Variación de la caída de la hojarasca fina a través de diferentes tipos de suelos y regiones en la amazonia.

Contiene figuras, tablas y diagramas.

Autores:
Navarrete Encinales, Diego Alejandro
Tipo de recurso:
Fecha de publicación:
2006
Institución:
Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Repositorio:
Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Idioma:
spa
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/81005
Acceso en línea:
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/81005
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/
Palabra clave:
550 - Ciencias de la tierra::551 - Geología, hidrología, meteorología
550 - Ciencias de la tierra::558 - Ciencias de la tierra de América del Sur
HOJARASCA FORESTAL-BIODEGRADACION
BOSQUES TROPICALES
ECOLOGIA DE SELVA LLUVIOSA
Litterfall
Amazonia
carbon cycling
Station des Nouragues
FORESTAL-BIODEGRADACION
PNN Chiribiquete
PNN Amacayacu
Campamento El Zafire
Descomposcición Forestal
Amazonas
Colombia
Rights
closedAccess
License
Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional
id UNACIONAL2_915a74cc4081b2957d459a1b6511f57c
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/81005
network_acronym_str UNACIONAL2
network_name_str Universidad Nacional de Colombia
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Variación de la caída de la hojarasca fina a través de diferentes tipos de suelos y regiones en la amazonia.
dc.title.translated.eng.fl_str_mv Fine litter fall variation across different soil types and regions in the amazon.
title Variación de la caída de la hojarasca fina a través de diferentes tipos de suelos y regiones en la amazonia.
spellingShingle Variación de la caída de la hojarasca fina a través de diferentes tipos de suelos y regiones en la amazonia.
550 - Ciencias de la tierra::551 - Geología, hidrología, meteorología
550 - Ciencias de la tierra::558 - Ciencias de la tierra de América del Sur
HOJARASCA FORESTAL-BIODEGRADACION
BOSQUES TROPICALES
ECOLOGIA DE SELVA LLUVIOSA
Litterfall
Amazonia
carbon cycling
Station des Nouragues
FORESTAL-BIODEGRADACION
PNN Chiribiquete
PNN Amacayacu
Campamento El Zafire
Descomposcición Forestal
Amazonas
Colombia
title_short Variación de la caída de la hojarasca fina a través de diferentes tipos de suelos y regiones en la amazonia.
title_full Variación de la caída de la hojarasca fina a través de diferentes tipos de suelos y regiones en la amazonia.
title_fullStr Variación de la caída de la hojarasca fina a través de diferentes tipos de suelos y regiones en la amazonia.
title_full_unstemmed Variación de la caída de la hojarasca fina a través de diferentes tipos de suelos y regiones en la amazonia.
title_sort Variación de la caída de la hojarasca fina a través de diferentes tipos de suelos y regiones en la amazonia.
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Navarrete Encinales, Diego Alejandro
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv CHAVE, JÉRÔME
PEÑUELA MORA, MARIA CRISTINA
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Navarrete Encinales, Diego Alejandro
dc.subject.ddc.spa.fl_str_mv 550 - Ciencias de la tierra::551 - Geología, hidrología, meteorología
550 - Ciencias de la tierra::558 - Ciencias de la tierra de América del Sur
topic 550 - Ciencias de la tierra::551 - Geología, hidrología, meteorología
550 - Ciencias de la tierra::558 - Ciencias de la tierra de América del Sur
HOJARASCA FORESTAL-BIODEGRADACION
BOSQUES TROPICALES
ECOLOGIA DE SELVA LLUVIOSA
Litterfall
Amazonia
carbon cycling
Station des Nouragues
FORESTAL-BIODEGRADACION
PNN Chiribiquete
PNN Amacayacu
Campamento El Zafire
Descomposcición Forestal
Amazonas
Colombia
dc.subject.armarc.none.fl_str_mv HOJARASCA FORESTAL-BIODEGRADACION
BOSQUES TROPICALES
ECOLOGIA DE SELVA LLUVIOSA
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv Litterfall
Amazonia
carbon cycling
Station des Nouragues
FORESTAL-BIODEGRADACION
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv PNN Chiribiquete
PNN Amacayacu
Campamento El Zafire
Descomposcición Forestal
Amazonas
Colombia
description Contiene figuras, tablas y diagramas.
publishDate 2006
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2006-07
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2022-02-17T17:17:15Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2022-02-17T17:17:15Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Trabajo de grado - Maestría
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis
dc.type.coarversion.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv Text
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TM
dc.identifier.citation.spa.fl_str_mv APA
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/81005
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv APA
Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
url https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/81005
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv spa
language spa
dc.relation.indexed.spa.fl_str_mv RedCol
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv ACEITUNO, P. (1988). On the functioning of the southern oscillation in the South American sector. Monthly Weather Rev. 116: 505 – 524.
ALVAREZ-SANCHEZ, J & S. GUEVARA. 1999. Litter interception on Astrocarium mexicanum Liebm. (Palmae) in a tropical rain forest. Biotropica 31(1): 89 – 92.
ANDERSON, A. B. 1981. White-sand vegetation of Brazilian Amazonia. Biotropica 13(3): 199 – 210.
BAKER, T.R., O.L. PHILLIPS, Y. MALHI, S. ALMEIDA, L. ARROYO, A. DI FIORE, T. ERWIN, T. KILLEEN, S.G. LAURANCE, W.F. LAURANCE, S.L. LEWIS, J. LLOYD, A. MONTEAGUDO, D.A. NEILL. S. PATIÑO, N.C.A. PITMAN, J.S.M. SILVA & R. VÁSQUEZ-MARTINEZ. 2004a. Variation in wood density determines spatial patterns in Amazonian forest biomass. Global Change Biology 10: 545 – 562.
BAKER, T.R., O.L. PHILLIPS, Y. MALHI, S. ALMEIDA, L. ARROYO, A. DI FIORE, T. ERWIN, N. HIGUCHI, T. KILLEEN, S.G. LAURANCE, W.F. LAURANCE, S.L. LEWIS, A. MONTEAGUDO, D.A. NEILL,P. NÚÑEZ-VARGAS, N.C.A. PITMAN, J.S.M. SILVA & R. VÁSQUEZ-MARTINEZ. 2004b. Increasing biomass in Amazonian forest plots. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. 359: 353 – 365.
BEGON, M., J. L. HARPER & C. R. TOWNSEND. 1990. Ecology. Blackwell scientific publications.
BORCHERT, R. 1980. Phenology and ecophysiology of tropical trees: Erythrina poeppigiana O. F. Cook. Ecology 61: 1065 – 1074.
BORCHERT, R. 1983. Phenology and control of flowering in tropical trees. Biotropica 15: 81 – 89.
BORCHERT, R., G. RIVERA & W. HAGNAUER. 2002. Modification of vegetative phenology in tropical semideciduous forest by abnormal drought and rain. Biotropica 34: 381 – 393.
BRAY, J. R. & F. GORHAM. 1964. Litter production in forest of the world. Advances in Ecological Research 2: 101 – 157.
BROWN, K. S. 1987. Soil and vegetation. En: Withmore, T. C., Prance G. T. (Eds.). Biogeography and quaternary history in tropical America. Oxford Monographs in Biogeography 3, Oxford, UK, pág. 19 – 45.
BROWN, S & A. E. LUGO. 1982. The storage and production of organic matter in tropical forest and their role in global carbon cycle. Biotropica 14(3): 161 – 187.
CHAPMAN, C. A., L. J. CHAPMAN, T. T. STRUHSAKER, A. E. ZANNE, C. J. CLARK & J. R. PUOLSEN. 2005. A long-term evaluation of fruiting phenology: importance of climate change. Journal of Tropical Ecology 21: 1 – 14.
CHAPMAN, C. A., L. J. CHAPMAN, T. T. STRUHSAKER, A. E. ZANNE, C. J. CLARK & J. R. PUOLSEN. 2005. A long-term evaluation of fruiting phenology: importance of climate change. Journal of Tropical Ecology 21: 1 – 14.
CLARK, D. A., S. BROWN, D. W. KICKLIGHTER, J. Q. CHAMBERS, J. R. THOMLINSON, J. NI & E. A. HOLLAND. 2001b. Net Primary Production in tropical forests: An evaluation and synthesis of existing field data. Ecological Applications 11(2): 371 – 384.
COX, P. M., R. A. BETTS, C. D. JONES, S. A. SPALL & I. J. TOTTERDELL. 2000. Acceleration of global warming due to carbon cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model. Nature 408: 184 – 187.
CUEVAS, E. & E. MEDINA. 1986. Nutrient dynamic within Amazonian forests. I. Nutrient flux in fine litter fall and efficiency of nutrient utilization. Oecologia 68: 466 – 472.
DANTAS, M. & J. PHILLIPSON. 1989. Litterfall and litter nutrient content in primary and secondary Amazonian “Tierra Firme” rain forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology 5: 27 – 36.
EDWARDS, P. J. 1977. Studies of mineral cycling in a mountain rain forest in New Guinea: II. The production and disappearance of litter. Journal of Ecology 65: 971 – 992.
ELLIOTT, S., P. J. BAKER & R. BORCHERT. 2006. Leaf flushing during the dry season: the paradox of Asian monsoon forests. Global Ecology and Biogeography: 1 – 10
EWEL, J. J. 1976. Litter fall and leaf decomposition in a tropical forest succession in eastern Guatemala. Journal of Ecology. 64: 293 – 308.
EZCURRA, E. & J. BECERRA. 1987. Experimental decomposition of litter from the Tamaulipan cloud forest: A comparison of four simple models. Biotropica 19(4): 290 – 296.
FINOTTI, R., S. RODRIGUES, R. CERQUEIRA & M. VIEIRA. 2003. A method to determine the minimum number of litter traps in litterfall studies. Biotropica 35(3): 419 – 421.
FRANKIE, G. W., H. G. BAKER & P. A. OPLER. 1974. Comparative phenological studies of trees in tropical wet and dry forest in the lowlands of Costa Rica. Journal of Ecology 62(3): 881 – 919.
GRUBB, P. J. 1977. Control of forest growth and distribution on wet tropical mountains: with special reference to mineral nutrition. Annual Reviews of Ecology and Systematics 8: 83 – 107.
GUISANDE, C., A. BARREIRO, I. MANEIRO, I. RIVEIRO & A. R. VERGARA. 2006. Tratamiento de Datos. Ediciones Días de Santos. España. 356p.
HERRERA, R., C. F. JORDAN, H. KLINGE & E. MEDINA. 1978. Amazon ecosystems. Their structure and functioning with particular emphasis on nutrients. Interciencia 3: 223 – 232.
HOPKIN, M. 2005. Amazon hit by worst drought for 40 years. Warming Atlantic linked to both hurricanes and rain forest drought. Nature News Online. En: http://www.nature.com/news/2005/051010/full
JENNY, H. S., P. GESSEL & F. T. BINGHAM. 1949. Comparative study of decomposition rates of organic matter in temperate and tropical regions. Soil Sci. 68: 419 – 432.
JUNK, W. J. 1989. Flood tolerance and trees distribution in Central Amazonian floodplains. Pp 47 – 64 en Nielsen, L. B., I. C. Nielsen & H. Baisley (eds). Tropical forest: botanical dynamics, speciation and diversity. Academic Press, London.
KLING, H. & A. RODRIGUES. 1968. Litter production in an area of Amazon terra firme forest. Amazoniana 1: 287 – 310.
KLINGE, H & R. HERRERA. 1977. Composite root mass in tropaquods under Amazon caatinga sands in southern Venezuela. IV Symp. Trop. Ecol. Panamá.
KLING, H. 1978. Litter production in tropical ecosystems. Malayan Nature Journal. 30: 415 – 422.
LAURANCE, F. W., P. M. FERANSIDE, S. G. LAURANCE, P. DELAMONICA, T. E. LOVEJOY, J. M. RANKIN DE MERONA, J. Q. CHAMBERS & C. GASCON. 1999. Relationship between soils and Amazon forest biomass: a landscape-scale study. Forest Ecology and Management 118: 127 – 138.
LIM, M. T. 1978. Litterfall and mineral nutrient content of litter in Pasoh Forest Reserve. Malayan Nature Journal 30: 375 – 380.
LONGMAN, K. A. & J. JENIK. 1987. Tropical forest and its environments, 2ª Edición. Longman Scientific & Technical, Essex, Inglaterra.
MACHADO, I. C., L. M. BARROS, E. V. SAMPAIO. 1997. Phenology of caatinga species at Serra Talhada, PE, Northeastern Brazil. Biotropica 29(1): 57 – 68.
MALHI, Y., D. D. BALDOCCHI & P. G. JARVIS. 1999. The carbon balance of tropical, temperate and boreal forest. Plant, Cell & Environment 22: 715.
MALHI, Y. & J. GRACE. 2000. Tropical forest and atmospheric carbon dioxide. Tree 15: 332 - 337.
MALHI, Y., O. L. PHILLIPS, J. LLOYD, T. BAKER, J. WRIGHT, S. ALMEIDA, L. ARROYO, T. FREDERIKESEN, J. GRACE, N. HIGUCHI, T. KILLEEN, W. F. LAURANCE, C. LEAO, S. L. LEWIS, P. MEIR, A. MONTEAGUDO, P. VARGAS, S. N. PANFIL, S. PATIÑO, N. C. A. PITMAN, C. QUESADA. A. RUDAS, R. SALOMAO, S. SALESKA, N. SILVA, M. SILVERIA, W. G. SOMBROEK, R. VALENCIA, R. VÁSQUEZ. 2003. An international network to monitor the structure, composition and dynamics of Amazonian forest. Journal of Vegetation Science 13: 439 – 450.
MALHI, Y., T.R. BAKER, O.L. PHILLIPS, S. ALMEIDA, E. ALVAREZ, L.ARROYO, J. CHAVE, C. CZIMCZIK, A. DI FIORE, N. HIGUCHI, T.J. KILLEEN, S.G. LAURANCE, W.F. LAURANCE, S.L. LEWIS, L.M. MERCADO MONTOYA, A. MONTEAGUDO, D.A. NEILL, P. NÚÑEZ-VARGAS, S. PATIÑO, N. C. A. PITMAN, C. A. QUESADA, R. SALOMAO, J. N. MASEDO-SILVA, A. TORRES-LEZAMA, R. VASQUEZ-MARTÍNEZ, J. TERBORGH, B. VINCETI & J. LLOYD. 2004. The above-ground coarse wood productivity of 104 Neotropical forest plots. Global Change Biology 10: 563 – 591.
MEDINA, E., V. GARCIA & E. CUEVAS. 1990. Sclerophylly and oligotrophic environments: Relationships between leaf structure, mineral nutrient content, and drought resistance in tropical rain forests of the upper Rio Negro region. Biotropica 22(1): 51 – 64.
MONTOYA, G. J. F. PHILLIPS & P. von HILDEBRAND. 2002. Características abióticas de la cuenca de Puerto Abeja, Parque Nacional Chiribiquete. En: Plan de manejo para el Parque Nacional Natural Serranía de Chiribiquete. (UAESPNN & Fundación Puerto Rastrojo Eds.). Bogotá, Colombia.
NEBEL, G., J. DRAGSTED & A. SALAZAR-VEGA. 2001. Litter fall, biomass and net primary production in floodplain forests in Peruvian Amazon. Forest Ecology Management 150: 93 – 102.
NAVARRETE, D. 2002. Descomposición de la hojarasca de cuatro especies de plantas en distintos bosques ubicados en la cuenca de la quebrada Puerto Abeja, Parque Nacional Natural Serranía de Chiribiquete (Caquetá, Colombia). Trabajo de grado, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de los Andes. Bogotá, Colombia. 67p.
NAVARRETE, D & P. von HILDEBRAND. 2005. Comportamiento fenológico de cuatro bosques heteroespecíficos de la region del Chiribiquete, Amazonia colombiana. Fundación Puerto Rastrojo. Bogotá, Colombia.
NEWSTROM, L. E., G. W. FRANKIE & H. G. BAKER. 1994. A new classification for plant phenology based on flowering patterns in lowland tropical rain forest trees at La Selva, Costa Rica. Biotropica 26(2): 141 – 159
OBESO, J. R. 2002. The cost of reproduction in plants. New Phytologist 155(3): 321 – 348.
PEÑUELA, M.C. & E. ÁLVAREZ, 2006. Monitoreo de la vegetación en cuatro bosques de suelos contrastantes del trapecio amazónico Colombia. Resultados presentados al IX Congreso Latinoamericano de Botánica, Santo Domingo, R.D.
PHILLIPS, J. F. & P. von HILDEBRAND. 2002. Distribución espacial y características de los bosques de la cuenca de Puerto Abeja, Parque Nacional Chiribiquete. En: Plan de manejo para el Parque Nacional Natural Serranía de Chiribiquete. (UAESPNN & Fundación Puerto Rastrojo Eds.). Bogotá, Colombia.
PHILLIPS, O. L. & A. H. GENTRY. 1994. Increasing turnover through time in tropical forest. Science 263: 683 – 714.
PHILLIPS, O. L., Y. MALHI, N. HIGUCHI, W. F. LAURANCE, P. NUÑEZ, R. M. VASQUEZ, S. G. LAURANCE, L. V. FERREIRA, M. STERN, S. BROWN & J. GRACE. 1998. Changes in the carbon balance of tropical forest: Evidence from long-term plots. Science 282: 439 – 442.
PHILLIPS O. L, P. NÚÑEZ, A. MONTEAGUDO, A. PEÑA, M-E. CHUSPE, W. GALIANO, M. YLI-HALLA and S. ROSE. 2003. Habitat association among Amazonian tree species: a landscape-scale approach. Journal of Ecology 91: 757 – 775.
PHILLIPS O. L, R. VASQUEZ, A. MONTEAGUDO, T. BAKER & P. NÚÑEZ. 2005. Large lianas as hyperdynamic elements of the tropical forest canopy. Ecology 86(5): 1250 – 1258.
PRANCE, G. T. 1979. Notas sobre la vegetación de la Amazonia III. La terminología de los tipos de bosques Amazónicos sujetos a inundación. Brittonia 31(1): 26 – 38.
PROCTOR, J. 1983. Tropical forest litterfall. I. Problems of data comparison. En: S. L. Sutton & T. C. Whitmore (Eds.). Tropical rain forest: ecology and management. Pág. 267 – 273.
PROCTOR, J. J. M. ANDERSON, P. CHAI, & H. W. VALLACK. 1983. Ecological studies in four contrasting lowland rain forests in Gunung Mulu Park. Journal of Ecology 71: 261 – 283.
REEKIE, E. G. & F. A. BAZZAZ. 1986. Reproductive effort in plants. 1. Carbon allocation to reproduction. The American Naturalist 129(6): 876 – 896.
REICH, P. B. & R. BORCHERT. 1982. Phenology and ecosphysiology of the tropical tree Tabebuia neochrysanthra (Bignoniaceae). Ecology 63: 294 – 299.
REICH, P. B. & R. BORCHERT. 1984. Water stress and tree phenology in a tropical dry forest in the lowlands of Costa Rica. Journal of Ecology: 72: 61 – 74.
RICHARDS, P. S. 1952. The tropical rain forest. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Inglaterra.
RIVERA, G. & R. BORCHERT. 2001. Induction of flowering in tropical trees by a 30-min reduction in photoperiod: evidence from field observations and herbarium collections. Tree Physiology 21: 201 – 212.
ROY, J., B. SAUGIER & H.A., MOONEY. (2001). Terrestrial Global Productivity. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
RUDAS, A. & A. PRIETO. 2005. Flórula del Párque Nacional Natural Amacayacu, Amazonas, Colombia. C. M. Taylor & R. Ortiz (Eds.). Missouri Botanical Garden Press. St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
RYAN, M. G., R. M. HUBBARD, S. POGRACIC, R. J. RAISON & R. E. McMURTRIE. 1996. Foliage, fine-root, woody-tissue, and stand respiration in Pinus radiatain relation to nitrogen status. Tree Physiology 16: 333 – 343.
SCHÖNGART, J., W. J. JUNK, M. T. F. PIEDADE, J. M. AYRES, A. HÜTTERMANN & M. WORBES. 2004. Teleconnection between tree growth in the Amazonian floodplains and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation effect. Global Change Biology 10: 683-692.
PARQUE NACIONAL NATURAL AMACAYACU. 2005. Línea base del Parque Nacional Natural Amacayacu. SISTEMA NACIONAL DE PARQUES NACIONALES. Leticia
SOMBROEK, W. G. 2000. Amazon land forms and soils in relation to biological diversity. Acta Amazonica 30: 81 – 100
SPAIN, S. V. 1984. Litterfall and standing crop of litter three tropical Australian rain forests. Journal of Ecology 72(3): 947 – 961
STARK, N. 1970. The nutrient content of plants and soils Brazil and Surinam. Biotropica 2: 51 – 60.
SWIFT M. J. & J. M. ANDERSON. 1983. Decomposition. En: Leith, H. & Wergwr, M. J. A. 1989. Tropical rain forest ecosystems. Biogeographical and ecological studies. Elsevier, New York. (Series ecosystems of the world, vol. 14b).
Ter STEEGE, H., B. LAUMANS, D. LAUMANS-BUS, G. ZONDERVAN, & F. BONGERS. 2003. Long-term effect of timber harvesting in north Suriname. Pp. 79-94 in: ter Steege, H. (ed.) Long-term changes in tropical tree diversity: Studies from the Guiana Shield, Africa, Borneo and Melanesia. Tropenbos Series 22. Tropenbos International, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
UNESCO/CIFCA. 1980. Ecosistemas de los bosques tropicales. Informe sobre el estado de conocimientos preparado por Unesco/PNUMA/FAO.
VALENCIA, R., R. B. FOSTER, G. VILLA, R. CONDIT, J-C. SVENNING, C. HERNÁNDEZ, K. ROMOLEROUX, E. LOSOS, E. MAGARD & H. BALSLEV. 2004. Tree species distribution and local habitat variation in the Amazon: large forest plot in eastern Ecuador. Journal of Ecology 94: 214 – 229.
VASCONCELOS, H. L. & F. J. LUIZAO. 2004. Litter production and litter nutrient concentrations in a fragmented Amazonian landscape. Ecological Applications 14(3): 884 – 892.
VILLELA, D. M. & J. PROCTOR. 1999. Litterfall mass, chemistry and nutrients retranslocation in a monodominant forest on Maracá Island, Roraima, Brazil. Biotropica 31(2): 198 – 211.
VITOUSEK, P. M. & R. L. SANFORD, 1986. Nutrient cycling in moist tropical forest. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 17: 137-167
VITOUSEK, P. M. 1984. Litterfall, nutrient cycling and nutrient limitation in tropical forest. Ecology 65(1): 285 – 298.
WORBES, M. 1999. Annual growth rings, rainfall-dependent growth and long-term growth patterns of tropical trees from Carapo Forest Reserve in Venezuela. Journal of Ecology 87: 391 – 403.
WARING, R. H. & W. H. SCHCLESINGER. 1985. Forest ecosystems: concepts and management. Academic Press, New York, New York, USA. WRIGHT, S. J. & O. CALDERÓN. 2006. Seasonal, El Niño and longer term changes in flower and seed production in a moist tropical forest. Ecology Letters 9: 35 – 44.
ZAR, J. 1999. Biostatistical analysis. 4th. Edition. Prentice Hall. New Jersey.
dc.rights.coar.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_14cb
dc.rights.license.spa.fl_str_mv Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional
dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_14cb
eu_rights_str_mv closedAccess
dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.program.spa.fl_str_mv Amazonía - Amazonía - Doctorado en Estudios Amazónicos
dc.publisher.department.spa.fl_str_mv Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones
dc.publisher.faculty.spa.fl_str_mv Facultad Amazonía
dc.publisher.branch.spa.fl_str_mv Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Amazonas
institution Universidad Nacional de Colombia
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/81005/1/TESIS%20FINAL%20NAVARRETE.pdf
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/81005/2/license.txt
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/81005/3/TESIS%20FINAL%20NAVARRETE.pdf.jpg
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv 03a90cb423b1486b2757304c5a22c48a
8153f7789df02f0a4c9e079953658ab2
4b6f03fc3fc4d6e658ab4e032e6ec825
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv MD5
MD5
MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
repository.mail.fl_str_mv repositorio_nal@unal.edu.co
_version_ 1806886447469297664
spelling Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacionalinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_14cbCHAVE, JÉRÔME61c0621bf217523b0b99024b6971aa76PEÑUELA MORA, MARIA CRISTINA9adc39d37df0fc8bb4899fd5a0ed1cc9Navarrete Encinales, Diego Alejandro32141e76cf789efeb0d5b8db63f44db22022-02-17T17:17:15Z2022-02-17T17:17:15Z2006-07APAhttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/81005Universidad Nacional de ColombiaRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiahttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/Contiene figuras, tablas y diagramas.El presente trabajo busca establecer la variación de la caída de la hojarasca fina y la dinámica del carbono a través ésta en bosques amazónicos sobre suelos contrastantes como uno de los componentes para medición de la Productividad Primaria Neta de los bosques de la cuenca del Amazonas. En algunos de los lugares donde se realizó este estudio y en otros lugares de la cuenca se están desarrollando estudios paralelos que buscan establecer la dinámica del carbono a través de los diferentes componentes de la PPN, incluyendo la producción de hojarasca fina, bajo los protocolos establecidos por RAINFOR y PANAMAZONIA.Litterfall is an important component of Aboveground Net Primary Productivity because it is a very dynamic carbon pool, and because trees invest a high proportion of the carbon they fix through photosynthesis to produce leaves and reproductive structures. We measured the fine litterfall in forests in different soils in Amazonia (Podsol, Oxisol, Ultisol and Histosol) at the Chiribiquete and Amacayacu National Natural Parks, the Río Calderón Forest Reserve (Western Amazonia, Colombia), and the Nouragues Research Station (Eastern Amazonia, French Guiana). Eight 1ha plots were previously established on the different soils and 25 0.5m2 litter traps were setup in each plot. Litter was collected twice monthly during an interval of at least 1 year. I found significant differences in litterfall among the plots, exhibiting a rank of litter production between 4.05 and 9.49 Mg ha-1 y-1 (or 2.03 and 4.75 Mg C ha-1 y-1). The lower values were found in Podsol sites and the higher ones in Oxisol sites. Litter production tended to increased as rainfall decreased and temperature increased. I found a wide range of values in neighboring plots and in plots belonging to distant regions. Hence, in Amazonian forests, litterfall is strongly influenced by local climatic and edaphic properties, more than by regional ones.MaestríaMagíster en Estudios AmazónicosEcosistemas, Biodiversidad y Conservaciónapplication/pdfspa550 - Ciencias de la tierra::551 - Geología, hidrología, meteorología550 - Ciencias de la tierra::558 - Ciencias de la tierra de América del SurHOJARASCA FORESTAL-BIODEGRADACIONBOSQUES TROPICALESECOLOGIA DE SELVA LLUVIOSALitterfallAmazoniacarbon cyclingStation des NouraguesFORESTAL-BIODEGRADACIONPNN ChiribiquetePNN AmacayacuCampamento El ZafireDescomposcición ForestalAmazonasColombiaVariación de la caída de la hojarasca fina a través de diferentes tipos de suelos y regiones en la amazonia.Fine litter fall variation across different soil types and regions in the amazon.Trabajo de grado - Maestríainfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesishttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Texthttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TMAmazonía - Amazonía - Doctorado en Estudios AmazónicosInstituto Amazónico de InvestigacionesFacultad AmazoníaUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede AmazonasRedColACEITUNO, P. (1988). On the functioning of the southern oscillation in the South American sector. Monthly Weather Rev. 116: 505 – 524.ALVAREZ-SANCHEZ, J & S. GUEVARA. 1999. Litter interception on Astrocarium mexicanum Liebm. (Palmae) in a tropical rain forest. Biotropica 31(1): 89 – 92.ANDERSON, A. B. 1981. White-sand vegetation of Brazilian Amazonia. Biotropica 13(3): 199 – 210.BAKER, T.R., O.L. PHILLIPS, Y. MALHI, S. ALMEIDA, L. ARROYO, A. DI FIORE, T. ERWIN, T. KILLEEN, S.G. LAURANCE, W.F. LAURANCE, S.L. LEWIS, J. LLOYD, A. MONTEAGUDO, D.A. NEILL. S. PATIÑO, N.C.A. PITMAN, J.S.M. SILVA & R. VÁSQUEZ-MARTINEZ. 2004a. Variation in wood density determines spatial patterns in Amazonian forest biomass. Global Change Biology 10: 545 – 562.BAKER, T.R., O.L. PHILLIPS, Y. MALHI, S. ALMEIDA, L. ARROYO, A. DI FIORE, T. ERWIN, N. HIGUCHI, T. KILLEEN, S.G. LAURANCE, W.F. LAURANCE, S.L. LEWIS, A. MONTEAGUDO, D.A. NEILL,P. NÚÑEZ-VARGAS, N.C.A. PITMAN, J.S.M. SILVA & R. VÁSQUEZ-MARTINEZ. 2004b. Increasing biomass in Amazonian forest plots. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. 359: 353 – 365.BEGON, M., J. L. HARPER & C. R. TOWNSEND. 1990. Ecology. Blackwell scientific publications.BORCHERT, R. 1980. Phenology and ecophysiology of tropical trees: Erythrina poeppigiana O. F. Cook. Ecology 61: 1065 – 1074.BORCHERT, R. 1983. Phenology and control of flowering in tropical trees. Biotropica 15: 81 – 89.BORCHERT, R., G. RIVERA & W. HAGNAUER. 2002. Modification of vegetative phenology in tropical semideciduous forest by abnormal drought and rain. Biotropica 34: 381 – 393.BRAY, J. R. & F. GORHAM. 1964. Litter production in forest of the world. Advances in Ecological Research 2: 101 – 157.BROWN, K. S. 1987. Soil and vegetation. En: Withmore, T. C., Prance G. T. (Eds.). Biogeography and quaternary history in tropical America. Oxford Monographs in Biogeography 3, Oxford, UK, pág. 19 – 45.BROWN, S & A. E. LUGO. 1982. The storage and production of organic matter in tropical forest and their role in global carbon cycle. Biotropica 14(3): 161 – 187.CHAPMAN, C. A., L. J. CHAPMAN, T. T. STRUHSAKER, A. E. ZANNE, C. J. CLARK & J. R. PUOLSEN. 2005. A long-term evaluation of fruiting phenology: importance of climate change. Journal of Tropical Ecology 21: 1 – 14.CHAPMAN, C. A., L. J. CHAPMAN, T. T. STRUHSAKER, A. E. ZANNE, C. J. CLARK & J. R. PUOLSEN. 2005. A long-term evaluation of fruiting phenology: importance of climate change. Journal of Tropical Ecology 21: 1 – 14.CLARK, D. A., S. BROWN, D. W. KICKLIGHTER, J. Q. CHAMBERS, J. R. THOMLINSON, J. NI & E. A. HOLLAND. 2001b. Net Primary Production in tropical forests: An evaluation and synthesis of existing field data. Ecological Applications 11(2): 371 – 384.COX, P. M., R. A. BETTS, C. D. JONES, S. A. SPALL & I. J. TOTTERDELL. 2000. Acceleration of global warming due to carbon cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model. Nature 408: 184 – 187.CUEVAS, E. & E. MEDINA. 1986. Nutrient dynamic within Amazonian forests. I. Nutrient flux in fine litter fall and efficiency of nutrient utilization. Oecologia 68: 466 – 472.DANTAS, M. & J. PHILLIPSON. 1989. Litterfall and litter nutrient content in primary and secondary Amazonian “Tierra Firme” rain forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology 5: 27 – 36.EDWARDS, P. J. 1977. Studies of mineral cycling in a mountain rain forest in New Guinea: II. The production and disappearance of litter. Journal of Ecology 65: 971 – 992.ELLIOTT, S., P. J. BAKER & R. BORCHERT. 2006. Leaf flushing during the dry season: the paradox of Asian monsoon forests. Global Ecology and Biogeography: 1 – 10EWEL, J. J. 1976. Litter fall and leaf decomposition in a tropical forest succession in eastern Guatemala. Journal of Ecology. 64: 293 – 308.EZCURRA, E. & J. BECERRA. 1987. Experimental decomposition of litter from the Tamaulipan cloud forest: A comparison of four simple models. Biotropica 19(4): 290 – 296.FINOTTI, R., S. RODRIGUES, R. CERQUEIRA & M. VIEIRA. 2003. A method to determine the minimum number of litter traps in litterfall studies. Biotropica 35(3): 419 – 421.FRANKIE, G. W., H. G. BAKER & P. A. OPLER. 1974. Comparative phenological studies of trees in tropical wet and dry forest in the lowlands of Costa Rica. Journal of Ecology 62(3): 881 – 919.GRUBB, P. J. 1977. Control of forest growth and distribution on wet tropical mountains: with special reference to mineral nutrition. Annual Reviews of Ecology and Systematics 8: 83 – 107.GUISANDE, C., A. BARREIRO, I. MANEIRO, I. RIVEIRO & A. R. VERGARA. 2006. Tratamiento de Datos. Ediciones Días de Santos. España. 356p.HERRERA, R., C. F. JORDAN, H. KLINGE & E. MEDINA. 1978. Amazon ecosystems. Their structure and functioning with particular emphasis on nutrients. Interciencia 3: 223 – 232.HOPKIN, M. 2005. Amazon hit by worst drought for 40 years. Warming Atlantic linked to both hurricanes and rain forest drought. Nature News Online. En: http://www.nature.com/news/2005/051010/fullJENNY, H. S., P. GESSEL & F. T. BINGHAM. 1949. Comparative study of decomposition rates of organic matter in temperate and tropical regions. Soil Sci. 68: 419 – 432.JUNK, W. J. 1989. Flood tolerance and trees distribution in Central Amazonian floodplains. Pp 47 – 64 en Nielsen, L. B., I. C. Nielsen & H. Baisley (eds). Tropical forest: botanical dynamics, speciation and diversity. Academic Press, London.KLING, H. & A. RODRIGUES. 1968. Litter production in an area of Amazon terra firme forest. Amazoniana 1: 287 – 310.KLINGE, H & R. HERRERA. 1977. Composite root mass in tropaquods under Amazon caatinga sands in southern Venezuela. IV Symp. Trop. Ecol. Panamá.KLING, H. 1978. Litter production in tropical ecosystems. Malayan Nature Journal. 30: 415 – 422.LAURANCE, F. W., P. M. FERANSIDE, S. G. LAURANCE, P. DELAMONICA, T. E. LOVEJOY, J. M. RANKIN DE MERONA, J. Q. CHAMBERS & C. GASCON. 1999. Relationship between soils and Amazon forest biomass: a landscape-scale study. Forest Ecology and Management 118: 127 – 138.LIM, M. T. 1978. Litterfall and mineral nutrient content of litter in Pasoh Forest Reserve. Malayan Nature Journal 30: 375 – 380.LONGMAN, K. A. & J. JENIK. 1987. Tropical forest and its environments, 2ª Edición. Longman Scientific & Technical, Essex, Inglaterra.MACHADO, I. C., L. M. BARROS, E. V. SAMPAIO. 1997. Phenology of caatinga species at Serra Talhada, PE, Northeastern Brazil. Biotropica 29(1): 57 – 68.MALHI, Y., D. D. BALDOCCHI & P. G. JARVIS. 1999. The carbon balance of tropical, temperate and boreal forest. Plant, Cell & Environment 22: 715.MALHI, Y. & J. GRACE. 2000. Tropical forest and atmospheric carbon dioxide. Tree 15: 332 - 337.MALHI, Y., O. L. PHILLIPS, J. LLOYD, T. BAKER, J. WRIGHT, S. ALMEIDA, L. ARROYO, T. FREDERIKESEN, J. GRACE, N. HIGUCHI, T. KILLEEN, W. F. LAURANCE, C. LEAO, S. L. LEWIS, P. MEIR, A. MONTEAGUDO, P. VARGAS, S. N. PANFIL, S. PATIÑO, N. C. A. PITMAN, C. QUESADA. A. RUDAS, R. SALOMAO, S. SALESKA, N. SILVA, M. SILVERIA, W. G. SOMBROEK, R. VALENCIA, R. VÁSQUEZ. 2003. An international network to monitor the structure, composition and dynamics of Amazonian forest. Journal of Vegetation Science 13: 439 – 450.MALHI, Y., T.R. BAKER, O.L. PHILLIPS, S. ALMEIDA, E. ALVAREZ, L.ARROYO, J. CHAVE, C. CZIMCZIK, A. DI FIORE, N. HIGUCHI, T.J. KILLEEN, S.G. LAURANCE, W.F. LAURANCE, S.L. LEWIS, L.M. MERCADO MONTOYA, A. MONTEAGUDO, D.A. NEILL, P. NÚÑEZ-VARGAS, S. PATIÑO, N. C. A. PITMAN, C. A. QUESADA, R. SALOMAO, J. N. MASEDO-SILVA, A. TORRES-LEZAMA, R. VASQUEZ-MARTÍNEZ, J. TERBORGH, B. VINCETI & J. LLOYD. 2004. The above-ground coarse wood productivity of 104 Neotropical forest plots. Global Change Biology 10: 563 – 591.MEDINA, E., V. GARCIA & E. CUEVAS. 1990. Sclerophylly and oligotrophic environments: Relationships between leaf structure, mineral nutrient content, and drought resistance in tropical rain forests of the upper Rio Negro region. Biotropica 22(1): 51 – 64.MONTOYA, G. J. F. PHILLIPS & P. von HILDEBRAND. 2002. Características abióticas de la cuenca de Puerto Abeja, Parque Nacional Chiribiquete. En: Plan de manejo para el Parque Nacional Natural Serranía de Chiribiquete. (UAESPNN & Fundación Puerto Rastrojo Eds.). Bogotá, Colombia.NEBEL, G., J. DRAGSTED & A. SALAZAR-VEGA. 2001. Litter fall, biomass and net primary production in floodplain forests in Peruvian Amazon. Forest Ecology Management 150: 93 – 102.NAVARRETE, D. 2002. Descomposición de la hojarasca de cuatro especies de plantas en distintos bosques ubicados en la cuenca de la quebrada Puerto Abeja, Parque Nacional Natural Serranía de Chiribiquete (Caquetá, Colombia). Trabajo de grado, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de los Andes. Bogotá, Colombia. 67p.NAVARRETE, D & P. von HILDEBRAND. 2005. Comportamiento fenológico de cuatro bosques heteroespecíficos de la region del Chiribiquete, Amazonia colombiana. Fundación Puerto Rastrojo. Bogotá, Colombia.NEWSTROM, L. E., G. W. FRANKIE & H. G. BAKER. 1994. A new classification for plant phenology based on flowering patterns in lowland tropical rain forest trees at La Selva, Costa Rica. Biotropica 26(2): 141 – 159OBESO, J. R. 2002. The cost of reproduction in plants. New Phytologist 155(3): 321 – 348.PEÑUELA, M.C. & E. ÁLVAREZ, 2006. Monitoreo de la vegetación en cuatro bosques de suelos contrastantes del trapecio amazónico Colombia. Resultados presentados al IX Congreso Latinoamericano de Botánica, Santo Domingo, R.D.PHILLIPS, J. F. & P. von HILDEBRAND. 2002. Distribución espacial y características de los bosques de la cuenca de Puerto Abeja, Parque Nacional Chiribiquete. En: Plan de manejo para el Parque Nacional Natural Serranía de Chiribiquete. (UAESPNN & Fundación Puerto Rastrojo Eds.). Bogotá, Colombia.PHILLIPS, O. L. & A. H. GENTRY. 1994. Increasing turnover through time in tropical forest. Science 263: 683 – 714.PHILLIPS, O. L., Y. MALHI, N. HIGUCHI, W. F. LAURANCE, P. NUÑEZ, R. M. VASQUEZ, S. G. LAURANCE, L. V. FERREIRA, M. STERN, S. BROWN & J. GRACE. 1998. Changes in the carbon balance of tropical forest: Evidence from long-term plots. Science 282: 439 – 442.PHILLIPS O. L, P. NÚÑEZ, A. MONTEAGUDO, A. PEÑA, M-E. CHUSPE, W. GALIANO, M. YLI-HALLA and S. ROSE. 2003. Habitat association among Amazonian tree species: a landscape-scale approach. Journal of Ecology 91: 757 – 775.PHILLIPS O. L, R. VASQUEZ, A. MONTEAGUDO, T. BAKER & P. NÚÑEZ. 2005. Large lianas as hyperdynamic elements of the tropical forest canopy. Ecology 86(5): 1250 – 1258.PRANCE, G. T. 1979. Notas sobre la vegetación de la Amazonia III. La terminología de los tipos de bosques Amazónicos sujetos a inundación. Brittonia 31(1): 26 – 38.PROCTOR, J. 1983. Tropical forest litterfall. I. Problems of data comparison. En: S. L. Sutton & T. C. Whitmore (Eds.). Tropical rain forest: ecology and management. Pág. 267 – 273.PROCTOR, J. J. M. ANDERSON, P. CHAI, & H. W. VALLACK. 1983. Ecological studies in four contrasting lowland rain forests in Gunung Mulu Park. Journal of Ecology 71: 261 – 283.REEKIE, E. G. & F. A. BAZZAZ. 1986. Reproductive effort in plants. 1. Carbon allocation to reproduction. The American Naturalist 129(6): 876 – 896.REICH, P. B. & R. BORCHERT. 1982. Phenology and ecosphysiology of the tropical tree Tabebuia neochrysanthra (Bignoniaceae). Ecology 63: 294 – 299.REICH, P. B. & R. BORCHERT. 1984. Water stress and tree phenology in a tropical dry forest in the lowlands of Costa Rica. Journal of Ecology: 72: 61 – 74.RICHARDS, P. S. 1952. The tropical rain forest. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Inglaterra.RIVERA, G. & R. BORCHERT. 2001. Induction of flowering in tropical trees by a 30-min reduction in photoperiod: evidence from field observations and herbarium collections. Tree Physiology 21: 201 – 212.ROY, J., B. SAUGIER & H.A., MOONEY. (2001). Terrestrial Global Productivity. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.RUDAS, A. & A. PRIETO. 2005. Flórula del Párque Nacional Natural Amacayacu, Amazonas, Colombia. C. M. Taylor & R. Ortiz (Eds.). Missouri Botanical Garden Press. St. Louis, Missouri, USA.RYAN, M. G., R. M. HUBBARD, S. POGRACIC, R. J. RAISON & R. E. McMURTRIE. 1996. Foliage, fine-root, woody-tissue, and stand respiration in Pinus radiatain relation to nitrogen status. Tree Physiology 16: 333 – 343.SCHÖNGART, J., W. J. JUNK, M. T. F. PIEDADE, J. M. AYRES, A. HÜTTERMANN & M. WORBES. 2004. Teleconnection between tree growth in the Amazonian floodplains and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation effect. Global Change Biology 10: 683-692.PARQUE NACIONAL NATURAL AMACAYACU. 2005. Línea base del Parque Nacional Natural Amacayacu. SISTEMA NACIONAL DE PARQUES NACIONALES. LeticiaSOMBROEK, W. G. 2000. Amazon land forms and soils in relation to biological diversity. Acta Amazonica 30: 81 – 100SPAIN, S. V. 1984. Litterfall and standing crop of litter three tropical Australian rain forests. Journal of Ecology 72(3): 947 – 961STARK, N. 1970. The nutrient content of plants and soils Brazil and Surinam. Biotropica 2: 51 – 60.SWIFT M. J. & J. M. ANDERSON. 1983. Decomposition. En: Leith, H. & Wergwr, M. J. A. 1989. Tropical rain forest ecosystems. Biogeographical and ecological studies. Elsevier, New York. (Series ecosystems of the world, vol. 14b).Ter STEEGE, H., B. LAUMANS, D. LAUMANS-BUS, G. ZONDERVAN, & F. BONGERS. 2003. Long-term effect of timber harvesting in north Suriname. Pp. 79-94 in: ter Steege, H. (ed.) Long-term changes in tropical tree diversity: Studies from the Guiana Shield, Africa, Borneo and Melanesia. Tropenbos Series 22. Tropenbos International, Wageningen, The Netherlands.UNESCO/CIFCA. 1980. Ecosistemas de los bosques tropicales. Informe sobre el estado de conocimientos preparado por Unesco/PNUMA/FAO.VALENCIA, R., R. B. FOSTER, G. VILLA, R. CONDIT, J-C. SVENNING, C. HERNÁNDEZ, K. ROMOLEROUX, E. LOSOS, E. MAGARD & H. BALSLEV. 2004. Tree species distribution and local habitat variation in the Amazon: large forest plot in eastern Ecuador. Journal of Ecology 94: 214 – 229.VASCONCELOS, H. L. & F. J. LUIZAO. 2004. Litter production and litter nutrient concentrations in a fragmented Amazonian landscape. Ecological Applications 14(3): 884 – 892.VILLELA, D. M. & J. PROCTOR. 1999. Litterfall mass, chemistry and nutrients retranslocation in a monodominant forest on Maracá Island, Roraima, Brazil. Biotropica 31(2): 198 – 211.VITOUSEK, P. M. & R. L. SANFORD, 1986. Nutrient cycling in moist tropical forest. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 17: 137-167VITOUSEK, P. M. 1984. Litterfall, nutrient cycling and nutrient limitation in tropical forest. Ecology 65(1): 285 – 298.WORBES, M. 1999. Annual growth rings, rainfall-dependent growth and long-term growth patterns of tropical trees from Carapo Forest Reserve in Venezuela. Journal of Ecology 87: 391 – 403.WARING, R. H. & W. H. SCHCLESINGER. 1985. Forest ecosystems: concepts and management. Academic Press, New York, New York, USA. WRIGHT, S. J. & O. CALDERÓN. 2006. Seasonal, El Niño and longer term changes in flower and seed production in a moist tropical forest. Ecology Letters 9: 35 – 44.ZAR, J. 1999. Biostatistical analysis. 4th. Edition. Prentice Hall. New Jersey.Público generalORIGINALTESIS FINAL NAVARRETE.pdfTESIS FINAL NAVARRETE.pdfTesis de maestría en Estudios Amazónicosapplication/pdf1472735https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/81005/1/TESIS%20FINAL%20NAVARRETE.pdf03a90cb423b1486b2757304c5a22c48aMD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-84074https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/81005/2/license.txt8153f7789df02f0a4c9e079953658ab2MD52THUMBNAILTESIS FINAL NAVARRETE.pdf.jpgTESIS FINAL NAVARRETE.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg4592https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/81005/3/TESIS%20FINAL%20NAVARRETE.pdf.jpg4b6f03fc3fc4d6e658ab4e032e6ec825MD53unal/81005oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/810052023-08-01 23:04:01.813Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiarepositorio_nal@unal.edu.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

Publicaciones similares