Determinación de la actividad in vivo sobre la biosíntesis y acción de andrógenos endógenos de sustancias liquénicas seleccionadas

Ilustraciones y fotografías

Autores:: López Ladino, Johan Arturo

Tipo de recurso:

Fecha de publicación:: 2021

Institución:: Universidad Nacional de Colombia

Repositorio:: Universidad Nacional de Colombia

Idioma:: spa

id	UNACIONAL2_a22d19643811d55ec07f389ffd016422
oai_identifier_str	oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/80081
network_acronym_str	UNACIONAL2
network_name_str	Universidad Nacional de Colombia
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv	Determinación de la actividad in vivo sobre la biosíntesis y acción de andrógenos endógenos de sustancias liquénicas seleccionadas
dc.title.translated.eng.fl_str_mv	Determination of the in vivo activity on the biosynthesis and action of endogenous androgens of selected lichenic substances
title	Determinación de la actividad in vivo sobre la biosíntesis y acción de andrógenos endógenos de sustancias liquénicas seleccionadas
spellingShingle	Determinación de la actividad in vivo sobre la biosíntesis y acción de andrógenos endógenos de sustancias liquénicas seleccionadas 610 - Medicina y salud::615 - Farmacología y terapéutica Antagonistas de hormonas Hormone antagonists Farmacología Pharmacology Bioactive compounds Compuestos bioactivos Sustancias liquénicas Antiandrógenos Próstata Lichen origin compounds Antiandrogens Prostate
title_short	Determinación de la actividad in vivo sobre la biosíntesis y acción de andrógenos endógenos de sustancias liquénicas seleccionadas
title_full	Determinación de la actividad in vivo sobre la biosíntesis y acción de andrógenos endógenos de sustancias liquénicas seleccionadas
title_fullStr	Determinación de la actividad in vivo sobre la biosíntesis y acción de andrógenos endógenos de sustancias liquénicas seleccionadas
title_full_unstemmed	Determinación de la actividad in vivo sobre la biosíntesis y acción de andrógenos endógenos de sustancias liquénicas seleccionadas
title_sort	Determinación de la actividad in vivo sobre la biosíntesis y acción de andrógenos endógenos de sustancias liquénicas seleccionadas
dc.creator.fl_str_mv	López Ladino, Johan Arturo
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv	Valencia Islas, Norma Angélica
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv	López Ladino, Johan Arturo
dc.contributor.researchgroup.spa.fl_str_mv	Grupo de Investigación en Química Medicinal Grupo de Investigación en Estudios Biológicos y Fisicoquímicos de Líquenes Colombianos
dc.subject.ddc.spa.fl_str_mv	610 - Medicina y salud::615 - Farmacología y terapéutica
topic	610 - Medicina y salud::615 - Farmacología y terapéutica Antagonistas de hormonas Hormone antagonists Farmacología Pharmacology Bioactive compounds Compuestos bioactivos Sustancias liquénicas Antiandrógenos Próstata Lichen origin compounds Antiandrogens Prostate
dc.subject.lemb.none.fl_str_mv	Antagonistas de hormonas Hormone antagonists Farmacología Pharmacology Bioactive compounds Compuestos bioactivos
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv	Sustancias liquénicas Antiandrógenos Próstata
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv	Lichen origin compounds Antiandrogens Prostate
description	Ilustraciones y fotografías
publishDate	2021
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2021-09-02T15:47:41Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv	2021-09-02T15:47:41Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv	2021
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv	Trabajo de grado - Maestría
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv	Text
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv	http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TM
status_str	acceptedVersion
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv	https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/80081
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv	Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv	Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv	https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/
url	https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/80081 https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv	Universidad Nacional de Colombia Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv	spa
language	spa
dc.relation.references.eng.fl_str_mv	Aggarwal, S., Thareja, S., Verma, A., Bhardwaj, T.R., Kumar, M., 2010. An overview on 5alpha-reductase inhibitors. Steroids 75, 109–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.steroids.2009.10.005 Applegate, C.C., Rowles, J.L., Ranard, K.M., Jeon, S., Erdman, J.W., 2018. Soy Consumption and the Risk of Prostate Cancer: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10010040 Argüello-Galindo, J.J., 2019. Determinación del potencial del hongo liquenizado Bunodophoron melanocarpum como fuente de compuestos duales con actividad foto-protectora y antioxidante (Tesis Maestría). Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Asplund, J., Wardle, D.A., 2017. How lichens impact on terrestrial community and ecosystem properties. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 92, 1720–1738. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12305 Azzouni, F., Godoy, A., Li, Y., Mohler, J., 2012. The 5 Alpha-Reductase Isozyme Family: A Review of Basic Biology and Their Role in Human Diseases. Adv Urol 2012. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/530121 Bazin, M.-A., Le Lamer, A.-C., Delcros, J.-G., Rouaud, I., Uriac, P., Boustie, J., Corbel, J.-C., Tomasi, S., 2008. Synthesis and cytotoxic activities of usnic acid derivatives. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 16, 6860–6866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2008.05.069 Bechis, S.K., Otsetov, A.G., Ge, R., Olumi, A.F., 2014. Personalized medicine for the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia. J. Urol. 192, 16–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2014.01.114 Beer, T.M., Armstrong, A.J., Rathkopf, D.E., Loriot, Y., Sternberg, C.N., Higano, C.S., Iversen, P., Bhattacharya, S., Carles, J., Chowdhury, S., Davis, I.D., de Bono, J.S., Evans, C.P., Fizazi, K., Joshua, A.M., Kim, C.-S., Kimura, G., Mainwaring, P., Mansbach, H., Miller, K., Noonberg, S.B., Perabo, F., Phung, D., Saad, F., Scher, H.I., Taplin, M.-E., Venner, P.M., Tombal, B., 2014. Enzalutamide in Metastatic Prostate Cancer before Chemotherapy. N Engl J Med 371, 424–433. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1405095 Bhasin, S., Jasuja, R., 2009. Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs) as Function Promoting Therapies. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 12, 232–240. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0b013e32832a3d79 Bolton, E.M., Lynch, T., 2018. Are all gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonists equivalent for the treatment of prostate cancer? A systematic review. BJU Int. 122, 371–383. https://doi.org/10.1111/bju.14168 Botelho-Lourenço, E.L., Centeno Muller, J., Boareto, A.C., Gomes, C., Lourenço, A.C., Minatovicz, B., Crestani, S., Gasparotto, A., Martino-Andrade, A.J., Dalsenter, P.R., 2012. Screening for in vivo (anti)estrogenic and (anti)androgenic activities of Tropaeolum majus L. and its effect on uterine contractility. J Ethnopharmacol 141, 418–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.03.004 Bratoeff, E., García, P., Heuze, Y., Soriano, J., Mejía, A., Labastida, A.M., Valencia, N., Cabeza, M., 2010. Molecular interactions of progesterone derivatives with 5 alpha-reductase types 1 and 2 and androgen receptors. Steroids 75, 499–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.steroids.2010.03.006 Bratoeff, E., Ramirez, E., Valencia, N., 1997. The Pharmacology of the Antiandrogens [WWW Document]. ResearchGate. URL https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289218409_The_Pharmacology_of_the_Antiandrogens (accessed 6.24.19). Bratoeff, E., Sainz, T., Cabeza, M., Heuze, I., Recillas, S., Pérez, V., Rodríguez, C., Segura, T., Gonzáles, J., Ramírez, E., 2007. Steroids with a carbamate function at C-17, a novel class of inhibitors for human and hamster steroid 5alpha-reductase. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 107, 48–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2007.03.038 Bravo, L.E., Muñoz, N., Bravo, L.E., Muñoz, N., 2018. Epidemiology of cancer in Colombia. Colombia Médica 49, 9–12. https://doi.org/10.25100/cm.v49i1.3877 Brooke, G.N., Gamble, S.C., Hough, M.A., Begum, S., Dart, D.A., Odontiadis, M., Powell, S.M., Fioretti, F.M., Bryan, R.A., Waxman, J., Wait, R., Bevan, C.L., 2015. Antiandrogens act as selective androgen receptor modulators at the proteome level in prostate cancer cells. Mol. Cell Proteomics 14, 1201–1216. https://doi.org/10.1074/mcp.M113.036764 Burger, H.G., 2002. Androgen production in women. Fertil. Steril. 77 Suppl 4, S3-5. Cabeza, M., Bratoeff, E., Ramírez, E., Heuze, I., Recillas, S., Berrios, H., Cruz, A., Cabrera, O., Perez, V., 2008. Biological activity of novel progesterone derivatives having a bulky ester side chains at C-3. Steroids 73, 838–843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.steroids.2008.03.006 Calcott, M.J., Ackerley, D.F., Knight, A., Keyzers, R.A., Owen, J.G., 2018. Secondary metabolism in the lichen symbiosis. Chem Soc Rev 47, 1730–1760. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7cs00431a Cardile, V., Graziano, A., Avola, R., Piovano, M., Russo, A., 2016. Potential anticancer activity of lichen secondary metabolite physodic acid. Chemico-Biological Interactions 263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2016.12.007 Centenera, M.M., Selth, L.A., Ebrahimie, E., Butler, L.M., Tilley, W.D., 2018. New Opportunities for Targeting the Androgen Receptor in Prostate Cancer. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 8. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a030478 Chowdhury, S., Beitel, L.K., Lumbroso, R., Purisima, E.O., Paliouras, M., Trifiro, M., 2019. A Targeted Bivalent Androgen Receptor Binding Compound for Prostate Cancer Therapy. Horm Cancer 10, 24–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12672-018-0353-6 Crawford, E.D., Higano, C.S., Shore, N.D., Hussain, M., Petrylak, D.P., 2015. Treating Patients with Metastatic Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer: A Comprehensive Review of Available Therapies. J. Urol. 194, 1537–1547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2015.06.106 Crona, D.J., Milowsky, M.I., Whang, Y.E., 2015. Androgen receptor targeting drugs in castration-resistant prostate cancer and mechanisms of resistance. Clin Pharmacol Ther 98, 582–589. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.256 Culberson, C.F., 1972. Improved conditions and new data for identification of lichen products by standardized thin-layer chromatographic method. Journal of Chromatography A 72, 113–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(72)80013-X Culig, Z., Santer, F.R., 2014. Androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 33, 413–427. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10555-013-9474-0 Cummings, B., 2002. Diversity of Fungi. Pearson Education, Inc. Cuzick, J., Thorat, M.A., Andriole, G., Brawley, O.W., Brown, P.H., Culig, Z., Eeles, R.A., Ford, L.G., Hamdy, F.C., Holmberg, L., Ilic, D., Key, T.J., Vecchia, C.L., Lilja, H., Marberger, M., Meyskens, F.L., Minasian, L.M., Parker, C., Parnes, H.L., Perner, S., Rittenhouse, H., Schalken, J., Schmid, H.-P., Schmitz-Dräger, B.J., Schröder, F.H., Stenzl, A., Tombal, B., Wilt, T.J., Wolk, A., 2014. Prevention and early detection of prostate cancer. The Lancet Oncology 15, e484–e492. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70211-6 Daniyal, M., Siddiqui, Z.A., Akram, M., Asif, H.M., Sultana, S., Khan, A., 2014. Epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 15, 9575–9578. Davey, R.A., Grossmann, M., 2016. Androgen Receptor Structure, Function and Biology: From Bench to Bedside. Clin Biochem Rev 37, 3–15. Davidson, E., Morgentaler, A., 2016. Testosterone Therapy and Prostate Cancer. Urol. Clin. North Am. 43, 209–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ucl.2016.01.007 Denmeade, S.R., Isaacs, J.T., 2002. A history of prostate cancer treatment. Nat Rev Cancer 2, 389–396. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc801 Detti, B., D’Angelillo, R.M., Ingrosso, G., Olmetto, E., Francolini, G., Triggiani, L., Bruni, A., Borghesi, S., Fondelli, S., Carfagno, T., Santini, R., Santoni, R., Trodella, L.E., Livi, L., 2017. Combining Abiraterone and Radiotherapy in Prostate Cancer Patients Who Progressed During Abiraterone Therapy. Anticancer Res. 37, 3717–3722. https://doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.11744 Dunn, M.W., 2017. Prostate Cancer Screening. Semin Oncol Nurs 33, 156–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soncn.2017.02.003 Edwards, J.L., 2008. Diagnosis and management of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Am Fam Physician 77, 1403–1410. Elberry, A.A., Mufti, S.T., Al-Maghrabi, J.A., Abdel-Sattar, E.A., Ashour, O.M., Ghareib, S.A., Mosli, H.A., 2011. Anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative activities of date palm pollen (Phoenix dactylifera) on experimentally-induced atypical prostatic hyperplasia in rats. J Inflamm (Lond) 8, 40. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-9255-8-40 Engelstein, D., Shmueli, J., Bruhis, S., Servadio, C., Abramovici, A., 1996. Citral and testosterone interactions in inducing benign and atypical prostatic hyperplasia in rats. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C, Pharmacol. Toxicol. Endocrinol. 115, 169–177. FDA, 2011. 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs) may increase the risk of a more serious form of prostate cancer [WWW Document]. URL https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm258314.htm (accessed 1.29.19). Fitzpatrick, J.M., Artibani, W., 2006. Therapeutic Strategies for Managing BPH Progression. European Urology Supplements 5, 997–1003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eursup.2006.08.009 Friedrich, N., Völzke, H., Rosskopf, D., Steveling, A., Krebs, A., Nauck, M., Wallaschofski, H., 2008. Reference ranges for serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and testosterone in adult men. J. Androl. 29, 610–617. https://doi.org/10.2164/jandrol.108.005561 Galanty, A., Koczurkiewicz, P., Wnuk, D., Paw, M., Karnas, E., Podolak, I., Węgrzyn, M., Borusiewicz, M., Madeja, Z., Czyż, J., Michalik, M., 2017. Usnic acid and atranorin exert selective cytostatic and anti-invasive effects on human prostate and melanoma cancer cells. Toxicol In Vitro 40, 161–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2017.01.008 Gamat, M., McNeel, D.G., 2017. Androgen deprivation and immunotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer. Endocr. Relat. Cancer. https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-17-0145 Gao, W., Bohl, C.E., Dalton, J.T., 2005. Chemistry and structural biology of androgen receptor. Chem. Rev. 105, 3352–3370. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr020456u Gillessen, S., Omlin, A., Attard, G., de Bono, J.S., Efstathiou, E., Fizazi, K., Halabi, S., Nelson, P.S., Sartor, O., Smith, M.R., Soule, H.R., Akaza, H., Beer, T.M., Beltran, H., Chinnaiyan, A.M., Daugaard, G., Davis, I.D., De Santis, M., Drake, C.G., Eeles, R.A., Fanti, S., Gleave, M.E., Heidenreich, A., Hussain, M., James, N.D., Lecouvet, F.E., Logothetis, C.J., Mastris, K., Nilsson, S., Oh, W.K., Olmos, D., Padhani, A.R., Parker, C., Rubin, M.A., Schalken, J.A., Scher, H.I., Sella, A., Shore, N.D., Small, E.J., Sternberg, C.N., Suzuki, H., Sweeney, C.J., Tannock, I.F., Tombal, B., 2015. Management of patients with advanced prostate cancer: recommendations of the St Gallen Advanced Prostate Cancer Consensus Conference (APCCC) 2015. Ann Oncol 26, 1589–1604. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdv257 Gleason, D.F., 1992. Histologic grading of prostate cancer: A perspective. Human Pathology, The Pathobiology of Prostate Cancer-Part 1 23, 273–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/0046-8177(92)90108-F Gleicher, N., Kushnir, V.A., Weghofer, A., Barad, D.H., 2016. The importance of adrenal hypoandrogenism in infertile women with low functional ovarian reserve: a case study of associated adrenal insufficiency. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 14, 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12958-016-0158-9 Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration, Fitzmaurice, C., Dicker, D., Pain, A., Hamavid, H., Moradi-Lakeh, M., MacIntyre, M.F., Allen, C., Hansen, G., Woodbrook, R., Wolfe, C., Hamadeh, R.R., Moore, A., Werdecker, A., Gessner, B.D., Te Ao, B., McMahon, B., Karimkhani, C., Yu, C., Cooke, G.S., Schwebel, D.C., Carpenter, D.O., Pereira, D.M., Nash, D., Kazi, D.S., De Leo, D., Plass, D., Ukwaja, K.N., Thurston, G.D., Yun Jin, K., Simard, E.P., Mills, E., Park, E.-K., Catalá-López, F., deVeber, G., Gotay, C., Khan, G., Hosgood, H.D., Santos, I.S., Leasher, J.L., Singh, J., Leigh, J., Jonas, J.B., Jonas, J., Sanabria, J., Beardsley, J., Jacobsen, K.H., Takahashi, K., Franklin, R.C., Ronfani, L., Montico, M., Naldi, L., Tonelli, M., Geleijnse, J., Petzold, M., Shrime, M.G., Younis, M., Yonemoto, N., Breitborde, N., Yip, P., Pourmalek, F., Lotufo, P.A., Esteghamati, A., Hankey, G.J., Ali, R., Lunevicius, R., Malekzadeh, R., Dellavalle, R., Weintraub, R., Lucas, R., Hay, R., Rojas-Rueda, D., Westerman, R., Sepan lou, S.G., Nolte, S., Patten, S., Weichenthal, S., Abera, S.F., Fereshtehnejad, S.-M., Shiue, I., Driscoll, T., Vasankari, T., Alsharif, U., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Vlassov, V.V., Marcenes, W.S., Mekonnen, W., Melaku, Y.A., Yano, Y., Artaman, A., Campos, I., MacLachlan, J., Mueller, U., Kim, D., Trillini, M., Eshrati, B., Williams, H.C., Shibuya, K., Dandona, R., Murthy, K., Cowie, B., Amare, A.T., Antonio, C.A., Castañeda-Orjuela, C., van Gool, C.H., Violante, F., Oh, I.-H., Deribe, K., Soreide, K., Knibbs, L., Kereselidze, M., Green, M., Cardenas, R., Roy, N., Tillmann, T., Tillman, T., Li, Y., Krueger, H., Monasta, L., Dey, S., Sheikhbahaei, S., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Kumar, G.A., Sreeramareddy, C.T., Dandona, L., Wang, H., Vollset, S.E., Mokdad, A., Salomon, J.A., Lozano, R., Vos, T., Forouzanfar, M., Lopez, A., Murray, C., Naghavi, M., 2015. The Global Burden of Cancer 2013. JAMA Oncol 1, 505–527. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.0735 Goldstein, A.S., Huang, J., Guo, C., Garraway, I.P., Witte, O.N., 2010. Identification of a cell-of-origin for human prostate cancer. Science 329, 568–571. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1189992 Goyal, P.K., Verma, S., Sharma, A.K., 2016. PHARMACOLOGICAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF LICHEN PARMELIA PERLATA: A REVIEW. International Journal of Research in Ayurveda & Pharmacy 7, 102–107. https://doi.org/10.7897/2277-4343.07138 Gray, L.E., Furr, J., Ostby, J.S., 2005. Hershberger assay to investigate the effects of endocrine-disrupting compounds with androgenic or antiandrogenic activity in castrate-immature male rats. Curr Protoc Toxicol Chapter 16, Unit16.9. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471140856.tx1609s26 Grozescu, T., Popa, F., 2017. Prostate cancer between prognosis and adequate/proper therapy. J Med Life 10, 5–12 Gupta, E., Guthrie, T., Tan, W., 2014. Changing paradigms in management of metastatic Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer (mCRPC). BMC Urol 14, 55. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2490-14-55 Handelsman, D.J., Hirschberg, A.L., Bermon, S., 2018. Circulating Testosterone as the Hormonal Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance. Endocrine Reviews 39, 803–829. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2018-00020 Harris, W.P., Mostaghel, E.A., Nelson, P.S., Montgomery, B., 2009. Androgen deprivation therapy: progress in understanding mechanisms of resistance and optimizing androgen depletion. Nat Clin Pract Urol 6, 76–85. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncpuro1296 Helsen, C., Van den Broeck, T., Voet, A., Prekovic, S., Van Poppel, H., Joniau, S., Claessens, F., 2014. Androgen receptor antagonists for prostate cancer therapy. Endocr. Relat. Cancer 21, T105-118. https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-13-0545 Huneck, S., Yoshimura, I., 1996. Identification of Lichen Substances, 1st Edition. ed. Springer. Instituto Nacional del Cáncer, 2011b. Resección transuretral de la próstata [WWW Document]. National Cancer Institute. URL https://www.cancer.gov/espanol/publicaciones/diccionario (accessed 1.26.19). Inzunza, G., Rada, G., Majerson, A., 2018. Bipolar or monopolar transurethral resection for benign prostatic hyperplasia? Medwave 18, e7134. https://doi.org/10.5867/medwave.2018.01.7134 Jin, J.-X., Wang, H.-Z., Zhai, Z.-X., Ma, B.-L., Li, Q.-F., Xiao, N., Wang, Z.-P., Rodriguez, R., 2017. Transrectal microwave thermotherapy causing a short-time influence on sperm quality in Chinese chronic nonbacterial prostatitis patients. Asian J Androl 19, 548–553. https://doi.org/10.4103/1008-682X.185852 Kelly, S.P., Anderson, W.F., Rosenberg, P.S., Cook, M.B., 2018. Past, Current, and Future Incidence Rates and Burden of Metastatic Prostate Cancer in the United States. Eur Urol Focus 4, 121–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euf.2017.10.014 Kennel, P.F., Pallen, C.T., Bars, R.G., 2004. Evaluation of the rodent Hershberger assay using three reference endocrine disrupters (androgen and antiandrogens). Reproductive Toxicology 18, 63–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2003.10.012 Kim, H., Kim, K.K., Hur, J.-S., 2015. Anticancer Activity of Lichen Metabolites and Their Mechanisms at the Molecular Level, in: Upreti, D.K., Divakar, P.K., Shukla, V., Bajpai, R. (Eds.), Recent Advances in Lichenology: Modern Methods and Approaches in Lichen Systematics and Culture Techniques, Volume 2. Springer India, New Delhi, pp. 201–208. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2235-4_11 Klap, J., Schmid, M., Loughlin, K.R., 2015. The relationship between total testosterone levels and prostate cancer: a review of the continuing controversy. J. Urol. 193, 403–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2014.07.123 Kurup, A., Garg, R., Hansch, C., 2000. Comparative QSAR analysis of 5alpha-reductase inhibitors. Chem. Rev. 100, 909–924. Lamb, A., Neal, D., 2013. Role of the androgen receptor in prostate cancer. Trends in Urology & Men’s Health. Lee, S.W.H., Chan, E.M.C., Lai, Y.K., 2017. The global burden of lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Scientific Reports 7, 7984. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-06628-8 Lempiäinen, J.K., Niskanen, E.A., Vuoti, K.-M., Lampinen, R.E., Göös, H., Varjosalo, M., Palvimo, J.J., 2017. Agonist-specific Protein Interactomes of Glucocorticoid and Androgen Receptor as Revealed by Proximity Mapping. Mol. Cell Proteomics 16, 1462–1474. https://doi.org/10.1074/mcp.M117.067488 Lim, K.B., 2017. Epidemiology of clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia. Asian J Urol 4, 148–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajur.2017.06.004 Lozano, J.A., 2003. Diagnóstico y tratamiento de la hiperplasia benigna de próstata. Offarm 22, 90–98. Lücking, R., Moncada, B., Martínez-Habibe, M.C., Salgado-Negret, B.E., Celis, M., Rojas-Zamora, O., Rodríguez-M, G.M., Brokamp, G., Borsch, T., Lücking, R., Moncada, B., Martínez-Habibe, M.C., Salgado-Negret, B.E., Celis, M., Rojas-Zamora, O., Rodríguez-M, G.M., Brokamp, G., Borsch, T., 2019. Lichen diversity in Colombian Caribbean dry forest remnants. Caldasia 41, 194–214. https://doi.org/10.15446/caldasia.v41n1.71060 Manieri, E., Herrera-Melle, L., Mora, A., Tomás-Loba, A., Leiva-Vega, L., Fernández, D.I., Rodríguez, E., Morán, L., Hernández-Cosido, L., Torres, J.L., Seoane, L.M., Cubero, F.J., Marcos, M., Sabio, G., 2019. Adiponectin accounts for gender differences in hepatocellular carcinoma incidence. J. Exp. Med. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20181288 Marya, S.K.S., Garg, P., Gupta, A.K., Sharma, V.K., 1995. Role of Speman in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, Surgical Journal of North India McEwan, I.J., Brinkmann, A.O., 2000. Androgen Physiology: Receptor and Metabolic Disorders, in: De Groot, L.J., Chrousos, G., Dungan, K., Feingold, K.R., Grossman, A., Hershman, J.M., Koch, C., Korbonits, M., McLachlan, R., New, M., Purnell, J., Rebar, R., Singer, F., Vinik, A. (Eds.), Endotext. MDText.com, Inc., South Dartmouth (MA). McHenry, J., Carrier, N., Hull, E., Kabbaj, M., 2014. Sex differences in anxiety and depression: Role of testosterone. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 35, 42–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.09.001 McKay, R.R., Werner, L., Fiorillo, M., Roberts, J., Heath, E.I., Bubley, G.J., Montgomery, R.B., Taplin, M.-E., 2017. Efficacy of Therapies After Galeterone in Patients With Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer. Clin Genitourin Cancer 15, 463–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clgc.2016.10.006 McLaren, I.D., Jerde, T.J., Bushman, W., 2011. Role of interleukins, IGF and stem cells in BPH. Differentiation 82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diff.2011.06.001 Mohammadi, M., Zambare, V., Malek, L., Gottardo, C., Suntres, Z., Christopher, L., 2020. Lichenochemicals: extraction, purification, characterization, and application as potential anticancer agents. Expert Opin Drug Discov 15, 575–601. https://doi.org/10.1080/17460441.2020.1730325 Mun, S.-K., Kang, K.-Y., Jang, H.-Y., Hwang, Y.-H., Hong, S.-G., Kim, S.-J., Cho, H.-W., Chang, D.-J., Hur, J.-S., Yee, S.-T., 2020. Atraric Acid Exhibits Anti-Inflammatory Effect in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW264.7 Cells and Mouse Models. Int J Mol Sci 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21197070 Murata, K., Hayashi, H., Matsumura, S., Matsuda, H., 2013. Suppression of benign prostate hyperplasia by Kaempferia parviflora rhizome. Pharmacognosy Res 5, 309–314. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8490.118827 Naji, L., Randhawa, H., Sohani, Z., Dennis, B., Lautenbach, D., Kavanagh, O., Bawor, M., Banfield, L., Profetto, J., 2018. Digital Rectal Examination for Prostate Cancer Screening in Primary Care: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ann Fam Med 16, 149–154. https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.2205 Narayanan, R., Coss, C.C., Dalton, J.T., 2018. Development of Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs). Mol Cell Endocrinol 465, 134–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2017.06.013 Nash, T., 2008. Lichen Biology [WWW Document]. Cambridge Core. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511790478 OECD, 2009. Test No. 441: Hershberger Bioassay in Rats [WWW Document]. OECD iLibrary. URL https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/test-no-441-hershberger-bioassay-in-rats_9789264076334-en (accessed 4.22.19). Organización Mundial de la Salud, 1980. Histological Typing of Prostate Tumours. Owens William, Zeiger Errol, Walker Michael, Ashby John, Onyon Lesley, Gray L. Earl, 2006. The OECD Program to Validate the Rat Hershberger Bioassay to Screen Compounds for in Vivo Androgen and Antiandrogen Responses. Phase 1: Use of a Potent Agonist and a Potent Antagonist to Test the Standardized Protocol. Environmental Health Perspectives 114, 1259–1265. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8751 Papaioannou, M., Schleich, S., Prade, I., Degen, S., Roell, D., Schubert, U., Tanner, T., Claessens, F., Matusch, R., Baniahmad, A., 2009. The natural compound atraric acid is an antagonist of the human androgen receptor inhibiting cellular invasiveness and prostate cancer cell growth. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 13, 2210–2223. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00426.x Parasyri, A., Papazi, A., Stamatis, N., Zerveas, S., Avramidou, E.V., Doulis, A.G., Pirintsos, S., Kotzabasis, K., 2018. Lichen as Micro-Ecosystem: Extremophilic Behavior with Astrobiotechnological Applications. Astrobiology 18, 1528–1542. https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2017.1789 Pejčić, T., Tosti, T., Tešić, Ž., Milković, B., Dragičević, D., Kozomara, M., Čekerevac, M., Džamić, Z., 2017. Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone levels in the transition zone correlate with prostate volume. Prostate 77, 1082–1092. https://doi.org/10.1002/pros.23365 Pejčić, T., Tosti, T., Tešić, Ž., Milković, B., Dragičević, D., Kozomara, M., Čekerevac, M., Džamić, Z., 2017. Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone levels in the transition zone correlate with prostate volume. Prostate 77, 1082–1092. https://doi.org/10.1002/pros.23365 Pennisi, E., 2016. A lichen ménage à trois [WWW Document]. Science \| AAAS. URL http://www.sciencemag.org/video/lichen-m-nage-trois (accessed 11.15.17). Perico-Franco, L.S., Soriano-Garcia, M., Cerbon, M.A., Gonzalez-Sanchez, I., Valencia-Islas, N.A., 2015. Secondary Metabolites and Cytotoxic Potential of Lobariella pallida and Stereocaulon strictum var. Compressum, Two Lichens from Colombian Paramo Region. UK Journal of Pharmaceutical Biosciences 3, 31. https://doi.org/10.20510/ukjpb/3/i4/89463 Qian, X., Yu, G., Qian, Y., Xu, D., Liu, H., Kong, X., Zhu, Y., Wang, Z., Zheng, J., Qi, J., 2015. Efficacy of 5α-reductase inhibitors for patients with large benign prostatic hyperplasia (>80 mL) after transurethral resection of the prostate. Aging Male 18, 238–243. https://doi.org/10.3109/13685538.2015.1068750 Qian, X., Yu, G., Qian, Y., Xu, D., Liu, H., Kong, X., Zhu, Y., Wang, Z., Zheng, J., Qi, J., 2015. Efficacy of 5α-reductase inhibitors for patients with large benign prostatic hyperplasia (>80 mL) after transurethral resection of the prostate. Aging Male 18, 238–243. https://doi.org/10.3109/13685538.2015.1068750 Quilhot, W., Garbarino, Juan.A., Piovano, M., Chamy, M.C., Gambaro, V., Oyarzún, M.L., Vinet, C., Hormaechea, V., Friedler, P., 1989. Studies on Chilean lichens. XI Secondary metabolites from Antarctic lichens. Ser. Ciento INACH 39, 75–89. Raggio, J., Pintado, A., Ascaso, C., De La Torre, R., De Los Ríos, A., Wierzchos, J., Horneck, G., Sancho, L.G., 2011. Whole lichen thalli survive exposure to space conditions: results of Lithopanspermia experiment with Aspicilia fruticulosa. Astrobiology 11, 281–292. https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2010.0588 Ranković, B., Kosanic, M., Crawford, S., Stanojkovic, T., Zeytinoglu, H., Odimegwu, D., Ejikeugwu, C., Esimone, C., Verma, N., Behera, B., 2015. Lichen Secondary Metabolites. Bioactive Properties and Pharmaceutical Potential., Ranković, B. ed. Springer. Rebbeck, T.R., 2017. Prostate Cancer Genetics: Variation by Race, Ethnicity, and Geography. Semin Radiat Oncol 27, 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semradonc.2016.08.002 Recouvreux, M.V., Wu, J.B., Gao, A.C., Zonis, S., Chesnokova, V., Bhowmick, N., Chung, L.W., Melmed, S., 2017. Androgen Receptor Regulation of Local Growth Hormone in Prostate Cancer Cells. Endocrinology 158, 2255–2268. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2016-1939 Ricke, W.A., Macoska, J.A., Cunha, G.R., 2011. Developmental, Cellular and Molecular Biology of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Differentiation 82, 165–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diff.2011.08.005 Rikkinen, J., 2007. Cyanolichens: An Evolutionary Overview. pp. 31–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48005-0_4 Roehrborn, C.G., 2008. Pathology of benign prostatic hyperplasia. International Journal of Impotence Research 20, S11–S18. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijir.2008.55 Rove, K.O., Crawford, E.D., 2014. Traditional androgen ablation approaches to advanced prostate cancer: new insights. Can J Urol 21, 14–21. Roved, J., Westerdahl, H., Hasselquist, D., 2017. Sex differences in immune responses: Hormonal effects, antagonistic selection, and evolutionary consequences. Hormones and Behavior, Neuroendocrine-Immune Interactions: Implications for Integrative and Comparative Physiologists 88, 95–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.11.017 Russo, A., Caggia, S., Piovano, M., Garbarino, J., Cardile, V., 2012. Effect of vicanicin and protolichesterinic acid on human prostate cancer cells: role of Hsp70 protein. Chem. Biol. Interact. 195, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2011.10.005 Russo, A., Piovano, M., Lombardo, L., Vanella, L., Cardile, V., Garbarino, J., 2006. Pannarin inhibits cell growth and induces cell death in human prostate carcinoma DU-145 cells. Anticancer Drugs 17, 1163–1169. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.cad.0000236310.66080.ed Sakhri, S., Gooren, L.J., 2007. Safety aspects of androgen treatment with 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Andrologia 39, 216–222. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0272.2007.00786.x Salciccia, S., Gentilucci, A., Cattarino, S., Sciarra, A., 2016. GNRH-agonist or antagonist in the treatment of prostate cancer: a comparision based on oncological results. Urologia 83, 173–178. https://doi.org/10.5301/uro.5000194 Sarma, A.V., Wei, J.T., 2012. Clinical practice. Benign prostatic hyperplasia and lower urinary tract symptoms. N. Engl. J. Med. 367, 248–257. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp1106637 Schalken, J., Fitzpatrick, J.M., 2016. Enzalutamide: targeting the androgen signalling pathway in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. BJU Int. 117, 215–225. https://doi.org/10.1111/bju.13123 Schiffer, L., Arlt, W., Storbeck, K.-H., 2018. Intracrine androgen biosynthesis, metabolism and action revisited. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Androgens – revisiting their role as pleiotropic regulators of tissue function beyond the male reproductive system 465, 4–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2017.08.016 Shtivelman, E., Beer, T.M., Evans, C.P., 2014. Molecular pathways and targets in prostate cancer. Oncotarget 5, 7217–7259. Spribille, T., Tuovinen, V., Resl, P., Vanderpool, D., Wolinski, H., Aime, M.C., Schneider, K., Stabentheiner, E., Toome-Heller, M., Thor, G., Mayrhofer, H., Johannesson, H., McCutcheon, J.P., 2016. Basidiomycete yeasts in the cortex of ascomycete macrolichens. Science 353, 488–492. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf8287 Stein, M.N., Patel, N., Bershadskiy, A., Sokoloff, A., Singer, E.A., 2014. Androgen synthesis inhibitors in the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Asian J. Androl. 16, 387–400. https://doi.org/10.4103/1008-682X.129133 Sternberg, C.N., Petrylak, D.P., Madan, R.A., Parker, C., 2014. Progress in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 117–131. https://doi.org/10.14694/EdBook_AM.2014.34.117 Swerdloff, R.S., Dudley, R.E., Page, S.T., Wang, C., Salameh, W.A., 2017. Dihydrotestosterone: Biochemistry, Physiology, and Clinical Implications of Elevated Blood Levels. Endocr. Rev. 38, 220–254. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2016-1067 Tan, M.E., Li, J., Xu, H.E., Melcher, K., Yong, E., 2015. Androgen receptor: structure, role in prostate cancer and drug discovery. Acta Pharmacol Sin 36, 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1038/aps.2014.18 Timm, G.E., 2008. Intact, Stimulated, Weanling Male Rat Version of the Hershberger Bioassay. Trapani, G., Dazzi, L., Pisu, M.G., Reho, A., Seu, E., Biggio, G., 2002. A rapid method for obtaining finasteride, a 5α-reductase inhibitor, from commercial tablets. Brain Research Protocols 9, 130–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1385-299X(02)00146-0 Uemura, M., Tamura, K., Chung, S., Honma, S., Okuyama, A., Nakamura, Y., Nakagawa, H., 2007. Novel 5 alpha-steroid reductase (SRD5A3, type-3) is overexpressed in hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Cancer Sci. 99, 81–86. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00656.x Valencia-Islas, N., Zambrano, A., Rojas, J.L., 2007. Ozone reactivity and free radical scavenging behavior of phenolic secondary metabolites in lichens exposed to chronic oxidant air pollution from Mexico City. J. Chem. Ecol. 33, 1619–1634. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-007-9330-1 Vickman, R.E., Franco, O.E., Moline, D.C., Vander Griend, D.J., Thumbikat, P., Hayward, S.W., 2020. The role of the androgen receptor in prostate development and benign prostatic hyperplasia: A review. Asian J Urol 7, 191–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajur.2019.10.003 Walters, K.A., Handelsman, D.J., 2018. Role of androgens in the ovary. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Androgens – revisiting their role as pleiotropic regulators of tissue function beyond the male reproductive system 465, 36–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2017.06.026 Wang, G., Zhao, D., Spring, D.J., DePinho, R.A., 2018. Genetics and biology of prostate cancer. Genes Dev 32, 1105–1140. https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.315739.118 Wang, K., Fan, D.-D., Jin, S., Xing, N.-Z., Niu, Y.-N., 2014. Differential expression of 5-alpha reductase isozymes in the prostate and its clinical implications. Asian J. Androl. 16, 274–279. https://doi.org/10.4103/1008-682X.123664 Wang, Z.A., Toivanen, R., Bergren, S.K., Chambon, P., Shen, M.M., 2014. Luminal cells are favored as the cell of origin for prostate cancer. Cell Rep 8, 1339–1346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2014.08.002 Yang, Y.C., Banuelos, C.A., Mawji, N.R., Wang, J., Kato, M., Haile, S., McEwan, I.J., Plymate, S., Sadar, M.D., 2016. Targeting Androgen Receptor Activation Function-1 with EPI to Overcome Resistance Mechanisms in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 22, 4466–4477. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-15-2901 Yu, Z., Cai, C., Gao, S., Simon, N.I., Shen, H.C., Balk, S.P., 2014. Galeterone prevents androgen receptor binding to chromatin and enhances degradation of mutant androgen receptor. Clin. Cancer Res. 20, 4075–4085. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-0292
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv	American Cancer Society, 2017. Factores de riesgo del cáncer de próstata [WWW Document]. URL https://www.cancer.org/es/cancer/cancer-de-prostata/causas-riesgos-prevencion/factores-de-riesgo.html (accessed 11.2.17). Antúnez, P., Herrero, M., Santos-Briz Terrón, Á., Lorenzo Gómez, F., Bullón Sopelana, A., 2011. Hiperplasia benigna de próstata con metaplasia estromal fibroadiposa. Actas Urológicas Españolas 35, 63–64. Arlandis Guzmán, S., García Matres, M.J., González Segura, D., Rebollo, P., 2009. Prevalencia de síntomas del tracto urinario inferior en pacientes con síndrome de vejiga hiperactiva: Manejo del paciente en la práctica clínica habitual. Actas Urológicas Españolas 33, 902–908. Bernal, R., Gradstein, R., Celis, M., 2016. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia Bottino, M., Lanari, C., 2010. Localización extranuclear de receptores esteroides y activación de mecanismos no genómicos. MEDICINA (Buenos Aires) 70, 173–184. Cappeta, M., Stengel, F., 2013. Inhibidores de 5 α reductasa. Perfil de seguridad. Arch. Argent. Dermato. 63, 45–49. Caro-Zapata, F.L., Vásquez-Franco, A., Correa-Galeano, É.D., García-Valencia, J., 2018. Complicaciones infecciosas después de prostatectomía abierta y resección transuretral de próstata en pacientes con hiperplasia prostática benigna. Iatreia 31, 274–283. https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.iatreia.v31n3a05 Cataño, J.G.C., Morales, C.E., 2009. Evaluacion de la calidad de vida asociada a la salud en los pacientes sometidos a prostatectomia radical abierta por carcinoma de próstata clinicamente localizado. Urología colombiana 18, 2–16. Fonseca, I., Valencia, N., 2018. Estudio de acomplamiento molecular entre enzima 5 alfa reductasa (isoforma II) y algunas sustancias de origen liquénico con posible actividad frente a la hiperplasia prostática benigna. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Globocan, 2021a. Estadísticas de cáncer en Colombia. Globocan, 2021b. Estadísticas de cáncer a nivel mundial. Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, 2017. Análisis de situación del cáncer en Colombia 2015. Instituto Nacional de Cancerología ESE, Sociedad Colombiana de Urología, 2013. Guía de práctica clínica (GPC) para la detección temprana, diagnóstico, tratamiento, seguimiento y rehabilitación del cáncer de próstata. Instituto Nacional del Cáncer, 2011a. Hiperplasia prostática benigna [WWW Document]. National Cancer Institute. URL https://www.cancer.gov/espanol/publicaciones/diccionario (accessed 1.26.19). Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social, 2012. Plan nacional para el control del cáncer en Colombia 2012 - 2020. Molano-Merchán, M.P., Valencia-Islas, N., 2013. Estudio computacional de la potencial actividad sobre el receptor de andrógenos de metabolitos secundarios de líquenes. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá D.C., Colombia. Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2013. Cáncer en las Américas. Perfiles de País [WWW Document]. URL https://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_docman&view=list&layout=table&own=0&Itemid=270&lang=es (accessed 11.4.20). Pérez Guerra, Y., Molina Cuevas, V., Oyarzábal Yera, A., Mas Ferreiro, R., 2011. Tratamiento farmacológico en la hiperplasia prostática benigna. Revista Cubana de Farmacia 45, 109–126. Perico-Franco, L.S., 2011. Antioxidantes de los líquenes Stereocaulon strictum (Stereocaulaceae) y Lobariella pallida (Lobariaceae) y determinación de su potencial citotoxicidad (Tesis Doctoral). Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Polanía-Patiño, A., 2020. Determinación in vitro del efecto de algunas sustancias liquénicas seleccionadas sobre el receptor de andrógenos, la enzima 5alfa-reductasa y la aromatasa para valorarlos como posibles prototipos de fármacos para el tratamiento de desórdenes dependientes de andrógenos. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá D.C., Colombia Poveda-Matiz, J.L., Reyes, N.J.A., Becerra, M.P.S., Almendrales, F.P.D., 2014. Evolución de la mortalidad por cáncer de próstata en Colombia: estudio ecológico. Revista Urología Colombiana XXIII, 3–10. Rodriguez Socha, D.A., 2014. Síntesis y evaluación biológica in vivo de un nuevo análogo del androstano con actividad potencial sobre la biosíntesis y acción de andrógenos endógenos. (Tesis Maestria). Universidad Nacional de Colombia Rojas-Durán, F., Denes, J.M., Cid, A.H.S., Abreu, G.E.A., Aguilar, E.J., Ávila, G.A.C., Cárdenas, R.T., Espinoza, J.L., Hernández, M.E., 2011. El receptor a andrógenos en la fisiopatología prostática. eNeurobiología 2, 1–15. Santana, L., Wong, H., 2004. Criterios actuales para evaluar la conducta a seguir con los pacientes que padecen de hiperplasia prostática benigna. Revista Cubana de Cirugía 43, 0–0. Sociedad Colombiana de Urología, 2014. Guía de manejo hiperplasia prostática benigna. Vaillant, D., 2014. Los líquenes, una alternativa para el control de fitopatógenos. Fitosanidad 18, 51–57.
dc.rights.coar.fl_str_mv	http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
dc.rights.license.spa.fl_str_mv	Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional
dc.rights.uri.spa.fl_str_mv	http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv	Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
eu_rights_str_mv	openAccess
dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv	xvi, 131 páginas
dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv	application/pdf
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv	Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.publisher.program.spa.fl_str_mv	Bogotá - Ciencias - Maestría en Ciencias - Farmacología
dc.publisher.department.spa.fl_str_mv	Departamento de Farmacia
dc.publisher.faculty.spa.fl_str_mv	Facultad de Ciencias
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv	Bogotá, Colombia
dc.publisher.branch.spa.fl_str_mv	Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá
institution	Universidad Nacional de Colombia
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv	https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/80081/1/license.txt https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/80081/2/1013629454.2021.pdf https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/80081/3/1013629454.2021.pdf.jpg
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv	cccfe52f796b7c63423298c2d3365fc6 e5bb35c7670068f8636a0a05070bdbb8 2a30e85c9dcdc8f41f9f0568cbd40641
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv	MD5 MD5 MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv	Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
repository.mail.fl_str_mv	repositorio_nal@unal.edu.co
_version_	1806886117486624768
spelling	Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacionalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Valencia Islas, Norma Angélicaf66d4b4578cb5465e1d308cd1c9b7490600López Ladino, Johan Arturoecb655f0a94a00181ae2bbdad7187243Grupo de Investigación en Química MedicinalGrupo de Investigación en Estudios Biológicos y Fisicoquímicos de Líquenes Colombianos2021-09-02T15:47:41Z2021-09-02T15:47:41Z2021https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/80081Universidad Nacional de ColombiaRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiahttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/Ilustraciones y fotografíasWith the objective to contribute the discovering of drugs to treat the disorders endogen androgen-dependent like prostate cancer (CP) and prostatic benign hyperplasia, which are public health problem worldwide and in Colombia because their high morbidity and mortality in mature men, in this investigation the in vivo activity of the lichen origin compounds sphaerophorin (1) and atraric acid (2) was evaluated. These compounds have been active in vitro on targets involved in the biosynthesis and action of endogen androgens. The compounds 1 y 2 were obtained from the lichens Bunodophoron melanocarpum and Stereocaulon strictum using phytochemical techniques. Their identity was confirmed by their spectroscopic RMN 1H and 13C data that was compared with the literature. The in vivo activity on the biosynthesis and action of endogen androgens was determined by Hershberger bioassay using male Wistar rats. The animals were castrated under anesthesia (Ketamine 75 mg/kg and xilacine 10 mg/kg) intraperitoneal ten days before the experiment. Then, the rats were distributed randomly in 5 groups of 7 individuals each one. Three groups were the controls: vegetal oil (AV) (200 µL, vehicle); testosterone propionate (TP) (0.4 mg/kg dissolved in the vehicle); and TP (0.4 mg/kg) + finasteride (F) (positive control) (1 mg/kg dissolved in 200 µL of vehicle) subcutaneously. The fourth and fifth groups had the test compounds (both 2 mg/kg dissolved in 200 µL of vehicle) + TP (0.4 mg/kg) that were administrated once daily for 10 days subcutaneously. The day after the last administration, the animals were sacrificed and their organs androgen dependents (prostate, seminal vesicles, bulbocavernosus muscle, Cowper glands and glans) and no androgen dependents (adrenal glands, kidneys, and liver) were obtained and weight. This data was expressed as mg of organ per 100 grams of corporal weight. Additionally, the prostates were analyzed semiquantitatively using histoscore to observe some characteristics that could be a possible antiandrogenic effect in that organ. Considering that 1 and 2 did not decrease significatively (p<0.05) the weight of the androgen-dependent organs, can be concluded the compounds did not have antiandrogenic effect in vivo at the evaluated dose. They also had no in vivo effect on the non-androgen-dependent organs showing no toxic effect preliminarily at short term. Histologically, the prostatic tissue treated with TP was hyperplasic (100%) meanwhile the TP + F had a lower hyperplasic proportion showing that this drug has a protective effect on hyperplasia inducted by this androgen. The tissue treated with TP + 1 or TP + 2 also showed a lower proportion of the hyperplasic characteristics (40 and 60% respectively) showing a protective effect in vivo. The sphaeorphorin and the atraric acid are candidates to continue deeper studies that let develop them as drugs to the possible treatment of androgendependent diseases.Con la finalidad de contribuir al descubrimiento de fármacos para el tratamiento de desórdenes dependientes de andrógenos endógenos, como el cáncer de próstata (CP) y la hiperplasia prostática benigna (HPB), que a su vez son problemas de salud pública en el entorno nacional y mundial, dada su alta morbilidad y mortalidad en los hombres maduros, en el presente trabajo se determinó la actividad in vivo de los compuestos de origen liquénico: esferoforina (1) y ácido atrárico (2), mismos que presentaron actividad in vitro sobre blancos involucrados en la biosíntesis y/o acción de andrógenos endógenos. Los compuestos 1 y 2 se obtuvieron a partir de los líquenes Bunodophoron melanocarpum y Stereocaulon strictum, respectivamente, empleando técnicas fitoquímicas convencionales. Su identidad se confirmó mediante la determinación de sus datos espectroscópicos de RMN 1H y 13C comparando con los reportados en la literatura. La determinación de la actividad in vivo sobre la biosíntesis y/o acción de andrógenos endógenos se llevó a cabo mediante el ensayo Hershberger en ratas macho Wistar adultas. Los animales se sometieron a gonadectomía bajo anestesia de ketamina (75 mg/kg peso corporal (pc) y xilacina (10 mg/kg pc) vía intraperitoneal diez días antes del experimento. Luego, se dividieron al azar en 5 grupos de 7 individuos. Tres grupos fueron los controles y se administraron con aceite vegetal (AV) (200 µL, vehículo); testosterona propionato (TP) (0.4 mg/kg pc disuelto en vehículo) y TP (0.4 mg/kg pc) + finasterida (F) (control positivo) (1 mg/kg pc, disuelto en vehículo) vía subcutánea (SC). Del cuarto al quinto grupo, los compuestos de prueba (2 mg/kg pc disueltos en vehículo (200 L)) + TP (0.4 mg /kg pc) se administraron diariamente (10 días) vía SC. Al día siguiente de la última administración, los animales se sacrificaron, se extirparon sus órganos dependientes (próstata, vesículas seminales, músculo bulbocavernoso, glándulas de Cowper y glande) y no dependientes (hígado, riñones y glándulas suprarrenales) de andrógenos y se pesaron, expresando estos datos como mg de órgano por 100 g de peso corporal. Adicionalmente, las próstatas fueron sometidas a análisis histopatológico semi-cuantitativo por histoscore para observar algunas características que podrían suponer un posible efecto antiandrogénico en dicho órgano. Considerando que 1 y 2 comparando con F y AV, no disminuyeron de manera significativa (p < 0.05) el peso de los órganos dependientes de andrógenos endógenos, no presentaron efecto antiandrogénico in vivo a la dosis evaluada. Tampoco presentaron efecto in vivo sobre el peso y morfología de los órganos no dependientes de andrógenos, indicando de manera preliminar que no poseen efecto tóxico evidente a corto plazo. A nivel histológico, el tejido prostático de los animales tratados con TP presentó características hiperplásicas (en un 100 %) mientras que el tratado con TP + F presentó menor porcentaje de éstas (50 %), indicando un efecto protector de este fármaco ante la inducción de hiperplasia por dicho andrógeno. El tejido tratado con TP + 1 o TP + 2 también presentó menor porcentaje de características hiperplásicas (40 y 60 %) infiriendo un efecto protector in vivo (en un 60 y 40 %, respectivamente) de estos compuestos. La esferoforina y el ácido atrárico son candidatos para estudios más profundos que permitan desarrollarlos como fármacos para el posible tratamiento de desórdenes dependientes de andrógenos endógenos. (Texto tomado de la fuente).MaestríaMagíster en Ciencias - FarmacologíaEnsayo de Hershberger en ratas.Farmacología básicaxvi, 131 páginasapplication/pdfspaUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaBogotá - Ciencias - Maestría en Ciencias - FarmacologíaDepartamento de FarmaciaFacultad de CienciasBogotá, ColombiaUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá610 - Medicina y salud::615 - Farmacología y terapéuticaAntagonistas de hormonasHormone antagonistsFarmacologíaPharmacologyBioactive compoundsCompuestos bioactivosSustancias liquénicasAntiandrógenosPróstataLichen origin compoundsAntiandrogensProstateDeterminación de la actividad in vivo sobre la biosíntesis y acción de andrógenos endógenos de sustancias liquénicas seleccionadasDetermination of the in vivo activity on the biosynthesis and action of endogenous androgens of selected lichenic substancesTrabajo de grado - Maestríainfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionTexthttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TMAggarwal, S., Thareja, S., Verma, A., Bhardwaj, T.R., Kumar, M., 2010. An overview on 5alpha-reductase inhibitors. Steroids 75, 109–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.steroids.2009.10.005Applegate, C.C., Rowles, J.L., Ranard, K.M., Jeon, S., Erdman, J.W., 2018. Soy Consumption and the Risk of Prostate Cancer: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10010040Argüello-Galindo, J.J., 2019. Determinación del potencial del hongo liquenizado Bunodophoron melanocarpum como fuente de compuestos duales con actividad foto-protectora y antioxidante (Tesis Maestría). Universidad Nacional de Colombia.Asplund, J., Wardle, D.A., 2017. How lichens impact on terrestrial community and ecosystem properties. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 92, 1720–1738. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12305Azzouni, F., Godoy, A., Li, Y., Mohler, J., 2012. The 5 Alpha-Reductase Isozyme Family: A Review of Basic Biology and Their Role in Human Diseases. Adv Urol 2012. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/530121Bazin, M.-A., Le Lamer, A.-C., Delcros, J.-G., Rouaud, I., Uriac, P., Boustie, J., Corbel, J.-C., Tomasi, S., 2008. Synthesis and cytotoxic activities of usnic acid derivatives. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 16, 6860–6866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2008.05.069Bechis, S.K., Otsetov, A.G., Ge, R., Olumi, A.F., 2014. Personalized medicine for the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia. J. Urol. 192, 16–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2014.01.114Beer, T.M., Armstrong, A.J., Rathkopf, D.E., Loriot, Y., Sternberg, C.N., Higano, C.S., Iversen, P., Bhattacharya, S., Carles, J., Chowdhury, S., Davis, I.D., de Bono, J.S., Evans, C.P., Fizazi, K., Joshua, A.M., Kim, C.-S., Kimura, G., Mainwaring, P., Mansbach, H., Miller, K., Noonberg, S.B., Perabo, F., Phung, D., Saad, F., Scher, H.I., Taplin, M.-E., Venner, P.M., Tombal, B., 2014. Enzalutamide in Metastatic Prostate Cancer before Chemotherapy. N Engl J Med 371, 424–433. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1405095Bhasin, S., Jasuja, R., 2009. Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs) as Function Promoting Therapies. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 12, 232–240. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0b013e32832a3d79Bolton, E.M., Lynch, T., 2018. Are all gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonists equivalent for the treatment of prostate cancer? A systematic review. BJU Int. 122, 371–383. https://doi.org/10.1111/bju.14168Botelho-Lourenço, E.L., Centeno Muller, J., Boareto, A.C., Gomes, C., Lourenço, A.C., Minatovicz, B., Crestani, S., Gasparotto, A., Martino-Andrade, A.J., Dalsenter, P.R., 2012. Screening for in vivo (anti)estrogenic and (anti)androgenic activities of Tropaeolum majus L. and its effect on uterine contractility. J Ethnopharmacol 141, 418–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.03.004Bratoeff, E., García, P., Heuze, Y., Soriano, J., Mejía, A., Labastida, A.M., Valencia, N., Cabeza, M., 2010. Molecular interactions of progesterone derivatives with 5 alpha-reductase types 1 and 2 and androgen receptors. Steroids 75, 499–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.steroids.2010.03.006Bratoeff, E., Ramirez, E., Valencia, N., 1997. The Pharmacology of the Antiandrogens [WWW Document]. ResearchGate. URL https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289218409_The_Pharmacology_of_the_Antiandrogens (accessed 6.24.19).Bratoeff, E., Sainz, T., Cabeza, M., Heuze, I., Recillas, S., Pérez, V., Rodríguez, C., Segura, T., Gonzáles, J., Ramírez, E., 2007. Steroids with a carbamate function at C-17, a novel class of inhibitors for human and hamster steroid 5alpha-reductase. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 107, 48–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2007.03.038Bravo, L.E., Muñoz, N., Bravo, L.E., Muñoz, N., 2018. Epidemiology of cancer in Colombia. Colombia Médica 49, 9–12. https://doi.org/10.25100/cm.v49i1.3877Brooke, G.N., Gamble, S.C., Hough, M.A., Begum, S., Dart, D.A., Odontiadis, M., Powell, S.M., Fioretti, F.M., Bryan, R.A., Waxman, J., Wait, R., Bevan, C.L., 2015. Antiandrogens act as selective androgen receptor modulators at the proteome level in prostate cancer cells. Mol. Cell Proteomics 14, 1201–1216. https://doi.org/10.1074/mcp.M113.036764Burger, H.G., 2002. Androgen production in women. Fertil. Steril. 77 Suppl 4, S3-5.Cabeza, M., Bratoeff, E., Ramírez, E., Heuze, I., Recillas, S., Berrios, H., Cruz, A., Cabrera, O., Perez, V., 2008. Biological activity of novel progesterone derivatives having a bulky ester side chains at C-3. Steroids 73, 838–843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.steroids.2008.03.006Calcott, M.J., Ackerley, D.F., Knight, A., Keyzers, R.A., Owen, J.G., 2018. Secondary metabolism in the lichen symbiosis. Chem Soc Rev 47, 1730–1760. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7cs00431aCardile, V., Graziano, A., Avola, R., Piovano, M., Russo, A., 2016. Potential anticancer activity of lichen secondary metabolite physodic acid. Chemico-Biological Interactions 263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2016.12.007Centenera, M.M., Selth, L.A., Ebrahimie, E., Butler, L.M., Tilley, W.D., 2018. New Opportunities for Targeting the Androgen Receptor in Prostate Cancer. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 8. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a030478Chowdhury, S., Beitel, L.K., Lumbroso, R., Purisima, E.O., Paliouras, M., Trifiro, M., 2019. A Targeted Bivalent Androgen Receptor Binding Compound for Prostate Cancer Therapy. Horm Cancer 10, 24–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12672-018-0353-6Crawford, E.D., Higano, C.S., Shore, N.D., Hussain, M., Petrylak, D.P., 2015. Treating Patients with Metastatic Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer: A Comprehensive Review of Available Therapies. J. Urol. 194, 1537–1547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2015.06.106Crona, D.J., Milowsky, M.I., Whang, Y.E., 2015. Androgen receptor targeting drugs in castration-resistant prostate cancer and mechanisms of resistance. Clin Pharmacol Ther 98, 582–589. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.256Culberson, C.F., 1972. Improved conditions and new data for identification of lichen products by standardized thin-layer chromatographic method. Journal of Chromatography A 72, 113–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(72)80013-XCulig, Z., Santer, F.R., 2014. Androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 33, 413–427. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10555-013-9474-0Cummings, B., 2002. Diversity of Fungi. Pearson Education, Inc.Cuzick, J., Thorat, M.A., Andriole, G., Brawley, O.W., Brown, P.H., Culig, Z., Eeles, R.A., Ford, L.G., Hamdy, F.C., Holmberg, L., Ilic, D., Key, T.J., Vecchia, C.L., Lilja, H., Marberger, M., Meyskens, F.L., Minasian, L.M., Parker, C., Parnes, H.L., Perner, S., Rittenhouse, H., Schalken, J., Schmid, H.-P., Schmitz-Dräger, B.J., Schröder, F.H., Stenzl, A., Tombal, B., Wilt, T.J., Wolk, A., 2014. Prevention and early detection of prostate cancer. The Lancet Oncology 15, e484–e492. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70211-6Daniyal, M., Siddiqui, Z.A., Akram, M., Asif, H.M., Sultana, S., Khan, A., 2014. Epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 15, 9575–9578.Davey, R.A., Grossmann, M., 2016. Androgen Receptor Structure, Function and Biology: From Bench to Bedside. Clin Biochem Rev 37, 3–15.Davidson, E., Morgentaler, A., 2016. Testosterone Therapy and Prostate Cancer. Urol. Clin. North Am. 43, 209–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ucl.2016.01.007Denmeade, S.R., Isaacs, J.T., 2002. A history of prostate cancer treatment. Nat Rev Cancer 2, 389–396. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc801Detti, B., D’Angelillo, R.M., Ingrosso, G., Olmetto, E., Francolini, G., Triggiani, L., Bruni, A., Borghesi, S., Fondelli, S., Carfagno, T., Santini, R., Santoni, R., Trodella, L.E., Livi, L., 2017. Combining Abiraterone and Radiotherapy in Prostate Cancer Patients Who Progressed During Abiraterone Therapy. Anticancer Res. 37, 3717–3722. https://doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.11744Dunn, M.W., 2017. Prostate Cancer Screening. Semin Oncol Nurs 33, 156–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soncn.2017.02.003Edwards, J.L., 2008. Diagnosis and management of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Am Fam Physician 77, 1403–1410.Elberry, A.A., Mufti, S.T., Al-Maghrabi, J.A., Abdel-Sattar, E.A., Ashour, O.M., Ghareib, S.A., Mosli, H.A., 2011. Anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative activities of date palm pollen (Phoenix dactylifera) on experimentally-induced atypical prostatic hyperplasia in rats. J Inflamm (Lond) 8, 40. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-9255-8-40Engelstein, D., Shmueli, J., Bruhis, S., Servadio, C., Abramovici, A., 1996. Citral and testosterone interactions in inducing benign and atypical prostatic hyperplasia in rats. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C, Pharmacol. Toxicol. Endocrinol. 115, 169–177.FDA, 2011. 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs) may increase the risk of a more serious form of prostate cancer [WWW Document]. URL https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm258314.htm (accessed 1.29.19).Fitzpatrick, J.M., Artibani, W., 2006. Therapeutic Strategies for Managing BPH Progression. European Urology Supplements 5, 997–1003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eursup.2006.08.009Friedrich, N., Völzke, H., Rosskopf, D., Steveling, A., Krebs, A., Nauck, M., Wallaschofski, H., 2008. Reference ranges for serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and testosterone in adult men. J. Androl. 29, 610–617. https://doi.org/10.2164/jandrol.108.005561Galanty, A., Koczurkiewicz, P., Wnuk, D., Paw, M., Karnas, E., Podolak, I., Węgrzyn, M., Borusiewicz, M., Madeja, Z., Czyż, J., Michalik, M., 2017. Usnic acid and atranorin exert selective cytostatic and anti-invasive effects on human prostate and melanoma cancer cells. Toxicol In Vitro 40, 161–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2017.01.008Gamat, M., McNeel, D.G., 2017. Androgen deprivation and immunotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer. Endocr. Relat. Cancer. https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-17-0145Gao, W., Bohl, C.E., Dalton, J.T., 2005. Chemistry and structural biology of androgen receptor. Chem. Rev. 105, 3352–3370. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr020456uGillessen, S., Omlin, A., Attard, G., de Bono, J.S., Efstathiou, E., Fizazi, K., Halabi, S., Nelson, P.S., Sartor, O., Smith, M.R., Soule, H.R., Akaza, H., Beer, T.M., Beltran, H., Chinnaiyan, A.M., Daugaard, G., Davis, I.D., De Santis, M., Drake, C.G., Eeles, R.A., Fanti, S., Gleave, M.E., Heidenreich, A., Hussain, M., James, N.D., Lecouvet, F.E., Logothetis, C.J., Mastris, K., Nilsson, S., Oh, W.K., Olmos, D., Padhani, A.R., Parker, C., Rubin, M.A., Schalken, J.A., Scher, H.I., Sella, A., Shore, N.D., Small, E.J., Sternberg, C.N., Suzuki, H., Sweeney, C.J., Tannock, I.F., Tombal, B., 2015. Management of patients with advanced prostate cancer: recommendations of the St Gallen Advanced Prostate Cancer Consensus Conference (APCCC) 2015. Ann Oncol 26, 1589–1604. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdv257Gleason, D.F., 1992. Histologic grading of prostate cancer: A perspective. Human Pathology, The Pathobiology of Prostate Cancer-Part 1 23, 273–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/0046-8177(92)90108-FGleicher, N., Kushnir, V.A., Weghofer, A., Barad, D.H., 2016. The importance of adrenal hypoandrogenism in infertile women with low functional ovarian reserve: a case study of associated adrenal insufficiency. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 14, 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12958-016-0158-9Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration, Fitzmaurice, C., Dicker, D., Pain, A., Hamavid, H., Moradi-Lakeh, M., MacIntyre, M.F., Allen, C., Hansen, G., Woodbrook, R., Wolfe, C., Hamadeh, R.R., Moore, A., Werdecker, A., Gessner, B.D., Te Ao, B., McMahon, B., Karimkhani, C., Yu, C., Cooke, G.S., Schwebel, D.C., Carpenter, D.O., Pereira, D.M., Nash, D., Kazi, D.S., De Leo, D., Plass, D., Ukwaja, K.N., Thurston, G.D., Yun Jin, K., Simard, E.P., Mills, E., Park, E.-K., Catalá-López, F., deVeber, G., Gotay, C., Khan, G., Hosgood, H.D., Santos, I.S., Leasher, J.L., Singh, J., Leigh, J., Jonas, J.B., Jonas, J., Sanabria, J., Beardsley, J., Jacobsen, K.H., Takahashi, K., Franklin, R.C., Ronfani, L., Montico, M., Naldi, L., Tonelli, M., Geleijnse, J., Petzold, M., Shrime, M.G., Younis, M., Yonemoto, N., Breitborde, N., Yip, P., Pourmalek, F., Lotufo, P.A., Esteghamati, A., Hankey, G.J., Ali, R., Lunevicius, R., Malekzadeh, R., Dellavalle, R., Weintraub, R., Lucas, R., Hay, R., Rojas-Rueda, D., Westerman, R., Sepanlou, S.G., Nolte, S., Patten, S., Weichenthal, S., Abera, S.F., Fereshtehnejad, S.-M., Shiue, I., Driscoll, T., Vasankari, T., Alsharif, U., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Vlassov, V.V., Marcenes, W.S., Mekonnen, W., Melaku, Y.A., Yano, Y., Artaman, A., Campos, I., MacLachlan, J., Mueller, U., Kim, D., Trillini, M., Eshrati, B., Williams, H.C., Shibuya, K., Dandona, R., Murthy, K., Cowie, B., Amare, A.T., Antonio, C.A., Castañeda-Orjuela, C., van Gool, C.H., Violante, F., Oh, I.-H., Deribe, K., Soreide, K., Knibbs, L., Kereselidze, M., Green, M., Cardenas, R., Roy, N., Tillmann, T., Tillman, T., Li, Y., Krueger, H., Monasta, L., Dey, S., Sheikhbahaei, S., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Kumar, G.A., Sreeramareddy, C.T., Dandona, L., Wang, H., Vollset, S.E., Mokdad, A., Salomon, J.A., Lozano, R., Vos, T., Forouzanfar, M., Lopez, A., Murray, C., Naghavi, M., 2015. The Global Burden of Cancer 2013. JAMA Oncol 1, 505–527. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.0735Goldstein, A.S., Huang, J., Guo, C., Garraway, I.P., Witte, O.N., 2010. Identification of a cell-of-origin for human prostate cancer. Science 329, 568–571. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1189992Goyal, P.K., Verma, S., Sharma, A.K., 2016. PHARMACOLOGICAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF LICHEN PARMELIA PERLATA: A REVIEW. International Journal of Research in Ayurveda & Pharmacy 7, 102–107. https://doi.org/10.7897/2277-4343.07138Gray, L.E., Furr, J., Ostby, J.S., 2005. Hershberger assay to investigate the effects of endocrine-disrupting compounds with androgenic or antiandrogenic activity in castrate-immature male rats. Curr Protoc Toxicol Chapter 16, Unit16.9. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471140856.tx1609s26Grozescu, T., Popa, F., 2017. Prostate cancer between prognosis and adequate/proper therapy. J Med Life 10, 5–12Gupta, E., Guthrie, T., Tan, W., 2014. Changing paradigms in management of metastatic Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer (mCRPC). BMC Urol 14, 55. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2490-14-55Handelsman, D.J., Hirschberg, A.L., Bermon, S., 2018. Circulating Testosterone as the Hormonal Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance. Endocrine Reviews 39, 803–829. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2018-00020Harris, W.P., Mostaghel, E.A., Nelson, P.S., Montgomery, B., 2009. Androgen deprivation therapy: progress in understanding mechanisms of resistance and optimizing androgen depletion. Nat Clin Pract Urol 6, 76–85. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncpuro1296Helsen, C., Van den Broeck, T., Voet, A., Prekovic, S., Van Poppel, H., Joniau, S., Claessens, F., 2014. Androgen receptor antagonists for prostate cancer therapy. Endocr. Relat. Cancer 21, T105-118. https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-13-0545Huneck, S., Yoshimura, I., 1996. Identification of Lichen Substances, 1st Edition. ed. Springer.Instituto Nacional del Cáncer, 2011b. Resección transuretral de la próstata [WWW Document]. National Cancer Institute. URL https://www.cancer.gov/espanol/publicaciones/diccionario (accessed 1.26.19).Inzunza, G., Rada, G., Majerson, A., 2018. Bipolar or monopolar transurethral resection for benign prostatic hyperplasia? Medwave 18, e7134. https://doi.org/10.5867/medwave.2018.01.7134Jin, J.-X., Wang, H.-Z., Zhai, Z.-X., Ma, B.-L., Li, Q.-F., Xiao, N., Wang, Z.-P., Rodriguez, R., 2017. Transrectal microwave thermotherapy causing a short-time influence on sperm quality in Chinese chronic nonbacterial prostatitis patients. Asian J Androl 19, 548–553. https://doi.org/10.4103/1008-682X.185852Kelly, S.P., Anderson, W.F., Rosenberg, P.S., Cook, M.B., 2018. Past, Current, and Future Incidence Rates and Burden of Metastatic Prostate Cancer in the United States. Eur Urol Focus 4, 121–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euf.2017.10.014Kennel, P.F., Pallen, C.T., Bars, R.G., 2004. Evaluation of the rodent Hershberger assay using three reference endocrine disrupters (androgen and antiandrogens). Reproductive Toxicology 18, 63–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2003.10.012Kim, H., Kim, K.K., Hur, J.-S., 2015. Anticancer Activity of Lichen Metabolites and Their Mechanisms at the Molecular Level, in: Upreti, D.K., Divakar, P.K., Shukla, V., Bajpai, R. (Eds.), Recent Advances in Lichenology: Modern Methods and Approaches in Lichen Systematics and Culture Techniques, Volume 2. Springer India, New Delhi, pp. 201–208. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2235-4_11Klap, J., Schmid, M., Loughlin, K.R., 2015. The relationship between total testosterone levels and prostate cancer: a review of the continuing controversy. J. Urol. 193, 403–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2014.07.123Kurup, A., Garg, R., Hansch, C., 2000. Comparative QSAR analysis of 5alpha-reductase inhibitors. Chem. Rev. 100, 909–924.Lamb, A., Neal, D., 2013. Role of the androgen receptor in prostate cancer. Trends in Urology & Men’s Health.Lee, S.W.H., Chan, E.M.C., Lai, Y.K., 2017. The global burden of lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Scientific Reports 7, 7984. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-06628-8Lempiäinen, J.K., Niskanen, E.A., Vuoti, K.-M., Lampinen, R.E., Göös, H., Varjosalo, M., Palvimo, J.J., 2017. Agonist-specific Protein Interactomes of Glucocorticoid and Androgen Receptor as Revealed by Proximity Mapping. Mol. Cell Proteomics 16, 1462–1474. https://doi.org/10.1074/mcp.M117.067488Lim, K.B., 2017. Epidemiology of clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia. Asian J Urol 4, 148–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajur.2017.06.004Lozano, J.A., 2003. Diagnóstico y tratamiento de la hiperplasia benigna de próstata. Offarm 22, 90–98.Lücking, R., Moncada, B., Martínez-Habibe, M.C., Salgado-Negret, B.E., Celis, M., Rojas-Zamora, O., Rodríguez-M, G.M., Brokamp, G., Borsch, T., Lücking, R., Moncada, B., Martínez-Habibe, M.C., Salgado-Negret, B.E., Celis, M., Rojas-Zamora, O., Rodríguez-M, G.M., Brokamp, G., Borsch, T., 2019. Lichen diversity in Colombian Caribbean dry forest remnants. Caldasia 41, 194–214. https://doi.org/10.15446/caldasia.v41n1.71060Manieri, E., Herrera-Melle, L., Mora, A., Tomás-Loba, A., Leiva-Vega, L., Fernández, D.I., Rodríguez, E., Morán, L., Hernández-Cosido, L., Torres, J.L., Seoane, L.M., Cubero, F.J., Marcos, M., Sabio, G., 2019. Adiponectin accounts for gender differences in hepatocellular carcinoma incidence. J. Exp. Med. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20181288Marya, S.K.S., Garg, P., Gupta, A.K., Sharma, V.K., 1995. Role of Speman in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, Surgical Journal of North IndiaMcEwan, I.J., Brinkmann, A.O., 2000. Androgen Physiology: Receptor and Metabolic Disorders, in: De Groot, L.J., Chrousos, G., Dungan, K., Feingold, K.R., Grossman, A., Hershman, J.M., Koch, C., Korbonits, M., McLachlan, R., New, M., Purnell, J., Rebar, R., Singer, F., Vinik, A. (Eds.), Endotext. MDText.com, Inc., South Dartmouth (MA).McHenry, J., Carrier, N., Hull, E., Kabbaj, M., 2014. Sex differences in anxiety and depression: Role of testosterone. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 35, 42–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.09.001McKay, R.R., Werner, L., Fiorillo, M., Roberts, J., Heath, E.I., Bubley, G.J., Montgomery, R.B., Taplin, M.-E., 2017. Efficacy of Therapies After Galeterone in Patients With Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer. Clin Genitourin Cancer 15, 463–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clgc.2016.10.006McLaren, I.D., Jerde, T.J., Bushman, W., 2011. Role of interleukins, IGF and stem cells in BPH. Differentiation 82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diff.2011.06.001Mohammadi, M., Zambare, V., Malek, L., Gottardo, C., Suntres, Z., Christopher, L., 2020. Lichenochemicals: extraction, purification, characterization, and application as potential anticancer agents. Expert Opin Drug Discov 15, 575–601. https://doi.org/10.1080/17460441.2020.1730325Mun, S.-K., Kang, K.-Y., Jang, H.-Y., Hwang, Y.-H., Hong, S.-G., Kim, S.-J., Cho, H.-W., Chang, D.-J., Hur, J.-S., Yee, S.-T., 2020. Atraric Acid Exhibits Anti-Inflammatory Effect in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW264.7 Cells and Mouse Models. Int J Mol Sci 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21197070Murata, K., Hayashi, H., Matsumura, S., Matsuda, H., 2013. Suppression of benign prostate hyperplasia by Kaempferia parviflora rhizome. Pharmacognosy Res 5, 309–314. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8490.118827Naji, L., Randhawa, H., Sohani, Z., Dennis, B., Lautenbach, D., Kavanagh, O., Bawor, M., Banfield, L., Profetto, J., 2018. Digital Rectal Examination for Prostate Cancer Screening in Primary Care: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ann Fam Med 16, 149–154. https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.2205Narayanan, R., Coss, C.C., Dalton, J.T., 2018. Development of Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs). Mol Cell Endocrinol 465, 134–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2017.06.013Nash, T., 2008. Lichen Biology [WWW Document]. Cambridge Core. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511790478OECD, 2009. Test No. 441: Hershberger Bioassay in Rats [WWW Document]. OECD iLibrary. URL https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/test-no-441-hershberger-bioassay-in-rats_9789264076334-en (accessed 4.22.19).Organización Mundial de la Salud, 1980. Histological Typing of Prostate Tumours.Owens William, Zeiger Errol, Walker Michael, Ashby John, Onyon Lesley, Gray L. Earl, 2006. The OECD Program to Validate the Rat Hershberger Bioassay to Screen Compounds for in Vivo Androgen and Antiandrogen Responses. Phase 1: Use of a Potent Agonist and a Potent Antagonist to Test the Standardized Protocol. Environmental Health Perspectives 114, 1259–1265. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8751Papaioannou, M., Schleich, S., Prade, I., Degen, S., Roell, D., Schubert, U., Tanner, T., Claessens, F., Matusch, R., Baniahmad, A., 2009. The natural compound atraric acid is an antagonist of the human androgen receptor inhibiting cellular invasiveness and prostate cancer cell growth. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 13, 2210–2223. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00426.xParasyri, A., Papazi, A., Stamatis, N., Zerveas, S., Avramidou, E.V., Doulis, A.G., Pirintsos, S., Kotzabasis, K., 2018. Lichen as Micro-Ecosystem: Extremophilic Behavior with Astrobiotechnological Applications. Astrobiology 18, 1528–1542. https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2017.1789Pejčić, T., Tosti, T., Tešić, Ž., Milković, B., Dragičević, D., Kozomara, M., Čekerevac, M., Džamić, Z., 2017. Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone levels in the transition zone correlate with prostate volume. Prostate 77, 1082–1092. https://doi.org/10.1002/pros.23365Pejčić, T., Tosti, T., Tešić, Ž., Milković, B., Dragičević, D., Kozomara, M., Čekerevac, M., Džamić, Z., 2017. Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone levels in the transition zone correlate with prostate volume. Prostate 77, 1082–1092. https://doi.org/10.1002/pros.23365Pennisi, E., 2016. A lichen ménage à trois [WWW Document]. Science \| AAAS. URL http://www.sciencemag.org/video/lichen-m-nage-trois (accessed 11.15.17).Perico-Franco, L.S., Soriano-Garcia, M., Cerbon, M.A., Gonzalez-Sanchez, I., Valencia-Islas, N.A., 2015. Secondary Metabolites and Cytotoxic Potential of Lobariella pallida and Stereocaulon strictum var. Compressum, Two Lichens from Colombian Paramo Region. UK Journal of Pharmaceutical Biosciences 3, 31. https://doi.org/10.20510/ukjpb/3/i4/89463Qian, X., Yu, G., Qian, Y., Xu, D., Liu, H., Kong, X., Zhu, Y., Wang, Z., Zheng, J., Qi, J., 2015. Efficacy of 5α-reductase inhibitors for patients with large benign prostatic hyperplasia (>80 mL) after transurethral resection of the prostate. Aging Male 18, 238–243. https://doi.org/10.3109/13685538.2015.1068750Qian, X., Yu, G., Qian, Y., Xu, D., Liu, H., Kong, X., Zhu, Y., Wang, Z., Zheng, J., Qi, J., 2015. Efficacy of 5α-reductase inhibitors for patients with large benign prostatic hyperplasia (>80 mL) after transurethral resection of the prostate. Aging Male 18, 238–243. https://doi.org/10.3109/13685538.2015.1068750Quilhot, W., Garbarino, Juan.A., Piovano, M., Chamy, M.C., Gambaro, V., Oyarzún, M.L., Vinet, C., Hormaechea, V., Friedler, P., 1989. Studies on Chilean lichens. XI Secondary metabolites from Antarctic lichens. Ser. Ciento INACH 39, 75–89.Raggio, J., Pintado, A., Ascaso, C., De La Torre, R., De Los Ríos, A., Wierzchos, J., Horneck, G., Sancho, L.G., 2011. Whole lichen thalli survive exposure to space conditions: results of Lithopanspermia experiment with Aspicilia fruticulosa. Astrobiology 11, 281–292. https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2010.0588Ranković, B., Kosanic, M., Crawford, S., Stanojkovic, T., Zeytinoglu, H., Odimegwu, D., Ejikeugwu, C., Esimone, C., Verma, N., Behera, B., 2015. Lichen Secondary Metabolites. Bioactive Properties and Pharmaceutical Potential., Ranković, B. ed. Springer.Rebbeck, T.R., 2017. Prostate Cancer Genetics: Variation by Race, Ethnicity, and Geography. Semin Radiat Oncol 27, 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semradonc.2016.08.002Recouvreux, M.V., Wu, J.B., Gao, A.C., Zonis, S., Chesnokova, V., Bhowmick, N., Chung, L.W., Melmed, S., 2017. Androgen Receptor Regulation of Local Growth Hormone in Prostate Cancer Cells. Endocrinology 158, 2255–2268. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2016-1939Ricke, W.A., Macoska, J.A., Cunha, G.R., 2011. Developmental, Cellular and Molecular Biology of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Differentiation 82, 165–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diff.2011.08.005Rikkinen, J., 2007. Cyanolichens: An Evolutionary Overview. pp. 31–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48005-0_4Roehrborn, C.G., 2008. Pathology of benign prostatic hyperplasia. International Journal of Impotence Research 20, S11–S18. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijir.2008.55Rove, K.O., Crawford, E.D., 2014. Traditional androgen ablation approaches to advanced prostate cancer: new insights. Can J Urol 21, 14–21.Roved, J., Westerdahl, H., Hasselquist, D., 2017. Sex differences in immune responses: Hormonal effects, antagonistic selection, and evolutionary consequences. Hormones and Behavior, Neuroendocrine-Immune Interactions: Implications for Integrative and Comparative Physiologists 88, 95–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.11.017Russo, A., Caggia, S., Piovano, M., Garbarino, J., Cardile, V., 2012. Effect of vicanicin and protolichesterinic acid on human prostate cancer cells: role of Hsp70 protein. Chem. Biol. Interact. 195, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2011.10.005Russo, A., Piovano, M., Lombardo, L., Vanella, L., Cardile, V., Garbarino, J., 2006. Pannarin inhibits cell growth and induces cell death in human prostate carcinoma DU-145 cells. Anticancer Drugs 17, 1163–1169. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.cad.0000236310.66080.edSakhri, S., Gooren, L.J., 2007. Safety aspects of androgen treatment with 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Andrologia 39, 216–222. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0272.2007.00786.xSalciccia, S., Gentilucci, A., Cattarino, S., Sciarra, A., 2016. GNRH-agonist or antagonist in the treatment of prostate cancer: a comparision based on oncological results. Urologia 83, 173–178. https://doi.org/10.5301/uro.5000194Sarma, A.V., Wei, J.T., 2012. Clinical practice. Benign prostatic hyperplasia and lower urinary tract symptoms. N. Engl. J. Med. 367, 248–257. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp1106637Schalken, J., Fitzpatrick, J.M., 2016. Enzalutamide: targeting the androgen signalling pathway in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. BJU Int. 117, 215–225. https://doi.org/10.1111/bju.13123Schiffer, L., Arlt, W., Storbeck, K.-H., 2018. Intracrine androgen biosynthesis, metabolism and action revisited. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Androgens – revisiting their role as pleiotropic regulators of tissue function beyond the male reproductive system 465, 4–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2017.08.016Shtivelman, E., Beer, T.M., Evans, C.P., 2014. Molecular pathways and targets in prostate cancer. Oncotarget 5, 7217–7259.Spribille, T., Tuovinen, V., Resl, P., Vanderpool, D., Wolinski, H., Aime, M.C., Schneider, K., Stabentheiner, E., Toome-Heller, M., Thor, G., Mayrhofer, H., Johannesson, H., McCutcheon, J.P., 2016. Basidiomycete yeasts in the cortex of ascomycete macrolichens. Science 353, 488–492. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf8287Stein, M.N., Patel, N., Bershadskiy, A., Sokoloff, A., Singer, E.A., 2014. Androgen synthesis inhibitors in the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Asian J. Androl. 16, 387–400. https://doi.org/10.4103/1008-682X.129133Sternberg, C.N., Petrylak, D.P., Madan, R.A., Parker, C., 2014. Progress in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 117–131. https://doi.org/10.14694/EdBook_AM.2014.34.117Swerdloff, R.S., Dudley, R.E., Page, S.T., Wang, C., Salameh, W.A., 2017. Dihydrotestosterone: Biochemistry, Physiology, and Clinical Implications of Elevated Blood Levels. Endocr. Rev. 38, 220–254. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2016-1067Tan, M.E., Li, J., Xu, H.E., Melcher, K., Yong, E., 2015. Androgen receptor: structure, role in prostate cancer and drug discovery. Acta Pharmacol Sin 36, 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1038/aps.2014.18Timm, G.E., 2008. Intact, Stimulated, Weanling Male Rat Version of the Hershberger Bioassay.Trapani, G., Dazzi, L., Pisu, M.G., Reho, A., Seu, E., Biggio, G., 2002. A rapid method for obtaining finasteride, a 5α-reductase inhibitor, from commercial tablets. Brain Research Protocols 9, 130–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1385-299X(02)00146-0Uemura, M., Tamura, K., Chung, S., Honma, S., Okuyama, A., Nakamura, Y., Nakagawa, H., 2007. Novel 5 alpha-steroid reductase (SRD5A3, type-3) is overexpressed in hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Cancer Sci. 99, 81–86. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00656.xValencia-Islas, N., Zambrano, A., Rojas, J.L., 2007. Ozone reactivity and free radical scavenging behavior of phenolic secondary metabolites in lichens exposed to chronic oxidant air pollution from Mexico City. J. Chem. Ecol. 33, 1619–1634. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-007-9330-1Vickman, R.E., Franco, O.E., Moline, D.C., Vander Griend, D.J., Thumbikat, P., Hayward, S.W., 2020. The role of the androgen receptor in prostate development and benign prostatic hyperplasia: A review. Asian J Urol 7, 191–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajur.2019.10.003Walters, K.A., Handelsman, D.J., 2018. Role of androgens in the ovary. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Androgens – revisiting their role as pleiotropic regulators of tissue function beyond the male reproductive system 465, 36–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2017.06.026Wang, G., Zhao, D., Spring, D.J., DePinho, R.A., 2018. Genetics and biology of prostate cancer. Genes Dev 32, 1105–1140. https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.315739.118Wang, K., Fan, D.-D., Jin, S., Xing, N.-Z., Niu, Y.-N., 2014. Differential expression of 5-alpha reductase isozymes in the prostate and its clinical implications. Asian J. Androl. 16, 274–279. https://doi.org/10.4103/1008-682X.123664Wang, Z.A., Toivanen, R., Bergren, S.K., Chambon, P., Shen, M.M., 2014. Luminal cells are favored as the cell of origin for prostate cancer. Cell Rep 8, 1339–1346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2014.08.002Yang, Y.C., Banuelos, C.A., Mawji, N.R., Wang, J., Kato, M., Haile, S., McEwan, I.J., Plymate, S., Sadar, M.D., 2016. Targeting Androgen Receptor Activation Function-1 with EPI to Overcome Resistance Mechanisms in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 22, 4466–4477. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-15-2901Yu, Z., Cai, C., Gao, S., Simon, N.I., Shen, H.C., Balk, S.P., 2014. Galeterone prevents androgen receptor binding to chromatin and enhances degradation of mutant androgen receptor. Clin. Cancer Res. 20, 4075–4085. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-0292American Cancer Society, 2017. Factores de riesgo del cáncer de próstata [WWW Document]. URL https://www.cancer.org/es/cancer/cancer-de-prostata/causas-riesgos-prevencion/factores-de-riesgo.html (accessed 11.2.17).Antúnez, P., Herrero, M., Santos-Briz Terrón, Á., Lorenzo Gómez, F., Bullón Sopelana, A., 2011. Hiperplasia benigna de próstata con metaplasia estromal fibroadiposa. Actas Urológicas Españolas 35, 63–64.Arlandis Guzmán, S., García Matres, M.J., González Segura, D., Rebollo, P., 2009. Prevalencia de síntomas del tracto urinario inferior en pacientes con síndrome de vejiga hiperactiva: Manejo del paciente en la práctica clínica habitual. Actas Urológicas Españolas 33, 902–908.Bernal, R., Gradstein, R., Celis, M., 2016. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de ColombiaBottino, M., Lanari, C., 2010. Localización extranuclear de receptores esteroides y activación de mecanismos no genómicos. MEDICINA (Buenos Aires) 70, 173–184.Cappeta, M., Stengel, F., 2013. Inhibidores de 5 α reductasa. Perfil de seguridad. Arch. Argent. Dermato. 63, 45–49.Caro-Zapata, F.L., Vásquez-Franco, A., Correa-Galeano, É.D., García-Valencia, J., 2018. Complicaciones infecciosas después de prostatectomía abierta y resección transuretral de próstata en pacientes con hiperplasia prostática benigna. Iatreia 31, 274–283. https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.iatreia.v31n3a05Cataño, J.G.C., Morales, C.E., 2009. Evaluacion de la calidad de vida asociada a la salud en los pacientes sometidos a prostatectomia radical abierta por carcinoma de próstata clinicamente localizado. Urología colombiana 18, 2–16.Fonseca, I., Valencia, N., 2018. Estudio de acomplamiento molecular entre enzima 5 alfa reductasa (isoforma II) y algunas sustancias de origen liquénico con posible actividad frente a la hiperplasia prostática benigna. Universidad Nacional de Colombia.Globocan, 2021a. Estadísticas de cáncer en Colombia.Globocan, 2021b. Estadísticas de cáncer a nivel mundial.Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, 2017. Análisis de situación del cáncer en Colombia 2015.Instituto Nacional de Cancerología ESE, Sociedad Colombiana de Urología, 2013. Guía de práctica clínica (GPC) para la detección temprana, diagnóstico, tratamiento, seguimiento y rehabilitación del cáncer de próstata.Instituto Nacional del Cáncer, 2011a. Hiperplasia prostática benigna [WWW Document]. National Cancer Institute. URL https://www.cancer.gov/espanol/publicaciones/diccionario (accessed 1.26.19).Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social, 2012. Plan nacional para el control del cáncer en Colombia 2012 - 2020.Molano-Merchán, M.P., Valencia-Islas, N., 2013. Estudio computacional de la potencial actividad sobre el receptor de andrógenos de metabolitos secundarios de líquenes. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2013. Cáncer en las Américas. Perfiles de País [WWW Document]. URL https://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_docman&view=list&layout=table&own=0&Itemid=270&lang=es (accessed 11.4.20).Pérez Guerra, Y., Molina Cuevas, V., Oyarzábal Yera, A., Mas Ferreiro, R., 2011. Tratamiento farmacológico en la hiperplasia prostática benigna. Revista Cubana de Farmacia 45, 109–126.Perico-Franco, L.S., 2011. Antioxidantes de los líquenes Stereocaulon strictum (Stereocaulaceae) y Lobariella pallida (Lobariaceae) y determinación de su potencial citotoxicidad (Tesis Doctoral). Universidad Nacional de Colombia.Polanía-Patiño, A., 2020. Determinación in vitro del efecto de algunas sustancias liquénicas seleccionadas sobre el receptor de andrógenos, la enzima 5alfa-reductasa y la aromatasa para valorarlos como posibles prototipos de fármacos para el tratamiento de desórdenes dependientes de andrógenos. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá D.C., ColombiaPoveda-Matiz, J.L., Reyes, N.J.A., Becerra, M.P.S., Almendrales, F.P.D., 2014. Evolución de la mortalidad por cáncer de próstata en Colombia: estudio ecológico. Revista Urología Colombiana XXIII, 3–10.Rodriguez Socha, D.A., 2014. Síntesis y evaluación biológica in vivo de un nuevo análogo del androstano con actividad potencial sobre la biosíntesis y acción de andrógenos endógenos. (Tesis Maestria). Universidad Nacional de ColombiaRojas-Durán, F., Denes, J.M., Cid, A.H.S., Abreu, G.E.A., Aguilar, E.J., Ávila, G.A.C., Cárdenas, R.T., Espinoza, J.L., Hernández, M.E., 2011. El receptor a andrógenos en la fisiopatología prostática. eNeurobiología 2, 1–15.Santana, L., Wong, H., 2004. Criterios actuales para evaluar la conducta a seguir con los pacientes que padecen de hiperplasia prostática benigna. Revista Cubana de Cirugía 43, 0–0.Sociedad Colombiana de Urología, 2014. Guía de manejo hiperplasia prostática benigna.Vaillant, D., 2014. Los líquenes, una alternativa para el control de fitopatógenos. Fitosanidad 18, 51–57.GeneralLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-83964https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/80081/1/license.txtcccfe52f796b7c63423298c2d3365fc6MD51ORIGINAL1013629454.2021.pdf1013629454.2021.pdfTesis de Maestría en Farmacologíaapplication/pdf3747334https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/80081/2/1013629454.2021.pdfe5bb35c7670068f8636a0a05070bdbb8MD52THUMBNAIL1013629454.2021.pdf.jpg1013629454.2021.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg5479https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/80081/3/1013629454.2021.pdf.jpg2a30e85c9dcdc8f41f9f0568cbd40641MD53unal/80081oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/800812024-07-28 01:13:11.806Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiarepositorio_nal@unal.edu.coUExBTlRJTExBIERFUMOTU0lUTwoKQ29tbyBlZGl0b3IgZGUgZXN0ZSDDrXRlbSwgdXN0ZWQgcHVlZGUgbW92ZXJsbyBhIHJldmlzacOzbiBzaW4gYW50ZXMgcmVzb2x2ZXIgbG9zIHByb2JsZW1hcyBpZGVudGlmaWNhZG9zLCBkZSBsbyBjb250cmFyaW8sIGhhZ2EgY2xpYyBlbiBHdWFyZGFyIHBhcmEgZ3VhcmRhciBlbCDDrXRlbSB5IHNvbHVjaW9uYXIgZXN0b3MgcHJvYmxlbWFzIG1hcyB0YXJkZS4KCk5PVEFTOgoqU0kgTEEgVEVTSVMgQSBQVUJMSUNBUiBBRFFVSVJJw5MgQ09NUFJPTUlTT1MgREUgQ09ORklERU5DSUFMSURBRCBFTiBFTCBERVNBUlJPTExPIE8gUEFSVEVTIERFTCBET0NVTUVOVE8uIFNJR0EgTEEgRElSRUNUUklaIERFIExBIFJFU09MVUNJw5NOIDAyMyBERSAyMDE1LCBQT1IgTEEgQ1VBTCBTRSBFU1RBQkxFQ0UgRUwgUFJPQ0VESU1JRU5UTyBQQVJBIExBIFBVQkxJQ0FDScOTTiBERSBURVNJUyBERSBNQUVTVFLDjUEgWSBET0NUT1JBRE8gREUgTE9TIEVTVFVESUFOVEVTIERFIExBIFVOSVZFUlNJREFEIE5BQ0lPTkFMIERFIENPTE9NQklBIEVOIEVMIFJFUE9TSVRPUklPIElOU1RJVFVDSU9OQUwgVU4sIEVYUEVESURBIFBPUiBMQSBTRUNSRVRBUsONQSBHRU5FUkFMLgoqTEEgVEVTSVMgQSBQVUJMSUNBUiBERUJFIFNFUiBMQSBWRVJTScOTTiBGSU5BTCBBUFJPQkFEQS4KUGFyYSB0cmFiYWpvcyBkZXBvc2l0YWRvcyBwb3Igc3UgcHJvcGlvIGF1dG9yOiBBbCBhdXRvYXJjaGl2YXIgZXN0ZSBncnVwbyBkZSBhcmNoaXZvcyBkaWdpdGFsZXMgeSBzdXMgbWV0YWRhdG9zLCBZbyBnYXJhbnRpem8gYWwgUmVwb3NpdG9yaW8gSW5zdGl0dWNpb25hbCBVTiBlbCBkZXJlY2hvIGEgYWxtYWNlbmFybG9zIHkgbWFudGVuZXJsb3MgZGlzcG9uaWJsZXMgZW4gbMOtbmVhIGRlIG1hbmVyYSBncmF0dWl0YS4gRGVjbGFybyBxdWUgZGljaG8gbWF0ZXJpYWwgZXMgZGUgbWkgcHJvcGllZGFkIGludGVsZWN0dWFsIHkgcXVlIGVsIFJlcG9zaXRvcmlvIEluc3RpdHVjaW9uYWwgVU4gbm8gYXN1bWUgbmluZ3VuYSByZXNwb25zYWJpbGlkYWQgc2kgaGF5IGFsZ3VuYSB2aW9sYWNpw7NuIGEgbG9zIGRlcmVjaG9zIGRlIGF1dG9yIGFsIGRpc3RyaWJ1aXIgZXN0b3MgYXJjaGl2b3MgeSBtZXRhZGF0b3MuIChTZSByZWNvbWllbmRhIGEgdG9kb3MgbG9zIGF1dG9yZXMgYSBpbmRpY2FyIHN1cyBkZXJlY2hvcyBkZSBhdXRvciBlbiBsYSBww6FnaW5hIGRlIHTDrXR1bG8gZGUgc3UgZG9jdW1lbnRvLikgRGUgbGEgbWlzbWEgbWFuZXJhLCBhY2VwdG8gbG9zIHTDqXJtaW5vcyBkZSBsYSBzaWd1aWVudGUgbGljZW5jaWE6IExvcyBhdXRvcmVzIG8gdGl0dWxhcmVzIGRlbCBkZXJlY2hvIGRlIGF1dG9yIGRlbCBwcmVzZW50ZSBkb2N1bWVudG8gY29uZmllcmVuIGEgbGEgVW5pdmVyc2lkYWQgTmFjaW9uYWwgZGUgQ29sb21iaWEgdW5hIGxpY2VuY2lhIG5vIGV4Y2x1c2l2YSwgbGltaXRhZGEgeSBncmF0dWl0YSBzb2JyZSBsYSBvYnJhIHF1ZSBzZSBpbnRlZ3JhIGVuIGVsIFJlcG9zaXRvcmlvIEluc3RpdHVjaW9uYWwsIHF1ZSBzZSBhanVzdGEgYSBsYXMgc2lndWllbnRlcyBjYXJhY3RlcsOtc3RpY2FzOiBhKSBFc3RhcsOhIHZpZ2VudGUgYSBwYXJ0aXIgZGUgbGEgZmVjaGEgZW4gcXVlIHNlIGluY2x1eWUgZW4gZWwgcmVwb3NpdG9yaW8sIHF1ZSBzZXLDoW4gcHJvcnJvZ2FibGVzIGluZGVmaW5pZGFtZW50ZSBwb3IgZWwgdGllbXBvIHF1ZSBkdXJlIGVsIGRlcmVjaG8gcGF0cmltb25pYWwgZGVsIGF1dG9yLiBFbCBhdXRvciBwb2Ryw6EgZGFyIHBvciB0ZXJtaW5hZGEgbGEgbGljZW5jaWEgc29saWNpdMOhbmRvbG8gYSBsYSBVbml2ZXJzaWRhZC4gYikgTG9zIGF1dG9yZXMgYXV0b3JpemFuIGEgbGEgVW5pdmVyc2lkYWQgTmFjaW9uYWwgZGUgQ29sb21iaWEgcGFyYSBwdWJsaWNhciBsYSBvYnJhIGVuIGVsIGZvcm1hdG8gcXVlIGVsIHJlcG9zaXRvcmlvIGxvIHJlcXVpZXJhIChpbXByZXNvLCBkaWdpdGFsLCBlbGVjdHLDs25pY28gbyBjdWFscXVpZXIgb3RybyBjb25vY2lkbyBvIHBvciBjb25vY2VyKSB5IGNvbm9jZW4gcXVlIGRhZG8gcXVlIHNlIHB1YmxpY2EgZW4gSW50ZXJuZXQgcG9yIGVzdGUgaGVjaG8gY2lyY3VsYSBjb24gdW4gYWxjYW5jZSBtdW5kaWFsLiBjKSBMb3MgYXV0b3JlcyBhY2VwdGFuIHF1ZSBsYSBhdXRvcml6YWNpw7NuIHNlIGhhY2UgYSB0w610dWxvIGdyYXR1aXRvLCBwb3IgbG8gdGFudG8sIHJlbnVuY2lhbiBhIHJlY2liaXIgZW1vbHVtZW50byBhbGd1bm8gcG9yIGxhIHB1YmxpY2FjacOzbiwgZGlzdHJpYnVjacOzbiwgY29tdW5pY2FjacOzbiBww7pibGljYSB5IGN1YWxxdWllciBvdHJvIHVzbyBxdWUgc2UgaGFnYSBlbiBsb3MgdMOpcm1pbm9zIGRlIGxhIHByZXNlbnRlIGxpY2VuY2lhIHkgZGUgbGEgbGljZW5jaWEgQ3JlYXRpdmUgQ29tbW9ucyBjb24gcXVlIHNlIHB1YmxpY2EuIGQpIExvcyBhdXRvcmVzIG1hbmlmaWVzdGFuIHF1ZSBzZSB0cmF0YSBkZSB1bmEgb2JyYSBvcmlnaW5hbCBzb2JyZSBsYSBxdWUgdGllbmVuIGxvcyBkZXJlY2hvcyBxdWUgYXV0b3JpemFuIHkgcXVlIHNvbiBlbGxvcyBxdWllbmVzIGFzdW1lbiB0b3RhbCByZXNwb25zYWJpbGlkYWQgcG9yIGVsIGNvbnRlbmlkbyBkZSBzdSBvYnJhIGFudGUgbGEgVW5pdmVyc2lkYWQgTmFjaW9uYWwgeSBhbnRlIHRlcmNlcm9zLiBFbiB0b2RvIGNhc28gbGEgVW5pdmVyc2lkYWQgTmFjaW9uYWwgZGUgQ29sb21iaWEgc2UgY29tcHJvbWV0ZSBhIGluZGljYXIgc2llbXByZSBsYSBhdXRvcsOtYSBpbmNsdXllbmRvIGVsIG5vbWJyZSBkZWwgYXV0b3IgeSBsYSBmZWNoYSBkZSBwdWJsaWNhY2nDs24uIGUpIExvcyBhdXRvcmVzIGF1dG9yaXphbiBhIGxhIFVuaXZlcnNpZGFkIHBhcmEgaW5jbHVpciBsYSBvYnJhIGVuIGxvcyDDrW5kaWNlcyB5IGJ1c2NhZG9yZXMgcXVlIGVzdGltZW4gbmVjZXNhcmlvcyBwYXJhIHByb21vdmVyIHN1IGRpZnVzacOzbi4gZikgTG9zIGF1dG9yZXMgYWNlcHRhbiBxdWUgbGEgVW5pdmVyc2lkYWQgTmFjaW9uYWwgZGUgQ29sb21iaWEgcHVlZGEgY29udmVydGlyIGVsIGRvY3VtZW50byBhIGN1YWxxdWllciBtZWRpbyBvIGZvcm1hdG8gcGFyYSBwcm9ww7NzaXRvcyBkZSBwcmVzZXJ2YWNpw7NuIGRpZ2l0YWwuIFNJIEVMIERPQ1VNRU5UTyBTRSBCQVNBIEVOIFVOIFRSQUJBSk8gUVVFIEhBIFNJRE8gUEFUUk9DSU5BRE8gTyBBUE9ZQURPIFBPUiBVTkEgQUdFTkNJQSBPIFVOQSBPUkdBTklaQUNJw5NOLCBDT04gRVhDRVBDScOTTiBERSBMQSBVTklWRVJTSURBRCBOQUNJT05BTCBERSBDT0xPTUJJQSwgTE9TIEFVVE9SRVMgR0FSQU5USVpBTiBRVUUgU0UgSEEgQ1VNUExJRE8gQ09OIExPUyBERVJFQ0hPUyBZIE9CTElHQUNJT05FUyBSRVFVRVJJRE9TIFBPUiBFTCBSRVNQRUNUSVZPIENPTlRSQVRPIE8gQUNVRVJETy4KUGFyYSB0cmFiYWpvcyBkZXBvc2l0YWRvcyBwb3Igb3RyYXMgcGVyc29uYXMgZGlzdGludGFzIGEgc3UgYXV0b3I6IERlY2xhcm8gcXVlIGVsIGdydXBvIGRlIGFyY2hpdm9zIGRpZ2l0YWxlcyB5IG1ldGFkYXRvcyBhc29jaWFkb3MgcXVlIGVzdG95IGFyY2hpdmFuZG8gZW4gZWwgUmVwb3NpdG9yaW8gSW5zdGl0dWNpb25hbCBVTikgZXMgZGUgZG9taW5pbyBww7pibGljby4gU2kgbm8gZnVlc2UgZWwgY2FzbywgYWNlcHRvIHRvZGEgbGEgcmVzcG9uc2FiaWxpZGFkIHBvciBjdWFscXVpZXIgaW5mcmFjY2nDs24gZGUgZGVyZWNob3MgZGUgYXV0b3IgcXVlIGNvbmxsZXZlIGxhIGRpc3RyaWJ1Y2nDs24gZGUgZXN0b3MgYXJjaGl2b3MgeSBtZXRhZGF0b3MuCkFsIGhhY2VyIGNsaWMgZW4gZWwgc2lndWllbnRlIGJvdMOzbiwgdXN0ZWQgaW5kaWNhIHF1ZSBlc3TDoSBkZSBhY3VlcmRvIGNvbiBlc3RvcyB0w6lybWlub3MuCgpVTklWRVJTSURBRCBOQUNJT05BTCBERSBDT0xPTUJJQSAtIMOabHRpbWEgbW9kaWZpY2FjacOzbiAyNy8yMC8yMDIwCg==

Determinación de la actividad in vivo sobre la biosíntesis y acción de andrógenos endógenos de sustancias liquénicas seleccionadas

Publicaciones similares