Optimal localization of charging stations for EVs: a preliminary study for the Transmilenio’s trunk lines in Bogotá
ilustraciones
- Autores:
-
Galimberti, Gabriele
- Tipo de recurso:
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2020
- Institución:
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia
- Repositorio:
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/79765
- Palabra clave:
- 620 - Ingeniería y operaciones afines
Vehículos Eléctricos
Estaciones de recarga por VE
Buses eléctricos
EVs
Charging stations
Li-ion
Supercapacitors
Transporte urbano
Urban transport
Planificación del transporte
Transport planning
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional
| id |
UNACIONAL2_8bfa2910c6a2847be4e985ee61c22d59 |
|---|---|
| oai_identifier_str |
oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/79765 |
| network_acronym_str |
UNACIONAL2 |
| network_name_str |
Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
| repository_id_str |
|
| dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv |
Optimal localization of charging stations for EVs: a preliminary study for the Transmilenio’s trunk lines in Bogotá |
| dc.title.translated.spa.fl_str_mv |
Localización óptima de estaciones de carga para vehículos eléctricos: un estudio preliminar para las líneas troncales de Transmilenio en Bogotá |
| title |
Optimal localization of charging stations for EVs: a preliminary study for the Transmilenio’s trunk lines in Bogotá |
| spellingShingle |
Optimal localization of charging stations for EVs: a preliminary study for the Transmilenio’s trunk lines in Bogotá 620 - Ingeniería y operaciones afines Vehículos Eléctricos Estaciones de recarga por VE Buses eléctricos EVs Charging stations Li-ion Supercapacitors Transporte urbano Urban transport Planificación del transporte Transport planning |
| title_short |
Optimal localization of charging stations for EVs: a preliminary study for the Transmilenio’s trunk lines in Bogotá |
| title_full |
Optimal localization of charging stations for EVs: a preliminary study for the Transmilenio’s trunk lines in Bogotá |
| title_fullStr |
Optimal localization of charging stations for EVs: a preliminary study for the Transmilenio’s trunk lines in Bogotá |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Optimal localization of charging stations for EVs: a preliminary study for the Transmilenio’s trunk lines in Bogotá |
| title_sort |
Optimal localization of charging stations for EVs: a preliminary study for the Transmilenio’s trunk lines in Bogotá |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Galimberti, Gabriele |
| dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv |
Rivera Rodríguez, Sergio Raúl Longo, Michela |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Galimberti, Gabriele |
| dc.subject.ddc.spa.fl_str_mv |
620 - Ingeniería y operaciones afines |
| topic |
620 - Ingeniería y operaciones afines Vehículos Eléctricos Estaciones de recarga por VE Buses eléctricos EVs Charging stations Li-ion Supercapacitors Transporte urbano Urban transport Planificación del transporte Transport planning |
| dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Vehículos Eléctricos Estaciones de recarga por VE Buses eléctricos |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
EVs Charging stations Li-ion Supercapacitors |
| dc.subject.unesco.none.fl_str_mv |
Transporte urbano Urban transport Planificación del transporte Transport planning |
| description |
ilustraciones |
| publishDate |
2020 |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2020 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2021-07-07T17:36:36Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2021-07-07T17:36:36Z |
| dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Trabajo de grado - Maestría |
| dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis |
| dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion |
| dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv |
Text |
| dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TM |
| status_str |
acceptedVersion |
| dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/79765 |
| dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv |
Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
| dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
| dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ |
| url |
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/79765 https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ |
| identifier_str_mv |
Universidad Nacional de Colombia Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
| dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv |
eng |
| language |
eng |
| dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
[1] P. Dzikiy, “Electric buses surge in Latin America, Chile all-electric by 2040 - Electrek.” https://electrek.co/2019/05/24/electric-buses-latin-america/?fbclid=IwAR2sXwT8aaYvgKYOR60Gbt1G5G7hW8Ui4xlh21CODPXGiibHKpSqFWkFt0I (accessed Jul. 07, 2019). [2] P. Dzikiy, “Paris fights smog with biggest ever EU electric bus purchase, 800 e-buses to replace diesel - Electrek.” https://electrek.co/2019/04/09/paris-800-electric-buses/?fbclid=IwAR2vB2GP1m12OwI2J11VkQWzofpNMchfJcnRpx-0uEqN-Qg4Ig3R5e1EuZc (accessed Jul. 07, 2019). [3] “Bogotá tendrá la flota de buses eléctricos más grande de Latinoamérica.” https://www.transmilenio.gov.co/publicaciones/151302/bogota-tendra-la-flota-de-buses-electricos-mas-grande-de-latinoamerica/ (accessed Jul. 07, 2019). [4] P. di M. Energy & strategy group, “E-Mobility report 2018,” 2018. [5] European Parliament, M. Thomas, and V. Kelmelyte, Battery- powered electric vehicles : market development and lifecycle emissions. 2018. [6] IPCC, “Headline Statements — Global Warming of 1.5 oC.” https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/resources/headline-statements/ (accessed Oct. 13, 2019). [7] UNFCCC, “The Paris Agreement | UNFCCC.” https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement (accessed Oct. 13, 2019). [8] O. Juvyns, R. Fernandez [EEA], N. Mandl, and E. Rigler, “Annual European Union greenhouse gas inventory 1990 – 2017 and inventory report 2019,” no. May. 2019. [9] Mandl Nicole (EEA) and Pinterits Marion (EEA), “Annual European Union greenhouse gas inventory 1990-2018 and inventory report 2020,” no. May, 2020. [10] “Generación del SIN.” http://informes.xm.com.co/gestion/2018/servicio-confiable-eficiente-competitivo-y-mas-limpio/oferta-y-generacion/Paginas/generacion-del-sin.aspx (accessed Nov. 24, 2019). [11] EEA, Electric vehicles from life cycle and circular economy perspectives, no. 13. 2018. [12] P. Girardi and C. Brambilla, “Auto elettriche e auto tradizionali: Un confronto basato sul ciclo di vita dalla city-car due posti al SUV,” Energ. Elettr., vol. 95, no. 4–5, pp. 45–54, 2018. [13] T. R. Hawkins, B. Singh, G. Majeau-Bettez, and A. H. Strømman, “Comparative Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Conventional and Electric Vehicles,” J. Ind. Ecol., vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 53–64, 2013, doi: 10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00532.x. [14] M. Messagie, “Life Cycle Analysis of the Climate Impact of Electric Vehicles,” Transp. Environ., pp. 1–14, 2017. [15] “Does one ship pollute as much as 50 million cars? - CADMATIC.” https://www.cadmatic.com/resource/articles/does-one-ship-pollute-as-much-as-50-million-cars- (accessed Oct. 13, 2019). [16] N. Rees, Clear the air for children - The impact of air pollution on children. 2016. [17] Y. Zhao et al., “Ambient carbon monoxide and increased risk of daily hospital outpatient visits for respiratory diseases in Dongguan, China,” Sci. Total Environ., vol. 668, pp. 254–260, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.333. [18] G. Chai, H. He, Y. Sha, G. Zhai, and S. Zong, “Effect of PM2.5 on daily outpatient visits for respiratory diseases in Lanzhou, China,” Sci. Total Environ., vol. 649, pp. 1563–1572, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.384. [19] V. D. Asimakopoulos, “Urban pollution,” Energy Clim. Urban Built Environ., pp. 137–144, 2013, doi: 10.4324/9781315073774. [20] W. Kempton and J. Tomić, “Vehicle-to-grid power fundamentals: Calculating capacity and net revenue,” J. Power Sources, vol. 144, no. 1, pp. 268–279, 2005, doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.12.025. [21] W. Kempton and J. Tomić, “Vehicle-to-grid power implementation: From stabilizing the grid to supporting large-scale renewable energy,” J. Power Sources, vol. 144, no. 1, pp. 280–294, 2005, doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.12.022. [22] K. Uddin, M. Dubarry, and M. B. Glick, “The viability of vehicle-to-grid operations from a battery technology and policy perspective,” Energy Policy, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2017.11.015. [23] A. O. David and I. Al-Anbagi, “EVs for frequency regulation: cost benefit analysis in a smart grid environment,” IET Electr. Syst. Transp., vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 310–317, 2017, doi: 10.1049/iet-est.2017.0007. [24] “Battery Recycling Market to Reach more than US$ 25 Bn by 2026 - TMR.” https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/battery-recycling-market.html (accessed May 26, 2019). [25] “Foto - FCA: inaugurato a Mirafiori l’impianto Vehicle-to-Grid.” https://www.alvolante.it/news/fca-inaugurato-mirafiori-impiantto-vehicle-to-grip-370402/foto#fca-v2g-mirafiori-ricarica_4_2 (accessed Nov. 07, 2020). [26] K. Lebeau, P. Lebeau, C. Macharis, and J. Van Mierlo, “How expensive are electric vehicles? A total cost of ownership analysis,” World Electr. Veh. J., vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 996–1007, 2013. [27] SDA, Plan decenal de descontaminación del aire de Bogotá. 2010. [28] S. D. de A. SDA, “Revisions to the Air Cleaning Plan of Bogota,” Caracas N°, pp. 54–38, 2017, [Online]. Available: www.ambientebogota.gov.co. [29] “Acolgen – Asociación Colombiana de Generadores de Energía Eléctrica,.” https://www.acolgen.org.co/ (accessed Dec. 15, 2019). [30] “¡Ya ruedan por la ciudad los primeros 336 buses nuevos de TransMilenio!” https://www.transmilenio.gov.co/publicaciones/151309/ya-ruedan-por-la-ciudad-los-primeros-336-buses-nuevos-de-transmilenio/ (accessed Nov. 18, 2019). [31] “Comenzó la chatarrización de los buses de Fases I y II de TransMilenio.” https://www.transmilenio.gov.co/publicaciones/151299/comenzo-la-chatarrizacion-de-los-buses-de-fases-i-y-ii-de-transmilenio/ (accessed Nov. 18, 2019). [32] “Paris orders 800 new electric buses to fight smog - France 24.” https://www.france24.com/en/20190409-paris-orders-800-new-electric-buses-fight-smog. [33] “Rinnovo della flotta ATM, Azienda Trasporti Milanesi.” https://www.atm.it/it/IlGruppo/IlNostroImpegno/Pagine/Rinnovodellaflotta.aspx. [34] “Buses Eléctricos | Metroplús | Movilidad Inteligente.” https://metroplus.gov.co/proyectos/medellin/buses-electricos-2/. [35] L. Illiano and A. Angona, “Utilizzo di un autobus elettrico impiegato in una linea urbana.” 2018. [36] R. Pagany, L. Ramirez Camargo, and W. Dorner, “A review of spatial localization methodologies for the electric vehicle charging infrastructure,” Int. J. Sustain. Transp., vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 433–449, 2019, doi: 10.1080/15568318.2018.1481243. [37] G. Liu, L. Kang, Z. Luan, J. Qiu, and F. Zheng, “Charging station and power network planning for integrated electric vehicles (EVs),” Energies, vol. 12, no. 13, pp. 1–22, 2019, doi: 10.3390/en12132595. [38] J. Zhu, Y. Li, J. Yang, X. Li, S. Zeng, and Y. Chen, “Planning of electric vehicle charging station based on queuing theory,” J. Eng., vol. 2017, no. 13, pp. 1867–1871, 2017, doi: 10.1049/joe.2017.0655. [39] Y. Zheng, Z. Y. Dong, Y. Xu, K. Meng, J. H. Zhao, and J. Qiu, “Electric vehicle battery charging/swap stations in distribution systems: Comparison study and optimal planning,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 221–229, 2014, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2013.2278852. [40] P. Sinhuber, W. Rohlfs, and D. Uwe Sauer, “Conceptional considerations for electrification of public city buses - Energy storage system and charging stations,” 2010 Emobility - Electr. Power Train, EEPT 2010, pp. 1–5, 2010, doi: 10.1109/EMOBILITY.2010.5668044. [41] “Tesla shuts down battery swap program in favor of Superchargers, for now.” https://www.teslarati.com/tesla-shuts-down-battery-swap-program-for-superchargers/ (accessed Dec. 15, 2019). [42] X. Wang, C. Yuen, N. U. Hassan, N. An, and W. Wu, “Electric Vehicle Charging Station Placement for Urban Public Bus Systems,” IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 128–139, 2017, doi: 10.1109/TITS.2016.2563166. [43] M. T. Sebastiani, R. Luders, and K. V. O. Fonseca, “Evaluating Electric Bus Operation for a Real-World BRT Public Transportation Using Simulation Optimization,” IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst., vol. 17, no. 10, pp. 2777–2786, 2016, doi: 10.1109/TITS.2016.2525800. [44] L. V. Ramirez, “Encuentra información actualizada sobre el clima de la ciudad de Bogot | Bogota.gov.co.” 2017, [Online]. Available: https://bogota.gov.co/mi-ciudad/encuentra-informacion-actualizada-sobre-el-clima-de-la-ciudad-de-bogot. [45] “Bogotá - Wikipedia.” [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogotá. [46] Wikipedia, “Città Metropolitana di Milano.” 2016, [Online]. Available: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Città_metropolitana_di_Milano. [47] N. Y. Rojas and P. Asociado, “Aire y problemas ambientales de Bogotá.” Accessed: Oct. 31, 2020. [Online]. Available: http://201.245.192.252/php/2006pm10.php. [48] M. L. CABRERA and J. GUERRERO, “Evaluación de la efectividad de la medida del pico y placa en Bogotá D.C.,” pp. 23–24, 2005, [Online]. Available: https://repository.javeriana.edu.co/bitstream/handle/10554/7006/tesis111.pdf?sequence=1. [49] “Bogota | Colombia Reports.” https://colombiareports.com/bogota/. [50] “GDP per capita (current US$) - Colombia | Data.” https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=CO. [51] “Carros eléctricos en Colombia: Gobierno quiere 600.000 para 2030 - Sectores - Economía - ELTIEMPO.COM.” https://www.eltiempo.com/economia/sectores/carros-electricos-en-colombia-gobierno-quiere-600-000-para-2030-434466. [52] “Renault, Chevrolet y Nissan, fueron las marcas líderes en venta de vehículos en Colombia durante 2019.” https://www.larepublica.co/empresas/los-vehiculos-hibridos-y-electricos-registraron-un-crecimiento-de-237-durante-2019-2948900. [53] “Bogotá_-_Bus_del_SITP_por_la_carrera_11.jpg (3666×2654).” https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Bogotá_-_Bus_del_SITP_por_la_carrera_11.jpg (accessed Nov. 08, 2020). [54] “¿Por qué, Cómo y Dónde el TransMilenio hace lo mismo que un metro pero más barato?” https://www.transmilenio.gov.co/publicaciones/150048/publicacionespor_que_como_y_donde_el_transmilenio_hace_lo_mismo_que_un_metro_pero_mas_barato/. [55] C. F. C. A. P. CCAP, “Reducing Traffic Congestion in Bogotá Through Bus Rapid Transit and Non-Motorized Transport.” [Online]. Available: http://ccap.org/assets/CCAP-Booklet_Colombia.pdf. [56] S. A. Transmilenio, “TRANSMILENIO S.A. octubre 2020 Informe No. 71,” no. 71, 2020. [57] “TRANSMILENIO S.A. octubre 2019 Informe No. 60,” no. 60, 2019. [58] “2017_Bogotá_articulado_en_la_estación_Guatoque_Veraguas_de_Transmilenio.jpg (4860×3240).” https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/2017_Bogotá_articulado_en_la_estación_Guatoque_Veraguas_de_Transmilenio.jpg (accessed Nov. 09, 2020). [59] “Scania proveerá más de 700 buses a gas al sistema de transporte urbano de Bogotá - Mercado Vial TV.” https://mercadovial.tv/2019/01/17/scania-proveera-mas-de-700-buses-a-gas-al-sistema-de-transporte-urbano-de-bogota/ (accessed Nov. 09, 2020). [60] Volvo, “B340M articulado y biarticulado,” Autobuses Colomb., vol. 2, p. 2, 2016, [Online]. Available: https://www.volvobuses.co/es-co/our-offering/buses/b340m.html. [61] “SITP - Servicio Duales - Rutas Transmilenio y Rutas SITP de Bogotá.” https://sitp-bogota.com/sitp-servicio-duales/ (accessed Nov. 09, 2020). [62] “UPME: electrical system of Colombia.” https://www1.upme.gov.co/InformacionCifras/Paginas/PETROLEO.aspx. [63] “Capacidad Instalada – Acolgen.” https://www.acolgen.org.co/capacidad-instalada/ (accessed Nov. 02, 2020). [64] R. Julio, “PROYECCIÓN DE LA DEMANDA DE ENERGÍA ELÉCTRICA Y POTENCIA MÁXIMA EN COLOMBIA,” 2019. [Online]. Available: www.upme.gov.co. [65] “Sector energético en Colombia / Transmisión de electricidad / Inicio - Empresa de Energía de Bogotá.” https://www.grupoenergiabogota.com/eeb/index.php/transmision-de-electricidad/sector-energetico-en-colombia. [66] Normas Codensa, “Niveles De Tensión De Conexión De Cargas De Clientes | Likinormas.” [Online]. Available: http://likinormas.micodensa.com/Norma/otros/niveles_tension_conexion_cargas_clientes#heading_10. [67] D. of Energy, “The History of the Electric Car.” https://www.energy.gov/articles/history-electric-car (accessed Nov. 13, 2020). [68] “File:1910 Waverley Coupe.png - Wikipedia.” https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1910_Waverley_Coupe.png (accessed Nov. 13, 2020). [69] M. Brenna, F. Foiadelli, and D. Zaninelli, “Electric Systems for Transportation,” vol. part II. [70] M. Scarfogliero, “Electrical, thermal and aging model of Li-ion batteries for Vehicle-To-Grid services,” 2018. [71] T. Motors, “Introduction to Tesla,” 2014. [72] “Press release: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2019 - NobelPrize.org.” https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2019/press-release/ (accessed Nov. 17, 2020). [73] F. Monti, A. Barbieri, and N. Armaroli, “Battery Electric Vehicles : Perspectives and Challenges,” Substantia, vol. 3, pp. 75–89, 2019, doi: 10.13128/Substantia-576. [74] “How Does a Lithium-ion Battery Work? | Department of Energy.” https://www.energy.gov/eere/articles/how-does-lithium-ion-battery-work (accessed Nov. 24, 2019). [75] “Tesla Model 3: Exclusive first look at Tesla’s new battery pack architecture - Electrek.” https://electrek.co/2017/08/24/tesla-model-3-exclusive-battery-pack-architecture/ (accessed Nov. 17, 2020). [76] “Types of Lithium-ion Batteries – Battery University.” https://batteryuniversity.com/index.php/learn/article/types_of_lithium_ion (accessed Nov. 24, 2019). [77] G. Catalfamo, “chimiche-batterie-a-confronto.” [Online]. Available: https://onewedge.com/2020/09/10/chimiche-a-confronto/?fbclid=IwAR1LguXlx-ij50WBVNAQ1XXWX941rtlJ0lOWEkbZkNJ99dqAbKassruMWHY. [78] M. Wentker, M. Greenwood, and J. Leker, “A bottom-up approach to lithium-ion battery cost modeling with a focus on cathode active materials,” Energies, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 1–18, 2019, doi: 10.3390/en12030504. [79] “Nuovo concept di moto a emissioni zero NAWA Racer presentato da NAWA Technologies - Electric Motor News.” https://www.electricmotornews.com/veicoli-ecologici/moto-nawa-racer/?fbclid=IwAR3CemOz-P_krYwt6IwlDMsEHI0lXeoccZuLggaBUSB7FEqfDEsFnI_nzWw (accessed Nov. 19, 2020). [80] “Celle al grafene curvo, le batterie che possono rivoluzionare il settore. Ecco a cosa | DMove.it.” https://dmove.it/news/celle-al-grafene-curvo-le-batterie-che-possono-rivoluzionare-il-settore-ecco-a-cosa-servono?fbclid=IwAR1HHBjWdymuCzigSXTXMmcJ6gxQpK1_2cDmQxI6x-iZOyuUvRwfWzV3aJ4 (accessed Nov. 19, 2020). [81] “Lamborghini Hybrid Uses Supercapacitors in Place of Batteries | Electronic Design.” https://www.electronicdesign.com/markets/automotive/article/21808589/lamborghini-hybrid-uses-supercapacitors-in-place-of-batteries (accessed Nov. 19, 2020). [82] “Supercapacitor Information – Battery University.” https://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/whats_the_role_of_the_supercapacitor (accessed Nov. 24, 2019). [83] “Electric Double Layer Capacitors, EverCap®.” https://www.nichicon.co.jp/english/products/pdf/evercap_en.pdf (accessed Nov. 19, 2020). [84] P. Kurzweil, Electrochemical Double-layer Capacitors. Elsevier B.V., 2015. [85] Maxwell Technologies, “Top 10 Reasons for using Ultracapacitors in your system designs.” Accessed: Nov. 19, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.maxwell.com/images/documents/whitepaper_top_10_reasons_for_ultracaps.pdf. [86] Skeleton Technologies, “ULTRACAPACITOR-BASED TURN-KEY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM FOR POWER QUALITY APPLICATIONS SkelGrid.” Accessed: Nov. 19, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/1188159/blog-files/170530-SkelGrid-brochure.pdf?__hssc=107776733.9.1605701152398&__hstc=107776733.b9bb67def8a0d165a2fbaaf43dedb88e.1605701152397.1605701152397.1605701152397.1&__hsfp=608257397&hsCtaTracking=325c7fcd-3f62-4572. [87] Maxwell Technologies, “Maxwell ultracapacitor cells.” Accessed: Nov. 19, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.maxwell.com/images/documents/ProductMatrix.pdf. [88] “Kilowatt Labs SIRIUS 1-12 Supercapacitor Battery 1kWh 12V 22134X.” https://www.nautimarket-europe.com/en/Kilowatt-Labs-SIRIUS-1-12-Supercapacitor-Battery-1kWh-12V-22134X-UF22134X (accessed Nov. 19, 2020). [89] Poonam, K. Sharma, A. Arora, and S. K. Tripathi, “Review of supercapacitors: Materials and devices,” J. Energy Storage, vol. 21, no. January, pp. 801–825, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2019.01.010. [90] Supercapacitors Materials, “Superdielectrics | Our Technology.” https://www.superdielectrics.com/our-technology.html (accessed Nov. 19, 2020). [91] “J2954: Wireless Power Transfer for Light-Duty Plug-in/Electric Vehicles and Alignment Methodology - SAE International.” https://www.sae.org/standards/content/j2954_202010/ (accessed Nov. 23, 2020). [92] “Wireless EV charging gets a boost: Single standard will harmonize systems up to 11 kw.” https://www.greencarreports.com/news/1130055_wireless-ev-charging-gets-a-boost-single-standard-will-harmonize-systems-up-to-11-kw (accessed Nov. 23, 2020). [93] taylor M. Fisher, K. Blair Farley, Y. Gao, H. Bai, and Z. T. H. Tse, “Electric vehicle wireless charging technology: A state-of-the-art review of magnetic coupling systems,” Wirel. Power Transf., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 87–96, 2014, doi: 10.1017/wpt.2014.8. [94] “In-road wireless charging project breaks ground in Sweden.” https://www.greencarreports.com/news/1126085_in-road-wireless-charging-project-breaks-ground-in-sweden (accessed Nov. 23, 2020). [95] “Israeli start-up wants to electrify roads that charge your car while driving - Electrek.” https://electrek.co/2020/06/01/israeli-start-up-wants-to-electrify-roads-that-charge-your-car-while-driving/ (accessed Nov. 23, 2020). [96] “Pantograph Bus | Pantograph Up | ABB.” https://new.abb.com/ev-charging/products/pantograph-up (accessed Nov. 23, 2020). [97] “Pantograph Charging | Pantograph Down | ABB.” https://new.abb.com/ev-charging/products/pantograph-down (accessed Nov. 23, 2020). [98] “OppCharge - Fast charging of electric vehicles.” https://www.oppcharge.org/ (accessed Nov. 23, 2020). [99] “SRS: Innovative, safe and automatic charging for trams and electric buses.” https://www.alstom.com/our-solutions/infrastructure/srs-innovative-safe-and-automatic-charging-trams-and-electric-buses (accessed Nov. 23, 2020). [100] R. Bedell, “Bus and Truck Pantographs: Up or Down? Roger Bedell, CEO Opbrid,” 2016. [101] “The European electric bus market is charging ahead, but how will it develop? | McKinsey.” https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/oil-and-gas/our-insights/the-european-electric-bus-market-is-charging-ahead-but-how-will-it-develop# (accessed Nov. 23, 2020). [102] (International Electrotechnical Commission) IEC, “INTERNATIONAL STANDARD IEC 62196-1.” Accessed: Nov. 25, 2019. [Online]. Available: www.iec.ch. [103] “EV Charging Connector Types | Enel X.” https://evcharging.enelx.com/eu/about/news/blog/552-ev-charging-connector-types (accessed Nov. 25, 2020). [104] “How Did Shenzhen, China Build World’s Largest Electric Bus Fleet? | World Resources Institute.” https://www.wri.org/blog/2018/04/how-did-shenzhen-china-build-world-s-largest-electric-bus-fleet (accessed Nov. 28, 2020). [105] P. Dzikiy, “BYD introduces 27-meter long K12A, the ‘world’s longest pure electric bus’ - Electrek.” https://electrek.co/2019/04/01/world-longest-electric-bus/?fbclid=IwAR3IU7o_oYe_l3koz2fTq4K0p1lHByaxNaxmwAQyelcz8kJBVjRSXCX4_bY (accessed Jul. 07, 2019). [106] “[Imágenes] Bus eléctrico más largo del mundo llegaría a Bogotá | RCN Radio.” https://www.rcnradio.com/bogota/bogota-tendria-el-bus-electrico-mas-largo-del-mundo-en-agosto (accessed Nov. 26, 2020). [107] “K12A | BYD Build Your Dreams.” https://bydelectricos.com/k12a/ (accessed Nov. 26, 2020). [108] “Info SITP Bogotá - Biarticulado eléctrico llegaría en Agosto | Facebook.” https://www.facebook.com/INFOSITPBTA/videos/1696627183702832 (accessed Nov. 26, 2020). [109] “24 metri di filobus Van Hool a Genova, per tre giorni. | Autobus Web.” https://www.autobusweb.com/24-metri-di-filobus-van-hool-kiepe-a-genova-per-tre-giorni-la-sperimentazione-amt/ (accessed Nov. 27, 2020). [110] “Primer bus eléctrico de Transmilenio registró niveles de confiabilidad del 93 % | EL ESPECTADOR.” https://www.elespectador.com/noticias/bogota/primer-bus-electrico-de-transmilenio-registro-niveles-de-confiabilidad-del-93/ (accessed Nov. 26, 2020). [111] “Bus eléctrico de Transmilenio fue evaluado por la U.N. - UNIMEDIOS: Universidad Nacional de Colombia.” http://agenciadenoticias.unal.edu.co/index.php?id=1937&L=2&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=75708&cHash=b41249b3f9ed09e46d904f7a7980037f (accessed Nov. 26, 2020). [112] “Primer bus eléctrico de Transmilenio en Bogotá | Bogota.gov.co.” https://bogota.gov.co/mi-ciudad/movilidad/primer-bus-electrico-de-transmilenio-en-bogota (accessed Nov. 26, 2020). [113] “PRIMER BUS ARTICULADO 100% ELÉCTRICO DEL MUNDO - Revista Empresarial y Laboral.” https://revistaempresarial.com/actualidad-empresarial/lanzamientos/primer-bus-articulado-100-electrico-mundo/ (accessed Nov. 26, 2020). [114] “Bus 100% eléctrico de TransMilenio cumple su primer año de operación en Bogotá - Revista Negocios e Industrias.” https://www.negociosypetroleo.com/primer-bus-100-electrico-de-transmilenio-cumple-su-primer-ano-de-operacion-en-la-capital-del-pais/ (accessed Nov. 26, 2020). [115] “La Línea 1 de buses del Metro cuenta con primer bus eléctrico articulado.” https://www.metrodemedellin.gov.co/al-día/noticias-metro/artmid/6905/articleid/462/la-l237nea-1-de-buses-del-metro-cuenta-con-primer-bus-el233ctrico-articulado (accessed Nov. 26, 2020). [116] “Primer eléctrico articulado de Línea 1 de buses del Metro de Medellín - Carga Pesada.” http://revistacargapesada.com/primer-electrico-articulado-de-linea-1-de-buses-del-metro-de-medellin/ (accessed Nov. 26, 2020). [117] “Un paso más hacia transportes amigables con el medio ambiente - El Diario.” https://www.eldiario.com.co/noticias/pereira/un-paso-mas-hacia-transportes-amigables-con-el-medio-ambiente/ (accessed Nov. 26, 2020). [118] “Pereira probará un bus eléctrico de BYD en el sistema Megabus.” https://www.vehiculoselectricos.co/pereira-probara-un-bus-electrico-de-byd-en-el-sistema-megabus/ (accessed Nov. 26, 2020). [119] “EBus 18 Articulado | BYD Build Your Dreams.” https://bydelectricos.com/ebus-18-articulado/ (accessed Nov. 26, 2020). [120] “AIMING FOR ZERO. The Amsterdam Metropolitan Area. - YouTube.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sciFPLRb2fo&feature=emb_logo (accessed Nov. 28, 2020). [121] Irizar, “Soluciones integrales de electromovilidad para las ciudades.” [122] “Warsaw orders 130 articulated electric buses from Solaris to replace diesel buses - Electrek.” https://electrek.co/2019/07/23/warsaw-articulated-electric-buses/?fbclid=IwAR28HN44wToddgStfJDpbPZ7kTKF5cOP3LusiRlHFq94pwSS9apkoOh37QA (accessed Nov. 28, 2020). [123] “Solaris aggiorna le batterie dell’articolato elettrico. La presentazione al Busworld | Autobus Web.” https://www.autobusweb.com/solaris-aggiorna-le-batterie-dellarticolato-elettrico-la-presentazione-al-busworld/ (accessed Nov. 28, 2020). [124] “Busworld 2019 Iveco Bus, presenta i bus elettrici eWay.” https://www.autobusweb.com/busworld-2019-iveco-bus-presenta-i-bus-elettrici-eway/?fbclid=IwAR0DqEhl4e9cOAKW0xrSimgVdBqC25tKKs5bIVHspWANXFfAGgD-ybEwY-k (accessed Nov. 28, 2020). [125] “ie bus - Irizar e-mobility.” https://www.irizar-emobility.com/soluciones-y-servicios/vehiculos/ie-bus/ (accessed Nov. 28, 2020). [126] “Heuliez Bus.” https://www.heuliezbus.com/fr/GX-ELEC (accessed Nov. 28, 2020). [127] T. Nakazawa, “Aiming for zero blindness,” Nihon. Ganka Gakkai Zasshi, vol. 119, no. 3, pp. 168–194, 2015. [128] T. D. Thomas Larson, “FEDERAL TRANSIT BUS TEST.” Accessed: Nov. 28, 2020. [Online]. Available: http://apps.altoonabustest.psu.edu/buses/reports/510.pdf?1579286140. [129] “Citea SLF/SLFA Electric.” https://www.vdlbuscoach.com/en/products/citea-electric/citea-slf-slfa-electric (accessed Nov. 28, 2020). [130] “Urbino electric.” https://www.solarisbus.com/en/vehicles/zero-emissions/urbino-electric (accessed Nov. 28, 2020). [131] “Xcelsior CHARGE.” Accessed: Nov. 28, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.newflyer.com/site-content/uploads/2019/06/Xcelsior-CHARGE.pdf. [132] “Sileo: E-Bus S18.” https://www.sileo-ebus.com/en/e-bus-models/e-bus-s18/ (accessed Nov. 28, 2020). [133] “What’s new: Only recently launched and already in regular service operations: Mercedes‑Benz delivers three Mercedes‑Benz eCitaro G with fully electric drive to Switzerland. – Mercedes-Benz Buses and Coaches.” https://www.mercedes-benz-bus.com/en_GB/brand/news/2020/three-ecitaro-g-for-switzerland.html (accessed Nov. 28, 2020). [134] “BusStore – Mercedes-Benz Buses and Coaches.” https://www.mercedes-benz-bus.com/en_GB/buy/busstore.html (accessed Nov. 28, 2020). [135] “Ebusco 3.0. Third generation Dutch electric bus with 3 tons savings launched -.” https://www.sustainable-bus.com/news/ebusco-launches-third-generation-electric-bus-with-3-tons-weight-savings/?fbclid=IwAR0wNZfsS_e_tfgWhcXfRE4AOScm9H_njc3Q2wUQHSY1Xd92ukZs8tw2N2I (accessed Nov. 28, 2020). [136] “MAN Lion’s City 18 E, series production in 2021. With 640 kWh battery.” https://www.sustainable-bus.com/electric-bus/man-lions-city-18-e-electric-bus-2021/ (accessed Nov. 28, 2020). [137] “SILEO S18.” [138] “The BYD 60′ TRANSIT K11.” Accessed: Nov. 28, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://en.byd.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/k11-cut-sheet_final_digital.pdf. [139] “Heuliez GX437e.” Accessed: Nov. 28, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.heuliezbus.com/fr/vue/produits/bus/GX-ELEC/FT_GX437_ELEC.pdf. [140] “SmartBUS® l’innovativo Sistema italiano di elettromobilità per il trasporto urbano.” http://www.eco-hev.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/SmartBUS-brochure-v5_ITA.pdf (accessed Nov. 28, 2020). [141] “SmartBUS®-Caratteristiche principali.” Accessed: Nov. 28, 2020. [Online]. Available: www.eco-hev.cominfo@eco-hev.comphone+390115084056. [142] “E-CO Hybrid Engine Vehicles SmartBUS - Moderno Sistema per la Mobilità Sostenibile.” http://www.eco-hev.com/e-co-progetti/progetti-smartbus/?lang=en (accessed Nov. 28, 2020). [143] “SmartBUS, tre mesi a Torino per il bus elettrico ad ultracondensatori | AUTOBUS Web - La rivista del trasporto pubblico in Italia.” https://www.autobusweb.com/smartbus-tre-mesi-a-torino-per-il-bus-elettrico-ad-ultracondensatori/ (accessed Nov. 28, 2020). [144] “SmartBUS La Spezia - YouTube.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VnJD8hFxEf8&feature=emb_logo (accessed Nov. 28, 2020). [145] “The most efficient City BUS for the Urban Public Transport.” Accessed: Nov. 28, 2020. [Online]. Available: http://www.eco-hev.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/SmartBUS-brochure-v2019_ENG.pdf. [146] “Rutas Troncales de TRANSMILENIO | Portal de Datos Abiertos de TransMilenio.” https://datosabiertos-transmilenio.hub.arcgis.com/datasets/rutas-troncales-de-transmilenio/data?geometry=-74.997%2C4.409%2C-73.239%2C4.888 (accessed Dec. 07, 2020). [147] “Datos Abiertos Estaciones TM.csv.” http://datosabiertos.bogota.gov.co/dataset/estaciones-troncales-transmilenio/resource/d0775af7-1706-4404-8bea-387194287d73 (accessed Jul. 07, 2019). [148] “BUSCADOR DE RUTAS.” https://www.transmilenio.gov.co/buscador_de_rutas (accessed Dec. 07, 2020). [149] “Patios Troncales de TRANSMILENIO | Portal de Datos Abiertos de TransMilenio.” https://datosabiertos-transmilenio.hub.arcgis.com/datasets/patios-troncales-de-transmilenio/data?geometry=-74.971%2C4.388%2C-73.213%2C4.867&selectedAttribute=componente_patio_troncal&where= (tipo_patio_troncal %3D %27TRONCAL%27 OR tipo_patio_troncal %3D %27TRONCAL Y ALIMENTACION%27) (accessed Dec. 15, 2020). [150] CharIN, “CharIN HPCCV Task Force : High Power Plug Update April 2020,” 2020. [151] “Tesla is working with mysterious third-parties to deploy Megacharger network for electric semi trucks - Electrek.” https://electrek.co/2020/10/22/tesla-mysterious-third-parties-megacharger-network-electric-semi-trucks/ (accessed Dec. 17, 2020). [152] UPME, “Establecer Recomendaciones en Materia de Infraestructura de Recarga para la Movilidad Eléctrica en Colombia para los Diferentes Segmentos: Buses, motos, taxis, BRT.” [Online]. Available: https://www1.upme.gov.co/DemandaEnergetica/Consorcio_Usaene_sumatoria_producto_3_estaciones_de_cargaVF.pdf. [153] “Expansión de subestaciones en Bogotá y Cundinamarca | Enel.” https://www.enel.com.co/es/historias/a202010-expancion-subestaciones-bogota-cundinamarca.html (accessed Dec. 22, 2020). [154] “Battery prices have fallen 88 percent over the last decade | Ars Technica.” https://arstechnica.com/science/2020/12/battery-prices-have-fallen-88-percent-over-the-last-decade/ (accessed Dec. 22, 2020). [155] E. S. Coker et al., “The Effects of Air Pollution on COVID-19 Related Mortality in Northern Italy,” Environ. Resour. Econ., vol. 76, no. 4, pp. 611–634, 2020, doi: 10.1007/s10640-020-00486-1. [156] A. Pozzer, F. Dominici, A. Haines, C. Witt, T. Mü Nzel, and J. Lelieveld, “Regional and global contributions of air pollution to risk of death from COVID-19,” doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa288. [157] EC, “COMMISSION DIRECTIVE 95/48/EC.” [Online]. Available: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:31995L0048&from=EN. |
| dc.rights.spa.fl_str_mv |
Derechos Reservados al Autor, 2020 |
| dc.rights.coar.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| dc.rights.license.spa.fl_str_mv |
Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional |
| dc.rights.uri.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ |
| dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| rights_invalid_str_mv |
Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional Derechos Reservados al Autor, 2020 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
| dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv |
179 páginas |
| dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
| dc.coverage.city.none.fl_str_mv |
Bogotá |
| dc.coverage.country.none.fl_str_mv |
Colombia |
| dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv |
Universidad Nacional de Colombia Politecnico di Milano |
| dc.publisher.program.spa.fl_str_mv |
Bogotá - Ingeniería - Maestría en Ingeniería - Ingeniería Eléctrica |
| dc.publisher.department.spa.fl_str_mv |
Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica |
| dc.publisher.faculty.spa.fl_str_mv |
Facultad de Ingeniería |
| dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv |
Bogotá, Colombia |
| dc.publisher.branch.spa.fl_str_mv |
Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá |
| institution |
Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
| bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/79765/1/license.txt https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/79765/2/YB0898848.2021.pdf https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/79765/3/license_rdf https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/79765/4/YB0898848.2021.pdf.jpg |
| bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
cccfe52f796b7c63423298c2d3365fc6 736e96b8e291be410f2298602d4d9dbb 934f4ca17e109e0a05eaeaba504d7ce4 537041fb88608f10ae86a019b4b0c18d |
| bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 |
| repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
| repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
repositorio_nal@unal.edu.co |
| _version_ |
1814089269084422144 |
| spelling |
Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 InternacionalDerechos Reservados al Autor, 2020http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Rivera Rodríguez, Sergio Raúlebc09c48c256e8bad61b48321e3a32c5Longo, Michelac26d8986664a38124049003a8467646bGalimberti, Gabriele99be8febcb1db097ffdc52fdb03aedde2021-07-07T17:36:36Z2021-07-07T17:36:36Z2020https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/79765Universidad Nacional de ColombiaRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiahttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ilustracionesThe climate of our planet is going through some mayor changes. Most of the climate scientists agree upon anthropological activities being the main cause of this, due to the CO2 and other Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions. According to recent studies, among the other activities, transportation accounts for up to 20-25% of the global CO2 emissions and road transportation is the main contributor. Road transportation also contributes to air pollution and in particular to the local pollution in big cities, due to the emissions of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) and polluting gases such as NOX, CO, SO2 among others. Those problems and the continuous increase in emission limits given by regulators all over the world, are demanding for a change in the current transportation paradigm, leading to a completely electrified solution both for the private and public vehicles. This is particularly true for those cities that relay thoroughly on bus system as main public form of transport. Even though the Colombian capital, Bogotá, is a big city with about 10 million people, it does not have a subway or other electric type of massive transport systems, but it has developed a big and articulated bus system. With the aim of shifting part of this system, namely the trunk lines of the Transmilenio company, to an electric one, this work analyses the problematic of the charging needs. To calculate the energy consumptions, it is performed a computational simulation on a sample of the routes. Then, the work proposes three different solutions to address the charging problem, and it presents a preliminary economic evaluation to choose the better solution in economic and technical terms. (Text taken from source)El clima de nuestro planeta está pasando por grandes cambios. La mayoría de los climatólogos coinciden en que las actividades antropológicas son la principal causa de esto, debido a las emisiones de CO2 y otros Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI o GHG en inglés). Según estudios recientes, entre las otras actividades, el transporte representa hasta el 20-25% de las emisiones globales de CO2 y el transporte terrestre es el principal contribuyente. El transporte por carretera también contribuye a la contaminación del aire y en particular a la contaminación local en las grandes ciudades, debido a las emisiones de material particulado (PM10 y PM2.5) y gases contaminantes como NOX, CO, SO2 entre otros. Estos problemas, y el continuo aumento de los límites de emisión que imponen los reguladores de todo el mundo, exigen un cambio en el paradigma de transporte actual, que lleve a una solución completamente electrificada tanto para los vehículos privados como públicos. Esto es particularmente cierto para aquellas ciudades que confían fuertemente en un sistema de autobuses como principal medio de transporte público. A pesar de que la capital colombiana, Bogotá, es una gran ciudad con alrededor de 10 millones de habitantes, no cuenta con metro u otro tipo de sistema eléctrico de transporte masivo, pero ha desarrollado un gran y articulado sistema de buses. Con el objetivo de cambiar parte de este sistema, es decir, las líneas troncales de la empresa Transmilenio, en uno eléctrico, este trabajo analiza la problemática de las necesidades de carga para articulados eléctricos. Para calcular los consumos de energía se realiza una simulación digital sobre una muestra de las rutas. Luego, el trabajo propone tres soluciones diferentes para abordar el problema de la carga y, después, presenta una evaluación económica preliminar para elegir la mejor solución en términos técnicos y económicos. (Texto tomado de la fuente)MaestríaMagíster en Ingeniería - Ingeniería Eléctrica179 páginasapplication/pdfengUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaPolitecnico di MilanoBogotá - Ingeniería - Maestría en Ingeniería - Ingeniería EléctricaDepartamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica y ElectrónicaFacultad de IngenieríaBogotá, ColombiaUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá620 - Ingeniería y operaciones afinesVehículos EléctricosEstaciones de recarga por VEBuses eléctricosEVsCharging stationsLi-ionSupercapacitorsTransporte urbanoUrban transportPlanificación del transporteTransport planningOptimal localization of charging stations for EVs: a preliminary study for the Transmilenio’s trunk lines in BogotáLocalización óptima de estaciones de carga para vehículos eléctricos: un estudio preliminar para las líneas troncales de Transmilenio en BogotáTrabajo de grado - Maestríainfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionTexthttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TMBogotáColombia[1] P. Dzikiy, “Electric buses surge in Latin America, Chile all-electric by 2040 - Electrek.” https://electrek.co/2019/05/24/electric-buses-latin-america/?fbclid=IwAR2sXwT8aaYvgKYOR60Gbt1G5G7hW8Ui4xlh21CODPXGiibHKpSqFWkFt0I (accessed Jul. 07, 2019).[2] P. Dzikiy, “Paris fights smog with biggest ever EU electric bus purchase, 800 e-buses to replace diesel - Electrek.” https://electrek.co/2019/04/09/paris-800-electric-buses/?fbclid=IwAR2vB2GP1m12OwI2J11VkQWzofpNMchfJcnRpx-0uEqN-Qg4Ig3R5e1EuZc (accessed Jul. 07, 2019).[3] “Bogotá tendrá la flota de buses eléctricos más grande de Latinoamérica.” https://www.transmilenio.gov.co/publicaciones/151302/bogota-tendra-la-flota-de-buses-electricos-mas-grande-de-latinoamerica/ (accessed Jul. 07, 2019).[4] P. di M. Energy & strategy group, “E-Mobility report 2018,” 2018.[5] European Parliament, M. Thomas, and V. Kelmelyte, Battery- powered electric vehicles : market development and lifecycle emissions. 2018.[6] IPCC, “Headline Statements — Global Warming of 1.5 oC.” https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/resources/headline-statements/ (accessed Oct. 13, 2019).[7] UNFCCC, “The Paris Agreement | UNFCCC.” https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement (accessed Oct. 13, 2019).[8] O. Juvyns, R. Fernandez [EEA], N. Mandl, and E. Rigler, “Annual European Union greenhouse gas inventory 1990 – 2017 and inventory report 2019,” no. May. 2019.[9] Mandl Nicole (EEA) and Pinterits Marion (EEA), “Annual European Union greenhouse gas inventory 1990-2018 and inventory report 2020,” no. May, 2020.[10] “Generación del SIN.” http://informes.xm.com.co/gestion/2018/servicio-confiable-eficiente-competitivo-y-mas-limpio/oferta-y-generacion/Paginas/generacion-del-sin.aspx (accessed Nov. 24, 2019).[11] EEA, Electric vehicles from life cycle and circular economy perspectives, no. 13. 2018.[12] P. Girardi and C. Brambilla, “Auto elettriche e auto tradizionali: Un confronto basato sul ciclo di vita dalla city-car due posti al SUV,” Energ. Elettr., vol. 95, no. 4–5, pp. 45–54, 2018.[13] T. R. Hawkins, B. Singh, G. Majeau-Bettez, and A. H. Strømman, “Comparative Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Conventional and Electric Vehicles,” J. Ind. Ecol., vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 53–64, 2013, doi: 10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00532.x.[14] M. Messagie, “Life Cycle Analysis of the Climate Impact of Electric Vehicles,” Transp. Environ., pp. 1–14, 2017.[15] “Does one ship pollute as much as 50 million cars? - CADMATIC.” https://www.cadmatic.com/resource/articles/does-one-ship-pollute-as-much-as-50-million-cars- (accessed Oct. 13, 2019).[16] N. Rees, Clear the air for children - The impact of air pollution on children. 2016.[17] Y. Zhao et al., “Ambient carbon monoxide and increased risk of daily hospital outpatient visits for respiratory diseases in Dongguan, China,” Sci. Total Environ., vol. 668, pp. 254–260, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.333.[18] G. Chai, H. He, Y. Sha, G. Zhai, and S. Zong, “Effect of PM2.5 on daily outpatient visits for respiratory diseases in Lanzhou, China,” Sci. Total Environ., vol. 649, pp. 1563–1572, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.384.[19] V. D. Asimakopoulos, “Urban pollution,” Energy Clim. Urban Built Environ., pp. 137–144, 2013, doi: 10.4324/9781315073774.[20] W. Kempton and J. Tomić, “Vehicle-to-grid power fundamentals: Calculating capacity and net revenue,” J. Power Sources, vol. 144, no. 1, pp. 268–279, 2005, doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.12.025.[21] W. Kempton and J. Tomić, “Vehicle-to-grid power implementation: From stabilizing the grid to supporting large-scale renewable energy,” J. Power Sources, vol. 144, no. 1, pp. 280–294, 2005, doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.12.022.[22] K. Uddin, M. Dubarry, and M. B. Glick, “The viability of vehicle-to-grid operations from a battery technology and policy perspective,” Energy Policy, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2017.11.015.[23] A. O. David and I. Al-Anbagi, “EVs for frequency regulation: cost benefit analysis in a smart grid environment,” IET Electr. Syst. Transp., vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 310–317, 2017, doi: 10.1049/iet-est.2017.0007.[24] “Battery Recycling Market to Reach more than US$ 25 Bn by 2026 - TMR.” https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/battery-recycling-market.html (accessed May 26, 2019).[25] “Foto - FCA: inaugurato a Mirafiori l’impianto Vehicle-to-Grid.” https://www.alvolante.it/news/fca-inaugurato-mirafiori-impiantto-vehicle-to-grip-370402/foto#fca-v2g-mirafiori-ricarica_4_2 (accessed Nov. 07, 2020).[26] K. Lebeau, P. Lebeau, C. Macharis, and J. Van Mierlo, “How expensive are electric vehicles? A total cost of ownership analysis,” World Electr. Veh. J., vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 996–1007, 2013.[27] SDA, Plan decenal de descontaminación del aire de Bogotá. 2010.[28] S. D. de A. SDA, “Revisions to the Air Cleaning Plan of Bogota,” Caracas N°, pp. 54–38, 2017, [Online]. Available: www.ambientebogota.gov.co.[29] “Acolgen – Asociación Colombiana de Generadores de Energía Eléctrica,.” https://www.acolgen.org.co/ (accessed Dec. 15, 2019).[30] “¡Ya ruedan por la ciudad los primeros 336 buses nuevos de TransMilenio!” https://www.transmilenio.gov.co/publicaciones/151309/ya-ruedan-por-la-ciudad-los-primeros-336-buses-nuevos-de-transmilenio/ (accessed Nov. 18, 2019).[31] “Comenzó la chatarrización de los buses de Fases I y II de TransMilenio.” https://www.transmilenio.gov.co/publicaciones/151299/comenzo-la-chatarrizacion-de-los-buses-de-fases-i-y-ii-de-transmilenio/ (accessed Nov. 18, 2019).[32] “Paris orders 800 new electric buses to fight smog - France 24.” https://www.france24.com/en/20190409-paris-orders-800-new-electric-buses-fight-smog.[33] “Rinnovo della flotta ATM, Azienda Trasporti Milanesi.” https://www.atm.it/it/IlGruppo/IlNostroImpegno/Pagine/Rinnovodellaflotta.aspx.[34] “Buses Eléctricos | Metroplús | Movilidad Inteligente.” https://metroplus.gov.co/proyectos/medellin/buses-electricos-2/.[35] L. Illiano and A. Angona, “Utilizzo di un autobus elettrico impiegato in una linea urbana.” 2018.[36] R. Pagany, L. Ramirez Camargo, and W. Dorner, “A review of spatial localization methodologies for the electric vehicle charging infrastructure,” Int. J. Sustain. Transp., vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 433–449, 2019, doi: 10.1080/15568318.2018.1481243.[37] G. Liu, L. Kang, Z. Luan, J. Qiu, and F. Zheng, “Charging station and power network planning for integrated electric vehicles (EVs),” Energies, vol. 12, no. 13, pp. 1–22, 2019, doi: 10.3390/en12132595.[38] J. Zhu, Y. Li, J. Yang, X. Li, S. Zeng, and Y. Chen, “Planning of electric vehicle charging station based on queuing theory,” J. Eng., vol. 2017, no. 13, pp. 1867–1871, 2017, doi: 10.1049/joe.2017.0655.[39] Y. Zheng, Z. Y. Dong, Y. Xu, K. Meng, J. H. Zhao, and J. Qiu, “Electric vehicle battery charging/swap stations in distribution systems: Comparison study and optimal planning,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 221–229, 2014, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2013.2278852.[40] P. Sinhuber, W. Rohlfs, and D. Uwe Sauer, “Conceptional considerations for electrification of public city buses - Energy storage system and charging stations,” 2010 Emobility - Electr. Power Train, EEPT 2010, pp. 1–5, 2010, doi: 10.1109/EMOBILITY.2010.5668044.[41] “Tesla shuts down battery swap program in favor of Superchargers, for now.” https://www.teslarati.com/tesla-shuts-down-battery-swap-program-for-superchargers/ (accessed Dec. 15, 2019).[42] X. Wang, C. Yuen, N. U. Hassan, N. An, and W. Wu, “Electric Vehicle Charging Station Placement for Urban Public Bus Systems,” IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 128–139, 2017, doi: 10.1109/TITS.2016.2563166.[43] M. T. Sebastiani, R. Luders, and K. V. O. Fonseca, “Evaluating Electric Bus Operation for a Real-World BRT Public Transportation Using Simulation Optimization,” IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst., vol. 17, no. 10, pp. 2777–2786, 2016, doi: 10.1109/TITS.2016.2525800.[44] L. V. Ramirez, “Encuentra información actualizada sobre el clima de la ciudad de Bogot | Bogota.gov.co.” 2017, [Online]. Available: https://bogota.gov.co/mi-ciudad/encuentra-informacion-actualizada-sobre-el-clima-de-la-ciudad-de-bogot.[45] “Bogotá - Wikipedia.” [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogotá.[46] Wikipedia, “Città Metropolitana di Milano.” 2016, [Online]. Available: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Città_metropolitana_di_Milano.[47] N. Y. Rojas and P. Asociado, “Aire y problemas ambientales de Bogotá.” Accessed: Oct. 31, 2020. [Online]. Available: http://201.245.192.252/php/2006pm10.php.[48] M. L. CABRERA and J. GUERRERO, “Evaluación de la efectividad de la medida del pico y placa en Bogotá D.C.,” pp. 23–24, 2005, [Online]. Available: https://repository.javeriana.edu.co/bitstream/handle/10554/7006/tesis111.pdf?sequence=1.[49] “Bogota | Colombia Reports.” https://colombiareports.com/bogota/.[50] “GDP per capita (current US$) - Colombia | Data.” https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=CO.[51] “Carros eléctricos en Colombia: Gobierno quiere 600.000 para 2030 - Sectores - Economía - ELTIEMPO.COM.” https://www.eltiempo.com/economia/sectores/carros-electricos-en-colombia-gobierno-quiere-600-000-para-2030-434466.[52] “Renault, Chevrolet y Nissan, fueron las marcas líderes en venta de vehículos en Colombia durante 2019.” https://www.larepublica.co/empresas/los-vehiculos-hibridos-y-electricos-registraron-un-crecimiento-de-237-durante-2019-2948900.[53] “Bogotá_-_Bus_del_SITP_por_la_carrera_11.jpg (3666×2654).” https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Bogotá_-_Bus_del_SITP_por_la_carrera_11.jpg (accessed Nov. 08, 2020).[54] “¿Por qué, Cómo y Dónde el TransMilenio hace lo mismo que un metro pero más barato?” https://www.transmilenio.gov.co/publicaciones/150048/publicacionespor_que_como_y_donde_el_transmilenio_hace_lo_mismo_que_un_metro_pero_mas_barato/.[55] C. F. C. A. P. CCAP, “Reducing Traffic Congestion in Bogotá Through Bus Rapid Transit and Non-Motorized Transport.” [Online]. Available: http://ccap.org/assets/CCAP-Booklet_Colombia.pdf.[56] S. A. Transmilenio, “TRANSMILENIO S.A. octubre 2020 Informe No. 71,” no. 71, 2020.[57] “TRANSMILENIO S.A. octubre 2019 Informe No. 60,” no. 60, 2019.[58] “2017_Bogotá_articulado_en_la_estación_Guatoque_Veraguas_de_Transmilenio.jpg (4860×3240).” https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/2017_Bogotá_articulado_en_la_estación_Guatoque_Veraguas_de_Transmilenio.jpg (accessed Nov. 09, 2020).[59] “Scania proveerá más de 700 buses a gas al sistema de transporte urbano de Bogotá - Mercado Vial TV.” https://mercadovial.tv/2019/01/17/scania-proveera-mas-de-700-buses-a-gas-al-sistema-de-transporte-urbano-de-bogota/ (accessed Nov. 09, 2020).[60] Volvo, “B340M articulado y biarticulado,” Autobuses Colomb., vol. 2, p. 2, 2016, [Online]. Available: https://www.volvobuses.co/es-co/our-offering/buses/b340m.html.[61] “SITP - Servicio Duales - Rutas Transmilenio y Rutas SITP de Bogotá.” https://sitp-bogota.com/sitp-servicio-duales/ (accessed Nov. 09, 2020).[62] “UPME: electrical system of Colombia.” https://www1.upme.gov.co/InformacionCifras/Paginas/PETROLEO.aspx.[63] “Capacidad Instalada – Acolgen.” https://www.acolgen.org.co/capacidad-instalada/ (accessed Nov. 02, 2020).[64] R. Julio, “PROYECCIÓN DE LA DEMANDA DE ENERGÍA ELÉCTRICA Y POTENCIA MÁXIMA EN COLOMBIA,” 2019. [Online]. Available: www.upme.gov.co.[65] “Sector energético en Colombia / Transmisión de electricidad / Inicio - Empresa de Energía de Bogotá.” https://www.grupoenergiabogota.com/eeb/index.php/transmision-de-electricidad/sector-energetico-en-colombia.[66] Normas Codensa, “Niveles De Tensión De Conexión De Cargas De Clientes | Likinormas.” [Online]. Available: http://likinormas.micodensa.com/Norma/otros/niveles_tension_conexion_cargas_clientes#heading_10.[67] D. of Energy, “The History of the Electric Car.” https://www.energy.gov/articles/history-electric-car (accessed Nov. 13, 2020).[68] “File:1910 Waverley Coupe.png - Wikipedia.” https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1910_Waverley_Coupe.png (accessed Nov. 13, 2020).[69] M. Brenna, F. Foiadelli, and D. Zaninelli, “Electric Systems for Transportation,” vol. part II.[70] M. Scarfogliero, “Electrical, thermal and aging model of Li-ion batteries for Vehicle-To-Grid services,” 2018.[71] T. Motors, “Introduction to Tesla,” 2014.[72] “Press release: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2019 - NobelPrize.org.” https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2019/press-release/ (accessed Nov. 17, 2020).[73] F. Monti, A. Barbieri, and N. Armaroli, “Battery Electric Vehicles : Perspectives and Challenges,” Substantia, vol. 3, pp. 75–89, 2019, doi: 10.13128/Substantia-576.[74] “How Does a Lithium-ion Battery Work? | Department of Energy.” https://www.energy.gov/eere/articles/how-does-lithium-ion-battery-work (accessed Nov. 24, 2019).[75] “Tesla Model 3: Exclusive first look at Tesla’s new battery pack architecture - Electrek.” https://electrek.co/2017/08/24/tesla-model-3-exclusive-battery-pack-architecture/ (accessed Nov. 17, 2020).[76] “Types of Lithium-ion Batteries – Battery University.” https://batteryuniversity.com/index.php/learn/article/types_of_lithium_ion (accessed Nov. 24, 2019).[77] G. Catalfamo, “chimiche-batterie-a-confronto.” [Online]. Available: https://onewedge.com/2020/09/10/chimiche-a-confronto/?fbclid=IwAR1LguXlx-ij50WBVNAQ1XXWX941rtlJ0lOWEkbZkNJ99dqAbKassruMWHY.[78] M. Wentker, M. Greenwood, and J. Leker, “A bottom-up approach to lithium-ion battery cost modeling with a focus on cathode active materials,” Energies, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 1–18, 2019, doi: 10.3390/en12030504.[79] “Nuovo concept di moto a emissioni zero NAWA Racer presentato da NAWA Technologies - Electric Motor News.” https://www.electricmotornews.com/veicoli-ecologici/moto-nawa-racer/?fbclid=IwAR3CemOz-P_krYwt6IwlDMsEHI0lXeoccZuLggaBUSB7FEqfDEsFnI_nzWw (accessed Nov. 19, 2020).[80] “Celle al grafene curvo, le batterie che possono rivoluzionare il settore. Ecco a cosa | DMove.it.” https://dmove.it/news/celle-al-grafene-curvo-le-batterie-che-possono-rivoluzionare-il-settore-ecco-a-cosa-servono?fbclid=IwAR1HHBjWdymuCzigSXTXMmcJ6gxQpK1_2cDmQxI6x-iZOyuUvRwfWzV3aJ4 (accessed Nov. 19, 2020).[81] “Lamborghini Hybrid Uses Supercapacitors in Place of Batteries | Electronic Design.” https://www.electronicdesign.com/markets/automotive/article/21808589/lamborghini-hybrid-uses-supercapacitors-in-place-of-batteries (accessed Nov. 19, 2020).[82] “Supercapacitor Information – Battery University.” https://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/whats_the_role_of_the_supercapacitor (accessed Nov. 24, 2019).[83] “Electric Double Layer Capacitors, EverCap®.” https://www.nichicon.co.jp/english/products/pdf/evercap_en.pdf (accessed Nov. 19, 2020).[84] P. Kurzweil, Electrochemical Double-layer Capacitors. Elsevier B.V., 2015.[85] Maxwell Technologies, “Top 10 Reasons for using Ultracapacitors in your system designs.” Accessed: Nov. 19, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.maxwell.com/images/documents/whitepaper_top_10_reasons_for_ultracaps.pdf.[86] Skeleton Technologies, “ULTRACAPACITOR-BASED TURN-KEY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM FOR POWER QUALITY APPLICATIONS SkelGrid.” Accessed: Nov. 19, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/1188159/blog-files/170530-SkelGrid-brochure.pdf?__hssc=107776733.9.1605701152398&__hstc=107776733.b9bb67def8a0d165a2fbaaf43dedb88e.1605701152397.1605701152397.1605701152397.1&__hsfp=608257397&hsCtaTracking=325c7fcd-3f62-4572.[87] Maxwell Technologies, “Maxwell ultracapacitor cells.” Accessed: Nov. 19, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.maxwell.com/images/documents/ProductMatrix.pdf.[88] “Kilowatt Labs SIRIUS 1-12 Supercapacitor Battery 1kWh 12V 22134X.” https://www.nautimarket-europe.com/en/Kilowatt-Labs-SIRIUS-1-12-Supercapacitor-Battery-1kWh-12V-22134X-UF22134X (accessed Nov. 19, 2020).[89] Poonam, K. Sharma, A. Arora, and S. K. Tripathi, “Review of supercapacitors: Materials and devices,” J. Energy Storage, vol. 21, no. January, pp. 801–825, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2019.01.010.[90] Supercapacitors Materials, “Superdielectrics | Our Technology.” https://www.superdielectrics.com/our-technology.html (accessed Nov. 19, 2020).[91] “J2954: Wireless Power Transfer for Light-Duty Plug-in/Electric Vehicles and Alignment Methodology - SAE International.” https://www.sae.org/standards/content/j2954_202010/ (accessed Nov. 23, 2020).[92] “Wireless EV charging gets a boost: Single standard will harmonize systems up to 11 kw.” https://www.greencarreports.com/news/1130055_wireless-ev-charging-gets-a-boost-single-standard-will-harmonize-systems-up-to-11-kw (accessed Nov. 23, 2020).[93] taylor M. Fisher, K. Blair Farley, Y. Gao, H. Bai, and Z. T. H. Tse, “Electric vehicle wireless charging technology: A state-of-the-art review of magnetic coupling systems,” Wirel. Power Transf., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 87–96, 2014, doi: 10.1017/wpt.2014.8.[94] “In-road wireless charging project breaks ground in Sweden.” https://www.greencarreports.com/news/1126085_in-road-wireless-charging-project-breaks-ground-in-sweden (accessed Nov. 23, 2020).[95] “Israeli start-up wants to electrify roads that charge your car while driving - Electrek.” https://electrek.co/2020/06/01/israeli-start-up-wants-to-electrify-roads-that-charge-your-car-while-driving/ (accessed Nov. 23, 2020).[96] “Pantograph Bus | Pantograph Up | ABB.” https://new.abb.com/ev-charging/products/pantograph-up (accessed Nov. 23, 2020).[97] “Pantograph Charging | Pantograph Down | ABB.” https://new.abb.com/ev-charging/products/pantograph-down (accessed Nov. 23, 2020).[98] “OppCharge - Fast charging of electric vehicles.” https://www.oppcharge.org/ (accessed Nov. 23, 2020).[99] “SRS: Innovative, safe and automatic charging for trams and electric buses.” https://www.alstom.com/our-solutions/infrastructure/srs-innovative-safe-and-automatic-charging-trams-and-electric-buses (accessed Nov. 23, 2020).[100] R. Bedell, “Bus and Truck Pantographs: Up or Down? Roger Bedell, CEO Opbrid,” 2016.[101] “The European electric bus market is charging ahead, but how will it develop? | McKinsey.” https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/oil-and-gas/our-insights/the-european-electric-bus-market-is-charging-ahead-but-how-will-it-develop# (accessed Nov. 23, 2020).[102] (International Electrotechnical Commission) IEC, “INTERNATIONAL STANDARD IEC 62196-1.” Accessed: Nov. 25, 2019. [Online]. Available: www.iec.ch.[103] “EV Charging Connector Types | Enel X.” https://evcharging.enelx.com/eu/about/news/blog/552-ev-charging-connector-types (accessed Nov. 25, 2020).[104] “How Did Shenzhen, China Build World’s Largest Electric Bus Fleet? | World Resources Institute.” https://www.wri.org/blog/2018/04/how-did-shenzhen-china-build-world-s-largest-electric-bus-fleet (accessed Nov. 28, 2020).[105] P. Dzikiy, “BYD introduces 27-meter long K12A, the ‘world’s longest pure electric bus’ - Electrek.” https://electrek.co/2019/04/01/world-longest-electric-bus/?fbclid=IwAR3IU7o_oYe_l3koz2fTq4K0p1lHByaxNaxmwAQyelcz8kJBVjRSXCX4_bY (accessed Jul. 07, 2019).[106] “[Imágenes] Bus eléctrico más largo del mundo llegaría a Bogotá | RCN Radio.” https://www.rcnradio.com/bogota/bogota-tendria-el-bus-electrico-mas-largo-del-mundo-en-agosto (accessed Nov. 26, 2020).[107] “K12A | BYD Build Your Dreams.” https://bydelectricos.com/k12a/ (accessed Nov. 26, 2020).[108] “Info SITP Bogotá - Biarticulado eléctrico llegaría en Agosto | Facebook.” https://www.facebook.com/INFOSITPBTA/videos/1696627183702832 (accessed Nov. 26, 2020).[109] “24 metri di filobus Van Hool a Genova, per tre giorni. | Autobus Web.” https://www.autobusweb.com/24-metri-di-filobus-van-hool-kiepe-a-genova-per-tre-giorni-la-sperimentazione-amt/ (accessed Nov. 27, 2020).[110] “Primer bus eléctrico de Transmilenio registró niveles de confiabilidad del 93 % | EL ESPECTADOR.” https://www.elespectador.com/noticias/bogota/primer-bus-electrico-de-transmilenio-registro-niveles-de-confiabilidad-del-93/ (accessed Nov. 26, 2020).[111] “Bus eléctrico de Transmilenio fue evaluado por la U.N. - UNIMEDIOS: Universidad Nacional de Colombia.” http://agenciadenoticias.unal.edu.co/index.php?id=1937&L=2&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=75708&cHash=b41249b3f9ed09e46d904f7a7980037f (accessed Nov. 26, 2020).[112] “Primer bus eléctrico de Transmilenio en Bogotá | Bogota.gov.co.” https://bogota.gov.co/mi-ciudad/movilidad/primer-bus-electrico-de-transmilenio-en-bogota (accessed Nov. 26, 2020).[113] “PRIMER BUS ARTICULADO 100% ELÉCTRICO DEL MUNDO - Revista Empresarial y Laboral.” https://revistaempresarial.com/actualidad-empresarial/lanzamientos/primer-bus-articulado-100-electrico-mundo/ (accessed Nov. 26, 2020).[114] “Bus 100% eléctrico de TransMilenio cumple su primer año de operación en Bogotá - Revista Negocios e Industrias.” https://www.negociosypetroleo.com/primer-bus-100-electrico-de-transmilenio-cumple-su-primer-ano-de-operacion-en-la-capital-del-pais/ (accessed Nov. 26, 2020).[115] “La Línea 1 de buses del Metro cuenta con primer bus eléctrico articulado.” https://www.metrodemedellin.gov.co/al-día/noticias-metro/artmid/6905/articleid/462/la-l237nea-1-de-buses-del-metro-cuenta-con-primer-bus-el233ctrico-articulado (accessed Nov. 26, 2020).[116] “Primer eléctrico articulado de Línea 1 de buses del Metro de Medellín - Carga Pesada.” http://revistacargapesada.com/primer-electrico-articulado-de-linea-1-de-buses-del-metro-de-medellin/ (accessed Nov. 26, 2020).[117] “Un paso más hacia transportes amigables con el medio ambiente - El Diario.” https://www.eldiario.com.co/noticias/pereira/un-paso-mas-hacia-transportes-amigables-con-el-medio-ambiente/ (accessed Nov. 26, 2020).[118] “Pereira probará un bus eléctrico de BYD en el sistema Megabus.” https://www.vehiculoselectricos.co/pereira-probara-un-bus-electrico-de-byd-en-el-sistema-megabus/ (accessed Nov. 26, 2020).[119] “EBus 18 Articulado | BYD Build Your Dreams.” https://bydelectricos.com/ebus-18-articulado/ (accessed Nov. 26, 2020).[120] “AIMING FOR ZERO. The Amsterdam Metropolitan Area. - YouTube.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sciFPLRb2fo&feature=emb_logo (accessed Nov. 28, 2020).[121] Irizar, “Soluciones integrales de electromovilidad para las ciudades.”[122] “Warsaw orders 130 articulated electric buses from Solaris to replace diesel buses - Electrek.” https://electrek.co/2019/07/23/warsaw-articulated-electric-buses/?fbclid=IwAR28HN44wToddgStfJDpbPZ7kTKF5cOP3LusiRlHFq94pwSS9apkoOh37QA (accessed Nov. 28, 2020).[123] “Solaris aggiorna le batterie dell’articolato elettrico. La presentazione al Busworld | Autobus Web.” https://www.autobusweb.com/solaris-aggiorna-le-batterie-dellarticolato-elettrico-la-presentazione-al-busworld/ (accessed Nov. 28, 2020).[124] “Busworld 2019 Iveco Bus, presenta i bus elettrici eWay.” https://www.autobusweb.com/busworld-2019-iveco-bus-presenta-i-bus-elettrici-eway/?fbclid=IwAR0DqEhl4e9cOAKW0xrSimgVdBqC25tKKs5bIVHspWANXFfAGgD-ybEwY-k (accessed Nov. 28, 2020).[125] “ie bus - Irizar e-mobility.” https://www.irizar-emobility.com/soluciones-y-servicios/vehiculos/ie-bus/ (accessed Nov. 28, 2020).[126] “Heuliez Bus.” https://www.heuliezbus.com/fr/GX-ELEC (accessed Nov. 28, 2020).[127] T. Nakazawa, “Aiming for zero blindness,” Nihon. Ganka Gakkai Zasshi, vol. 119, no. 3, pp. 168–194, 2015.[128] T. D. Thomas Larson, “FEDERAL TRANSIT BUS TEST.” Accessed: Nov. 28, 2020. [Online]. Available: http://apps.altoonabustest.psu.edu/buses/reports/510.pdf?1579286140.[129] “Citea SLF/SLFA Electric.” https://www.vdlbuscoach.com/en/products/citea-electric/citea-slf-slfa-electric (accessed Nov. 28, 2020).[130] “Urbino electric.” https://www.solarisbus.com/en/vehicles/zero-emissions/urbino-electric (accessed Nov. 28, 2020).[131] “Xcelsior CHARGE.” Accessed: Nov. 28, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.newflyer.com/site-content/uploads/2019/06/Xcelsior-CHARGE.pdf.[132] “Sileo: E-Bus S18.” https://www.sileo-ebus.com/en/e-bus-models/e-bus-s18/ (accessed Nov. 28, 2020).[133] “What’s new: Only recently launched and already in regular service operations: Mercedes‑Benz delivers three Mercedes‑Benz eCitaro G with fully electric drive to Switzerland. – Mercedes-Benz Buses and Coaches.” https://www.mercedes-benz-bus.com/en_GB/brand/news/2020/three-ecitaro-g-for-switzerland.html (accessed Nov. 28, 2020).[134] “BusStore – Mercedes-Benz Buses and Coaches.” https://www.mercedes-benz-bus.com/en_GB/buy/busstore.html (accessed Nov. 28, 2020).[135] “Ebusco 3.0. Third generation Dutch electric bus with 3 tons savings launched -.” https://www.sustainable-bus.com/news/ebusco-launches-third-generation-electric-bus-with-3-tons-weight-savings/?fbclid=IwAR0wNZfsS_e_tfgWhcXfRE4AOScm9H_njc3Q2wUQHSY1Xd92ukZs8tw2N2I (accessed Nov. 28, 2020).[136] “MAN Lion’s City 18 E, series production in 2021. With 640 kWh battery.” https://www.sustainable-bus.com/electric-bus/man-lions-city-18-e-electric-bus-2021/ (accessed Nov. 28, 2020).[137] “SILEO S18.”[138] “The BYD 60′ TRANSIT K11.” Accessed: Nov. 28, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://en.byd.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/k11-cut-sheet_final_digital.pdf.[139] “Heuliez GX437e.” Accessed: Nov. 28, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.heuliezbus.com/fr/vue/produits/bus/GX-ELEC/FT_GX437_ELEC.pdf.[140] “SmartBUS® l’innovativo Sistema italiano di elettromobilità per il trasporto urbano.” http://www.eco-hev.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/SmartBUS-brochure-v5_ITA.pdf (accessed Nov. 28, 2020).[141] “SmartBUS®-Caratteristiche principali.” Accessed: Nov. 28, 2020. [Online]. Available: www.eco-hev.cominfo@eco-hev.comphone+390115084056.[142] “E-CO Hybrid Engine Vehicles SmartBUS - Moderno Sistema per la Mobilità Sostenibile.” http://www.eco-hev.com/e-co-progetti/progetti-smartbus/?lang=en (accessed Nov. 28, 2020).[143] “SmartBUS, tre mesi a Torino per il bus elettrico ad ultracondensatori | AUTOBUS Web - La rivista del trasporto pubblico in Italia.” https://www.autobusweb.com/smartbus-tre-mesi-a-torino-per-il-bus-elettrico-ad-ultracondensatori/ (accessed Nov. 28, 2020).[144] “SmartBUS La Spezia - YouTube.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VnJD8hFxEf8&feature=emb_logo (accessed Nov. 28, 2020).[145] “The most efficient City BUS for the Urban Public Transport.” Accessed: Nov. 28, 2020. [Online]. Available: http://www.eco-hev.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/SmartBUS-brochure-v2019_ENG.pdf.[146] “Rutas Troncales de TRANSMILENIO | Portal de Datos Abiertos de TransMilenio.” https://datosabiertos-transmilenio.hub.arcgis.com/datasets/rutas-troncales-de-transmilenio/data?geometry=-74.997%2C4.409%2C-73.239%2C4.888 (accessed Dec. 07, 2020).[147] “Datos Abiertos Estaciones TM.csv.” http://datosabiertos.bogota.gov.co/dataset/estaciones-troncales-transmilenio/resource/d0775af7-1706-4404-8bea-387194287d73 (accessed Jul. 07, 2019).[148] “BUSCADOR DE RUTAS.” https://www.transmilenio.gov.co/buscador_de_rutas (accessed Dec. 07, 2020).[149] “Patios Troncales de TRANSMILENIO | Portal de Datos Abiertos de TransMilenio.” https://datosabiertos-transmilenio.hub.arcgis.com/datasets/patios-troncales-de-transmilenio/data?geometry=-74.971%2C4.388%2C-73.213%2C4.867&selectedAttribute=componente_patio_troncal&where= (tipo_patio_troncal %3D %27TRONCAL%27 OR tipo_patio_troncal %3D %27TRONCAL Y ALIMENTACION%27) (accessed Dec. 15, 2020).[150] CharIN, “CharIN HPCCV Task Force : High Power Plug Update April 2020,” 2020.[151] “Tesla is working with mysterious third-parties to deploy Megacharger network for electric semi trucks - Electrek.” https://electrek.co/2020/10/22/tesla-mysterious-third-parties-megacharger-network-electric-semi-trucks/ (accessed Dec. 17, 2020).[152] UPME, “Establecer Recomendaciones en Materia de Infraestructura de Recarga para la Movilidad Eléctrica en Colombia para los Diferentes Segmentos: Buses, motos, taxis, BRT.” [Online]. Available: https://www1.upme.gov.co/DemandaEnergetica/Consorcio_Usaene_sumatoria_producto_3_estaciones_de_cargaVF.pdf.[153] “Expansión de subestaciones en Bogotá y Cundinamarca | Enel.” https://www.enel.com.co/es/historias/a202010-expancion-subestaciones-bogota-cundinamarca.html (accessed Dec. 22, 2020).[154] “Battery prices have fallen 88 percent over the last decade | Ars Technica.” https://arstechnica.com/science/2020/12/battery-prices-have-fallen-88-percent-over-the-last-decade/ (accessed Dec. 22, 2020).[155] E. S. Coker et al., “The Effects of Air Pollution on COVID-19 Related Mortality in Northern Italy,” Environ. Resour. Econ., vol. 76, no. 4, pp. 611–634, 2020, doi: 10.1007/s10640-020-00486-1.[156] A. Pozzer, F. Dominici, A. Haines, C. Witt, T. Mü Nzel, and J. Lelieveld, “Regional and global contributions of air pollution to risk of death from COVID-19,” doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa288.[157] EC, “COMMISSION DIRECTIVE 95/48/EC.” [Online]. Available: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:31995L0048&from=EN.LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-83964https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/79765/1/license.txtcccfe52f796b7c63423298c2d3365fc6MD51ORIGINALYB0898848.2021.pdfYB0898848.2021.pdfTesis de Maestría en Ingeniería - Ingeniería Eléctricaapplication/pdf17852742https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/79765/2/YB0898848.2021.pdf736e96b8e291be410f2298602d4d9dbbMD52CC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-81031https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/79765/3/license_rdf934f4ca17e109e0a05eaeaba504d7ce4MD53THUMBNAILYB0898848.2021.pdf.jpgYB0898848.2021.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg4473https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/79765/4/YB0898848.2021.pdf.jpg537041fb88608f10ae86a019b4b0c18dMD54unal/79765oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/797652023-07-23 23:04:09.696Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiarepositorio_nal@unal.edu.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 |