Marine Sciences, 3(2), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.31038/gems.2021322 Turner, S., Horton, A. A., Rose, N. L., & Hall, C. (2019). A temporal sediment record of microplastics in an urban lake, London, UK. Journal of Paleolimnology, 61(4), 449–462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-019-00071-7 Uddin, S., Fowler, S. W., Uddin, M. F., Behbehani, M., & Naji, A. (2021). A review of microplastic distribution in sediment profiles. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 163(November 2020), 111973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.111973 UNEP. (2016). Marine Litter Vital Graphics. In United Nations Environment Programme and GRID-Arendal. Nairobi and Arendal. https://ec.europa.eu/environment/marine/good-environmental-status/descriptor-10/pdf/Marine_litter_vital_graphics.pdf Wang, X., Xing, Y., Lv, M., Zhang, T., Ya, H., & Jiang, B. (2022). Recent advances on the effects of microplastics on elements cycling in the environment. Science of the Total Environment, 849(July), 157884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157884 Yao, P., Zhou, B., Lu, Y. H., Yin, Y., Zong, Y. Q., Chen, M. Te, & O’Donnell, Z. (2019). A review of microplastics in sediments: Spatial and temporal occurrences, biological effects, and analytic methods. Quaternary International, 519(March), 274–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2019.03.028 Zaborska, A., Carroll, J. L., Papucci, C., & Pempkowiak, J. (2007). Intercomparison of alpha and gamma spectrometry techniques used in 210Pb geochronology. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 93(1), 38–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2006.11.007 Zheng, Y., Li, J., Cao, W., Jiang, F., Zhao, C., Ding, H., Wang, M., Gao, F., & Sun, C. (2020). Vertical distribution of microplastics in bay sediment reflecting effects of sedimentation dynamics and anthropogenic activities. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 152(December 2019), 110885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.110885
dc.rights.coar.fl_str_mv	http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
dc.rights.license.spa.fl_str_mv	Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional
dc.rights.uri.spa.fl_str_mv	http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv	Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
eu_rights_str_mv	openAccess
dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv	XI, 75 paginas
dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv	application/pdf
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv	Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.publisher.program.spa.fl_str_mv	Caribe - Caribe - Maestría en Ciencias - Biología
dc.publisher.department.spa.fl_str_mv	Centro de estudios en Ciencias del mar-CECIMAR
dc.publisher.faculty.spa.fl_str_mv	Facultad Caribe
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv	San Andrés Isla
dc.publisher.branch.spa.fl_str_mv	Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Caribe
institution	Universidad Nacional de Colombia
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv	https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/86429/1/license.txt https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/86429/2/1032475952.2024.pdf https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/86429/3/1032475952.2024.pdf.jpg
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv	eb34b1cf90b7e1103fc9dfd26be24b4a 1abb9ada5a71f639e0b86cd69ee72bd5 6b4d5cbb69db4dadb3fcb9dc00f83a6d
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv	MD5 MD5 MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv	Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
repository.mail.fl_str_mv	repositorio_nal@unal.edu.co
_version_	1806885969706614784
spelling	Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacionalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Espinosa Díaz, Luisa Fernanda9ae415fc21fbdf88dfc5f8d8ffa5e1aeCampos Campos, Néstor Hernando07b6b37cec1e87c71c366847a7ecae7b600Mora-Galindo, Estefany Andrea99d86f36220a4ae0c1e30a7eddf8f377600Fauna Marina Colombiana: Biodiversidad y UsosMora Galindo, Estefany Andrea [0009000073179505]2024-07-10T20:10:47Z2024-07-10T20:10:47Z2024https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/86429Universidad Nacional de ColombiaRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiahttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/gráficos, imágenes, mapas, tablasThe marine basins have received crescent amounts of plastic since the middle of the last century. Particles smaller than 5 mm are designated microplastics (MPs), and recent studies have revealed that their presence has transformed both the physiochemistry and biology of marine bottoms. To evaluate historical changes in benthic foraminifera and their relationship with the presence of MPs, the composition of the community and the concentration of MPs was evaluated using sediment cores from Ciénaga de los Vásquez, Cartagena, an open marine lagoon. Moreover, core dating analysis was made using 210Pb, which allowed establishing a temporal framework for this study, from 2021±0.31 back to 1961±20.82. The concentrations of MPs reached up to 5358 items/kg in the year 2021±0.31, and a general increase toward the most recent sediments was determined, which reflected global pollution patterns for this material. Although no significant relationship was found between MPs and total carbon and nitrogen, some detailed analyses are suggested to elucidate the historical influence of this pollutant in the sediment chemistry. In addition, variations found in the community of benthic foraminifera (e.g., total abundance, Ammonia-Elphidium index, and test morphology) were mostly determined by an increase in organic matter content and a decrease in water energy. Only triserial morphology was explained by the presence of MPs in the sediment. However, both the identification to species level and that of deformed tests are advised since the influence of microplastics might become evident at these finer levels.Las cuencas marinas han recibido cantidades crecientes de plástico desde mediados del siglo pasado. Las partículas menores a 5 mm se denominan microplásticos (MPs), y estudios recientes han revelado que su presencia ha transformado la biogeoquímica y la estructura biológica de los fondos marinos. Para evaluar los cambios en el tiempo de los foraminíferos bentónicos y su relación con la presencia de MPs, se evaluó la composición de la comunidad y la concentración de MPs usando núcleos de sedimento de la Ciénaga de los Vásquez, Cartagena, una laguna marina abierta. Adicionalmente, se realizó datación con 210Pb con el fin de establecer un marco temporal para este estudio, desde el 2021±0.31 hasta 1961±20.82. Las concentraciones MPs alcanzaron valores de hasta 5358 ítems/kg en el año 2021±0.31, y se determinó un aumento general hacia los sedimentos más recientes, lo que reflejó patrones globales de contaminación para este material. A pesar de no hallar una relación significativa entre los MPs y el carbono y nitrógeno total, algunos análisis fueron sugeridos para dilucidar la influencia histórica de este contaminante en la química del sedimento. Además, las variaciones encontradas en la comunidad de foraminíferos bentónicos (e.g., abundancia total, índice Ammonia-Elphidium, y morfología de conchilla) estuvieron determinadas principalmente por el aumento del contenido de materia orgánica y la disminución de la energía del medio. Únicamente la morfología triserial fue explicada por la presencia de MPs en el sedimento. Sin embargo, se recomienda la identificación a nivel de especie y de conchillas deformadas ya que la influencia de los MPs podría hacerse evidente en estos niveles más detallados (Texto tomado de la fuente)INVEMAR - Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras José Benito Vives de AndréisCEMarin - Corporación Centro de Excelencia en Ciencias MarinasIAEA - International Atomic Energy AgencyMaestríaMagister en ciencias- BiologíaBiología marinaOtra. Sede CaribeXI, 75 paginasapplication/pdfengUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaCaribe - Caribe - Maestría en Ciencias - BiologíaCentro de estudios en Ciencias del mar-CECIMARFacultad CaribeSan Andrés IslaUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Caribe560 - Paleontología::562 - Invertebrados fósiles560 - Paleontología::563 - Miscelánea fósiles marinos y costeros invertebrados570 - Biología::577 - EcologíaMicroplasticBenthic foraminiferaSediment pollutionHistorical analysisMicroplásticosForaminíferos bentónicosContaminación sedimentoAnálisis históricoInfluence of microplastics in the community of benthic foraminifera from a historical perspectiveInfluencia de los microplásticos en la comunidad de foraminíferos bentónicos desde una perspectiva históricaTrabajo de grado - Maestríainfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionTexthttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TMAcoplásticos. (n.d.). Nuestra asociación, quiénes somos. Retrieved August 16, 2022, from https://www.acoplasticos.org/index.php/mnu-nos/mnu-nos-nta-asoAcosta-Coley, I., Duran-Izquierdo, M., Rodriguez-Cavallo, E., Mercado-Camargo, J., Mendez-Cuadro, D., & Olivero-Verbel, J. (2019). Quantification of microplastics along the Caribbean Coastline of Colombia: Pollution profile and biological effects on Caenorhabditis elegans. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 146(June), 574–583. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.06.084Acosta-Herrera, N. C. (2004). Compendio Foraminíferos de Colombia. Universidad Nacional de Colombia.Acosta, K. (2012). Cartagena, entre el progreso industrial y el rezago social. In Documentos de Trabajo Sobre Economía Regional. Banco de la República. https://www.banrep.gov.co/sites/default/files/publicaciones/archivos/dtser_178.pdfAlves Martins, M. V., Hohenegger, J., Martínez-Colón, M., Frontalini, F., Bergamashi, S., Laut, L., Belart, P., Mahiques, M., Pereira, E., Rodrigues, R., Terroso, D., Miranda, P., Geraldes, M. C., Villena, H. H., Reis, T., Socorro, O. A. A., de Mello e Sousa, S. H., Yamashita, C., & Rocha, F. (2020). Ecological quality status of the NE sector of the Guanabara Bay (Brazil): A case of living benthic foraminiferal resilience. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 158(111449). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111449Alves Martins, M. V., Yamashita, C., de Mello e Sousa, S. H., Machado Koutsoukos, E. A., Trevisan Disaró, S., Debenay, J.-P., & Duleba, W. (2019). Response of Benthic Foraminifera to Environmental Variability: Importance of Benthic Foraminifera in Monitoring Studies. In Monitoring of Marine Pollution (pp. 225–240). https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81658Arias-Ortiz, A., Masqué, P., Garcia-Orellana, J., Serrano, O., Mazarrasa, I., Marbá, N., Lovelock, C. E., Lavery, P. S., & Duarte, C. M. (2018). Reviews and syntheses: 210Pb-derived sediment and carbon accumulation rates in vegetated coastal ecosystems - Setting the record straight. Biogeosciences, 15(22), 6791–6818. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6791-2018Birarda, G., Buosi, C., Caridi, F., Casu, M. A., De Giudici, G., Di Bella, L., Medas, D., Meneghini, C., Pierdomenico, M., Sabbatini, A., Surowka, A., & Vaccari, L. (2021). Plastics, (bio)polymers and their apparent biogeochemical cycle: An infrared spectroscopy study on foraminifera. Environmental Pollution, 279, 116912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116912Bouchet, V. M. P., Seuront, L., Tsujimoto, A., Richirt, J., Frontalini, F., Tsuchiya, M., Matsuba, M., & Nomaki, H. (2023). Foraminifera and plastic pollution: Knowledge gaps and research opportunities. Environmental Pollution, 324(January), 121365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121365Camacho, H., & Longobucco, M. (2007). Los invertebrados Fósiles (1a ed.).Capolungo, C., Genovese, D., Montalti, M., Rampazzo, E., Zaccheroni, N., & Prodi, L. (2021). Photoluminescence‐Based Techniques for the Detection of Micro‐ and Nanoplastics. Chemistry—A European Journal, 27, 17529–17541. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1002/chem.202102692Carnahan, E. A., Hoare, A. M., Hallock, P., Lidz, B. H., & Reich, C. D. (2009). Foraminiferal assemblages in Biscayne Bay, Florida, USA: Responses to urban and agricultural influence in a subtropical estuary. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 59(8–12), 221–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.08.008Carson, H. S., Colbert, S. L., Kaylor, M. J., & McDermid, K. J. (2011). Small plastic debris changes water movement and heat transfer through beach sediments. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 62(8), 1708–1713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.05.032Colton Jr, J. B., Burns, B. R., & Knapp, F. D. (1974). Plastic Particles in Surface Waters of the Northwestern Atlantic: The abundance, distribution, source, and significance of various types of plastics are discussed. Science, 185(4150), 491–497. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/185/4150/491Ding, Y., & Ying, S. (2015). Cell Structure, Density and Impact Strength of Cellulose Acetate Foamed with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Cellular Polymers, 34(6), 339–352. https://doi.org/10.1177/026248931503400603Feldmeijer, W., Metcalfe, B., Scussolini, P., & Arthur, K. (2013). The effect of chemical pretreatment of sediment upon foraminiferal-based proxies. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 14(10), 3996–4014. https://doi.org/10.1002/ggge.20233Frias, J., & Nash, R. (2019). Microplastics: Finding a consensus on the definition. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 138, 145–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.11.022Frias, J., Pagter, E., Nash, R., O’Connor, I., Carretero, O., Filgueiras, A., Viñas, L., Gago, J., Antunes, J., Bessa, F., Sobral, P., Goruppi, A., Tirelli, V., Pedrotti, M. L., Suaria, G., Aliani, S., Lopes, C., Raimundo, J., Caetano, M., … Gerdts, G. (2018). Standardised protocol for monitoring microplastics in sediments. JPI-Oceans BASEMAN Project, May, 33. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.36256.89601/1Galindo, A., Costa-Redondo, L. C., Vasco-Echeverri, O., & Arana, V. A. (2023). Microplastic pollution in coastal areas of Colombia: Review. Marine Environmental Research, 190(June). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106027Galloway, T. S., Cole, M., & Lewis, C. (2017). Interactions of microplastic debris throughout the marine ecosystem. Nature Ecology and Evolution, 1, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0116Garcés-Ordóñez, O., Castillo-Olaya, V. A., Granados-Briceño, A. F., Blandón García, L. M., & Espinosa Díaz, L. F. (2019). Marine litter and microplastic pollution on mangrove soils of the Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, Colombian Caribbean. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 145(2), 455–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.06.058Garcés-Ordóñez, O., Espinosa, L. F., Costa Muniz, M., Salles Pereira, L. B., & Meigikos dos Anjos, R. (2021). Abundance, distribution, and characteristics of microplastics in coastal surface waters of the Colombian Caribbean and Pacific. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(32), 43431–43442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13723-xGarcés-Ordóñez, O., Saldarriaga-Vélez, J. F., Espinosa-Díaz, L. F., Canals, M., Sánchez-Vidal, A., & Thiel, M. (2022). A systematic review on microplastic pollution in water, sediments, and organisms from 50 coastal lagoons across the globe. Environmental Pollution, 315(September). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120366Grefstad, A. I. (2019). Marine benthic foraminifera and microplastics Accumulation and effects following short-and long-term exposure [Universitetet i Oslo]. http://www.duo.uio.no/Hallock, P. (2012). The FoRAM Index revisited: uses, challenges, and limitations. Proceedings of the 12th International Coral Reef …, July, 9–13. http://www.icrs2012.com/proceedings/manuscripts/ICRS2012_15F_2.pdfHaynes, J. R. (1981). Foraminifera.Hayward, B. W., Holzmann, M., Pawlowski, J., Parker, J. H., Kaushik, T., Toyofuku, M. S., & Tsuchiya, M. (2021). Molecular and morphological taxonomy of living Ammonia and related taxa (Foraminifera) and their biogeography. Micropaleontology, 67(2), 109–313. https://doi.org/10.47894/mpal.67.2-3.01Hidalgo-Ruz, V., Gutow, L., Thompson, R. C., & Thiel, M. (2012). Microplastics in the marine environment: A review of the methods used for identification and quantification. Environmental Science and Technology, 46(6), 3060–3075. https://doi.org/10.1021/es2031505Hope, J. A., Coco, G., & Thrush, S. F. (2020). Effects of Polyester Microfibers on Microphytobenthos and Sediment-Dwelling Infauna. Environmental Science and Technology, 54(13), 7970–7982. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c00514IAEA. (2012). Radiocronología de Sedimentos Costeros Utilizando 210Pb: Modelos, Validación y Aplicaciones. 118. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/234076951_Radiocronologia_de_Sedimentos_Costeros_Utilizando_210Pb_Modelos_Validacion_y_Aplicaciones/file/32bfe50ededce8cb3e.pdfIAEA. (2021). Guía Para el Uso de Sedimentos en la Reconstrucción Histórica de la Contaminación en Zonas Costeras IAEA-TECDOC-1953. https://doi.org/ISBN 978-92-0-333721-2INVEMAR. (2003). Manual de técnicas analíticas para la determinación de parámetros fisicoquímicos y contaminantes marinos (agua, sedimentos y organismos). Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. www.invemar.org.coISO 10694. (1995). ISO 10694:1995 - Soil quality — Determination of organic and total carbon after dry combustion (elementary analysis) (p. 5). International Organization for Standardization. https://www.iso.org/standard/18782.htmlISO 11464. (2006). Soil quality — Pretreatment of samples for physico-chemical analysis (p. 11). International Organization for Standardization. https://www.iso.org/standard/37718.htmlISO 13878. (1998). Soil quality — Determination of total nitrogen content by dry combustion (“elemental analysis”) (p. 7). International Organization for Standardization. https://www.iso.org/standard/23117.htmlJones, R. W. (2014). Foraminifera and their applications. Cambridge University Press, New York. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139567619Klootwijk, A. T., Alve, E., Hess, S., Renaud, P. E., Sørlie, C., & Dolven, J. K. (2021). Monitoring environmental impacts of fish farms: Comparing reference conditions of sediment geochemistry and benthic foraminifera with the present. Ecological Indicators, 120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106818Kranner, M., Harzhauser, M., Beer, C., Auer, G., & Piller, W. E. (2022). Calculating dissolved marine oxygen values based on an enhanced Benthic Foraminifera Oxygen Index. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-05295-8Krishnaswamy, S., Lal, D., Martin, J. M., & Meybeck, M. (1971). Geochronology of lake sediments. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 11(1–5), 407–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(71)90202-0Kutralam-Muniasamy, G., Pérez-Guevara, F., Elizalde-Martínez, I., & Shruti, V. C. (2020). Review of current trends, advances and analytical challenges for microplastics contamination in Latin America. Environmental Pollution, 267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115463Ladewig, S. M., Bianchi, T. S., Coco, G., Hope, J. A., & Thrush, S. F. (2021). A call to evaluate Plastic’s impacts on marine benthic ecosystem interaction networks. Environmental Pollution, 273, 116423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116423Lakatos, Á., & Kalmár, F. (2013). Investigation of thickness and density dependence of thermal conductivity of expanded polystyrene insulation materials. Materials and Structures, 46(7), 1101–1105. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-012-9956-5Lavoy, M., & Crossman, J. (2019). A Novel Method for Organic Matter Removal from Samples Containing Microplastics. Science of the Total Environment, 135907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117357Lebreton, L. C. M., van der Zwet, J., Damsteeg, J.-W., Slat, B., Andrady, A., & Reisser, J. (2017). River plastic emissions to the world’s oceans. Nature Communications, 8(1), 15611. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15611Lee, M., & Kim, H. (2022). COVID-19 Pandemic and Microplastic Pollution. Nanomaterials, 12(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12050851Libes, S. M. (2009). Introduction to marine biochemistry. In Elsevier Science (Ed.), Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Guru Sekolah Dasar (Second, Vol. 6, Issue August).Lin, J., Xu, X. M., Yue, B. Y., Xu, X. P., Liu, J. Z., Zhu, Q., & Wang, J. H. (2021). Multidecadal records of microplastic accumulation in the coastal sediments of the East China Sea. Chemosphere, 270, 128658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128658Liu, S., Shang, E., Liu, J., Wang, Y., Bolan, N., Kirkham, M. B., & Li, Y. (2022). What have we known so far for fluorescence staining and quantification of microplastics: A tutorial review. Frontiers of Environmental Science and Engineering, 16(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-021-1442-2Losada Muñoz, D., & Parada Ruffinatti, C. (1986). Foraminíferos bentónicos y su relación con la materia orgánica particulada en el sedimento. Caldasia, 14(68), 563–584. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23641449Martin, C., Baalkhuyur, F., Valluzzi, L., Saderne, V., Cusack, M., Almahasheer, H., Krishnakumar, P. K., Rabaoui, L., Qurban, M. A., Arias-Ortiz, A., Masqué, P., & Duarte, C. M. (2020). Exponential increase of plastic burial in mangrove sediments as a major plastic sink. Science Advances, 6(44). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz5593Martin, J., Lusher, A. L., & Nixon, F. C. (2022). A review of the use of microplastics in reconstructing dated sedimentary archives. Science of the Total Environment, 806(7491), 150818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150818Matsuguma, Y., Takada, H., Kumata, H., Kanke, H., Sakurai, S., Suzuki, T., Itoh, M., Okazaki, Y., Boonyatumanond, R., Zakaria, M. P., Weerts, S., & Newman, B. (2017). Microplastics in sediment cores from Asia and Africa as indicators of temporal trends in plastic pollution. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 73(2), 230–239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-017-0414-9Meyers, N., Catarino, A. I., Declercq, A. M., Brenan, A., Devriese, L., Vandegehuchte, M., De Witte, B., Janssen, C., & Everaert, G. (2022). Microplastic detection and identification by Nile red staining: Towards a semi-automated, cost- and time-effective technique. Science of the Total Environment, 823, 153441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153441Miranda, C., & Parada Ruffinatti, C. (1987). Distribución del foramínifero Ammonia beccarii (linné) y su relación con algunos parámetros sedimentológicos en la Ciénaga de los Vásquez (Isla Barú, Colombia). Boletín de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, 17, 49–60.Moore, C. J. (2008). Synthetic polymers in the marine environment: A rapidly increasing, long-term threat. Environmental Research, 108(2), 131–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2008.07.025Murray, J. (1991). Ecology and palaeoecology of benthic foraminifera. Harlow: Longman scientific and technical. http://lib.ugent.be/catalog/rug01:000310130Murray, J. (2006). Ecology and Applications of Benthic Foraminifera. Cambridge University Press, New York. www.cambridge.org/9780521828390Muthu, S. S. (Ed.). (2021). Microplastics Pollution (1st ed.). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0297-9Nares, G. S., Thomson, F. T., Thomson, C. W., & Murray, J. (1884). Report on the scientific results of the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-76 under the command of Captain George S. Nares ... and the late Captain Frank Tourle Thomson, R.N: Vol. Zoology v. Neill and company. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/18396Nelms, S. E., Duncan, E. M., Broderick, A. C., Galloway, T. S., Godfrey, M. H., Hamann, M., Lindeque, P. K., & Godley, B. J. (2016). Plastic and marine turtles: a review and call for research. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 73(2), 165–181. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv165Nichols, G. (2009). Sedimentology and Stratigraphy (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. http://www.wiley.com/go/nicholssedimentologyOrtíz Royero, J. C. (2007). Huracanes y tormentas tropicales en el mar Caribe colombiano desde 1900. Boletín Científico CIOH, 25, 54–60. https://doi.org/10.26640/22159045.162Parada Ruffinatti, C. (1992). Comparación morfológica de topotipos de Ammonia beccarii (linne) con especímenes del Caribe colombiano, Golfo de Méjico y Atlántico oeste.Parada Ruffinatti, C., Camacho Rodríguez, C., Caro Caro, C. I., González Contreras, L. S., & Miranda, C. (1996). Lagunas Costeras de Barú, Foraminíferos bentónicos y sedimentos. In Foraminíferos del Pleistoceno - Holoceno en el Caribe Colombiano (pp. 115–215).Patel, R. M. (2016). Polyethylene. Multilayer Flexible Packaging: Second Edition, 17–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-37100-1.00002-8Pérez-Asensio, J. N., & Rodríguez-Ramírez, A. (2020). Benthic Foraminiferal Salinity index in marginal-marine environments: A case study from the Holocene Guadalquivir estuary, SW Spain. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 560(September), 110021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.110021Plafcan, M. M., Schwing, P. T., Romero, I. C., Brooks, G. R., Larson, R. A., O’Malley, B. J., & Stallings, C. D. (2024). Benthic foraminifera in Gulf of Mexico show temporal and spatial dynamics of microplastics. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 200(February), 116090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116090Prata, J. C., Alves, J. R., da Costa, J. P., Duarte, A. C., & Rocha-Santos, T. (2020). Major factors influencing the quantification of Nile Red stained microplastics and improved automatic quantification (MP-VAT 2.0). Science of the Total Environment, 719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137498Prata, J. C., da Costa, J. P., Duarte, A. C., & Rocha-Santos, T. (2019). Methods for sampling and detection of microplastics in water and sediment: A critical review. TrAC - Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 110, 150–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2018.10.029Prata, J. C., Manana, M. J., Duarte, A. C., & Rocha-santos, T. (2020). What Is the Minimum Volume of Sample to Find Sampling of Aveiro Lagoon and Vouga River, Portugal. Water, 12(1219), 1–10.Prata, J. C., Reis, V., Matos, J. T. V., da Costa, J. P., Duarte, A. C., & Rocha-Santos, T. (2019). A new approach for routine quantification of microplastics using Nile Red and automated software (MP-VAT). Science of the Total Environment, 690, 1277–1283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.060Pregnolato, L. A., Viana, R. D. A., Passos, C. C., Misailidis, M. L., & Duleba, W. (2018). Ammonia-Elphidium Index as a proxy for marine pollution assessment, Northeast Brazil. Journal of Sedimentary Environments, 3(3), 176–186. https://doi.org/10.12957/jse.2018.38001Rangel-Buitrago, N., Arroyo-Olarte, H., Trilleras, J., Arana, V. A., Mantilla-Barbosa, E., Gracia C, A., Mendoza, A. V., Neal, W. J., Williams, A. T., & Micallef, A. (2021). Microplastics pollution on Colombian Central Caribbean beaches. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 170(June), 112685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112685Rangel-Buitrago, N., Mendoza, A. V., Mantilla-Barbosa, E., Arroyo-Olarte, H., Arana, V. A., Trilleras, J., Gracia C, A., Neal, W. J., & Williams, A. T. (2021). Plastic pollution on the Colombian central Caribbean beaches. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 162(September), 111837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111837Rangel-Buitrago, N., & Neal, W. J. (2023). A geological perspective of plastic pollution. Science of The Total Environment, 893(April), 164867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164867Rangel-Buitrago, N., Ochoa, F. L., Rodríguez, R. D. B., Moreno, J. B., Trilleras, J., Arana, V. A., & Neal, W. J. (2023). Decoding plastic pollution in the geological record: A baseline study on the Caribbean Coast of Colombia, north South America. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 192(April). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114993Rocha-Santos, T., Costa, M. F., & Mouneyrac, C. (2022). Handbook of Microplastics in the Environment. In Handbook of Microplastics in the Environment. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39041-9Rogers, K. L., Carreres‐Calabuig, J. A., Gorokhova, E., & Posth, N. R. (2020). Micro‐by‐micro interactions: How microorganisms influence the fate of marine microplastics. Limnology and Oceanography Letters, 5(1), 18–36. https://doi.org/10.1002/lol2.10136Rönnfeld, W. (2008). Foraminiferen: Ein Katalog typischer Formen. Institut für Geowissenschaften der Universitat Tübingen.Sanchez-Cabeza, J. ., & Ruiz-Fernández, A. C. (2012). 210Pb sediment radiochronology: An integrated formulation and classification of dating models. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 82, 183–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2010.12.024Saraswati, P. K. (2021). Foraminiferal micropaleontology for understanding earth’s history. Elsevier. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/C2020-0-01137-0Seeley, M. E., Song, B., Passie, R., & Hale, R. C. (2020). Microplastics affect sedimentary microbial communities and nitrogen cycling. Nature Communications, 11(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16235-3Sen Gupta, B. K. (2013). Modern Foraminifera. In Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling. Kluwer Academic Publishers.Suokhrie, T., & Saraswat, R. (2017). Foraminifera as Bio-Indicators of Pollution: A Review of Research Over the Last Decade Abundant presence of foraminifera in the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone View project. December. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317184862Toro, P. P. V., Ibarra-gutierrez, K., Bernal, C. A., & Díaz, L. F. E. (2021). Accumulation Rates Using the 210Pb Dating Method in a Sediment Core of the Cispatá Bay, a Marine Protected Area in the Southwestern Colombian Caribbean. Geology, Earth & Marine Sciences, 3(2), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.31038/gems.2021322Turner, S., Horton, A. A., Rose, N. L., & Hall, C. (2019). A temporal sediment record of microplastics in an urban lake, London, UK. Journal of Paleolimnology, 61(4), 449–462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-019-00071-7Uddin, S., Fowler, S. W., Uddin, M. F., Behbehani, M., & Naji, A. (2021). A review of microplastic distribution in sediment profiles. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 163(November 2020), 111973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.111973UNEP. (2016). Marine Litter Vital Graphics. In United Nations Environment Programme and GRID-Arendal. Nairobi and Arendal. https://ec.europa.eu/environment/marine/good-environmental-status/descriptor-10/pdf/Marine_litter_vital_graphics.pdfWang, X., Xing, Y., Lv, M., Zhang, T., Ya, H., & Jiang, B. (2022). Recent advances on the effects of microplastics on elements cycling in the environment. Science of the Total Environment, 849(July), 157884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157884Yao, P., Zhou, B., Lu, Y. H., Yin, Y., Zong, Y. Q., Chen, M. Te, & O’Donnell, Z. (2019). A review of microplastics in sediments: Spatial and temporal occurrences, biological effects, and analytic methods. Quaternary International, 519(March), 274–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2019.03.028Zaborska, A., Carroll, J. L., Papucci, C., & Pempkowiak, J. (2007). Intercomparison of alpha and gamma spectrometry techniques used in 210Pb geochronology. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 93(1), 38–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2006.11.007Zheng, Y., Li, J., Cao, W., Jiang, F., Zhao, C., Ding, H., Wang, M., Gao, F., & Sun, C. (2020). Vertical distribution of microplastics in bay sediment reflecting effects of sedimentation dynamics and anthropogenic activities. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 152(December 2019), 110885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.110885CECIMAR - Instituto de Estudios en Ciencias del MarEstudiantesInvestigadoresMaestrosPúblico generalLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-85879https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/86429/1/license.txteb34b1cf90b7e1103fc9dfd26be24b4aMD51ORIGINAL1032475952.2024.pdf1032475952.2024.pdfTesis de maestría en Ciencias Biologíaapplication/pdf3616946https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/86429/2/1032475952.2024.pdf1abb9ada5a71f639e0b86cd69ee72bd5MD52THUMBNAIL1032475952.2024.pdf.jpg1032475952.2024.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg4710https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/86429/3/1032475952.2024.pdf.jpg6b4d5cbb69db4dadb3fcb9dc00f83a6dMD53unal/86429oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/864292024-07-10 23:11:29.181Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiarepositorio_nal@unal.edu.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

Influence of microplastics in the community of benthic foraminifera from a historical perspective

Publicaciones similares