BEPS in Latín America - an analysis of current implementation and problems

gráficas, ilustraciones, tablas

Autores:
Fahron, Amadeus Dominique
Tipo de recurso:
Fecha de publicación:
2021
Institución:
Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Repositorio:
Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/80316
Acceso en línea:
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/80316
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/
Palabra clave:
330 - Economía
BEPS
Transferencia de beneficios
América Latina
Erosión fiscal
Profitshifting
Latin-America
Tax erosion
Rights
openAccess
License
Atribución-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional
id UNACIONAL2_8ebdb18325d168fb4d5c8270cbe41567
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/80316
network_acronym_str UNACIONAL2
network_name_str Universidad Nacional de Colombia
repository_id_str
dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv BEPS in Latín America - an analysis of current implementation and problems
dc.title.translated.spa.fl_str_mv BEPS en América Latina - Un análisis de la aplicación y los problemas actuales
title BEPS in Latín America - an analysis of current implementation and problems
spellingShingle BEPS in Latín America - an analysis of current implementation and problems
330 - Economía
BEPS
Transferencia de beneficios
América Latina
Erosión fiscal
Profitshifting
Latin-America
Tax erosion
title_short BEPS in Latín America - an analysis of current implementation and problems
title_full BEPS in Latín America - an analysis of current implementation and problems
title_fullStr BEPS in Latín America - an analysis of current implementation and problems
title_full_unstemmed BEPS in Latín America - an analysis of current implementation and problems
title_sort BEPS in Latín America - an analysis of current implementation and problems
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Fahron, Amadeus Dominique
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv Villabona Robayo, Jairo Orlando
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Fahron, Amadeus Dominique
dc.subject.ddc.spa.fl_str_mv 330 - Economía
topic 330 - Economía
BEPS
Transferencia de beneficios
América Latina
Erosión fiscal
Profitshifting
Latin-America
Tax erosion
dc.subject.proposal.none.fl_str_mv BEPS
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv Transferencia de beneficios
América Latina
Erosión fiscal
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv Profitshifting
Latin-America
Tax erosion
description gráficas, ilustraciones, tablas
publishDate 2021
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2021-09-28T13:45:12Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2021-09-28T13:45:12Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2021
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Trabajo de grado - Maestría
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv Text
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TM
status_str acceptedVersion
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/80316
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/
url https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/80316
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv Àlvarez, M. H. (2019). Hybrid Mismatch Arrangements – Recommendations for Domestic Law. In W. W. Kraft & A. Striegel (Eds.), WCLF Tax und IP Gesprächsband 2017: Immaterielle Werte als zentrale Komponente internationaler Steuerstrategien (pp. 235–266). Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-24953-3_16 Antonis Adam, Pantelis Kammas, & Athina Lagou (2013). The effect of globalization on capital taxation: What have we learned after 20years of empirical studies? Journal of Macroeconomics, 35, 199–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmacro.2012.09.003 Ariely, G., & Uslaner, E. M. (2017). Corruption, fairness, and inequality. International Political Science Review, 38(3), 349–362. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512116641091 Asher Mukul G., & Rajan Ramkishen S. (2001). Globalization and Tax Systems: Implications for Developing Countries with Particular Reference to Southeast Asia. ASEAN Economic Bulletin, 18(1), 119–139. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.unal.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsjsr&AN=edsjsr.25773659&lang=es&site=eds-live Betty Andrade Rodríguez (2017). Implementation v. Adaptation: BEPS in Latin America through the Lens of the ILADT Model. World Tax Journal, 2017(August), 303–351. Błażej Kuźniacki (2018). The Principal Purpose Test (PPT) in BEPS Action 6 and the MLI: Exploring Challenges Arising from Its Legal Implementation and Practical Application. World Tax Journal, 2018(May), 233-294. Brazil, & OECD (2019). OECD and Brazil issue joint statement on OECD-Brazil transfer pricing project. IFBD -News. Retrieved from https://research.ibfd.org/#/doc?url=/document/tns_2019-07-15_br_4 Broe, L. D., & Luts, J. (2015). BEPS Action 6: Tax Treaty Abuse. Intertax, 43, 122–146. Carolina Masihy, & Gonzalo Suffiotti (2021, January 5). El Concepto de Establecimiento Permanente en Chile – Evolución Reciente y Desafíos | IFA Chile. Retrieved from http://www.ifachile.cl/2020/07/29/el-concepto-de-establecimiento-permanente-en-chile-evolucion-reciente-y-desafios-del-nuevo-concepto-en-la-ley-sobre-impuesto-a-la-renta-2/ Castañeda Rodríguez, V. M. (2015). La moral tributaria en América Latina y la corrupción como uno de sus determinantes. Revista Mexicana De Ciencias Políticas Y Sociales, 60(224), 103–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0185-1918(15)30005-2 Christian Kahlenberg, A. K. (2016). Hybrid Mismatch Arrangements – A Myth or a Problem That Still Exists? World Tax Journal, 2016(February), 37–78. Christians, A., & Shay, S. E. (2017). Assessing BEPS: Origins, Standards, and Responses. General Report, in 102A Cahiers De Droit Fiscal International: Assessing BEPS: Origins, Standards, and Responses, 17. Comisión de Expertos para la Equidad y la Competitividad Tributaria, Bonilla, R., Córdoba, R., Lewin, A., Morales, O. D., Montoya, S., . . . Villar, L. (2015). Comisión de Expertos para la Equidad y la Competitividad Tributaria. Retrieved from https://www.repository.fedesarrollo.org.co/handle/11445/3284 D. Fuentes Hernández, M.S. Screpante. The New Argentina-Mexico Income and Capital Tax Treaty (2015): A Tax Treaty in the BEPS Era. Bulletin for International Taxation, 2017(71). Daniele Canè (2017). Controlled Foreign Corporations as Fiscally Transparent Entities. The Application of CFC Rules in Tax Treaties. World Tax Journal. (Volume 9). Retrieved from https://research.ibfd.org/#/doc?url=/collections/wtj/html/wtj_2017_04_int_4.html#wtj_2017_04_int_4_s_4 Datosmacro.com (2021, January 6). Uruguay: Economía y demografía 2021. Retrieved from https://datosmacro.expansion.com/paises/uruguay Deloitte. BEPS-Actions-implementation-Brazil. Retrieved from https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/Tax/dttl-tax-beps-actions-implementation-brazil.pdf Deloitte. Panama Highlights 2020. Retrieved from https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/Tax/dttl-tax-panamahighlights-2020.pdf DIAN (2020, December 14). Art. 476. Servicios excluidos del impuesto sobre las ventas. - Estatuto Tributario Nacional. Retrieved from https://estatuto.co/?e=633 DIAN (2021, January 18). Convenios Tributarios Internacionales. Retrieved from https://www.dian.gov.co/normatividad/convenios/Paginas/ConveniosTributariosInternacionales.aspx Dirección General de Tributación Directa (2020a, December 23). DGT-R-001-2018: Suministro de información de empresas residentes en Costa Rica para el intercambio automático de información tributaria, conforme al reporte PAIS POR PAIS (Country by Country) de la OCDE. Retrieved from http://www.pgrweb.go.cr/scij/Busqueda/Normativa/Normas/nrm_texto_completo.aspx?param1=NRTC&nValor1=1&nValor2=85788&nValor3=111068&strTipM=TC Dirección General de Tributación Directa (2020b, December 23). DGT-R-49-2019. Retrieved from http://www.pgrweb.go.cr/scij/Busqueda/Normativa/Normas/nrm_texto_completo.aspx?param1=NRTC&nValor1=1&nValor2=90020&nValor3=118370&strTipM=TC Dirección General de Tributación Directa (2020c, December 23). N° 41818-H: Aplicación registral de los alcances del artículo 28 ter de la Ley N° 7092 “Ley del Impuesto sobre la Renta” y del Decreto Ejecutivo N° 41818-H. Retrieved from http://www.pgrweb.go.cr/scij/Busqueda/Normativa/Normas/nrm_texto_completo.aspx?param1=NRTC&nValor1=1&nValor2=89145&nValor3=116906&param2=1&strTipM=TC&lResultado=1&strSim=simp Dirección General Impositiva (2021a, January 6). Impuesto a las Rentas de las Personas Fisicas - IRPF. Retrieved from https://www.dgi.gub.uy/wdgi/page?2,personas,-irpf-impuesto-a-las-rentas-de-las-personas-fisicas,O,es,0, Dirección General Impositiva (2021b, January 6). Impuesto a las Rentas de los No Residentes - IRNR. Retrieved from https://www.dgi.gub.uy/wdgi/page?2,empresas,dgi--personas--irnr-impuesto-a-las-rentas-de-los-no-residentes,O,es,0, Dirección General Impositiva (2021c, January 6). IPAT (Impuesto al Patrimonio). Retrieved from https://dgi.gub.uy/wdgi/page?2,personas,Personas_ipat,O,es,0, Dr. Arne Schnitger, Dr. Ronald Gebhardt, Judy Taing (2018). Auslegungsfragen zum „Principal Purpose Test“ (PPT) – DBA Missbrauchsverhinderung 4.0. Internationales Steuerrecht, 2018, 893–903. Dulock, H. L. (1993). Research design: Descriptive research. Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing, 10(4), 154–157. https://doi.org/10.1177/104345429301000406 EL CONGRESO DE COLOMBIA (2020, December 14). Ley 1607 de 2012. Retrieved from https://www.funcionpublica.gov.co/eva/gestornormativo/norma.php?i=51040 Ernst & Young (2021, January 6). Uruguay's tax authorities update list of low- or no-taxation countries and jurisdictions and aligns it with the transfer pricing list. Retrieved from https://taxnews.ey.com/news/2020-0247-uruguays-tax-authorities-update-list-of-low-or-no-taxation-countries-and-jurisdictions-and-aligns-it-with-the-transfer-pricing-list Felices Gutiérrez, V. A. (2016). El establecimiento permanente en los convenios para evitar la doble imposición bajo el modelo OCDE suscritos por Perú y el impacto de las iniciativas BEPS (Base Erosion and Profit Shifting) en el ordenamiento jurídico-tributario peruano. https://doi.org/10.26439/ulima.tesis/3109 Fernando Bardales (2016). Efecto de la corrupción sobre los ingresos tributarios en una selección de países en desarrollo de América Latina. Revista Académica ECO, 0(15). https://doi.org/10.36631/ECO Francisco Ossandón Cerda (2019). Normas CFC en Chile: análisis particular del requisito de control de entidades extranjeras del Artículo 41 G de la LIR. Revista De Estudios Tributarios. (21). Georg Kofler (2012). Indirect Credit versus Exemption: Double Taxation Relief for Intercompany Distributions. Bulletin for International Taxation. (66). Gillespie, J. (2018). The Base Erosion and Profit-Shifting Project, Action 7: A Critical Analysis of the Preparatory/Auxiliary Extension and the New Anti-Fragmentation Rule in the 2017 OECD Model Tax Convention. Gobierno de Mexico (2021, January 18). Tratados en Materia Fiscal y Cuestiones Relacionadas. Retrieved from https://www.sat.gob.mx/normatividad/98105/tratados-en-materia-fiscal-y-cuestiones-relacionadastratados-en-materia-fiscal-y-cuestiones-relacionadas Gobierno de Uruguay. DECRETO 510/011. Publicado En El Diario Oficial N° 28.405. Retrieved from https://www.bps.gub.uy/bps/file/3644/2/d0510-011_impuestos_irpf_irae_irnr_reglamentacion.pdf A. Gomes de Oliveira, & F. Lisboa Moreira. The Brazilian Transfer Pricing Regime. Bulletin for International Taxation, 2017(71). Graeme S. Cooper (2015). Some Thoughts on the OECD’s Recommendations on Hybrid Mismatches. Bulletin for International Taxation, No. 6, 2015(69). Guide of Double Taxation Treaties signed by Panama (2020, December 21). Retrieved from https://www.pardinilaw.com/EN/padela/articles/85/foreign-investment/guide-of-double-taxation-treaties-signed-by-panama/ Haigh, N., Walker, J., Bacq, S., & Kickul, J. (2015). Hybrid Organizations: Origins, Strategies, Impacts, and Implications. California Management Review, 57(3), 5–12. https://doi.org/10.1525/cmr.2015.57.3.5 Harsh Arora (2017). An Evaluation of the Measures in Action 14 of the Action Plan of the OECD/G20 BEPS Initiative Intended to Make Dispute Resolution More Effective. Bulletin for International Taxation, No. 5 2017(71). Retrieved from https://research.ibfd.org/#/doc?url=/document/bit_2017_05_int_3 IBFD. Costa Rica- BEPS Country Monitor. Retrieved from https://research.ibfd.org/#/doc?url=/document/beps_cr IBFD. Panama - BEPS Country Monitor. Retrieved from https://research.ibfd.org/#/doc?url=/document/beps_pa IBFD. Uruguay - BEPS Country Monitor. Retrieved from https://research.ibfd.org/#/doc?url=/document/beps_uy IBFD (2020a). Peru - Effects of transfer pricing adjustments for VAT purposes. IBFD (2020b). Peru - Profits distributed by branches of non-domiciled companies – tax treatment clarified. IBFD (2020c, December 1). Argentina - BEPS Country. Retrieved from https://research.ibfd.org/#/doc?url=/collections/beps/html/beps_ar.html Iglesias, J. (2020, August 26). Brazilian Transfer Pricing rules and the process of potential alignment with the OECD TP Guidelines. Retrieved from https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=65dddb61-8849-45ae-aa98-95dd6513789d Ignacio Burrull, & Germán Campos (2014, December 15). Chile: New CFC rules. International Tax Review. Retrieved from https://www.internationaltaxreview.com/article/b1f9jzjpv4y454/chile-new-cfc-rules J. Orlando Corredor Alejo, & Paula Arboleda Currea. CAMBIOS EN RETENCIÓN EN LA FUENTE POR PAGOS AL EXTERIOR. Retrieved from https://cijuf.org.co/sites/cijuf.org.co/files/documentos_interes/DOC%20637.%20NUEVAS%20TASAS%20RETENCION%20PAGOS%20EXTERIOR.pdf Johann Hattingh (2018). The Impact of the BEPS Multilateral Instrument on International Tax Policies. Bulletin for International Taxation, 2018(May), 234–247. Juan Angel Becerra. The Influence of the OECD Multilateral Convention on Mexico’s Tax Treaties. Bulletin for International Taxation, 2012(71). Julio Martinez-Galarraga, Adrián Rodríguez Miranda, & Henry Willebald (2020). Patterns of Regional Income Distribution in Uruguay (1872–2012): A Story of Agglomeration, Natural Resources and Public Policies. In Time and Space (pp. 271–307). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47553-6_11 Kumar, M. S., Quinn, D. P., & International Monetary, Fund (2012). Globalization and Corporate Taxation. IMF Working Paper: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.unal.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=536809&lang=es&site=eds-live Kuzniacki, B. (2015). The Need to Avoid Double Economic Taxation Triggered by CFC Rules under Tax Treaties, and the Way to Achieve It. Intertax, 758–772. Retrieved from http://www.kluwerlawonline.com/api/Product/CitationPDFURL?file=Journals\TAXI\TAXI2015070.pdf L. Kurth Marques Carvalho (2020). Taxation of Offshore Indirect Transfers in Brazil in Need of Reform. Bulletin for International Taxation. (74). Making dispute resolution more effective - MAP peer review report: Inclusive framework on BEPS: action 14 (2019). OECD/G20 base erosion and profit shifting project. Paris: OECD Publishing. Matczak, M. (2017). Three Kinds of Intention in Lawmaking. Law and Philosophy, 36(6), 651–674. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10982-017-9302-8 Ministerio de Economia Argentina (2018). Convenios para evitar la doble imposición vigentes. Retrieved from https://www.argentina.gob.ar/economia/ingresospublicos/conveniossuscriptos Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas (2021, January 6). Información Ley Nº 19.484. Retrieved from https://www.gub.uy/ministerio-economia-finanzas/politicas-y-gestion/informacion-ley-19484 Ministerio de Hacienda República de Costa Rica (2020, December 22). Convenios para evitar la doble imposición. Retrieved from https://www.hacienda.go.cr/contenido/13855-convenios-para-evitar-la-doble-imposicion Mitchell A. Kane (2014). The Role of Controlled Foreign Company Legislation in the OECD Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project. Bulletin for International Taxation, 2014(68). Retrieved from https://research.ibfd.org/#/doc?url=/collections/bit/html/bit_2014_06_o2_5.html Montoya Presiga, M. Y., Girón Uribe, P. A., & Hernández Ramírez, F. A. (2018). Posibles impactos en el sistema tributario de Colombia en su intención de ser miembro de la OCDE. Science of Human Action, 3(1), 122. https://doi.org/10.21501/2500-669X.2713 Nevia Čičin-Šain (2019). New Mandatory Disclosure Rules for Tax Intermediaries and Taxpayers in the European Union: Another “Bite” into the Rights of the Taxpayer? World Tax Journal, 2019(11). OAS. REGLAMENTO DE LA LEY DEL IMPUESTO A LA RENTA. Retrieved from http://www.oas.org/juridico/PDFs/mesicic3_per_ds122.pdf OECD (Ed.). Action Plan on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting [Special issue], 2013. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264202719-en OECD. Members of the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on BEPS. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/tax/beps/inclusive-framework-on-beps-composition.pdf OECD (2014). Neutralising the Effects of Hybrid Mismatch Arrangements. Retrieved from https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/publication/9789264218819-en https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264218819-en OECD (2015a). Designing Effective Controlled Foreign Company Rules, Action 3 - 2015 Final Report. Retrieved from https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/publication/9789264241152-en https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264241152-en OECD (2015b). Mandatory Disclosure Rules, Action 12 - 2015 Final Report. Retrieved from https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/publication/9789264241442-en https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264241442-en OECD (2015c). Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital 2014 (Full Version) (1., Aufl., neue Ausg): OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264239081-en OECD (2015d). Preventing the Artificial Avoidance of Permanent Establishment Status, Action 7 - 2015 Final Report. Retrieved from https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/publication/9789264241220-en https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264241220-en OECD (2015e). Preventing the Granting of Treaty Benefits in Inappropriate Circumstances, Action 6 - 2015 Final Report. Retrieved from https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/publication/9789264241695-en https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264241695-en Multilateral Convention to Implement Tax Treaty Related Measures to Prevent BEPS (2016). OECD (2017). Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital: Condensed Version 2017. Retrieved from https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/publication/mtc_cond-2017-en https://doi.org/10.1787/mtc_cond-2017-en OECD (2018). Making Dispute Resolution More Effective – MAP Peer Review Report, Mexico (Stage 1). Retrieved from https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/publication/9789264304345-en https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264304345-en OECD (2019a). Country-by-country reporting: Compilation of peer review reports (phase 2) : inclusive framework on BEPS: action 13. OECD/G20 base erosion and profit shifting project. Paris: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/f9bf1157-en OECD (2019b). Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital 2017 (Full Version). Retrieved from https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/publication/g2g972ee-en https://doi.org/10.1787/g2g972ee-en OECD (2019c). Prevention of Treaty Abuse - Peer Review Report on Treaty Shopping. Retrieved from https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/publication/9789264312388-en https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264312388-en OECD (2020a, October 16). Combating the "supply side" of bribery. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/corruption/combatingthesupplysideofbribery.htm OECD (2020b, October 16). Denying tax deductibility of bribes. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/corruption/denyingtaxdeductibilityofbribes.htm OECD (2020c, October 16). Fighting corruption at the OECD. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/corruption/fightingcorruptionattheoecd.htm OECD (2020d, October 16). List of Unco-operative Tax Havens - OECD. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/countries/andorra/list-of-unco-operative-tax-havens.htm OECD (2020e, October 16). Preventing bribery through export credits. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/corruption/preventingbriberythroughexportcredits.htm OECD (2020f, October 16). Preventing corruption in the public sector. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/corruption/preventingcorruptioninthepublicsector.htm OECD (2020g, November 27). MLI Matching Database. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/ctp/treaties/mli-matching-database.htm OECD (2020h, November 30). Controlled Foreign Company (CFC) Rules. Retrieved from https://qdd.oecd.org/subject.aspx?Subject=CFC OECD (2020i, December 23). Global Revenue Statistics Database. Retrieved from https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=RS_GBL OECD, Inter-American Center of Tax Administrations, Economic Commission for Latin America, the Caribbean, & Inter-American Development Bank (2020). Revenue Statistics in Latin America and the Caribbean 2020. Retrieved from https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/publication/68739b9b-en-es https://doi.org/10.1787/68739b9b-en-es Orbitax (2020, December 29). Chile's New CFC Rules in Effect. Retrieved from https://www.orbitax.com/news/archive.php/Chile's-New-CFC-Rules-in-Effec-16188 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, author (2014). Neutralising the effects of hybrid mismatch arrangements. Paris, France: OECD. Retrieved from https://primo.fu-berlin.de/FUB:FUB_ALMA_DS51942755690002883 P. Piantavigna (2017). ax Abuse and Aggressive Tax Planning in the BEPS Era: How EU Law and the OECD Are Establishing a Unifying Conceptual Framework in International Tax Law, despite Linguistic Discrepancies. World Tax Journal. P. Schoueri. Comparison of the OECD and ILADT Model Conventions. In Bulletin for International Taxation (Vol. 68, No. 9). Paolo Piantavigna (2017). Tax Abuse and Aggressive Tax Planning in the BEPS Era: How EU Law and the OECD Are Establishing a Unifying Conceptual Framework in International Tax Law, despite Linguistic Discrepancies. World Tax Journal, 2017(February), 47–98. Pereira Valadão. Transfer Pricing in Brazil and Actions 8, 9, 10 and 13 of the OECD Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Initiative. Bulletin for International Taxation, 2016(70). Pinto López, F. A., & Tibambre Oviedo, A. K. (2019). Determinantes de la evasión de impuestos en Colombia 2007-2017. Contaduría Pública. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.unal.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsbas&AN=edsbas.32AB2468&lang=es&site=eds-live Pit, H. M. (2014). Arbitration under the OECD Model Convention: Follow-up under Double Tax Conventions: An Evaluation. Intertax, 445–469. Retrieved from http://www.kluwerlawonline.com/api/Product/CitationPDFURL?file=Journals\TAXI\TAXI2014043.pdf PriceWaterhouseCooper (2020a, November 6). Mexico - Individual - Foreign tax relief and tax treaties. Retrieved from https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/mexico/individual/foreign-tax-relief-and-tax-treaties PriceWaterhouseCooper (2020b, December 17). Argentina - Corporate - Taxes on corporate income. Retrieved from https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/argentina/corporate/taxes-on-corporate-income PriceWaterhouseCooper (2020c, December 23). Costa Rica - Corporate - Group taxation. Retrieved from https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/costa-rica/corporate/group-taxation PriceWaterhouseCooper (2020d, December 29). Peru - Corporate - Corporate residence. Retrieved from https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/peru/corporate/corporate-residence Receita Federal (2021, January 11). Acordos para evitar a dupla tributação e prevenir a evasão fiscal. Retrieved from https://receita.economia.gov.br/acesso-rapido/legislacao/acordos-internacionais/acordos-para-evitar-a-dupla-tributacao/acordos-para-evitar-a-dupla-tributacao Rothstein, B., & Uslaner, E. (2005). All for One: Equality, Corruption, and Social Trust. World Politics, 58. https://doi.org/10.1353/wp.2006.0022 Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines (Vol. 104). Retrieved from https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0148296319304564?token=4901572D73F64D5C86D8654ED20DF4560B78A2A7F69D5DA3C053A9B394E333C60B891AA5E77C844F44EB32B311A253AD https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039 Subsecretaría de Relaciones Económicas Internacionales (2020, December 29). Doble Tributación Chile. Retrieved from https://www.subrei.gob.cl/preguntas-frecuentes/doble-tributacion Süddeutsche Zeitung (2018, June 26). Die Panama Papers - das bisher größte Datenleak. Retrieved from https://panamapapers.sueddeutsche.de/articles/56ff9a28a1bb8d3c3495ae13/ Tax Executive: Tei comments on BEPS Action 7: Preventing the artificial avoidance of PE status (2015///March-April). 00400025, 61+. Retrieved from https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A425674381/AONE?u=fub&sid=AONE&xid=1faecdc9 TOLEDO CONCHA, C., & RAMÍREZ ADRIAZOLA, M. (2017). LA ACCIÓN 3 DE BEPS, EN EL CONTEXTO DE COLOMBIA PERÚ Y CHILE. Action 3 of BEPS in the Context of Colombia, Perú and Chile. (45), 39–49. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.unal.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=123977840&lang=es&site=eds-live Vishesh Dhuldhoya. The Future of the Permanent Establishment Concept. Bulletin for International Taxation, 2018(Vol. 72). Wolters Kluwer (2021, January 15). Belize: Double Tax Treaties. Retrieved from https://www.lowtax.net/information/belize/belize-tax-treaty-introduction.html World Economic Forum (2020, November 23). Corruption in Latin America is skyrocketing. Here's why that’s good news. Retrieved from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/06/corruption-in-latin-america/ Worldbank.org (2021a, January 6). GDP per capita (current US$) - Latin America & Caribbean | Data. Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=ZJ&most_recent_value_desc=true Worldbank.org (2021b, January 15). Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) - Mexico. Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.EXP.GNFS.ZS?locations=MX Worldbank.org (2021c, January 15). Peru Trade Statistics. Retrieved from https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/PER Worldbank.org (2021d, January 15). TRADE SUMMARY FOR COLOMBIA. Retrieved from https://wits.worldbank.org/countrysnapshot/en/COL/textview
dc.rights.coar.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
dc.rights.license.spa.fl_str_mv Atribución-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional
dc.rights.uri.spa.fl_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv Atribución-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv xx. 72 páginas
dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.coverage.spatial.none.fl_str_mv América Latina
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Europa Universität Viadrina
dc.publisher.program.spa.fl_str_mv Bogotá - Ciencias Económicas - Maestría en Contabilidad y Finanzas
dc.publisher.department.spa.fl_str_mv Escuela de Administración y Contaduría Pública
dc.publisher.faculty.spa.fl_str_mv Facultad de Administración
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv Bogotá - Colombia
dc.publisher.branch.spa.fl_str_mv Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá
institution Universidad Nacional de Colombia
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/80316/1/license.txt
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/80316/2/Tesis%20Maestria%20Amadeus%20Fahron.pdf
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/80316/3/Tesis%20Maestria%20Amadeus%20Fahron.pdf.jpg
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv cccfe52f796b7c63423298c2d3365fc6
ccfb8514b401f3fb10c596566039bb81
7465818a6a51949809f5bd54f5533299
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv MD5
MD5
MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
repository.mail.fl_str_mv repositorio_nal@unal.edu.co
_version_ 1806886407184056320
spelling Atribución-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacionalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Villabona Robayo, Jairo Orlandoaa9fd7cf32aeffe2e0850c87b27206d0Fahron, Amadeus Dominique26a292a19612c26c5552f90e455acc94América Latina2021-09-28T13:45:12Z2021-09-28T13:45:12Z2021https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/80316Universidad Nacional de ColombiaRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiahttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/gráficas, ilustraciones, tablasThe following paper discusses the OECD BEPS project in the Latin American context. The most important actions of the project were evaluated and discussed, as well as the implementation of the individual countries was analyzed and examined for their problems. A detailed discussion was then held on how the BEPS project can help Latin American countries gain control over taxation. The result of the work is divided. On the one hand, we stated that BEPS approaches are relevant to international taxation. On the other hand, it must be considered that the project may not be successful due to socio-cultural and legal reasons. (Text taken from source)El presente Trabajo de investigación analiza el proyecto BEPS de la OCDE en el contexto Latinoamericano. Se evaluaron y discutieron las acciones más importantes del proyecto, así mismo se analizó y examinó la aplicación y los problemas que pueden surgir en cada país. Posteriormente, se debatió en profundidad cómo el proyecto BEPS puede ayudar a los países latinoamericanos a controlar la fiscalidad. El resultado del trabajo se divide, por un lado, en afirmar que el enfoque BEPS es relevante para la fiscalidad internacional y por el otro, en que hay que tener en cuenta que el proyecto puede no tener éxito por razones legales y socioculturalesDoctoradoMaestría en Contabilidad y FinanzasTeórica Exploratoriaxx. 72 páginasapplication/pdfengUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaEuropa Universität ViadrinaBogotá - Ciencias Económicas - Maestría en Contabilidad y FinanzasEscuela de Administración y Contaduría PúblicaFacultad de AdministraciónBogotá - ColombiaUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá330 - EconomíaBEPSTransferencia de beneficiosAmérica LatinaErosión fiscalProfitshiftingLatin-AmericaTax erosionBEPS in Latín America - an analysis of current implementation and problemsBEPS en América Latina - Un análisis de la aplicación y los problemas actualesTrabajo de grado - Maestríainfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionTexthttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TMÀlvarez, M. H. (2019). Hybrid Mismatch Arrangements – Recommendations for Domestic Law. In W. W. Kraft & A. Striegel (Eds.), WCLF Tax und IP Gesprächsband 2017: Immaterielle Werte als zentrale Komponente internationaler Steuerstrategien (pp. 235–266). Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-24953-3_16 Antonis Adam, Pantelis Kammas, & Athina Lagou (2013). The effect of globalization on capital taxation: What have we learned after 20years of empirical studies? Journal of Macroeconomics, 35, 199–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmacro.2012.09.003 Ariely, G., & Uslaner, E. M. (2017). Corruption, fairness, and inequality. International Political Science Review, 38(3), 349–362. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512116641091 Asher Mukul G., & Rajan Ramkishen S. (2001). Globalization and Tax Systems: Implications for Developing Countries with Particular Reference to Southeast Asia. ASEAN Economic Bulletin, 18(1), 119–139. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.unal.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsjsr&AN=edsjsr.25773659&lang=es&site=eds-live Betty Andrade Rodríguez (2017). Implementation v. Adaptation: BEPS in Latin America through the Lens of the ILADT Model. World Tax Journal, 2017(August), 303–351. Błażej Kuźniacki (2018). The Principal Purpose Test (PPT) in BEPS Action 6 and the MLI: Exploring Challenges Arising from Its Legal Implementation and Practical Application. World Tax Journal, 2018(May), 233-294. Brazil, & OECD (2019). OECD and Brazil issue joint statement on OECD-Brazil transfer pricing project. IFBD -News. Retrieved from https://research.ibfd.org/#/doc?url=/document/tns_2019-07-15_br_4 Broe, L. D., & Luts, J. (2015). BEPS Action 6: Tax Treaty Abuse. Intertax, 43, 122–146. Carolina Masihy, & Gonzalo Suffiotti (2021, January 5). El Concepto de Establecimiento Permanente en Chile – Evolución Reciente y Desafíos | IFA Chile. Retrieved from http://www.ifachile.cl/2020/07/29/el-concepto-de-establecimiento-permanente-en-chile-evolucion-reciente-y-desafios-del-nuevo-concepto-en-la-ley-sobre-impuesto-a-la-renta-2/ Castañeda Rodríguez, V. M. (2015). La moral tributaria en América Latina y la corrupción como uno de sus determinantes. Revista Mexicana De Ciencias Políticas Y Sociales, 60(224), 103–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0185-1918(15)30005-2 Christian Kahlenberg, A. K. (2016). Hybrid Mismatch Arrangements – A Myth or a Problem That Still Exists? World Tax Journal, 2016(February), 37–78. Christians, A., & Shay, S. E. (2017). Assessing BEPS: Origins, Standards, and Responses. General Report, in 102A Cahiers De Droit Fiscal International: Assessing BEPS: Origins, Standards, and Responses, 17. Comisión de Expertos para la Equidad y la Competitividad Tributaria, Bonilla, R., Córdoba, R., Lewin, A., Morales, O. D., Montoya, S., . . . Villar, L. (2015). Comisión de Expertos para la Equidad y la Competitividad Tributaria. Retrieved from https://www.repository.fedesarrollo.org.co/handle/11445/3284 D. Fuentes Hernández, M.S. Screpante. The New Argentina-Mexico Income and Capital Tax Treaty (2015): A Tax Treaty in the BEPS Era. Bulletin for International Taxation, 2017(71). Daniele Canè (2017). Controlled Foreign Corporations as Fiscally Transparent Entities. The Application of CFC Rules in Tax Treaties. World Tax Journal. (Volume 9). Retrieved from https://research.ibfd.org/#/doc?url=/collections/wtj/html/wtj_2017_04_int_4.html#wtj_2017_04_int_4_s_4 Datosmacro.com (2021, January 6). Uruguay: Economía y demografía 2021. Retrieved from https://datosmacro.expansion.com/paises/uruguay Deloitte. BEPS-Actions-implementation-Brazil. Retrieved from https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/Tax/dttl-tax-beps-actions-implementation-brazil.pdf Deloitte. Panama Highlights 2020. Retrieved from https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/Tax/dttl-tax-panamahighlights-2020.pdf DIAN (2020, December 14). Art. 476. Servicios excluidos del impuesto sobre las ventas. - Estatuto Tributario Nacional. Retrieved from https://estatuto.co/?e=633 DIAN (2021, January 18). Convenios Tributarios Internacionales. Retrieved from https://www.dian.gov.co/normatividad/convenios/Paginas/ConveniosTributariosInternacionales.aspx Dirección General de Tributación Directa (2020a, December 23). DGT-R-001-2018: Suministro de información de empresas residentes en Costa Rica para el intercambio automático de información tributaria, conforme al reporte PAIS POR PAIS (Country by Country) de la OCDE. Retrieved from http://www.pgrweb.go.cr/scij/Busqueda/Normativa/Normas/nrm_texto_completo.aspx?param1=NRTC&nValor1=1&nValor2=85788&nValor3=111068&strTipM=TC Dirección General de Tributación Directa (2020b, December 23). DGT-R-49-2019. Retrieved from http://www.pgrweb.go.cr/scij/Busqueda/Normativa/Normas/nrm_texto_completo.aspx?param1=NRTC&nValor1=1&nValor2=90020&nValor3=118370&strTipM=TC Dirección General de Tributación Directa (2020c, December 23). N° 41818-H: Aplicación registral de los alcances del artículo 28 ter de la Ley N° 7092 “Ley del Impuesto sobre la Renta” y del Decreto Ejecutivo N° 41818-H. Retrieved from http://www.pgrweb.go.cr/scij/Busqueda/Normativa/Normas/nrm_texto_completo.aspx?param1=NRTC&nValor1=1&nValor2=89145&nValor3=116906&param2=1&strTipM=TC&lResultado=1&strSim=simp Dirección General Impositiva (2021a, January 6). Impuesto a las Rentas de las Personas Fisicas - IRPF. Retrieved from https://www.dgi.gub.uy/wdgi/page?2,personas,-irpf-impuesto-a-las-rentas-de-las-personas-fisicas,O,es,0, Dirección General Impositiva (2021b, January 6). Impuesto a las Rentas de los No Residentes - IRNR. Retrieved from https://www.dgi.gub.uy/wdgi/page?2,empresas,dgi--personas--irnr-impuesto-a-las-rentas-de-los-no-residentes,O,es,0, Dirección General Impositiva (2021c, January 6). IPAT (Impuesto al Patrimonio). Retrieved from https://dgi.gub.uy/wdgi/page?2,personas,Personas_ipat,O,es,0, Dr. Arne Schnitger, Dr. Ronald Gebhardt, Judy Taing (2018). Auslegungsfragen zum „Principal Purpose Test“ (PPT) – DBA Missbrauchsverhinderung 4.0. Internationales Steuerrecht, 2018, 893–903. Dulock, H. L. (1993). Research design: Descriptive research. Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing, 10(4), 154–157. https://doi.org/10.1177/104345429301000406 EL CONGRESO DE COLOMBIA (2020, December 14). Ley 1607 de 2012. Retrieved from https://www.funcionpublica.gov.co/eva/gestornormativo/norma.php?i=51040 Ernst & Young (2021, January 6). Uruguay's tax authorities update list of low- or no-taxation countries and jurisdictions and aligns it with the transfer pricing list. Retrieved from https://taxnews.ey.com/news/2020-0247-uruguays-tax-authorities-update-list-of-low-or-no-taxation-countries-and-jurisdictions-and-aligns-it-with-the-transfer-pricing-list Felices Gutiérrez, V. A. (2016). El establecimiento permanente en los convenios para evitar la doble imposición bajo el modelo OCDE suscritos por Perú y el impacto de las iniciativas BEPS (Base Erosion and Profit Shifting) en el ordenamiento jurídico-tributario peruano. https://doi.org/10.26439/ulima.tesis/3109 Fernando Bardales (2016). Efecto de la corrupción sobre los ingresos tributarios en una selección de países en desarrollo de América Latina. Revista Académica ECO, 0(15). https://doi.org/10.36631/ECO Francisco Ossandón Cerda (2019). Normas CFC en Chile: análisis particular del requisito de control de entidades extranjeras del Artículo 41 G de la LIR. Revista De Estudios Tributarios. (21). Georg Kofler (2012). Indirect Credit versus Exemption: Double Taxation Relief for Intercompany Distributions. Bulletin for International Taxation. (66). Gillespie, J. (2018). The Base Erosion and Profit-Shifting Project, Action 7: A Critical Analysis of the Preparatory/Auxiliary Extension and the New Anti-Fragmentation Rule in the 2017 OECD Model Tax Convention. Gobierno de Mexico (2021, January 18). Tratados en Materia Fiscal y Cuestiones Relacionadas. Retrieved from https://www.sat.gob.mx/normatividad/98105/tratados-en-materia-fiscal-y-cuestiones-relacionadastratados-en-materia-fiscal-y-cuestiones-relacionadas Gobierno de Uruguay. DECRETO 510/011. Publicado En El Diario Oficial N° 28.405. Retrieved from https://www.bps.gub.uy/bps/file/3644/2/d0510-011_impuestos_irpf_irae_irnr_reglamentacion.pdf A. Gomes de Oliveira, & F. Lisboa Moreira. The Brazilian Transfer Pricing Regime. Bulletin for International Taxation, 2017(71). Graeme S. Cooper (2015). Some Thoughts on the OECD’s Recommendations on Hybrid Mismatches. Bulletin for International Taxation, No. 6, 2015(69). Guide of Double Taxation Treaties signed by Panama (2020, December 21). Retrieved from https://www.pardinilaw.com/EN/padela/articles/85/foreign-investment/guide-of-double-taxation-treaties-signed-by-panama/ Haigh, N., Walker, J., Bacq, S., & Kickul, J. (2015). Hybrid Organizations: Origins, Strategies, Impacts, and Implications. California Management Review, 57(3), 5–12. https://doi.org/10.1525/cmr.2015.57.3.5 Harsh Arora (2017). An Evaluation of the Measures in Action 14 of the Action Plan of the OECD/G20 BEPS Initiative Intended to Make Dispute Resolution More Effective. Bulletin for International Taxation, No. 5 2017(71). Retrieved from https://research.ibfd.org/#/doc?url=/document/bit_2017_05_int_3 IBFD. Costa Rica- BEPS Country Monitor. Retrieved from https://research.ibfd.org/#/doc?url=/document/beps_cr IBFD. Panama - BEPS Country Monitor. Retrieved from https://research.ibfd.org/#/doc?url=/document/beps_pa IBFD. Uruguay - BEPS Country Monitor. Retrieved from https://research.ibfd.org/#/doc?url=/document/beps_uy IBFD (2020a). Peru - Effects of transfer pricing adjustments for VAT purposes. IBFD (2020b). Peru - Profits distributed by branches of non-domiciled companies – tax treatment clarified. IBFD (2020c, December 1). Argentina - BEPS Country. Retrieved from https://research.ibfd.org/#/doc?url=/collections/beps/html/beps_ar.html Iglesias, J. (2020, August 26). Brazilian Transfer Pricing rules and the process of potential alignment with the OECD TP Guidelines. Retrieved from https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=65dddb61-8849-45ae-aa98-95dd6513789d Ignacio Burrull, & Germán Campos (2014, December 15). Chile: New CFC rules. International Tax Review. Retrieved from https://www.internationaltaxreview.com/article/b1f9jzjpv4y454/chile-new-cfc-rules J. Orlando Corredor Alejo, & Paula Arboleda Currea. CAMBIOS EN RETENCIÓN EN LA FUENTE POR PAGOS AL EXTERIOR. Retrieved from https://cijuf.org.co/sites/cijuf.org.co/files/documentos_interes/DOC%20637.%20NUEVAS%20TASAS%20RETENCION%20PAGOS%20EXTERIOR.pdf Johann Hattingh (2018). The Impact of the BEPS Multilateral Instrument on International Tax Policies. Bulletin for International Taxation, 2018(May), 234–247. Juan Angel Becerra. The Influence of the OECD Multilateral Convention on Mexico’s Tax Treaties. Bulletin for International Taxation, 2012(71). Julio Martinez-Galarraga, Adrián Rodríguez Miranda, & Henry Willebald (2020). Patterns of Regional Income Distribution in Uruguay (1872–2012): A Story of Agglomeration, Natural Resources and Public Policies. In Time and Space (pp. 271–307). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47553-6_11 Kumar, M. S., Quinn, D. P., & International Monetary, Fund (2012). Globalization and Corporate Taxation. IMF Working Paper: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.unal.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=536809&lang=es&site=eds-live Kuzniacki, B. (2015). The Need to Avoid Double Economic Taxation Triggered by CFC Rules under Tax Treaties, and the Way to Achieve It. Intertax, 758–772. Retrieved from http://www.kluwerlawonline.com/api/Product/CitationPDFURL?file=Journals\TAXI\TAXI2015070.pdf L. Kurth Marques Carvalho (2020). Taxation of Offshore Indirect Transfers in Brazil in Need of Reform. Bulletin for International Taxation. (74). Making dispute resolution more effective - MAP peer review report: Inclusive framework on BEPS: action 14 (2019). OECD/G20 base erosion and profit shifting project. Paris: OECD Publishing. Matczak, M. (2017). Three Kinds of Intention in Lawmaking. Law and Philosophy, 36(6), 651–674. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10982-017-9302-8 Ministerio de Economia Argentina (2018). Convenios para evitar la doble imposición vigentes. Retrieved from https://www.argentina.gob.ar/economia/ingresospublicos/conveniossuscriptos Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas (2021, January 6). Información Ley Nº 19.484. Retrieved from https://www.gub.uy/ministerio-economia-finanzas/politicas-y-gestion/informacion-ley-19484 Ministerio de Hacienda República de Costa Rica (2020, December 22). Convenios para evitar la doble imposición. Retrieved from https://www.hacienda.go.cr/contenido/13855-convenios-para-evitar-la-doble-imposicion Mitchell A. Kane (2014). The Role of Controlled Foreign Company Legislation in the OECD Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project. Bulletin for International Taxation, 2014(68). Retrieved from https://research.ibfd.org/#/doc?url=/collections/bit/html/bit_2014_06_o2_5.html Montoya Presiga, M. Y., Girón Uribe, P. A., & Hernández Ramírez, F. A. (2018). Posibles impactos en el sistema tributario de Colombia en su intención de ser miembro de la OCDE. Science of Human Action, 3(1), 122. https://doi.org/10.21501/2500-669X.2713 Nevia Čičin-Šain (2019). New Mandatory Disclosure Rules for Tax Intermediaries and Taxpayers in the European Union: Another “Bite” into the Rights of the Taxpayer? World Tax Journal, 2019(11). OAS. REGLAMENTO DE LA LEY DEL IMPUESTO A LA RENTA. Retrieved from http://www.oas.org/juridico/PDFs/mesicic3_per_ds122.pdf OECD (Ed.). Action Plan on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting [Special issue], 2013. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264202719-en OECD. Members of the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on BEPS. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/tax/beps/inclusive-framework-on-beps-composition.pdf OECD (2014). Neutralising the Effects of Hybrid Mismatch Arrangements. Retrieved from https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/publication/9789264218819-en https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264218819-en OECD (2015a). Designing Effective Controlled Foreign Company Rules, Action 3 - 2015 Final Report. Retrieved from https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/publication/9789264241152-en https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264241152-en OECD (2015b). Mandatory Disclosure Rules, Action 12 - 2015 Final Report. Retrieved from https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/publication/9789264241442-en https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264241442-en OECD (2015c). Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital 2014 (Full Version) (1., Aufl., neue Ausg): OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264239081-en OECD (2015d). Preventing the Artificial Avoidance of Permanent Establishment Status, Action 7 - 2015 Final Report. Retrieved from https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/publication/9789264241220-en https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264241220-en OECD (2015e). Preventing the Granting of Treaty Benefits in Inappropriate Circumstances, Action 6 - 2015 Final Report. Retrieved from https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/publication/9789264241695-en https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264241695-en Multilateral Convention to Implement Tax Treaty Related Measures to Prevent BEPS (2016). OECD (2017). Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital: Condensed Version 2017. Retrieved from https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/publication/mtc_cond-2017-en https://doi.org/10.1787/mtc_cond-2017-en OECD (2018). Making Dispute Resolution More Effective – MAP Peer Review Report, Mexico (Stage 1). Retrieved from https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/publication/9789264304345-en https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264304345-en OECD (2019a). Country-by-country reporting: Compilation of peer review reports (phase 2) : inclusive framework on BEPS: action 13. OECD/G20 base erosion and profit shifting project. Paris: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/f9bf1157-en OECD (2019b). Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital 2017 (Full Version). Retrieved from https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/publication/g2g972ee-en https://doi.org/10.1787/g2g972ee-en OECD (2019c). Prevention of Treaty Abuse - Peer Review Report on Treaty Shopping. Retrieved from https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/publication/9789264312388-en https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264312388-en OECD (2020a, October 16). Combating the "supply side" of bribery. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/corruption/combatingthesupplysideofbribery.htm OECD (2020b, October 16). Denying tax deductibility of bribes. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/corruption/denyingtaxdeductibilityofbribes.htm OECD (2020c, October 16). Fighting corruption at the OECD. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/corruption/fightingcorruptionattheoecd.htm OECD (2020d, October 16). List of Unco-operative Tax Havens - OECD. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/countries/andorra/list-of-unco-operative-tax-havens.htm OECD (2020e, October 16). Preventing bribery through export credits. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/corruption/preventingbriberythroughexportcredits.htm OECD (2020f, October 16). Preventing corruption in the public sector. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/corruption/preventingcorruptioninthepublicsector.htm OECD (2020g, November 27). MLI Matching Database. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/ctp/treaties/mli-matching-database.htm OECD (2020h, November 30). Controlled Foreign Company (CFC) Rules. Retrieved from https://qdd.oecd.org/subject.aspx?Subject=CFC OECD (2020i, December 23). Global Revenue Statistics Database. Retrieved from https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=RS_GBL OECD, Inter-American Center of Tax Administrations, Economic Commission for Latin America, the Caribbean, & Inter-American Development Bank (2020). Revenue Statistics in Latin America and the Caribbean 2020. Retrieved from https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/publication/68739b9b-en-es https://doi.org/10.1787/68739b9b-en-es Orbitax (2020, December 29). Chile's New CFC Rules in Effect. Retrieved from https://www.orbitax.com/news/archive.php/Chile's-New-CFC-Rules-in-Effec-16188 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, author (2014). Neutralising the effects of hybrid mismatch arrangements. Paris, France: OECD. Retrieved from https://primo.fu-berlin.de/FUB:FUB_ALMA_DS51942755690002883 P. Piantavigna (2017). ax Abuse and Aggressive Tax Planning in the BEPS Era: How EU Law and the OECD Are Establishing a Unifying Conceptual Framework in International Tax Law, despite Linguistic Discrepancies. World Tax Journal. P. Schoueri. Comparison of the OECD and ILADT Model Conventions. In Bulletin for International Taxation (Vol. 68, No. 9). Paolo Piantavigna (2017). Tax Abuse and Aggressive Tax Planning in the BEPS Era: How EU Law and the OECD Are Establishing a Unifying Conceptual Framework in International Tax Law, despite Linguistic Discrepancies. World Tax Journal, 2017(February), 47–98. Pereira Valadão. Transfer Pricing in Brazil and Actions 8, 9, 10 and 13 of the OECD Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Initiative. Bulletin for International Taxation, 2016(70). Pinto López, F. A., & Tibambre Oviedo, A. K. (2019). Determinantes de la evasión de impuestos en Colombia 2007-2017. Contaduría Pública. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.unal.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsbas&AN=edsbas.32AB2468&lang=es&site=eds-live Pit, H. M. (2014). Arbitration under the OECD Model Convention: Follow-up under Double Tax Conventions: An Evaluation. Intertax, 445–469. Retrieved from http://www.kluwerlawonline.com/api/Product/CitationPDFURL?file=Journals\TAXI\TAXI2014043.pdf PriceWaterhouseCooper (2020a, November 6). Mexico - Individual - Foreign tax relief and tax treaties. Retrieved from https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/mexico/individual/foreign-tax-relief-and-tax-treaties PriceWaterhouseCooper (2020b, December 17). Argentina - Corporate - Taxes on corporate income. Retrieved from https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/argentina/corporate/taxes-on-corporate-income PriceWaterhouseCooper (2020c, December 23). Costa Rica - Corporate - Group taxation. Retrieved from https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/costa-rica/corporate/group-taxation PriceWaterhouseCooper (2020d, December 29). Peru - Corporate - Corporate residence. Retrieved from https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/peru/corporate/corporate-residence Receita Federal (2021, January 11). Acordos para evitar a dupla tributação e prevenir a evasão fiscal. Retrieved from https://receita.economia.gov.br/acesso-rapido/legislacao/acordos-internacionais/acordos-para-evitar-a-dupla-tributacao/acordos-para-evitar-a-dupla-tributacao Rothstein, B., & Uslaner, E. (2005). All for One: Equality, Corruption, and Social Trust. World Politics, 58. https://doi.org/10.1353/wp.2006.0022 Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines (Vol. 104). Retrieved from https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0148296319304564?token=4901572D73F64D5C86D8654ED20DF4560B78A2A7F69D5DA3C053A9B394E333C60B891AA5E77C844F44EB32B311A253AD https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039 Subsecretaría de Relaciones Económicas Internacionales (2020, December 29). Doble Tributación Chile. Retrieved from https://www.subrei.gob.cl/preguntas-frecuentes/doble-tributacion Süddeutsche Zeitung (2018, June 26). Die Panama Papers - das bisher größte Datenleak. Retrieved from https://panamapapers.sueddeutsche.de/articles/56ff9a28a1bb8d3c3495ae13/ Tax Executive: Tei comments on BEPS Action 7: Preventing the artificial avoidance of PE status (2015///March-April). 00400025, 61+. Retrieved from https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A425674381/AONE?u=fub&sid=AONE&xid=1faecdc9 TOLEDO CONCHA, C., & RAMÍREZ ADRIAZOLA, M. (2017). LA ACCIÓN 3 DE BEPS, EN EL CONTEXTO DE COLOMBIA PERÚ Y CHILE. Action 3 of BEPS in the Context of Colombia, Perú and Chile. (45), 39–49. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.unal.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=123977840&lang=es&site=eds-live Vishesh Dhuldhoya. The Future of the Permanent Establishment Concept. Bulletin for International Taxation, 2018(Vol. 72). Wolters Kluwer (2021, January 15). Belize: Double Tax Treaties. Retrieved from https://www.lowtax.net/information/belize/belize-tax-treaty-introduction.html World Economic Forum (2020, November 23). Corruption in Latin America is skyrocketing. Here's why that’s good news. Retrieved from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/06/corruption-in-latin-america/ Worldbank.org (2021a, January 6). GDP per capita (current US$) - Latin America & Caribbean | Data. Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=ZJ&most_recent_value_desc=true Worldbank.org (2021b, January 15). Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) - Mexico. Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.EXP.GNFS.ZS?locations=MX Worldbank.org (2021c, January 15). Peru Trade Statistics. Retrieved from https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/PER Worldbank.org (2021d, January 15). TRADE SUMMARY FOR COLOMBIA. Retrieved from https://wits.worldbank.org/countrysnapshot/en/COL/textviewPúblico generalLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-83964https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/80316/1/license.txtcccfe52f796b7c63423298c2d3365fc6MD51ORIGINALTesis Maestria Amadeus Fahron.pdfTesis Maestria Amadeus Fahron.pdfTesis de Maestría en Contabilidad y Finanzasapplication/pdf755658https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/80316/2/Tesis%20Maestria%20Amadeus%20Fahron.pdfccfb8514b401f3fb10c596566039bb81MD52THUMBNAILTesis Maestria Amadeus Fahron.pdf.jpgTesis Maestria Amadeus Fahron.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg5363https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/80316/3/Tesis%20Maestria%20Amadeus%20Fahron.pdf.jpg7465818a6a51949809f5bd54f5533299MD53unal/80316oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/803162024-07-30 23:10:43.765Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiarepositorio_nal@unal.edu.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