Prevalencia de la infección por el Virus del Papiloma Humano (VPH) y posibles factores de riesgo en pacientes diagnosticados con cáncer de orofaringe de tres países de América del Sur

ilustraciones, diagramas, mapas

Autores:
Ramos, Andrea Estefania
Tipo de recurso:
Fecha de publicación:
2023
Institución:
Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Repositorio:
Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Idioma:
spa
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/85662
Acceso en línea:
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/85662
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/
Palabra clave:
Metodologías de Evaluación de Riesgos
Grupos de Riesgo
Risk Assessment Methodologies
Risk Groups
Virus del papiloma humano
Carcinoma escamocelular de orofaringe
Prevalencia
Genotipos
Argentina
Brasil
Colombia
Rights
openAccess
License
Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional
id UNACIONAL2_8bb61677b0ea4a6ce8b1d99c06685081
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/85662
network_acronym_str UNACIONAL2
network_name_str Universidad Nacional de Colombia
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Prevalencia de la infección por el Virus del Papiloma Humano (VPH) y posibles factores de riesgo en pacientes diagnosticados con cáncer de orofaringe de tres países de América del Sur
dc.title.translated.none.fl_str_mv Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection and Potential Risk Factors in Patients with Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma from Three South American Countries
title Prevalencia de la infección por el Virus del Papiloma Humano (VPH) y posibles factores de riesgo en pacientes diagnosticados con cáncer de orofaringe de tres países de América del Sur
spellingShingle Prevalencia de la infección por el Virus del Papiloma Humano (VPH) y posibles factores de riesgo en pacientes diagnosticados con cáncer de orofaringe de tres países de América del Sur
Metodologías de Evaluación de Riesgos
Grupos de Riesgo
Risk Assessment Methodologies
Risk Groups
Virus del papiloma humano
Carcinoma escamocelular de orofaringe
Prevalencia
Genotipos
Argentina
Brasil
Colombia
title_short Prevalencia de la infección por el Virus del Papiloma Humano (VPH) y posibles factores de riesgo en pacientes diagnosticados con cáncer de orofaringe de tres países de América del Sur
title_full Prevalencia de la infección por el Virus del Papiloma Humano (VPH) y posibles factores de riesgo en pacientes diagnosticados con cáncer de orofaringe de tres países de América del Sur
title_fullStr Prevalencia de la infección por el Virus del Papiloma Humano (VPH) y posibles factores de riesgo en pacientes diagnosticados con cáncer de orofaringe de tres países de América del Sur
title_full_unstemmed Prevalencia de la infección por el Virus del Papiloma Humano (VPH) y posibles factores de riesgo en pacientes diagnosticados con cáncer de orofaringe de tres países de América del Sur
title_sort Prevalencia de la infección por el Virus del Papiloma Humano (VPH) y posibles factores de riesgo en pacientes diagnosticados con cáncer de orofaringe de tres países de América del Sur
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Ramos, Andrea Estefania
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv Rodríguez-Urrego, Paula Andrea
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Ramos, Andrea Estefania
dc.contributor.researchgroup.spa.fl_str_mv Grupo de Investigación: Departamento de Patología y Laboratorios
dc.subject.decs.spa.fl_str_mv Metodologías de Evaluación de Riesgos
Grupos de Riesgo
topic Metodologías de Evaluación de Riesgos
Grupos de Riesgo
Risk Assessment Methodologies
Risk Groups
Virus del papiloma humano
Carcinoma escamocelular de orofaringe
Prevalencia
Genotipos
Argentina
Brasil
Colombia
dc.subject.decs.eng.fl_str_mv Risk Assessment Methodologies
Risk Groups
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv Virus del papiloma humano
Carcinoma escamocelular de orofaringe
Prevalencia
Genotipos
Argentina
Brasil
Colombia
description ilustraciones, diagramas, mapas
publishDate 2023
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2023-12-15
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2024-02-07T19:59:50Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2024-02-07T19:59:50Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Trabajo de grado - Maestría
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv Text
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TM
status_str acceptedVersion
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/85662
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/
url https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/85662
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv spa
language spa
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv Lorenzoni V, Chaturvedi AK, Vignat J, Laversanne M, Bray F, Vaccarella S. The Current Burden of Oropharyngeal Cancer: A Global Assessment Based on GLOBOCAN 2020. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev [Internet]. 2022 Nov 2 [cited 2023 Apr 16];31(11):2054–62. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36173880/
Lechner M, Liu J, Masterson L, Fenton TR. HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer: epidemiology, molecular biology and clinical management. Nat Rev Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2022 May 1 [cited 2022 Aug 13];19(5):306–27. Available from: www.nature.com/nrclinonc
Lydiatt WM, Patel SG, O’Sullivan B, Brandwein MS, Ridge JA, Migliacci JC, et al. Head and Neck cancers-major changes in the American Joint Committee on cancer eighth edition cancer staging manual. CA Cancer J Clin [Internet]. 2017 Mar [cited 2023 May 28];67(2):122–37. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28128848/
Schache AG, Powell NG, Cuschieri KS, Robinson M, Leary S, Mehanna H, et al. HPV-Related Oropharynx Cancer in the United Kingdom: An Evolution in the Understanding of Disease Etiology. Cancer Res [Internet]. 2016 Nov 15 [cited 2023 Jul 15];76(22):6598–606. Available from: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/
Gillison ML, Chaturvedi AK, Anderson WF, Fakhry C. Epidemiology of Human Papillomavirus-Positive Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2015 Oct 10 [cited 2023 Jul 15];33(29):3235–42. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC4979086/
Chaturvedi AK, Engels EA, Pfeiffer RM, Hernandez BY, Xiao W, Kim E, et al. Human papillomavirus and rising oropharyngeal cancer incidence in the United States. J Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2011 Nov 10 [cited 2023 Jul 15];29(32):4294–301. Available from: www.jco.org/
Abogunrin S, Di Tanna GL, Keeping S, Carroll S, Iheanacho I. Prevalence of human papillomavirus in head and neck cancers in European populations: a meta-analysis. BMC Cancer [Internet]. 2014 Dec 17 [cited 2022 Aug 6];14(1):968. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25515630/
Sastre-Garau X, Harlé A. Pathology of HPV-Associated Head and Neck Carcinomas: Recent Data and Perspectives for the Development of Specific Tumor Markers. Front Oncol [Internet]. 2020 Nov 16 [cited 2022 Aug 5];10:528957. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33312940/
Menezes F dos S, Latorre M do RD de O, Conceição GM de S, Curado MP, Antunes JLF, Toporcov TN. The emerging risk of oropharyngeal and oral cavity cancer in HPV-related subsites in young people in Brazil. Liu X, editor. PLoS One [Internet]. 2020 May 14 [cited 2022 Aug 25];15(5):e0232871. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC7224475/
Castellsagué X, Alemany L, Quer M, Halec G, Quirós B, Tous S, et al. HPV Involvement in Head and Neck Cancers: Comprehensive Assessment of Biomarkers in 3680 Patients. J Natl Cancer Inst [Internet]. 2016 Jun 28 [cited 2022 Aug 6];108(6):djv403. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26823521/
Drake VE, Fakhry C, Windon MJ, Stewart CM, Akst L, Hillel A, et al. Timing, number, and type of sexual partners associated with risk of oropharyngeal cancer. Cancer [Internet]. 2021 Apr 1 [cited 2023 May 27];127(7):1029–38. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33426652/
Anantharaman D, Abedi-Ardekani B, Beachler DC, Gheit T, Olshan AF, Wisniewski K, et al. Geographic heterogeneity in the prevalence of human papillomavirus in head and neck cancer. Int J cancer [Internet]. 2017;140(9):1968–75. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28108990
Carlander AF, Jakobsen KK, Bendtsen SK, Garset-Zamani M, Lynggaard CD, Jensen JS, et al. A contemporary systematic review on repartition of HPV-positivity in oropharyngeal cancer worldwide. Viruses. 2021 Jul 1;13(7).
Johnson DE, Burtness B, Leemans CR, Lui VWY, Bauman JE, Grandis JR. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Nat Rev Dis Prim [Internet]. 2020 Nov 26 [cited 2022 Aug 14];6(1):92. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-020-00224-3
Morais E, Kothari S, Chen YT, Roberts CS, Gómez-Ulloa D, Fenoll R, et al. The BROADEN study: The design of an observational study to assess the absolute burden of HPV-related head and neck cancers. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2022 Apr 1 [cited 2022 Aug 25];115:106631. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714421003670
Kreimer AR, Clifford GM, Boyle P, Franceschi S. Human papillomavirus types in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas worldwide: a systematic review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev [Internet]. 2005 Feb [cited 2022 Aug 6];14(2):467–75. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15734974/
Parfenov M, Pedamallu CS, Gehlenborg N, Freeman SS, Danilova L, Bristow CA,et al. Characterization of HPV and host genome interactions in primary head and neck cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A [Internet]. 2014 Oct 28 [cited 2022 Aug 13];111(43):15544–9. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC4217452/
Alemany L, Marisa M. HPV attributable fractions and trends in head and neck carcinomas [Internet]. HPV attributable fractions and trends in head and neck carcinomas. 2021 [cited 2023 Apr 15]. Available from: https://www.hpvworld.com/media/29/media_section/5/6/2956/hpvworld-157.pdf
Cunha AR da, Prass TS, Hugo FN. Mortality from oral and oropharyngeal cancer in Brazil, between 2000 and 2013: trends by sociodemographic strata. Cien Saude Colet [Internet]. 2020 Aug 5 [cited 2022 Aug 25];25(8):3075–86. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/j/csc/a/DDPYkhxX7zp5qBSLT9dytdK/?lang=en
Sichero L, Tagliabue M, Mota G, Ferreira S, Nunes RAL, Castañeda CA, et al. Biomarkers of human papillomavirus (HPV)-driven head and neck cancer in Latin America and Europe study: Study design and HPV DNA/p16INK4a status. Head Neck [Internet]. 2022 Jan 2 [cited 2022 Aug 25];44(1):122–33. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hed.26912
Oliveira AC, Cavalcanti de Lima IC, Frez Marques VM, Alves de Araújo WH, De Campos Ferreira C. Human papillomavirus prevalence in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma in South America. Oncol Rev [Internet]. 2022 Mar 24 [cited 2022 Aug 25];16(1). Available from: https://www.frontierspartnerships.org/articles/10.4081/oncol.2022.552
Mena M, Frias-Gomez J, Taberna M, Quirós B, Marquez S, Clavero O, et al. Epidemiology of human papillomavirus-related oropharyngeal cancer in a classically low-burden region of southern Europe. Sci Rep [Internet]. 2020 Aug 6 [cited 2023 Apr 15];10(1):13219. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32764593/
Sichero L, Simão Sobrinho J, Lina Villa L. Oncogenic potential diverge among human papillomavirus type 16 natural variants. Virology [Internet]. 2012 Oct 10 [cited 2024 Jan 27];432(1):127–32. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0042682212003133
Silveira HA, Almeida LY, Carlos R, Silva EV, Ferrisse TM, Duarte A, et al. Human papillomavirus co-infection and survival in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: A study in 235 Brazilian patients. Auris Nasus Larynx [Internet]. 2022 Apr 1 [cited 2023 Feb 5];49(2):258–70. Available from: http://www.aurisnasuslarynx.com/article/S0385814621001917/fulltext
(WHO) WHO. Human papillomavirus vaccines WHO position paper [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 Apr 15]. Available from: who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/policies/position-papers/human-papillomavirus-(hpv)
Varier I, Keeley BR, Krupar R, Patsias A, Dong J, Gupta N, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of oropharyngeal carcinoma related to high-risk non-human papillomavirus16 viral subtypes. Head Neck [Internet]. 2016 Sep 1 [cited 2023 Jun 4];38(9):1330–7. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/hed.24442
de Martel C, Plummer M, Vignat J, Franceschi S. Worldwide burden of cancer attributable to HPV by site, country and HPV type. Int J cancer [Internet]. 2017 Aug 15;141(4):664–70. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28369882
Plummer M, de Martel C, Vignat J, Ferlay J, Bray F, Franceschi S. Global burden of cancers attributable to infections in 2012: a synthetic analysis. Lancet Glob Heal [Internet]. 2016 Sep 1 [cited 2023 Apr 15];4(9):e609-16. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27470177/
Alemany L, Serrano B. HPV Type specific contribution to cancer [Internet]. HPV Type specific contribution to cancer. [cited 2023 Apr 15]. Available from: https://www.hpvworld.com/articles/hpv-attributable-fractions-and-trends-in-head-and-neck-carcinomas/
Faraji F, Rettig EM, Tsai H, El Asmar M, Fung N, Eisele DW, et al. The prevalence of human papillomavirus in oropharyngeal cancer is increasing regardless of sex or race, and the influence of sex and race on survival is modified by human papillomavirus tumor status. Cancer [Internet]. 2019 Mar 6 [cited 2022 Aug 25];125(5):761–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30521092/
Lechner M, Jones OS, Breeze CE, Gilson R. Gender-neutral HPV vaccination in the UK, rising male oropharyngeal cancer rates, and lack of HPV awareness. Lancet Infect Dis [Internet]. 2019 Feb [cited 2022 Aug 25];19(2):131–2. Available from: https://www.niid.go.jp/niid//images/idsc/
Buexm LA, Soares-Lima SC, Brennan P, Fernandes PV, de Souza Almeida Lopes M, Nascimento de Carvalho F, et al. Hpv impact on oropharyngeal cancer patients treated at the largest cancer center from Brazil. Cancer Lett [Internet]. 2020 May 1 [cited 2022 Sep 29];477:70–5. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32087309/
Bruni L, Albero G, Serrano B, Mena M, Collado JJ, Gómez D, Muñoz J, Bosch FX de SS. Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases in Argentina. Summary Report 10 March 2023 [Internet]. 2023. Available from: https://hpvcentre.net/statistics/reports/ARG.pdf
Betiol JC, Sichero L, Costa HO de O, de Matos LL, Andreoli MA, Ferreira S, et al. Prevalence of human papillomavirus types and variants and p16INK4a expression in head and neck squamous cells carcinomas in São Paulo, Brazil. Infect Agent Cancer [Internet]. 2016 Dec 4 [cited 2023 Jan 15];11(1):20. Available from: http://infectagentscancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13027-016-0067-8
Faraji F, Zaidi M, Fakhry C, Gaykalova DA. Molecular mechanisms of human papillomavirus-related carcinogenesis in head and neck cancer. Microbes Infect [Internet]. 2017 Sep [cited 2024 Jan 20];19(9–10):464–75. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2017.06.001
Doorbar J, Egawa N, Griffin H, Kranjec C, Murakami I. Human papillomavirus molecular biology and disease association. Rev Med Virol [Internet]. 2015 Mar 6 [cited 2024 Jan 20];25 Suppl 1(Suppl Suppl 1):2–23. Available from: http://pave.
Bernard H-U, Burk RD, Chen Z, van Doorslaer K, Hausen H zur, de Villiers E-M. Classification of papillomaviruses (PVs) based on 189 PV types and proposal of taxonomic amendments. Virology [Internet]. 2010 May [cited 2024 Jan 20];401(1):70–9. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0042682210001005
Doorbar J, Quint W, Banks L, Bravo IG, Stoler M, Broker TR, et al. The biology and life-cycle of human papillomaviruses. Vaccine [Internet]. 2012 Nov 20 [cited 2022 Aug 13];30 Suppl 5(SUPPL.5):F55-70. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23199966/
Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin [Internet]. 2018 Nov [cited 2022 Aug 14];68(6):394–424. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30207593/
Ferlay J, Colombet M, Soerjomataram I, Mathers C, Parkin DM, Piñeros M, et al. Estimating the global cancer incidence and mortality in 2018: GLOBOCAN sources and methods. Int J Cancer [Internet]. 2019 Apr 15 [cited 2022 Aug 14];144(8):1941–53. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30350310/
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I BF. Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2020 [cited 2022 Aug 14]. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today
Isayeva T, Li Y, Maswahu D, Brandwein-Gensler M. Human Papillomavirus in Non-Oropharyngeal Head and Neck Cancers: A Systematic Literature Review. Head Neck Pathol [Internet]. 2012 Jul 3 [cited 2022 Aug 14];6(S1):104–20. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22782230/
Michaud DS, Langevin SM, Eliot M, Nelson HH, Pawlita M, McClean MD, et al. High-risk HPV types and head and neck cancer. Int J Cancer [Internet]. 2014 Oct 1 [cited 2022 Aug 14];135(7):1653–61. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijc.28811
Lawrence MS, Sougnez C, Lichtenstein L, Cibulskis K, Lander E, Gabriel SB, et al. Comprehensive genomic characterization of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Nature [Internet]. 2015 Jan 29 [cited 2022 Aug 6];517(7536):576–82. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25631445/
Ferris RL, Westra W. Oropharyngeal Carcinoma with a Special Focus on HPV-Related Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Annu Rev Pathol [Internet]. 2023 Jan 24 [cited 2024 Jan 20];18(1):515–35. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36693202/
IARC. Global incidence of HNSCC [Internet]. Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2020 [cited 2022 Aug 14]. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today
Craig SG, Anderson LA, Schache AG, Moran M, Graham L, Currie K, et al. Recommendations for determining HPV status in patients with oropharyngeal cancers under TNM8 guidelines: a two-tier approach. Br J Cancer [Internet]. 2019 Apr 20;120(8):827–33. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41416-019-0414-9
Lewis JS. Morphologic diversity in human papillomavirus-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: Catch Me If You Can! Mod Pathol [Internet]. 2017 Jan 1 [cited 2022 Aug 13];30(s1):S44–53. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28060372/
Boscolo-Rizzo P, Polesel J, Del Mistro A, Fratta E, Lazzarin C, Menegaldo A, et al. Rising Trend in the Prevalence of HPV-Driven Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma during 2000-2022 in Northeastern Italy: Implication for Using p16INK4a as a Surrogate Marker for HPV-Driven Carcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) [Internet]. 2023 May 7 [cited 2023 Jul 15];15(9):2643. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC10177129/
Kim KY, Lewis JS, Chen Z. Current status of clinical testing for human papillomavirus in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. J Pathol Clin Res [Internet]. 2018 Oct [cited 2023 Mar 13];4(4):213–26. Available from: https://pathsocjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cjp2.111
Adelstein D, Gillison ML, Pfister DG, Spencer S, Adkins D, Brizel DM, et al. NCCN guidelines® insights head and neck cancers, version 2.2017 featured updates to the NCCN guidelines. JNCCN J Natl Compr Cancer Netw [Internet]. 2017 Jun 8 [cited 2023 May 28];15(6):761–70. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28596256/
Mena M, Taberna M, Tous S, Marquez S, Clavero O, Quiros B, et al. Double positivity for HPV-DNA/p16ink4a is the biomarker with strongest diagnostic accuracy and prognostic value for human papillomavirus related oropharyngeal cancer patients. Oral Oncol [Internet]. 2018 Mar [cited 2023 Jul 4];78:137–44. Available from: www.elsevier.com/locate/oraloncology
Pannone G, Rodolico V, Santoro A, Lo Muzio L, Franco R, Botti G, et al. Evaluation of a combined triple method to detect causative HPV in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas: p16 Immunohistochemistry, Consensus PCR HPV-DNA, and In Situ Hybridization. Infect Agent Cancer [Internet]. 2012 Feb 29 [cited 2023 Jul 26];7(1):4. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC3313884/
Prigge E-S, Arbyn M, von Knebel Doeberitz M, Reuschenbach M. Diagnostic accuracy of p16INK4a immunohistochemistry in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J cancer [Internet]. 2017 Mar 1 [cited 2023 Jul 15];140(5):1186–98. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ijc.30516
Mahal BA, Catalano PJ, Haddad RI, Hanna GJ, Kass JI, Schoenfeld JD, et al. Incidence and demographic burden of HPV-associated oropharyngeal head and neck cancers in the United States. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev [Internet]. 2019 Oct 1 [cited 2022 Aug 13];28(10):1660–7. Available from: http://aacrjournals.org/cebp/article-pdf/28/10/1660/2284856/1660.pdf
Gillison ML, D’Souza G, Westra W, Sugar E, Xiao W, Begum S, et al. Distinct risk factor profiles for human papillomavirus type 16-positive and human papillomavirus type 16-negative head and neck cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst [Internet]. 2008 Mar 19 [cited 2022 Aug 13];100(6):407–20. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18334711/
Taberna M, Mena M, Pavón MA, Alemany L, Gillison ML, Mesía R. Human papillomavirus-related oropharyngeal cancer. Ann Oncol Off J Eur Soc Med Oncol [Internet]. 2017 Oct 1 [cited 2023 May 18];28(10):2386–98. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28633362/
Seiwert TY, Zuo Z, Keck MK, Khattri A, Pedamallu CS, Stricker T, et al. Integrative and Comparative Genomic Analysis of HPV-Positive and HPV-Negative Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Clin Cancer Res [Internet]. 2015 Feb 1 [cited 2022 Aug 13];21(3):632–41. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25056374/
Lechner M, Fenton TR. The Genomics, Epigenomics, and Transcriptomics of HPV-Associated Oropharyngeal Cancer-Understanding the Basis of a Rapidly Evolving Disease. Adv Genet [Internet]. 2016 Jan 1 [cited 2022 Aug 13];93:1–56. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0065266015300018
Strohl MP, Wai KC, Ha PK. De-intensification strategies in HPV-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma—a narrative review. Ann Transl Med [Internet]. 2020 Dec [cited 2023 Jul 15];8(23):1601–1601. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/atm-20-2984
Hatano T, Sano D, Takahashi H, Oridate N. Pathogenic Role of Immune Evasion and Integration of Human Papillomavirus in Oropharyngeal Cancer. Microorganisms [Internet]. 2021 Apr 21 [cited 2023 Jun 4];9(5):891. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9050891
zur Hausen H. Papillomaviruses and cancer: from basic studies to clinical application. Nat Rev Cancer [Internet]. 2002 May [cited 2024 Jan 27];2(5):342–50. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12044010/
Schiffman M, Doorbar J, Wentzensen N, de Sanjosé S, Fakhry C, Monk BJ, et al. Carcinogenic human papillomavirus infection. Nat Rev Dis Prim [Internet]. 2016 Dec 1 [cited 2024 Jan 27];2(1):16086. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27905473/
Woodman CBJ, Collins SI, Young LS. The natural history of cervical HPV infection: unresolved issues. Nat Rev Cancer [Internet]. 2007 Jan 1 [cited 2024 Jan 27];7(1):11–22. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17186016/
Lim YX, Mierzwa ML, Sartor MA, D’Silva NJ. Clinical, morphologic and molecular heterogeneity of HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer. Oncogene [Internet]. 2023 Sep 29 [cited 2024 Jan 27];42(40):2939–55. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37666939/
Moody CA, Laimins LA. Human papillomavirus oncoproteins: pathways to transformation. Nat Rev Cancer [Internet]. 2010 Aug 1 [cited 2024 Jan 27];10(8):550–60. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20592731/
Hatano T, Sano D, Takahashi H, Oridate N. Pathogenic Role of Immune Evasion and Integration of Human Papillomavirus in Oropharyngeal Cancer. Microorganisms [Internet]. 2021 Apr 21 [cited 2023 Jun 4];9(5):891. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC8143538/
Andersen AS, Koldjaer Sølling AS, Ovesen T, Rusan M. The interplay between HPV and host immunity in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Int J cancer [Internet]. 2014 Jun 15 [cited 2024 Jan 20];134(12):2755–63. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijc.28411
Graham S V. Keratinocyte Differentiation-Dependent Human Papillomavirus Gene Regulation. Viruses [Internet]. 2017 Aug 30 [cited 2022 Aug 13];9(9):245. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC5618011/
Munger K, Jones DL. Human papillomavirus carcinogenesis: an identity crisis in the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor pathway. Goodrum F, editor. J Virol [Internet]. 2015 May 5 [cited 2023 May 28];89(9):4708–11. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC4403492/
Cicchini L, Blumhagen RZ, Westrich JA, Myers ME, Warren CJ, Siska C, et al. High-Risk Human Papillomavirus E7 Alters Host DNA Methylome and Represses HLA-E Expression in Human Keratinocytes. Sci Rep [Internet]. 2017 Jun 16 [cited 2024 Jan 27];7(1):3633. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28623356/
McLaughlin-Drubin ME, Crum CP, Münger K. Human papillomavirus E7 oncoprotein induces KDM6A and KDM6B histone demethylase expression and causes epigenetic reprogramming. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A [Internet]. 2011 Feb 1 [cited 2024 Jan 27];108(5):2130–5. Available from: www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1009933108
Spring LM, Wander SA, Andre F, Moy B, Turner NC, Bardia A. Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 inhibitors for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer: past, present, and future. Lancet (London, England) [Internet]. 2020 Mar 7 [cited 2024 Jan 27];395(10226):817–27. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32145796/
Scheffner M, Huibregtse JM, Vierstra RD, Howley PM. The HPV-16 E6 and E6-AP complex functions as a ubiquitin-protein ligase in the ubiquitination of p53. Cell [Internet]. 1993 Nov 5 [cited 2022 Aug 13];75(3):495–505. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8221889/
Scheffner M, Werness BA, Huibregtse JM, Levine AJ, Howley PM. The E6 oncoprotein encoded by human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 promotes the degradation of p53. Cell [Internet]. 1990 Dec 21 [cited 2022 Aug 13];63(6):1129–36. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2175676/
Huibregtse JM, Scheffner M, Howley PM. A cellular protein mediates association of p53 with the E6 oncoprotein of human papillomavirus types 16 or 18. EMBO J [Internet]. 1991 Dec [cited 2022 Aug 13];10(13):4129–35. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/j.1460-2075.1991.tb04990.x
Mesri EA, Feitelson MA, Munger K. Human viral oncogenesis: a cancer hallmarks analysis. Cell Host Microbe [Internet]. 2014 Mar 12 [cited 2022 Aug 13];15(3):266–82. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24629334/
Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. Hallmarks of Cancer: The Next Generation. Cell [Internet]. 2011 Mar 4 [cited 2022 Aug 13];144(5):646–74. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21376230/
Frazer IH. Interaction of human papillomaviruses with the host immune system: a well evolved relationship. Virology [Internet]. 2009 Feb 20 [cited 2024 Jan 27];384(2):410–4. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0042682208006624
Lyford-Pike S, Peng S, Young GD, Taube JM, Westra WH, Akpeng B, et al. Evidence for a role of the PD-1:PD-L1 pathway in immune resistance of HPV-associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Res [Internet]. 2013 Mar 15 [cited 2023 Jun 4];73(6):1733–41. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC3602406/
Bratman S V., Bruce JP, O’Sullivan B, Pugh TJ, Xu W, Yip KW, et al. Human Papillomavirus Genotype Association With Survival in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. JAMA Oncol [Internet]. 2016 Jun 1 [cited 2023 Jun 4];2(6):823. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27010835/
Ziai H, Warner A, Mundi N, Patel K, Chung EJ, Howlett CJ, et al. Does HPV Subtype Predict Outcomes in Head and Neck Cancers? Ridder GJ, editor. Int J Otolaryngol [Internet]. 2021 Feb 9 [cited 2023 Jun 4];2021:1–11. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6672373
Stevens TM, Caughron SK, Dunn ST, Knezetic J, Gatalica Z. Detection of high-risk HPV in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas: comparison of chromogenic in situ hybridization and a reverse line blot method. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol AIMM [Internet]. 2011 Dec [cited 2023 May 28];19(6):574–8. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/appliedimmunohist/Fulltext/2011/12000/Detection_of_High_Risk_HPV_in_Head_and_Neck.17.aspx
Economopoulou P, de Bree R, Kotsantis I, Psyrri A. Diagnostic Tumor Markers in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) in the Clinical Setting. Front Oncol [Internet]. 2019 Aug 29 [cited 2022 Aug 6];9(AUG):827. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC6727245/
Schache AG, Liloglou T, Risk JM, Jones TM, Ma X-J, Wang H, et al. Validation of a novel diagnostic standard in HPV-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer [Internet]. 2013 Apr 14 [cited 2023 May 28];108(6):1332–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23412100/
Mirghani H, Amen F, Moreau F, Guigay J, Ferchiou M, Melkane AE, et al. Human papilloma virus testing in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: What the clinician should know. Oral Oncol [Internet]. 2014 Jan [cited 2023 Mar 13];50(1):1–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2013.10.008
Xu B, Chotewutmontri S, Wolf S, Klos U, Schmitz M, Dürst M, et al. Multiplex Identification of Human Papillomavirus 16 DNA Integration Sites in Cervical Carcinomas. Ramqvist T, editor. PLoS One [Internet]. 2013 Jun 18 [cited 2022 Aug 6];8(6):e66693. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23824673/
Hu Z, Zhu D, Wang W, Li W, Jia W, Zeng X, et al. Genome-wide profiling of HPV integration in cervical cancer identifies clustered genomic hot spots and a potential microhomology-mediated integration mechanism. Nat Genet [Internet]. 2015 Feb 12 [cited 2022 Aug 6];47(2):158–63. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25581428/
Akagi K, Li J, Broutian TR, Padilla-Nash H, Xiao W, Jiang B, et al. Genome-wide analysis of HPV integration in human cancers reveals recurrent, focal genomic instability. Genome Res [Internet]. 2014 Feb [cited 2022 Aug 6];24(2):185–99. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24201445/
Lagström S, Umu SU, Lepistö M, Ellonen P, Meisal R, Christiansen IK, et al. TaME-seq: An efficient sequencing approach for characterisation of HPV genomic variability and chromosomal integration. Sci Rep [Internet]. 2019 Jan 24 [cited 2022 Aug 6];9(1):524. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30679491/
Holmes A, Lameiras S, Jeannot E, Marie Y, Castera L, Sastre-Garau X, et al. Mechanistic signatures of HPV insertions in cervical carcinomas. NPJ genomic Med [Internet]. 2016 Mar 16 [cited 2022 Aug 6];1(1):16004. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29263809/
Anantharaman D, Muller DC, Lagiou P, Ahrens W, Holcátová I, Merletti F, et al. Combined effects of smoking and HPV16 in oropharyngeal cancer. Int J Epidemiol [Internet]. 2016 Jun 1 [cited 2023 Apr 7];45(3):752–61. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27197530/
D’Souza G, Kreimer AR, Viscidi R, Pawlita M, Fakhry C, Koch WM, et al. Case-control study of human papillomavirus and oropharyngeal cancer. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2007 May 10 [cited 2023 Apr 7];356(19):1944–56. Available from: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmoa065497
WHO. International classification of diseases for oncology (ICD-O) [Internet]. 3rd ed., 1. Geneva PP - Geneva: World Health Organization; Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/96612
Abrahão R, Perdomo S, Pinto LFR, Nascimento de Carvalho F, Dias FL, de Podestá JR V., et al. Predictors of Survival After Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma in South America: The InterCHANGE Study. JCO Glob Oncol [Internet]. 2020 Nov [cited 2022 Sep 29];6(6):486–99. Available from: https://doi.
Lewis JS, Beadle B, Bishop JA, Chernock RD, Colasacco C, Lacchetti C, et al. Human papillomavirus testing in head and neck carcinomas guideline from the college of American pathologists. Arch Pathol Lab Med [Internet]. 2018 May 1 [cited 2023 Jun 4];142(5):559–97. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29251996/
Herraez-Hernandez E, Preda O, Alonso S, Pardo RS, Olmo A. Detection and Genotyping of Human Papillomavirus DNA in Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Specimens with the HPV Direct Flow CHIP System. Open Virol J [Internet]. 2013 Oct 18 [cited 2022 Aug 14];7(1):91–5. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24222806/
Herraez-Hernandez E, Alvarez-Perez M, Navarro-Bustos G, Esquivias J, Alonso S, Aneiros-Fernandez J, et al. HPV Direct Flow CHIP: a new human papillomavirus genotyping method based on direct PCR from crude-cell extracts. J Virol Methods [Internet]. 2013 Oct [cited 2022 Aug 14];193(1):9–17. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23680093/
Mena M, Lloveras B, Tous S, Bogers J, Maffini F, Gangane N, et al. Development and validation of a protocol for optimizing the use of paraffin blocks in molecular epidemiological studies: The example from the HPV-AHEAD study. Franco R, editor. PLoS One [Internet]. 2017 Oct 16 [cited 2023 May 22];12(10):e0184520. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC5642890/
St Guily JL, Jacquard A-C, Prétet J-L, Haesebaert J, Beby-Defaux A, Clavel C, et al. Human papillomavirus genotype distribution in oropharynx and oral cavity cancer in France--The EDiTH VI study. J Clin Virol [Internet]. 2011 Jun [cited 2023 Jun 4];51(2):100–4. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21527208/
Pauli S, Kops NL, Bessel M, Lina Villa L, Moreno Alves Souza F, Mendes Pereira GF, et al. Sexual practices and HPV infection in unvaccinated young adults. Sci Rep [Internet]. 2022 Jul 20 [cited 2023 Feb 5];12(1):12385. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-15088-8
Quintero K, Giraldo GA, Uribe ML, Baena A, Lopez C, Alvarez E, et al. Human papillomavirus types in cases of squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck in Colombia. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol [Internet]. 2013 May [cited 2023 Jan 22];79(3):375–81. Available from: http://www.bjorl.org/http://www.bjorl.org/
Erira A, Motta LA, Chala A, Moreno A, Gamboa F, García DA. Genotyping, levels of expression and physical status of human papilloma virus in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma among Colombian patients. Biomedica [Internet]. 2015 Oct 23 [cited 2022 Aug 25];36:14–24. Available from: https://revistabiomedica.org/index.php/biomedica/article/view/2912/3242
Salem DA, Rouby MN El. Prevalence of HPV Infection in Head and Neck Cancer Patients in Egypt : National Cancer Institute Experience . [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2023 Mar 13]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343302880_Prevalence_of_HPV_Infection_in_Head_and_Neck_Cancer_Patients_in_Egypt_National_Cancer_Institute_Experience
Pérez C, Klaustermeier JE, Alemany L, Tous S, de Sanjosé S, Velasco J. Comparison of 2 different PCR-based technologies for the detection of human papilloma virus from paraffin-embedded tissue: genómica clinical arrays versus SPF(10)-LiPA(25). Diagn Mol Pathol [Internet]. 2012 Mar [cited 2023 Jan 22];21(1):45–52. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22306675/
Tan SE, Garland SM, Rumbold AR, Tabrizi SN. Human papillomavirus genotyping using archival vulval dysplastic or neoplastic biopsy tissues: comparison between the INNO-LiPA and linear array assays. J Clin Microbiol [Internet]. 2010 Apr [cited 2023 Jan 22];48(4):1458–60. Available from: http://jcm.asm.org/
de Sanjosé S, Serrano B, Tous S, Alejo M, Lloveras B, Quirós B, et al. Burden of Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-Related Cancers Attributable to HPVs 6/11/16/18/31/33/45/52 and 58. JNCI cancer Spectr [Internet]. 2018 Oct 1 [cited 2023 Jan 22];2(4):pky045. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31360870/
Pelaez-Prestel HF, Sanchez-Trincado JL, Lafuente EM, Reche PA. Immune Tolerance in the Oral Mucosa. Int J Mol Sci [Internet]. 2021 Nov 10;22(22):12149. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/22/12149
Shenker RF, May NH, Waltonen JD, Yang JP, O’Neill SS, Frizzell BA, et al. Comparing Outcomes for Patients with Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Type 16 versus Other High-Risk HPV Types in Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Head Neck Pathol [Internet]. 2021 Sep 22 [cited 2023 Jun 4];15(3):866–74. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC8384998/
Fonmarty D, Cherrière S, Fleury H, Eimer S, Majoufre-Lefebvre C, Castetbon V, et al. Study of the concordance between p16 immunohistochemistry and HPV-PCR genotyping for the viral diagnosis of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis [Internet]. 2015 Jun 1 [cited 2023 Jun 5];132(3):135–9. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1879729615000046
Liu JC, Parajuli S, Blackman E, Gibbs D, Ellis A, Hull A, et al. High prevalence of discordant human papillomavirus and p16 oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas in an African American cohort. Head Neck [Internet]. 2016 Apr [cited 2023 Jun 5];38 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):E867-72. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hed.24117
Weinberger PM, Yu Z, Haffty BG, Kowalski D, Harigopal M, Brandsma J, et al. Molecular classification identifies a subset of human papillomavirus--associated oropharyngeal cancers with favorable prognosis. J Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2006;24(5):736–47. Available from: http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/16401683
Hong A, Jones D, Chatfield M, Lee CS, Zhang M, Clark J, et al. HPV status of oropharyngeal cancer by combination HPV DNA/p16 testing: biological relevance of discordant results. Ann Surg Oncol [Internet]. 2013 Dec 4 [cited 2023 Jun 5];20 Suppl 3(S3):S450-8. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23208131/
Augustin JG, Lepine C, Morini A, Brunet A, Veyer D, Brochard C, et al. HPV Detection in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas: What Is the Issue? Front Oncol [Internet]. 2020 Sep 15 [cited 2023 Jun 5];10:1751. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fonc.2020.01751/full
Gillison ML, D’Souza G, Westra W, Sugar E, Xiao W, Begum S, et al. Distinct Risk Factor Profiles for Human Papillomavirus Type 16–Positive and Human Papillomavirus Type 16–Negative Head and Neck Cancers. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst [Internet]. 2008 Mar 19;100(6):407–20. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/jnci/article/100/6/407/995965
McDaniel JT, Nuhu K, Ruiz J, Alorbi G. Social determinants of cancer incidence and mortality around the world: an ecological study. Glob Health Promot [Internet]. 2019 Mar 16 [cited 2023 Mar 15];26(1):41–9. Available from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1757975916686913?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub++0pubmed
dc.rights.coar.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
dc.rights.license.spa.fl_str_mv Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional
dc.rights.uri.spa.fl_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv xvi, 93 páginas
dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.coverage.city.spa.fl_str_mv Colombia
Brasil
Argentina
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.publisher.program.spa.fl_str_mv Bogotá - Ciencias - Maestría en Ciencias - Microbiología
dc.publisher.faculty.spa.fl_str_mv Facultad de Ciencias
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv Bogotá, Colombia
dc.publisher.branch.spa.fl_str_mv Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá
institution Universidad Nacional de Colombia
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/85662/1/license.txt
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/85662/2/1110525325.2023.pdf
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/85662/3/1110525325.2023.pdf.jpg
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv eb34b1cf90b7e1103fc9dfd26be24b4a
67bc6bc751d2c4754fe4128cca8c1cd0
1a56a529bda07907e471c77c4d6bc48e
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv MD5
MD5
MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
repository.mail.fl_str_mv repositorio_nal@unal.edu.co
_version_ 1814090010361593856
spelling Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacionalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Rodríguez-Urrego, Paula Andreac5577b8b9e2c41d8a7d1fe290030d837Ramos, Andrea Estefania6b9f92c4861c084bf5356534ac6fab7eGrupo de Investigación: Departamento de Patología y Laboratorios2024-02-07T19:59:50Z2024-02-07T19:59:50Z2023-12-15https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/85662Universidad Nacional de ColombiaRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiahttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ilustraciones, diagramas, mapasEl Virus del Papiloma Humano (VPH) es un agente causal del carcinoma escamocelular de orofaringe (CEOF). Las prevalencias más altas de infección por VPH en CEOF se han descrito en Estados Unidos y Europa. Sin embargo, pocos estudios han evaluado la prevalencia de esta condición en Suramérica, excepto Brasil. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de la infección por VPH, su distribución genotipo-específica y los posibles factores de riesgo en un grupo de pacientes diagnosticados con CEOF de tres países suramericanos. Se analizaron muestras tumorales de 184 pacientes de la cohorte suramericana de HEADSpAce para detectar la presencia de ADN viral mediante la tecnología HPV Direct Flow CHIP, que permite identificar 35 genotipos de VPH de alto y bajo riesgo. Se determinó que la infección por VPH tiene una alta prevalencia en los tres países, siendo de 83.33% (2011-2013) en Argentina, 72.35% (2015-2019) en Brasil y 97.43% (2012-2019) en Colombia. La mayoría de las infecciones encontradas correspondían a infección única por VPH (61.36%, n=81/132) asociadas a genotipos de alto riesgo (98.77%, n=80/81), siendo VPH-16 el más prevalente. De los 168 casos incluidos, el 36.90% eran CEOF p16INK4A (p16) positivos (n=62). Además, se observó una asociación negativa entre el consumo mayor o igual a dos bebidas alcohólicas por día y la detección de ADN del VPH en CEOF. Este estudio proporciona datos importantes sobre la epidemiología de la infección por VPH y contribuye al conocimiento de los posibles factores relacionados con la detección de ADN viral del VPH en CEOF (Texto tomado de la fuente)Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a common cause of Oropharyngeal Squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). The highest prevalence of viral infection in OPSCC has been described in the United States and Europe. However, limited research has evaluated the prevalence of HPV infection in OPSCC in South America, except for Brazil. This study was aimed to determine the prevalence of HPV infection, analyze its genotype distribution, and explore potential risk factors among patients diagnosed with OPSCC from three South American countries. Tumor samples from 184 patients of the ongoing HEADSpAce project were collected and tested by HPV Direct Flow CHIP technology, which enables the detection of 35 genotypes of high-risk and low-risk HPV. Findings revealed a high prevalence of HPV in all three countries, with rates of 83.33% (2011-2013) in Argentina, 72.35% (2015-2019) in Brazil, and 97.43% (2012-2019) in Colombia. Among the infections identified, a majority were associated with a single type (61.36%, n=81/132), predominantly high-risk HPV genotypes (98.77%, n=80/81), being HPV-16 the most prevalent. 62 cases (36.90%) out of 168 were OPSCCC p16INK4A (p16) positive. Furthermore, an inverse association was observed between the consumption of more than two alcoholic drinks per day and the detection of HPV in OPC. The current study provides important data on the epidemiology of HPV infection and contributes to the knowledge of possible factors related to the detection of HPV viral DNA associated with OPSCC.MaestríaBiología molecular de agentes infecciososxvi, 93 páginasapplication/pdfspaUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaBogotá - Ciencias - Maestría en Ciencias - MicrobiologíaFacultad de CienciasBogotá, ColombiaUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede BogotáPrevalencia de la infección por el Virus del Papiloma Humano (VPH) y posibles factores de riesgo en pacientes diagnosticados con cáncer de orofaringe de tres países de América del SurPrevalence of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection and Potential Risk Factors in Patients with Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma from Three South American CountriesTrabajo de grado - Maestríainfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionTexthttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TMColombiaBrasilArgentinaLorenzoni V, Chaturvedi AK, Vignat J, Laversanne M, Bray F, Vaccarella S. The Current Burden of Oropharyngeal Cancer: A Global Assessment Based on GLOBOCAN 2020. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev [Internet]. 2022 Nov 2 [cited 2023 Apr 16];31(11):2054–62. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36173880/Lechner M, Liu J, Masterson L, Fenton TR. HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer: epidemiology, molecular biology and clinical management. Nat Rev Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2022 May 1 [cited 2022 Aug 13];19(5):306–27. Available from: www.nature.com/nrclinoncLydiatt WM, Patel SG, O’Sullivan B, Brandwein MS, Ridge JA, Migliacci JC, et al. Head and Neck cancers-major changes in the American Joint Committee on cancer eighth edition cancer staging manual. CA Cancer J Clin [Internet]. 2017 Mar [cited 2023 May 28];67(2):122–37. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28128848/Schache AG, Powell NG, Cuschieri KS, Robinson M, Leary S, Mehanna H, et al. HPV-Related Oropharynx Cancer in the United Kingdom: An Evolution in the Understanding of Disease Etiology. Cancer Res [Internet]. 2016 Nov 15 [cited 2023 Jul 15];76(22):6598–606. Available from: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/Gillison ML, Chaturvedi AK, Anderson WF, Fakhry C. Epidemiology of Human Papillomavirus-Positive Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2015 Oct 10 [cited 2023 Jul 15];33(29):3235–42. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC4979086/Chaturvedi AK, Engels EA, Pfeiffer RM, Hernandez BY, Xiao W, Kim E, et al. Human papillomavirus and rising oropharyngeal cancer incidence in the United States. J Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2011 Nov 10 [cited 2023 Jul 15];29(32):4294–301. Available from: www.jco.org/Abogunrin S, Di Tanna GL, Keeping S, Carroll S, Iheanacho I. Prevalence of human papillomavirus in head and neck cancers in European populations: a meta-analysis. BMC Cancer [Internet]. 2014 Dec 17 [cited 2022 Aug 6];14(1):968. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25515630/Sastre-Garau X, Harlé A. Pathology of HPV-Associated Head and Neck Carcinomas: Recent Data and Perspectives for the Development of Specific Tumor Markers. Front Oncol [Internet]. 2020 Nov 16 [cited 2022 Aug 5];10:528957. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33312940/Menezes F dos S, Latorre M do RD de O, Conceição GM de S, Curado MP, Antunes JLF, Toporcov TN. The emerging risk of oropharyngeal and oral cavity cancer in HPV-related subsites in young people in Brazil. Liu X, editor. PLoS One [Internet]. 2020 May 14 [cited 2022 Aug 25];15(5):e0232871. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC7224475/Castellsagué X, Alemany L, Quer M, Halec G, Quirós B, Tous S, et al. HPV Involvement in Head and Neck Cancers: Comprehensive Assessment of Biomarkers in 3680 Patients. J Natl Cancer Inst [Internet]. 2016 Jun 28 [cited 2022 Aug 6];108(6):djv403. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26823521/Drake VE, Fakhry C, Windon MJ, Stewart CM, Akst L, Hillel A, et al. Timing, number, and type of sexual partners associated with risk of oropharyngeal cancer. Cancer [Internet]. 2021 Apr 1 [cited 2023 May 27];127(7):1029–38. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33426652/Anantharaman D, Abedi-Ardekani B, Beachler DC, Gheit T, Olshan AF, Wisniewski K, et al. Geographic heterogeneity in the prevalence of human papillomavirus in head and neck cancer. Int J cancer [Internet]. 2017;140(9):1968–75. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28108990Carlander AF, Jakobsen KK, Bendtsen SK, Garset-Zamani M, Lynggaard CD, Jensen JS, et al. A contemporary systematic review on repartition of HPV-positivity in oropharyngeal cancer worldwide. Viruses. 2021 Jul 1;13(7).Johnson DE, Burtness B, Leemans CR, Lui VWY, Bauman JE, Grandis JR. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Nat Rev Dis Prim [Internet]. 2020 Nov 26 [cited 2022 Aug 14];6(1):92. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-020-00224-3Morais E, Kothari S, Chen YT, Roberts CS, Gómez-Ulloa D, Fenoll R, et al. The BROADEN study: The design of an observational study to assess the absolute burden of HPV-related head and neck cancers. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2022 Apr 1 [cited 2022 Aug 25];115:106631. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714421003670Kreimer AR, Clifford GM, Boyle P, Franceschi S. Human papillomavirus types in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas worldwide: a systematic review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev [Internet]. 2005 Feb [cited 2022 Aug 6];14(2):467–75. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15734974/Parfenov M, Pedamallu CS, Gehlenborg N, Freeman SS, Danilova L, Bristow CA,et al. Characterization of HPV and host genome interactions in primary head and neck cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A [Internet]. 2014 Oct 28 [cited 2022 Aug 13];111(43):15544–9. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC4217452/Alemany L, Marisa M. HPV attributable fractions and trends in head and neck carcinomas [Internet]. HPV attributable fractions and trends in head and neck carcinomas. 2021 [cited 2023 Apr 15]. Available from: https://www.hpvworld.com/media/29/media_section/5/6/2956/hpvworld-157.pdfCunha AR da, Prass TS, Hugo FN. Mortality from oral and oropharyngeal cancer in Brazil, between 2000 and 2013: trends by sociodemographic strata. Cien Saude Colet [Internet]. 2020 Aug 5 [cited 2022 Aug 25];25(8):3075–86. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/j/csc/a/DDPYkhxX7zp5qBSLT9dytdK/?lang=enSichero L, Tagliabue M, Mota G, Ferreira S, Nunes RAL, Castañeda CA, et al. Biomarkers of human papillomavirus (HPV)-driven head and neck cancer in Latin America and Europe study: Study design and HPV DNA/p16INK4a status. Head Neck [Internet]. 2022 Jan 2 [cited 2022 Aug 25];44(1):122–33. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hed.26912Oliveira AC, Cavalcanti de Lima IC, Frez Marques VM, Alves de Araújo WH, De Campos Ferreira C. Human papillomavirus prevalence in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma in South America. Oncol Rev [Internet]. 2022 Mar 24 [cited 2022 Aug 25];16(1). Available from: https://www.frontierspartnerships.org/articles/10.4081/oncol.2022.552Mena M, Frias-Gomez J, Taberna M, Quirós B, Marquez S, Clavero O, et al. Epidemiology of human papillomavirus-related oropharyngeal cancer in a classically low-burden region of southern Europe. Sci Rep [Internet]. 2020 Aug 6 [cited 2023 Apr 15];10(1):13219. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32764593/Sichero L, Simão Sobrinho J, Lina Villa L. Oncogenic potential diverge among human papillomavirus type 16 natural variants. Virology [Internet]. 2012 Oct 10 [cited 2024 Jan 27];432(1):127–32. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0042682212003133Silveira HA, Almeida LY, Carlos R, Silva EV, Ferrisse TM, Duarte A, et al. Human papillomavirus co-infection and survival in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: A study in 235 Brazilian patients. Auris Nasus Larynx [Internet]. 2022 Apr 1 [cited 2023 Feb 5];49(2):258–70. Available from: http://www.aurisnasuslarynx.com/article/S0385814621001917/fulltext(WHO) WHO. Human papillomavirus vaccines WHO position paper [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 Apr 15]. Available from: who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/policies/position-papers/human-papillomavirus-(hpv)Varier I, Keeley BR, Krupar R, Patsias A, Dong J, Gupta N, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of oropharyngeal carcinoma related to high-risk non-human papillomavirus16 viral subtypes. Head Neck [Internet]. 2016 Sep 1 [cited 2023 Jun 4];38(9):1330–7. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/hed.24442de Martel C, Plummer M, Vignat J, Franceschi S. Worldwide burden of cancer attributable to HPV by site, country and HPV type. Int J cancer [Internet]. 2017 Aug 15;141(4):664–70. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28369882Plummer M, de Martel C, Vignat J, Ferlay J, Bray F, Franceschi S. Global burden of cancers attributable to infections in 2012: a synthetic analysis. Lancet Glob Heal [Internet]. 2016 Sep 1 [cited 2023 Apr 15];4(9):e609-16. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27470177/Alemany L, Serrano B. HPV Type specific contribution to cancer [Internet]. HPV Type specific contribution to cancer. [cited 2023 Apr 15]. Available from: https://www.hpvworld.com/articles/hpv-attributable-fractions-and-trends-in-head-and-neck-carcinomas/Faraji F, Rettig EM, Tsai H, El Asmar M, Fung N, Eisele DW, et al. The prevalence of human papillomavirus in oropharyngeal cancer is increasing regardless of sex or race, and the influence of sex and race on survival is modified by human papillomavirus tumor status. Cancer [Internet]. 2019 Mar 6 [cited 2022 Aug 25];125(5):761–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30521092/Lechner M, Jones OS, Breeze CE, Gilson R. Gender-neutral HPV vaccination in the UK, rising male oropharyngeal cancer rates, and lack of HPV awareness. Lancet Infect Dis [Internet]. 2019 Feb [cited 2022 Aug 25];19(2):131–2. Available from: https://www.niid.go.jp/niid//images/idsc/Buexm LA, Soares-Lima SC, Brennan P, Fernandes PV, de Souza Almeida Lopes M, Nascimento de Carvalho F, et al. Hpv impact on oropharyngeal cancer patients treated at the largest cancer center from Brazil. Cancer Lett [Internet]. 2020 May 1 [cited 2022 Sep 29];477:70–5. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32087309/Bruni L, Albero G, Serrano B, Mena M, Collado JJ, Gómez D, Muñoz J, Bosch FX de SS. Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases in Argentina. Summary Report 10 March 2023 [Internet]. 2023. Available from: https://hpvcentre.net/statistics/reports/ARG.pdfBetiol JC, Sichero L, Costa HO de O, de Matos LL, Andreoli MA, Ferreira S, et al. Prevalence of human papillomavirus types and variants and p16INK4a expression in head and neck squamous cells carcinomas in São Paulo, Brazil. Infect Agent Cancer [Internet]. 2016 Dec 4 [cited 2023 Jan 15];11(1):20. Available from: http://infectagentscancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13027-016-0067-8Faraji F, Zaidi M, Fakhry C, Gaykalova DA. Molecular mechanisms of human papillomavirus-related carcinogenesis in head and neck cancer. Microbes Infect [Internet]. 2017 Sep [cited 2024 Jan 20];19(9–10):464–75. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2017.06.001Doorbar J, Egawa N, Griffin H, Kranjec C, Murakami I. Human papillomavirus molecular biology and disease association. Rev Med Virol [Internet]. 2015 Mar 6 [cited 2024 Jan 20];25 Suppl 1(Suppl Suppl 1):2–23. Available from: http://pave.Bernard H-U, Burk RD, Chen Z, van Doorslaer K, Hausen H zur, de Villiers E-M. Classification of papillomaviruses (PVs) based on 189 PV types and proposal of taxonomic amendments. Virology [Internet]. 2010 May [cited 2024 Jan 20];401(1):70–9. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0042682210001005Doorbar J, Quint W, Banks L, Bravo IG, Stoler M, Broker TR, et al. The biology and life-cycle of human papillomaviruses. Vaccine [Internet]. 2012 Nov 20 [cited 2022 Aug 13];30 Suppl 5(SUPPL.5):F55-70. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23199966/Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin [Internet]. 2018 Nov [cited 2022 Aug 14];68(6):394–424. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30207593/Ferlay J, Colombet M, Soerjomataram I, Mathers C, Parkin DM, Piñeros M, et al. Estimating the global cancer incidence and mortality in 2018: GLOBOCAN sources and methods. Int J Cancer [Internet]. 2019 Apr 15 [cited 2022 Aug 14];144(8):1941–53. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30350310/Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I BF. Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2020 [cited 2022 Aug 14]. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/todayIsayeva T, Li Y, Maswahu D, Brandwein-Gensler M. Human Papillomavirus in Non-Oropharyngeal Head and Neck Cancers: A Systematic Literature Review. Head Neck Pathol [Internet]. 2012 Jul 3 [cited 2022 Aug 14];6(S1):104–20. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22782230/Michaud DS, Langevin SM, Eliot M, Nelson HH, Pawlita M, McClean MD, et al. High-risk HPV types and head and neck cancer. Int J Cancer [Internet]. 2014 Oct 1 [cited 2022 Aug 14];135(7):1653–61. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijc.28811Lawrence MS, Sougnez C, Lichtenstein L, Cibulskis K, Lander E, Gabriel SB, et al. Comprehensive genomic characterization of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Nature [Internet]. 2015 Jan 29 [cited 2022 Aug 6];517(7536):576–82. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25631445/Ferris RL, Westra W. Oropharyngeal Carcinoma with a Special Focus on HPV-Related Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Annu Rev Pathol [Internet]. 2023 Jan 24 [cited 2024 Jan 20];18(1):515–35. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36693202/IARC. Global incidence of HNSCC [Internet]. Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2020 [cited 2022 Aug 14]. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/todayCraig SG, Anderson LA, Schache AG, Moran M, Graham L, Currie K, et al. Recommendations for determining HPV status in patients with oropharyngeal cancers under TNM8 guidelines: a two-tier approach. Br J Cancer [Internet]. 2019 Apr 20;120(8):827–33. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41416-019-0414-9Lewis JS. Morphologic diversity in human papillomavirus-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: Catch Me If You Can! Mod Pathol [Internet]. 2017 Jan 1 [cited 2022 Aug 13];30(s1):S44–53. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28060372/Boscolo-Rizzo P, Polesel J, Del Mistro A, Fratta E, Lazzarin C, Menegaldo A, et al. Rising Trend in the Prevalence of HPV-Driven Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma during 2000-2022 in Northeastern Italy: Implication for Using p16INK4a as a Surrogate Marker for HPV-Driven Carcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) [Internet]. 2023 May 7 [cited 2023 Jul 15];15(9):2643. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC10177129/Kim KY, Lewis JS, Chen Z. Current status of clinical testing for human papillomavirus in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. J Pathol Clin Res [Internet]. 2018 Oct [cited 2023 Mar 13];4(4):213–26. Available from: https://pathsocjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cjp2.111Adelstein D, Gillison ML, Pfister DG, Spencer S, Adkins D, Brizel DM, et al. NCCN guidelines® insights head and neck cancers, version 2.2017 featured updates to the NCCN guidelines. JNCCN J Natl Compr Cancer Netw [Internet]. 2017 Jun 8 [cited 2023 May 28];15(6):761–70. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28596256/Mena M, Taberna M, Tous S, Marquez S, Clavero O, Quiros B, et al. Double positivity for HPV-DNA/p16ink4a is the biomarker with strongest diagnostic accuracy and prognostic value for human papillomavirus related oropharyngeal cancer patients. Oral Oncol [Internet]. 2018 Mar [cited 2023 Jul 4];78:137–44. Available from: www.elsevier.com/locate/oraloncologyPannone G, Rodolico V, Santoro A, Lo Muzio L, Franco R, Botti G, et al. Evaluation of a combined triple method to detect causative HPV in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas: p16 Immunohistochemistry, Consensus PCR HPV-DNA, and In Situ Hybridization. Infect Agent Cancer [Internet]. 2012 Feb 29 [cited 2023 Jul 26];7(1):4. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC3313884/Prigge E-S, Arbyn M, von Knebel Doeberitz M, Reuschenbach M. Diagnostic accuracy of p16INK4a immunohistochemistry in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J cancer [Internet]. 2017 Mar 1 [cited 2023 Jul 15];140(5):1186–98. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ijc.30516Mahal BA, Catalano PJ, Haddad RI, Hanna GJ, Kass JI, Schoenfeld JD, et al. Incidence and demographic burden of HPV-associated oropharyngeal head and neck cancers in the United States. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev [Internet]. 2019 Oct 1 [cited 2022 Aug 13];28(10):1660–7. Available from: http://aacrjournals.org/cebp/article-pdf/28/10/1660/2284856/1660.pdfGillison ML, D’Souza G, Westra W, Sugar E, Xiao W, Begum S, et al. Distinct risk factor profiles for human papillomavirus type 16-positive and human papillomavirus type 16-negative head and neck cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst [Internet]. 2008 Mar 19 [cited 2022 Aug 13];100(6):407–20. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18334711/Taberna M, Mena M, Pavón MA, Alemany L, Gillison ML, Mesía R. Human papillomavirus-related oropharyngeal cancer. Ann Oncol Off J Eur Soc Med Oncol [Internet]. 2017 Oct 1 [cited 2023 May 18];28(10):2386–98. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28633362/Seiwert TY, Zuo Z, Keck MK, Khattri A, Pedamallu CS, Stricker T, et al. Integrative and Comparative Genomic Analysis of HPV-Positive and HPV-Negative Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Clin Cancer Res [Internet]. 2015 Feb 1 [cited 2022 Aug 13];21(3):632–41. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25056374/Lechner M, Fenton TR. The Genomics, Epigenomics, and Transcriptomics of HPV-Associated Oropharyngeal Cancer-Understanding the Basis of a Rapidly Evolving Disease. Adv Genet [Internet]. 2016 Jan 1 [cited 2022 Aug 13];93:1–56. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0065266015300018Strohl MP, Wai KC, Ha PK. De-intensification strategies in HPV-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma—a narrative review. Ann Transl Med [Internet]. 2020 Dec [cited 2023 Jul 15];8(23):1601–1601. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/atm-20-2984Hatano T, Sano D, Takahashi H, Oridate N. Pathogenic Role of Immune Evasion and Integration of Human Papillomavirus in Oropharyngeal Cancer. Microorganisms [Internet]. 2021 Apr 21 [cited 2023 Jun 4];9(5):891. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9050891zur Hausen H. Papillomaviruses and cancer: from basic studies to clinical application. Nat Rev Cancer [Internet]. 2002 May [cited 2024 Jan 27];2(5):342–50. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12044010/Schiffman M, Doorbar J, Wentzensen N, de Sanjosé S, Fakhry C, Monk BJ, et al. Carcinogenic human papillomavirus infection. Nat Rev Dis Prim [Internet]. 2016 Dec 1 [cited 2024 Jan 27];2(1):16086. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27905473/Woodman CBJ, Collins SI, Young LS. The natural history of cervical HPV infection: unresolved issues. Nat Rev Cancer [Internet]. 2007 Jan 1 [cited 2024 Jan 27];7(1):11–22. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17186016/Lim YX, Mierzwa ML, Sartor MA, D’Silva NJ. Clinical, morphologic and molecular heterogeneity of HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer. Oncogene [Internet]. 2023 Sep 29 [cited 2024 Jan 27];42(40):2939–55. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37666939/Moody CA, Laimins LA. Human papillomavirus oncoproteins: pathways to transformation. Nat Rev Cancer [Internet]. 2010 Aug 1 [cited 2024 Jan 27];10(8):550–60. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20592731/Hatano T, Sano D, Takahashi H, Oridate N. Pathogenic Role of Immune Evasion and Integration of Human Papillomavirus in Oropharyngeal Cancer. Microorganisms [Internet]. 2021 Apr 21 [cited 2023 Jun 4];9(5):891. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC8143538/Andersen AS, Koldjaer Sølling AS, Ovesen T, Rusan M. The interplay between HPV and host immunity in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Int J cancer [Internet]. 2014 Jun 15 [cited 2024 Jan 20];134(12):2755–63. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijc.28411Graham S V. Keratinocyte Differentiation-Dependent Human Papillomavirus Gene Regulation. Viruses [Internet]. 2017 Aug 30 [cited 2022 Aug 13];9(9):245. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC5618011/Munger K, Jones DL. Human papillomavirus carcinogenesis: an identity crisis in the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor pathway. Goodrum F, editor. J Virol [Internet]. 2015 May 5 [cited 2023 May 28];89(9):4708–11. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC4403492/Cicchini L, Blumhagen RZ, Westrich JA, Myers ME, Warren CJ, Siska C, et al. High-Risk Human Papillomavirus E7 Alters Host DNA Methylome and Represses HLA-E Expression in Human Keratinocytes. Sci Rep [Internet]. 2017 Jun 16 [cited 2024 Jan 27];7(1):3633. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28623356/McLaughlin-Drubin ME, Crum CP, Münger K. Human papillomavirus E7 oncoprotein induces KDM6A and KDM6B histone demethylase expression and causes epigenetic reprogramming. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A [Internet]. 2011 Feb 1 [cited 2024 Jan 27];108(5):2130–5. Available from: www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1009933108Spring LM, Wander SA, Andre F, Moy B, Turner NC, Bardia A. Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 inhibitors for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer: past, present, and future. Lancet (London, England) [Internet]. 2020 Mar 7 [cited 2024 Jan 27];395(10226):817–27. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32145796/Scheffner M, Huibregtse JM, Vierstra RD, Howley PM. The HPV-16 E6 and E6-AP complex functions as a ubiquitin-protein ligase in the ubiquitination of p53. Cell [Internet]. 1993 Nov 5 [cited 2022 Aug 13];75(3):495–505. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8221889/Scheffner M, Werness BA, Huibregtse JM, Levine AJ, Howley PM. The E6 oncoprotein encoded by human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 promotes the degradation of p53. Cell [Internet]. 1990 Dec 21 [cited 2022 Aug 13];63(6):1129–36. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2175676/Huibregtse JM, Scheffner M, Howley PM. A cellular protein mediates association of p53 with the E6 oncoprotein of human papillomavirus types 16 or 18. EMBO J [Internet]. 1991 Dec [cited 2022 Aug 13];10(13):4129–35. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/j.1460-2075.1991.tb04990.xMesri EA, Feitelson MA, Munger K. Human viral oncogenesis: a cancer hallmarks analysis. Cell Host Microbe [Internet]. 2014 Mar 12 [cited 2022 Aug 13];15(3):266–82. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24629334/Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. Hallmarks of Cancer: The Next Generation. Cell [Internet]. 2011 Mar 4 [cited 2022 Aug 13];144(5):646–74. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21376230/Frazer IH. Interaction of human papillomaviruses with the host immune system: a well evolved relationship. Virology [Internet]. 2009 Feb 20 [cited 2024 Jan 27];384(2):410–4. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0042682208006624Lyford-Pike S, Peng S, Young GD, Taube JM, Westra WH, Akpeng B, et al. Evidence for a role of the PD-1:PD-L1 pathway in immune resistance of HPV-associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Res [Internet]. 2013 Mar 15 [cited 2023 Jun 4];73(6):1733–41. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC3602406/Bratman S V., Bruce JP, O’Sullivan B, Pugh TJ, Xu W, Yip KW, et al. Human Papillomavirus Genotype Association With Survival in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. JAMA Oncol [Internet]. 2016 Jun 1 [cited 2023 Jun 4];2(6):823. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27010835/Ziai H, Warner A, Mundi N, Patel K, Chung EJ, Howlett CJ, et al. Does HPV Subtype Predict Outcomes in Head and Neck Cancers? Ridder GJ, editor. Int J Otolaryngol [Internet]. 2021 Feb 9 [cited 2023 Jun 4];2021:1–11. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6672373Stevens TM, Caughron SK, Dunn ST, Knezetic J, Gatalica Z. Detection of high-risk HPV in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas: comparison of chromogenic in situ hybridization and a reverse line blot method. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol AIMM [Internet]. 2011 Dec [cited 2023 May 28];19(6):574–8. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/appliedimmunohist/Fulltext/2011/12000/Detection_of_High_Risk_HPV_in_Head_and_Neck.17.aspxEconomopoulou P, de Bree R, Kotsantis I, Psyrri A. Diagnostic Tumor Markers in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) in the Clinical Setting. Front Oncol [Internet]. 2019 Aug 29 [cited 2022 Aug 6];9(AUG):827. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC6727245/Schache AG, Liloglou T, Risk JM, Jones TM, Ma X-J, Wang H, et al. Validation of a novel diagnostic standard in HPV-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer [Internet]. 2013 Apr 14 [cited 2023 May 28];108(6):1332–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23412100/Mirghani H, Amen F, Moreau F, Guigay J, Ferchiou M, Melkane AE, et al. Human papilloma virus testing in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: What the clinician should know. Oral Oncol [Internet]. 2014 Jan [cited 2023 Mar 13];50(1):1–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2013.10.008Xu B, Chotewutmontri S, Wolf S, Klos U, Schmitz M, Dürst M, et al. Multiplex Identification of Human Papillomavirus 16 DNA Integration Sites in Cervical Carcinomas. Ramqvist T, editor. PLoS One [Internet]. 2013 Jun 18 [cited 2022 Aug 6];8(6):e66693. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23824673/Hu Z, Zhu D, Wang W, Li W, Jia W, Zeng X, et al. Genome-wide profiling of HPV integration in cervical cancer identifies clustered genomic hot spots and a potential microhomology-mediated integration mechanism. Nat Genet [Internet]. 2015 Feb 12 [cited 2022 Aug 6];47(2):158–63. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25581428/Akagi K, Li J, Broutian TR, Padilla-Nash H, Xiao W, Jiang B, et al. Genome-wide analysis of HPV integration in human cancers reveals recurrent, focal genomic instability. Genome Res [Internet]. 2014 Feb [cited 2022 Aug 6];24(2):185–99. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24201445/Lagström S, Umu SU, Lepistö M, Ellonen P, Meisal R, Christiansen IK, et al. TaME-seq: An efficient sequencing approach for characterisation of HPV genomic variability and chromosomal integration. Sci Rep [Internet]. 2019 Jan 24 [cited 2022 Aug 6];9(1):524. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30679491/Holmes A, Lameiras S, Jeannot E, Marie Y, Castera L, Sastre-Garau X, et al. Mechanistic signatures of HPV insertions in cervical carcinomas. NPJ genomic Med [Internet]. 2016 Mar 16 [cited 2022 Aug 6];1(1):16004. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29263809/Anantharaman D, Muller DC, Lagiou P, Ahrens W, Holcátová I, Merletti F, et al. Combined effects of smoking and HPV16 in oropharyngeal cancer. Int J Epidemiol [Internet]. 2016 Jun 1 [cited 2023 Apr 7];45(3):752–61. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27197530/D’Souza G, Kreimer AR, Viscidi R, Pawlita M, Fakhry C, Koch WM, et al. Case-control study of human papillomavirus and oropharyngeal cancer. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2007 May 10 [cited 2023 Apr 7];356(19):1944–56. Available from: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmoa065497WHO. International classification of diseases for oncology (ICD-O) [Internet]. 3rd ed., 1. Geneva PP - Geneva: World Health Organization; Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/96612Abrahão R, Perdomo S, Pinto LFR, Nascimento de Carvalho F, Dias FL, de Podestá JR V., et al. Predictors of Survival After Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma in South America: The InterCHANGE Study. JCO Glob Oncol [Internet]. 2020 Nov [cited 2022 Sep 29];6(6):486–99. Available from: https://doi.Lewis JS, Beadle B, Bishop JA, Chernock RD, Colasacco C, Lacchetti C, et al. Human papillomavirus testing in head and neck carcinomas guideline from the college of American pathologists. Arch Pathol Lab Med [Internet]. 2018 May 1 [cited 2023 Jun 4];142(5):559–97. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29251996/Herraez-Hernandez E, Preda O, Alonso S, Pardo RS, Olmo A. Detection and Genotyping of Human Papillomavirus DNA in Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Specimens with the HPV Direct Flow CHIP System. Open Virol J [Internet]. 2013 Oct 18 [cited 2022 Aug 14];7(1):91–5. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24222806/Herraez-Hernandez E, Alvarez-Perez M, Navarro-Bustos G, Esquivias J, Alonso S, Aneiros-Fernandez J, et al. HPV Direct Flow CHIP: a new human papillomavirus genotyping method based on direct PCR from crude-cell extracts. J Virol Methods [Internet]. 2013 Oct [cited 2022 Aug 14];193(1):9–17. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23680093/Mena M, Lloveras B, Tous S, Bogers J, Maffini F, Gangane N, et al. Development and validation of a protocol for optimizing the use of paraffin blocks in molecular epidemiological studies: The example from the HPV-AHEAD study. Franco R, editor. PLoS One [Internet]. 2017 Oct 16 [cited 2023 May 22];12(10):e0184520. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC5642890/St Guily JL, Jacquard A-C, Prétet J-L, Haesebaert J, Beby-Defaux A, Clavel C, et al. Human papillomavirus genotype distribution in oropharynx and oral cavity cancer in France--The EDiTH VI study. J Clin Virol [Internet]. 2011 Jun [cited 2023 Jun 4];51(2):100–4. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21527208/Pauli S, Kops NL, Bessel M, Lina Villa L, Moreno Alves Souza F, Mendes Pereira GF, et al. Sexual practices and HPV infection in unvaccinated young adults. Sci Rep [Internet]. 2022 Jul 20 [cited 2023 Feb 5];12(1):12385. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-15088-8Quintero K, Giraldo GA, Uribe ML, Baena A, Lopez C, Alvarez E, et al. Human papillomavirus types in cases of squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck in Colombia. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol [Internet]. 2013 May [cited 2023 Jan 22];79(3):375–81. Available from: http://www.bjorl.org/http://www.bjorl.org/Erira A, Motta LA, Chala A, Moreno A, Gamboa F, García DA. Genotyping, levels of expression and physical status of human papilloma virus in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma among Colombian patients. Biomedica [Internet]. 2015 Oct 23 [cited 2022 Aug 25];36:14–24. Available from: https://revistabiomedica.org/index.php/biomedica/article/view/2912/3242Salem DA, Rouby MN El. Prevalence of HPV Infection in Head and Neck Cancer Patients in Egypt : National Cancer Institute Experience . [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2023 Mar 13]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343302880_Prevalence_of_HPV_Infection_in_Head_and_Neck_Cancer_Patients_in_Egypt_National_Cancer_Institute_ExperiencePérez C, Klaustermeier JE, Alemany L, Tous S, de Sanjosé S, Velasco J. Comparison of 2 different PCR-based technologies for the detection of human papilloma virus from paraffin-embedded tissue: genómica clinical arrays versus SPF(10)-LiPA(25). Diagn Mol Pathol [Internet]. 2012 Mar [cited 2023 Jan 22];21(1):45–52. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22306675/Tan SE, Garland SM, Rumbold AR, Tabrizi SN. Human papillomavirus genotyping using archival vulval dysplastic or neoplastic biopsy tissues: comparison between the INNO-LiPA and linear array assays. J Clin Microbiol [Internet]. 2010 Apr [cited 2023 Jan 22];48(4):1458–60. Available from: http://jcm.asm.org/de Sanjosé S, Serrano B, Tous S, Alejo M, Lloveras B, Quirós B, et al. Burden of Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-Related Cancers Attributable to HPVs 6/11/16/18/31/33/45/52 and 58. JNCI cancer Spectr [Internet]. 2018 Oct 1 [cited 2023 Jan 22];2(4):pky045. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31360870/Pelaez-Prestel HF, Sanchez-Trincado JL, Lafuente EM, Reche PA. Immune Tolerance in the Oral Mucosa. Int J Mol Sci [Internet]. 2021 Nov 10;22(22):12149. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/22/12149Shenker RF, May NH, Waltonen JD, Yang JP, O’Neill SS, Frizzell BA, et al. Comparing Outcomes for Patients with Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Type 16 versus Other High-Risk HPV Types in Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Head Neck Pathol [Internet]. 2021 Sep 22 [cited 2023 Jun 4];15(3):866–74. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC8384998/Fonmarty D, Cherrière S, Fleury H, Eimer S, Majoufre-Lefebvre C, Castetbon V, et al. Study of the concordance between p16 immunohistochemistry and HPV-PCR genotyping for the viral diagnosis of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis [Internet]. 2015 Jun 1 [cited 2023 Jun 5];132(3):135–9. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1879729615000046Liu JC, Parajuli S, Blackman E, Gibbs D, Ellis A, Hull A, et al. High prevalence of discordant human papillomavirus and p16 oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas in an African American cohort. Head Neck [Internet]. 2016 Apr [cited 2023 Jun 5];38 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):E867-72. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hed.24117Weinberger PM, Yu Z, Haffty BG, Kowalski D, Harigopal M, Brandsma J, et al. Molecular classification identifies a subset of human papillomavirus--associated oropharyngeal cancers with favorable prognosis. J Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2006;24(5):736–47. Available from: http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/16401683Hong A, Jones D, Chatfield M, Lee CS, Zhang M, Clark J, et al. HPV status of oropharyngeal cancer by combination HPV DNA/p16 testing: biological relevance of discordant results. Ann Surg Oncol [Internet]. 2013 Dec 4 [cited 2023 Jun 5];20 Suppl 3(S3):S450-8. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23208131/Augustin JG, Lepine C, Morini A, Brunet A, Veyer D, Brochard C, et al. HPV Detection in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas: What Is the Issue? Front Oncol [Internet]. 2020 Sep 15 [cited 2023 Jun 5];10:1751. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fonc.2020.01751/fullGillison ML, D’Souza G, Westra W, Sugar E, Xiao W, Begum S, et al. Distinct Risk Factor Profiles for Human Papillomavirus Type 16–Positive and Human Papillomavirus Type 16–Negative Head and Neck Cancers. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst [Internet]. 2008 Mar 19;100(6):407–20. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/jnci/article/100/6/407/995965McDaniel JT, Nuhu K, Ruiz J, Alorbi G. Social determinants of cancer incidence and mortality around the world: an ecological study. Glob Health Promot [Internet]. 2019 Mar 16 [cited 2023 Mar 15];26(1):41–9. Available from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1757975916686913?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub++0pubmedMetodologías de Evaluación de RiesgosGrupos de RiesgoRisk Assessment MethodologiesRisk GroupsVirus del papiloma humanoCarcinoma escamocelular de orofaringePrevalenciaGenotiposArgentinaBrasilColombiaEstudiantesInvestigadoresLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-85879https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/85662/1/license.txteb34b1cf90b7e1103fc9dfd26be24b4aMD51ORIGINAL1110525325.2023.pdf1110525325.2023.pdfTesis de Maestría en Ciencias - Microbiologíaapplication/pdf2405106https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/85662/2/1110525325.2023.pdf67bc6bc751d2c4754fe4128cca8c1cd0MD52THUMBNAIL1110525325.2023.pdf.jpg1110525325.2023.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg5915https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/85662/3/1110525325.2023.pdf.jpg1a56a529bda07907e471c77c4d6bc48eMD53unal/85662oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/856622024-08-22 23:10:43.65Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiarepositorio_nal@unal.edu.coUEFSVEUgMS4gVMOJUk1JTk9TIERFIExBIExJQ0VOQ0lBIFBBUkEgUFVCTElDQUNJw5NOIERFIE9CUkFTIEVOIEVMIFJFUE9TSVRPUklPIElOU1RJVFVDSU9OQUwgVU5BTC4KCkxvcyBhdXRvcmVzIHkvbyB0aXR1bGFyZXMgZGUgbG9zIGRlcmVjaG9zIHBhdHJpbW9uaWFsZXMgZGUgYXV0b3IsIGNvbmZpZXJlbiBhIGxhIFVuaXZlcnNpZGFkIE5hY2lvbmFsIGRlIENvbG9tYmlhIHVuYSBsaWNlbmNpYSBubyBleGNsdXNpdmEsIGxpbWl0YWRhIHkgZ3JhdHVpdGEgc29icmUgbGEgb2JyYSBxdWUgc2UgaW50ZWdyYSBlbiBlbCBSZXBvc2l0b3JpbyBJbnN0aXR1Y2lvbmFsLCBiYWpvIGxvcyBzaWd1aWVudGVzIHTDqXJtaW5vczoKCgphKQlMb3MgYXV0b3JlcyB5L28gbG9zIHRpdHVsYXJlcyBkZSBsb3MgZGVyZWNob3MgcGF0cmltb25pYWxlcyBkZSBhdXRvciBzb2JyZSBsYSBvYnJhIGNvbmZpZXJlbiBhIGxhIFVuaXZlcnNpZGFkIE5hY2lvbmFsIGRlIENvbG9tYmlhIHVuYSBsaWNlbmNpYSBubyBleGNsdXNpdmEgcGFyYSByZWFsaXphciBsb3Mgc2lndWllbnRlcyBhY3RvcyBzb2JyZSBsYSBvYnJhOiBpKSByZXByb2R1Y2lyIGxhIG9icmEgZGUgbWFuZXJhIGRpZ2l0YWwsIHBlcm1hbmVudGUgbyB0ZW1wb3JhbCwgaW5jbHV5ZW5kbyBlbCBhbG1hY2VuYW1pZW50byBlbGVjdHLDs25pY28sIGFzw60gY29tbyBjb252ZXJ0aXIgZWwgZG9jdW1lbnRvIGVuIGVsIGN1YWwgc2UgZW5jdWVudHJhIGNvbnRlbmlkYSBsYSBvYnJhIGEgY3VhbHF1aWVyIG1lZGlvIG8gZm9ybWF0byBleGlzdGVudGUgYSBsYSBmZWNoYSBkZSBsYSBzdXNjcmlwY2nDs24gZGUgbGEgcHJlc2VudGUgbGljZW5jaWEsIHkgaWkpIGNvbXVuaWNhciBhbCBww7pibGljbyBsYSBvYnJhIHBvciBjdWFscXVpZXIgbWVkaW8gbyBwcm9jZWRpbWllbnRvLCBlbiBtZWRpb3MgYWzDoW1icmljb3MgbyBpbmFsw6FtYnJpY29zLCBpbmNsdXllbmRvIGxhIHB1ZXN0YSBhIGRpc3Bvc2ljacOzbiBlbiBhY2Nlc28gYWJpZXJ0by4gQWRpY2lvbmFsIGEgbG8gYW50ZXJpb3IsIGVsIGF1dG9yIHkvbyB0aXR1bGFyIGF1dG9yaXphIGEgbGEgVW5pdmVyc2lkYWQgTmFjaW9uYWwgZGUgQ29sb21iaWEgcGFyYSBxdWUsIGVuIGxhIHJlcHJvZHVjY2nDs24geSBjb211bmljYWNpw7NuIGFsIHDDumJsaWNvIHF1ZSBsYSBVbml2ZXJzaWRhZCByZWFsaWNlIHNvYnJlIGxhIG9icmEsIGhhZ2EgbWVuY2nDs24gZGUgbWFuZXJhIGV4cHJlc2EgYWwgdGlwbyBkZSBsaWNlbmNpYSBDcmVhdGl2ZSBDb21tb25zIGJham8gbGEgY3VhbCBlbCBhdXRvciB5L28gdGl0dWxhciBkZXNlYSBvZnJlY2VyIHN1IG9icmEgYSBsb3MgdGVyY2Vyb3MgcXVlIGFjY2VkYW4gYSBkaWNoYSBvYnJhIGEgdHJhdsOpcyBkZWwgUmVwb3NpdG9yaW8gSW5zdGl0dWNpb25hbCwgY3VhbmRvIHNlYSBlbCBjYXNvLiBFbCBhdXRvciB5L28gdGl0dWxhciBkZSBsb3MgZGVyZWNob3MgcGF0cmltb25pYWxlcyBkZSBhdXRvciBwb2Ryw6EgZGFyIHBvciB0ZXJtaW5hZGEgbGEgcHJlc2VudGUgbGljZW5jaWEgbWVkaWFudGUgc29saWNpdHVkIGVsZXZhZGEgYSBsYSBEaXJlY2Npw7NuIE5hY2lvbmFsIGRlIEJpYmxpb3RlY2FzIGRlIGxhIFVuaXZlcnNpZGFkIE5hY2lvbmFsIGRlIENvbG9tYmlhLiAKCmIpIAlMb3MgYXV0b3JlcyB5L28gdGl0dWxhcmVzIGRlIGxvcyBkZXJlY2hvcyBwYXRyaW1vbmlhbGVzIGRlIGF1dG9yIHNvYnJlIGxhIG9icmEgY29uZmllcmVuIGxhIGxpY2VuY2lhIHNlw7FhbGFkYSBlbiBlbCBsaXRlcmFsIGEpIGRlbCBwcmVzZW50ZSBkb2N1bWVudG8gcG9yIGVsIHRpZW1wbyBkZSBwcm90ZWNjacOzbiBkZSBsYSBvYnJhIGVuIHRvZG9zIGxvcyBwYcOtc2VzIGRlbCBtdW5kbywgZXN0byBlcywgc2luIGxpbWl0YWNpw7NuIHRlcnJpdG9yaWFsIGFsZ3VuYS4KCmMpCUxvcyBhdXRvcmVzIHkvbyB0aXR1bGFyZXMgZGUgZGVyZWNob3MgcGF0cmltb25pYWxlcyBkZSBhdXRvciBtYW5pZmllc3RhbiBlc3RhciBkZSBhY3VlcmRvIGNvbiBxdWUgbGEgcHJlc2VudGUgbGljZW5jaWEgc2Ugb3RvcmdhIGEgdMOtdHVsbyBncmF0dWl0bywgcG9yIGxvIHRhbnRvLCByZW51bmNpYW4gYSByZWNpYmlyIGN1YWxxdWllciByZXRyaWJ1Y2nDs24gZWNvbsOzbWljYSBvIGVtb2x1bWVudG8gYWxndW5vIHBvciBsYSBwdWJsaWNhY2nDs24sIGRpc3RyaWJ1Y2nDs24sIGNvbXVuaWNhY2nDs24gcMO6YmxpY2EgeSBjdWFscXVpZXIgb3RybyB1c28gcXVlIHNlIGhhZ2EgZW4gbG9zIHTDqXJtaW5vcyBkZSBsYSBwcmVzZW50ZSBsaWNlbmNpYSB5IGRlIGxhIGxpY2VuY2lhIENyZWF0aXZlIENvbW1vbnMgY29uIHF1ZSBzZSBwdWJsaWNhLgoKZCkJUXVpZW5lcyBmaXJtYW4gZWwgcHJlc2VudGUgZG9jdW1lbnRvIGRlY2xhcmFuIHF1ZSBwYXJhIGxhIGNyZWFjacOzbiBkZSBsYSBvYnJhLCBubyBzZSBoYW4gdnVsbmVyYWRvIGxvcyBkZXJlY2hvcyBkZSBwcm9waWVkYWQgaW50ZWxlY3R1YWwsIGluZHVzdHJpYWwsIG1vcmFsZXMgeSBwYXRyaW1vbmlhbGVzIGRlIHRlcmNlcm9zLiBEZSBvdHJhIHBhcnRlLCAgcmVjb25vY2VuIHF1ZSBsYSBVbml2ZXJzaWRhZCBOYWNpb25hbCBkZSBDb2xvbWJpYSBhY3TDumEgY29tbyB1biB0ZXJjZXJvIGRlIGJ1ZW5hIGZlIHkgc2UgZW5jdWVudHJhIGV4ZW50YSBkZSBjdWxwYSBlbiBjYXNvIGRlIHByZXNlbnRhcnNlIGFsZ8O6biB0aXBvIGRlIHJlY2xhbWFjacOzbiBlbiBtYXRlcmlhIGRlIGRlcmVjaG9zIGRlIGF1dG9yIG8gcHJvcGllZGFkIGludGVsZWN0dWFsIGVuIGdlbmVyYWwuIFBvciBsbyB0YW50bywgbG9zIGZpcm1hbnRlcyAgYWNlcHRhbiBxdWUgY29tbyB0aXR1bGFyZXMgw7puaWNvcyBkZSBsb3MgZGVyZWNob3MgcGF0cmltb25pYWxlcyBkZSBhdXRvciwgYXN1bWlyw6FuIHRvZGEgbGEgcmVzcG9uc2FiaWxpZGFkIGNpdmlsLCBhZG1pbmlzdHJhdGl2YSB5L28gcGVuYWwgcXVlIHB1ZWRhIGRlcml2YXJzZSBkZSBsYSBwdWJsaWNhY2nDs24gZGUgbGEgb2JyYS4gIAoKZikJQXV0b3JpemFuIGEgbGEgVW5pdmVyc2lkYWQgTmFjaW9uYWwgZGUgQ29sb21iaWEgaW5jbHVpciBsYSBvYnJhIGVuIGxvcyBhZ3JlZ2Fkb3JlcyBkZSBjb250ZW5pZG9zLCBidXNjYWRvcmVzIGFjYWTDqW1pY29zLCBtZXRhYnVzY2Fkb3Jlcywgw61uZGljZXMgeSBkZW3DoXMgbWVkaW9zIHF1ZSBzZSBlc3RpbWVuIG5lY2VzYXJpb3MgcGFyYSBwcm9tb3ZlciBlbCBhY2Nlc28geSBjb25zdWx0YSBkZSBsYSBtaXNtYS4gCgpnKQlFbiBlbCBjYXNvIGRlIGxhcyB0ZXNpcyBjcmVhZGFzIHBhcmEgb3B0YXIgZG9ibGUgdGl0dWxhY2nDs24sIGxvcyBmaXJtYW50ZXMgc2Vyw6FuIGxvcyByZXNwb25zYWJsZXMgZGUgY29tdW5pY2FyIGEgbGFzIGluc3RpdHVjaW9uZXMgbmFjaW9uYWxlcyBvIGV4dHJhbmplcmFzIGVuIGNvbnZlbmlvLCBsYXMgbGljZW5jaWFzIGRlIGFjY2VzbyBhYmllcnRvIENyZWF0aXZlIENvbW1vbnMgeSBhdXRvcml6YWNpb25lcyBhc2lnbmFkYXMgYSBzdSBvYnJhIHBhcmEgbGEgcHVibGljYWNpw7NuIGVuIGVsIFJlcG9zaXRvcmlvIEluc3RpdHVjaW9uYWwgVU5BTCBkZSBhY3VlcmRvIGNvbiBsYXMgZGlyZWN0cmljZXMgZGUgbGEgUG9sw610aWNhIEdlbmVyYWwgZGUgbGEgQmlibGlvdGVjYSBEaWdpdGFsLgoKCmgpCVNlIGF1dG9yaXphIGEgbGEgVW5pdmVyc2lkYWQgTmFjaW9uYWwgZGUgQ29sb21iaWEgY29tbyByZXNwb25zYWJsZSBkZWwgdHJhdGFtaWVudG8gZGUgZGF0b3MgcGVyc29uYWxlcywgZGUgYWN1ZXJkbyBjb24gbGEgbGV5IDE1ODEgZGUgMjAxMiBlbnRlbmRpZW5kbyBxdWUgc2UgZW5jdWVudHJhbiBiYWpvIG1lZGlkYXMgcXVlIGdhcmFudGl6YW4gbGEgc2VndXJpZGFkLCBjb25maWRlbmNpYWxpZGFkIGUgaW50ZWdyaWRhZCwgeSBzdSB0cmF0YW1pZW50byB0aWVuZSB1bmEgZmluYWxpZGFkIGhpc3TDs3JpY2EsIGVzdGFkw61zdGljYSBvIGNpZW50w61maWNhIHNlZ8O6biBsbyBkaXNwdWVzdG8gZW4gbGEgUG9sw610aWNhIGRlIFRyYXRhbWllbnRvIGRlIERhdG9zIFBlcnNvbmFsZXMuCgoKClBBUlRFIDIuIEFVVE9SSVpBQ0nDk04gUEFSQSBQVUJMSUNBUiBZIFBFUk1JVElSIExBIENPTlNVTFRBIFkgVVNPIERFIE9CUkFTIEVOIEVMIFJFUE9TSVRPUklPIElOU1RJVFVDSU9OQUwgVU5BTC4KClNlIGF1dG9yaXphIGxhIHB1YmxpY2FjacOzbiBlbGVjdHLDs25pY2EsIGNvbnN1bHRhIHkgdXNvIGRlIGxhIG9icmEgcG9yIHBhcnRlIGRlIGxhIFVuaXZlcnNpZGFkIE5hY2lvbmFsIGRlIENvbG9tYmlhIHkgZGUgc3VzIHVzdWFyaW9zIGRlIGxhIHNpZ3VpZW50ZSBtYW5lcmE6CgphLglDb25jZWRvIGxpY2VuY2lhIGVuIGxvcyB0w6lybWlub3Mgc2XDsWFsYWRvcyBlbiBsYSBwYXJ0ZSAxIGRlbCBwcmVzZW50ZSBkb2N1bWVudG8sIGNvbiBlbCBvYmpldGl2byBkZSBxdWUgbGEgb2JyYSBlbnRyZWdhZGEgc2VhIHB1YmxpY2FkYSBlbiBlbCBSZXBvc2l0b3JpbyBJbnN0aXR1Y2lvbmFsIGRlIGxhIFVuaXZlcnNpZGFkIE5hY2lvbmFsIGRlIENvbG9tYmlhIHkgcHVlc3RhIGEgZGlzcG9zaWNpw7NuIGVuIGFjY2VzbyBhYmllcnRvIHBhcmEgc3UgY29uc3VsdGEgcG9yIGxvcyB1c3VhcmlvcyBkZSBsYSBVbml2ZXJzaWRhZCBOYWNpb25hbCBkZSBDb2xvbWJpYSAgYSB0cmF2w6lzIGRlIGludGVybmV0LgoKCgpQQVJURSAzIEFVVE9SSVpBQ0nDk04gREUgVFJBVEFNSUVOVE8gREUgREFUT1MgUEVSU09OQUxFUy4KCkxhIFVuaXZlcnNpZGFkIE5hY2lvbmFsIGRlIENvbG9tYmlhLCBjb21vIHJlc3BvbnNhYmxlIGRlbCBUcmF0YW1pZW50byBkZSBEYXRvcyBQZXJzb25hbGVzLCBpbmZvcm1hIHF1ZSBsb3MgZGF0b3MgZGUgY2Fyw6FjdGVyIHBlcnNvbmFsIHJlY29sZWN0YWRvcyBtZWRpYW50ZSBlc3RlIGZvcm11bGFyaW8sIHNlIGVuY3VlbnRyYW4gYmFqbyBtZWRpZGFzIHF1ZSBnYXJhbnRpemFuIGxhIHNlZ3VyaWRhZCwgY29uZmlkZW5jaWFsaWRhZCBlIGludGVncmlkYWQgeSBzdSB0cmF0YW1pZW50byBzZSByZWFsaXphIGRlIGFjdWVyZG8gYWwgY3VtcGxpbWllbnRvIG5vcm1hdGl2byBkZSBsYSBMZXkgMTU4MSBkZSAyMDEyIHkgZGUgbGEgUG9sw610aWNhIGRlIFRyYXRhbWllbnRvIGRlIERhdG9zIFBlcnNvbmFsZXMgZGUgbGEgVW5pdmVyc2lkYWQgTmFjaW9uYWwgZGUgQ29sb21iaWEuIFB1ZWRlIGVqZXJjZXIgc3VzIGRlcmVjaG9zIGNvbW8gdGl0dWxhciBhIGNvbm9jZXIsIGFjdHVhbGl6YXIsIHJlY3RpZmljYXIgeSByZXZvY2FyIGxhcyBhdXRvcml6YWNpb25lcyBkYWRhcyBhIGxhcyBmaW5hbGlkYWRlcyBhcGxpY2FibGVzIGEgdHJhdsOpcyBkZSBsb3MgY2FuYWxlcyBkaXNwdWVzdG9zIHkgZGlzcG9uaWJsZXMgZW4gd3d3LnVuYWwuZWR1LmNvIG8gZS1tYWlsOiBwcm90ZWNkYXRvc19uYUB1bmFsLmVkdS5jbyIKClRlbmllbmRvIGVuIGN1ZW50YSBsbyBhbnRlcmlvciwgYXV0b3Jpem8gZGUgbWFuZXJhIHZvbHVudGFyaWEsIHByZXZpYSwgZXhwbMOtY2l0YSwgaW5mb3JtYWRhIGUgaW5lcXXDrXZvY2EgYSBsYSBVbml2ZXJzaWRhZCBOYWNpb25hbCBkZSBDb2xvbWJpYSBhIHRyYXRhciBsb3MgZGF0b3MgcGVyc29uYWxlcyBkZSBhY3VlcmRvIGNvbiBsYXMgZmluYWxpZGFkZXMgZXNwZWPDrWZpY2FzIHBhcmEgZWwgZGVzYXJyb2xsbyB5IGVqZXJjaWNpbyBkZSBsYXMgZnVuY2lvbmVzIG1pc2lvbmFsZXMgZGUgZG9jZW5jaWEsIGludmVzdGlnYWNpw7NuIHkgZXh0ZW5zacOzbiwgYXPDrSBjb21vIGxhcyByZWxhY2lvbmVzIGFjYWTDqW1pY2FzLCBsYWJvcmFsZXMsIGNvbnRyYWN0dWFsZXMgeSB0b2RhcyBsYXMgZGVtw6FzIHJlbGFjaW9uYWRhcyBjb24gZWwgb2JqZXRvIHNvY2lhbCBkZSBsYSBVbml2ZXJzaWRhZC4gCgo=

Publicaciones similares