Estudio del método de captura neutrónica con Boro-10 para su uso en radioterapia
ilustraciones, graficas, mapas,
- Autores:
-
Giraldo Torres, Yurani Andrea
- Tipo de recurso:
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2022
- Institución:
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia
- Repositorio:
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia
- Idioma:
- spa
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/81482
- Palabra clave:
- 530 - Física
Radioterapia
Radiotherapy
Boroterapia
Terapia con neutrones
Simulación
Borotherapy
Radiation therapy
Neutron therapy
Simulation
Geant4
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional
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dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv |
Estudio del método de captura neutrónica con Boro-10 para su uso en radioterapia |
dc.title.translated.eng.fl_str_mv |
Study of the neutron capture method with Boro-10 for its use in radiotherapy |
title |
Estudio del método de captura neutrónica con Boro-10 para su uso en radioterapia |
spellingShingle |
Estudio del método de captura neutrónica con Boro-10 para su uso en radioterapia 530 - Física Radioterapia Radiotherapy Boroterapia Terapia con neutrones Simulación Borotherapy Radiation therapy Neutron therapy Simulation Geant4 |
title_short |
Estudio del método de captura neutrónica con Boro-10 para su uso en radioterapia |
title_full |
Estudio del método de captura neutrónica con Boro-10 para su uso en radioterapia |
title_fullStr |
Estudio del método de captura neutrónica con Boro-10 para su uso en radioterapia |
title_full_unstemmed |
Estudio del método de captura neutrónica con Boro-10 para su uso en radioterapia |
title_sort |
Estudio del método de captura neutrónica con Boro-10 para su uso en radioterapia |
dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Giraldo Torres, Yurani Andrea |
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv |
Castro Serrato, Héctor Fabio |
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Giraldo Torres, Yurani Andrea |
dc.contributor.researchgroup.spa.fl_str_mv |
Fisica de Bajas Temperaturas y Magnetismo Cryomag |
dc.subject.ddc.spa.fl_str_mv |
530 - Física |
topic |
530 - Física Radioterapia Radiotherapy Boroterapia Terapia con neutrones Simulación Borotherapy Radiation therapy Neutron therapy Simulation Geant4 |
dc.subject.other.spa.fl_str_mv |
Radioterapia |
dc.subject.ddcuri.eng.fl_str_mv |
Radiotherapy |
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Boroterapia Terapia con neutrones Simulación |
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Borotherapy Radiation therapy Neutron therapy Simulation |
dc.subject.proposal.none.fl_str_mv |
Geant4 |
description |
ilustraciones, graficas, mapas, |
publishDate |
2022 |
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-06-01T19:54:59Z |
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-06-01T19:54:59Z |
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2022 |
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Trabajo de grado - Maestría |
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis |
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion |
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv |
Text |
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TM |
status_str |
acceptedVersion |
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/81482 |
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv |
Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ |
url |
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/81482 https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ |
identifier_str_mv |
Universidad Nacional de Colombia Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv |
spa |
language |
spa |
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
R. F. Barth, A. H. Soloway, and R. M. Brugger, “Boron neutron capture therapy of brain tumors: Past history, current status, and future potential,” Cancer Investigation, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 534–550, 1996. Minisiterio de Salud y Protección Social, “Observatorio Nacional de Cáncer guia metodológica,” ONC Colombia, pp. 1–59, 2018 N. Hawkes, “A comprehensive history of cancer treatment,” Healtcare, 2015. J. F. Brailsford, “Roentgen’s Discovery of Rays Their Apliccation to Medicine and Surgery,” Br J Radiol., vol. 227, pp. 453–461, 1946. P. Allisy-Roberts and J. Williams, “Gamma imaging,” Farr’s Physics for Medical Imaging, pp. 121–145, 2008. R. F. Barth, J. A. Coderre, M. G. H. Vicente, and T. E. Blue, “Boron neutron capture therapy of cancer: Current status and future prospects,” pp. 3987–4002, jun 2005. J. A. Coderre and G. M. Morris, “The radiation biology of boron neutron capture therapy,” Radiation Research, vol. 151, no. 1, pp. 1–18, 1999. 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Lederman, “The early history of radiotherapy: 1895-1939,” International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 639–648, 1981. J. D. Cockcroft and E. T. S. Walton, “Experiments with high velocity positive ions.[U+2015](I) Further developments in the method of obtaining high velocity positive ions,” The Royal Society of London., vol. 136, no. 830, pp. 619–630, 1932. H. Svensson, “Neutron Therapy- The historical background,” Acta Oncologica, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 227–231, 1994. D. W. Miller, “A review of proton beam radiation therapy,” Loma Linda University Medical Center, California, Tech. Rep. 11, 1995. A. Brown and R. Stuewer, “The Neutron and the Bomb: A Biography of Sir James Chadwick,” Physics Today, vol. 50, no. 12, pp. 65–66, 1997. M. C. Henderson, M. S. Livingston, and E. O. Lawrence, “Artificial radioactivity produced by Neutron bombardment,” Physical Review, vol. 45, no. 6, pp. 428–429, 1934. B. Reed, The Physics of the Manhattan Project, 2011. R. W. M.Frederick Hawthorne, Kenneth Shelly, Frontiers in neutron capture therapy, 2001. C. L. Lee, “The design of an intense accelerator-based epithermal neutron beam prototype for BNCT using near-threshold reactions,” 1998. J. S. of Neutron Capture, “What is bnct? — japanese society of neutron capture therapy,” http://www.jsnct.jp/e/about nct/, (Accessed on 03/13/2022). H. Tanaka, Y. Sakurai, M. Suzuki, and et al., “Characteristics comparison between a cyclotron-based neutron source and KUR-HWNIF for boron neutron capture therapy,” Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, vol. 267, no. 11, pp. 1970–1977, 2009. D. Kim, “overview of the A-BNCT System in Korea,” pp. 1–24, feb 2018. [Online]. Available: https://indico.ibs.re.kr/event/191/material/slides/52.pdf Sangmin Lee, Hyegang Chang, and Junyoung Lee, “Mixed field dosimetry,” https:// rplab.snu.ac.kr/bbs/board.php?bo table=sub3 3, (Accessed on 07/15/2021). H. Yang, D.-K. Yoon, and T. S. Suh, “Sensing changes in tumor during boron neutron capture therapy using PET with a collimator: Simulation study,” Nuclear Engineering and Technology, vol. 52, 2020. D. Haritz, D. Gabel, and R. Huiskamp, “Clinical phase-I study of NA2B12H11SH (BSH) in patients with malignant glioma as precondition for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT),” International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 1175–1181, 1994. R. Moss, P. Watkins, C. Vroegindeweij, and et al., The BNCT facility at the HFR Petten: Quality assurance for reactor facilities in clinical trials, 2001, pp. 268–274. S. Savolainen, M. Kortesniemi, M. Timonen, V. Reijonen, and et al., “Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) in Finland: Technological and physical prospects after 20 years of experiences,” Physica Medica, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 233–248, 2013. J. Capala, B. H. Stenstam, K. Sk¨old, P. M. Rosensch¨old, V. Giusti, Persson, and et al., “Boron neutron capture therapy for glioblastoma multiforme: Clinical studies in Sweden,” Journal of Neuro-Oncology, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 135–144, 2003. J. B. Kriz, M. Marek, J. Rataj, K. Prokes, F. Novy, F. Tovarys, V. D. Tomandl, and J. Honzatko, “The BNCT project in the Czech Republic before the start of clinical treatment,” pp. 419–424, 2001. J. Burian, M. Marek, J. Rataj, S. Flibor, J. Rejchrt, L. Viererbl, Sus, and et al., “Report on the first patient group of the phase I BNCT trial at the LVR-15 reactor,” International Congress Series, vol. 1259, no. C, pp. 27–32, 2004. C. Achilli, S. Grandi, A. Ciana, G. F. Guidetti, A. Malara, V. Abbonante, Cansolino, and et al., “Biocompatibility of functionalized boron phosphate (BPO4) nanoparticles for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) application,” Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology, and Medicine, vol. 10, no. 3, 2014. Pavia, “Bnct,” https://www.bnct.it, (Accessed on 07/15/2021) E. L. Kreimann, “Estudios de terapia por captura neutr´onica en boro (BNCT) en un modelo experimental de c´ancer oral,” Ph.D. dissertation, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 2002. CNEA, “Protocolo de estudio fase ii para el tratamiento de melanoma con bnct — argentina.gob.ar,” https://www.argentina.gob.ar/cnea/ terapia-por-captura-neutronica-en-boro/protocolo-de-estudio-fase-ii, (Accessed on 03/10/2022) A. J. Molinari, S. I. Thorp, A. M. Portu, G. S. Martin, Pozzi, and et al., “Assessing advantages of sequential boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) in an oral cancer model with normalized blood vessels,” Acta Oncologica, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 99–106, 2015. M. A. Pisarev, M. A. Dagrosa, L. Thomasz, and G. Juvenal, “Tratamiento del cancer por captura neutronica de boro su aplicacion al carcinoma indiferenciado de tiroides,” Medicina, vol. 66, no. 6, pp. 569–573, 2006. E. N. Latinoamericana, “Argentina: Avances en la terapia por captura neutr´onica en boro — enula.org – energ´ıa nuclear latinoamericana,” http://enula.org/2018/04/ argentina-avances-en-la-terapia-por-captura-neutronica-en-boro/, Abril 2018, (Accessed on 03/14/2022). A. J. Kreiner, J. Bergueiro, D. Cartelli, and et al., “Present status of Accelerator-Based BNCT,” Reports of Practical Oncology Radiotherapy, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 95–101, 2016. “Mapamundi político para imprimir,” https://mapamundiparaimprimir.com/politico/, (Accessed on 04/21/2021). O. K. Harling, K. J. Riley, T. H. Newton, B. A. Wilson, and et al., “The new fission converter based epithermal neutron irradiation facility for neutron capture therapy,” Neutron News, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 24–26, 2001. E. Bisceglie, P. Colangelo, N. Colonna, and et al., “On the optimal energy of epithermal neutron beams for BNCT,” Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 49–58, 2000. R. Zamenhof, B. Murray, G. Brownell, G. Wellum, and E. 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S. I. Miyatake, S. Kawabata, and et al., “Survival benefit of Boron neutron capture therapy for recurrent malignant gliomas,” Journal of Neuro-Oncology, vol. 91, no. 2, pp. 199–206, 2009. M. Pedrosa, I. Porras, J. Praena, and et al., “Ppt - beams of the “lightest radionuclide useful for hadron therapy”: neutron beams for bnct powerpoint presentation - id:8820176,” https://www.slideserve.com/jcreasey/beams-of-the-lightest-radionuclide-useful-for-hadron-therapy-neutron-beams-for-bnct\-powerpoint-ppt-presentation, 10 2019, (Accessed on 04/17/2021). R. Seki, Y. Wakisaka, N. Morimoto, and et al., “Physics of epi-thermal boron neutron capture therapy (epi-thermal BNCT),” Radiological Physics and Technology, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 387–408, dec 2017. R. S. Medina, D. A. Téllez, E. Munévar, and J. A. Leyva, “Caracterización de la reacción nuclear de la terapia de captura neutrónica por Boro (BNCT) por medio de Geant4,” Revista Investigaciones y Aplicaciones Nucleares, no. 2, pp. 43–54, dec 2018. Y. M. Cruz Guerra, J. A. Sarta Fuentes, and J. A. Leyva Rojas, “Cálculo preliminar de dosis en la terapia por captura neutrónica del boro empleando teoría de difusión y remoción,” Master’s thesis, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, jul 2019. J. A. Cifuentes Parada, J. A. Sarta Fuentes, and J. A. Leyva Rojas, “Evaluación Preliminar de la Aceleración de Deuterio en un Generador de Neutrones Deuterio-Deuterio Compacto de Alto Flujo Contenido,” Master’s thesis, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, 2019. E. B. Podgorsak, Biological and Medical Physics Biomedical Engineering, Physics for Medical Physicist, 2010. W. R. Leo and D. G. Haase, Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments,1990, vol. 58, no. 12. S. M. Malkapur and M. C. Narasimhan, “10 - Virgin and waste polymer incorporated concrete mixes for enhanced neutron radiation shielding characteristics,” in Use of Recycled Plastics in Eco-efficient Concrete, ser. Woodhead Publishing Series in Civil and Structural Engineering, F. 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Kiger, “Boron Neutron Capture Therapy: Cellular Targeting of High Linear Energy Transfer Radiation,” Technology in Cancer Research and Treatment, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 355–375, 2003. G. Daquino, “Treatment Planning Systems for BNCT,” CERN, Tech. Rep., 2003. “acidoacetico.com,” https://www.acidoacetico.com/boro/, (Accessed on 04/15/2021). Richard Beatty, The Element - Boron. New York: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark. Gerencia de Seguridad Industrial y Responsabilidad Integral / Mon´omeros Colombo Venezolanos S.A., “Hoja de datos de seguridad del material,” Mon´omeros, Barranquilla, Tech. Rep. Ntc 4435, 2003. Los Alamos National laboratory, “Periodic table of elements: Los alamos national laboratory,” https://periodic.lanl.gov/5.shtml, 2019, (Accessed on 01/15/2021). E. J. Hall and S. Willson, Radiobiology for the Radiologist, 7th ed., Wolters Kluwer, Ed., 2019. J. B. Storer, P. S. Harris, J. E. Furchner, and W. H. 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Agostinelli and E. al, “GEANT4 - A simulation toolkit,” Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol. 506, no. 3, pp. 250–303, 2003. Geant4 Collaboration, Book For Application Developers, 2019. N. Ratcliffe, “Potential of a Compact Low Energy Proton Accelertor for Medical Applications,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Huddersfield, 2005. L. Moghaddasi and E. Bezak, “Geant4 beam model for boron neutron capture therapy: investigation of neutron dose components,” Australasian Physical and Engineering Sciences in Medicine, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 129–141, 2018. D. W. Nigg, C. A. Wemple, R. Risler, and et al., “Modification of the University of Washington neutron radiotherapy facility for optimization of neutron capture enhanced fast-neutron therapy,” Medical Physics, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 359–367, 2000. M. Marek, M. Vins, Z. Lahodova, L. Viererbl, and M. Koleska, “Extended set of activation monitors for NCT beam characterization and spectral conditions of the beam after reactor fuel conversion,” Applied Radiation and Isotopes, vol. 88, pp. 157–161, 2014. N. Zahra, T. Frisson, L. Grevillot, and et al., “Influence of Geant4 parameters on dose distribution and computation time for carbon ion therapy simulation,” Physica Medica, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 202–208, 2010. Y. H. Liu, S. Nievaart, P. E. Tsai, and et al., “Neutron spectra measurement and comparison of the HFR and THOR BNCT beams,” Applied Radiation and Isotopes, vol. 67, no. 7-8 SUPPL., pp. 137–140, 2009. J. J. Ahumada and A. Spin, “Modificación del Reactor IAN-R1,” Instituto de Asuntos Nucleares, Bogotá, Tech. Rep. J. A. Sarta Fuentes and L. A. Castiblanco Bohorquez, “Neutron flux measurement and thermal power calibration of the ian-r1 triga reactor,” Oct 2008. J. A. Coderre, M. S. Makar, P. L. Micca, and et al., “Derivations of relative biological effectiveness for the high-let radiations produced during boron neutron capture irradiations of the 9l rat gliosarcoma in vitro and in vivo,” International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 1121–1129, 1993. J. A. Coderre, E. H. Elowitz, M. Chadha, and et al, “Boron neutron capture therapy for glioblastoma multiforme using p-boronophenylalanine and epithermal neutrons: Trial design and early clinical results,” Journal of Neuro-Oncology, vol. 33, no. 1-2, pp. 141– 152, 1997. |
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Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacionalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Castro Serrato, Héctor Fabio8746f6e67a0c6080ae1924c0c256d0a8Giraldo Torres, Yurani Andrea84bb36e8e5a171ff248e763e2f08bb0aFisica de Bajas Temperaturas y Magnetismo Cryomag2022-06-01T19:54:59Z2022-06-01T19:54:59Z2022https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/81482Universidad Nacional de ColombiaRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiahttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ilustraciones, graficas, mapas,La terapia de captura neutrónica con boro (BNCT) es un tipo de radioterapia, que tiene como fin la entrega de una dosis alta y localizada de radiación a un tejido tumoral, al tiempo de que se minimiza significativamente la dosis en el tejido sano. La BNCT es realizada con la captura de neutrones de bajas energías, cuyas fuentes son los reactores nucleares y los aceleradores de partículas, por núcleos de 10B que se incorporan con anterioridad en el tumor. Las dosis son obtenidas de las partículas secundarias resultantes de la reacción nuclear 10B(n, α)7Li, núcleos de 7Li y partículas alfa (α), que depositan altas energías en su trayectoria, de modo que atenúan la radiación emitida rápidamente y penetran poco tejido a su alrededor (alta transferencia lineal de energía). En este trabajo se estudió la dosimetría de un haz de neutrones que interactúa con una mezcla homogénea de 10B y agua, así como se analizó el comportamiento del depósito de dosis a profundidad. Con este objetivo se construyó una simulación usando el código Montecarlo Geant4. En primer lugar, este código modeló un haz de neutrones de energías variables (1 meV, 1 eV, 1 keV y 1 MeV) que interactuó con un maniquí de agua cuyo contenido de 10B es 100 µg/ml. Como resultado se obtiene que a bajas energías (hasta 1 keV) la dosis depositada por captura neutrónica supera el 90 % de la dosis total. En segundo lugar, se estudió el comportamiento de la dosis con la variación de concentración, para ello se irradió un maniquí con el espectro de neutrones del reactor de investigación LVR-15, y se usaron diferentes concentraciones de 10B en agua (50, 100, 150 y 200 µg/ml). Como resultado se obtuvo que la dosis depositada es directamente proporcional al incremento de la concentración de 10B y que la dosis máxima para una concentración de 200 µg/ml alcanzó a ser 29 veces la dosis en ausencia de 10B. Posteriormente, se investigó cómo es el comportamiento de la dosis con la posición del blanco (variación en profundidad), empleando como fuente el haz de neutrones del reactor de investigación LVR-15. Para cumplir el propósito, se construyó una nueva simulación donde el maniquí fue conformado por un cubo de agua que tenía inscrito otro cubo de agua y 10B, se realizó una variación en la ubicación (0 cm., 2.5 cm., y 5 cm desde la entrada del haz) del cubo interno, así mismo se cambió la concentración en cada una de las profundidades. Como resultado se produjo que la razón de dosis depositada en el tumor respecto al tejido sano se altera de acuerdo con la profundidad de la lesión, demostrando que el depósito de dosis localizado para este tipo de terapia es mejor en tumores superficiales, debido a que la razón de dosis entre tejidos es mayor, esto quiere decir que el tejido sano se irradia en menor cantidad. Finalmente, se simuló un plan de tratamiento de radioterapia para una lesión tumoral ubicada en la región cerebral, cuya fuente de irradiación fue el espectro de neutrones del reactor nuclear de investigación IAN-R1 ubicado en el Servicio Geológico Colombiano, tras cuantificar la dosis recibida en estructuras de riesgo se encontró que los valores de razón entre la dosis del tejido tumoral y la del tejido sano fue de 8.3:1. Con esto se demuestra que es posible realizar investigación de BNCT en el reactor IAN R1. (Texto tomado de la fuente)Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a type of radiation therapy, which aims to deliver a high, localized dose of radiation to tumor tissue, while significantly minimizing the dose to healthy tissue. BNCT is performed with the capture of low energy neutrons, the sources are nuclear reactors and particle accelerators, by 10B nuclei that are previously incorporated into the tumor. The doses are obtained from the secondary particles resulting from the nuclear reaction 10B(n, α) 7Li, nuclei of 7Li and alpha particles (α), which deposit high energies in their path, so that they attenuate the radiation emitted quickly and penetrate little tissue around them (high linear energy transfer). In this work, the dosimetry of a neutron beam interacting with a homogeneous mixture of 10B and water was studied, as well as the behavior of the dose deposit at depth was analyzed. With this objective, a simulation was built using the Montecarlo Geant4 code. First, this code modeled a neutron beam of variable energies (1 meV, 1 eV, 1 keV and 1 MeV) that interacted with a water phantom whose content of 10B is 100µg/ml. As a result, it is obtained that at low energies (up to 1 keV) the dose deposited by neutron capture exceeds 90 % of the total dose. Second, the behavior of the dose with the variation of concentration was studied, for this a phantom was irradiated with the neutron spectrum of the LVR-15 research reactor, and different concentrations of 10B were used in water (50, 100, 150 and 200 µg/ml). As a result, it was obtained that the dose deposited is directly proportional to the increase in the concentration of 10B and that the maximum dose for a concentration of 200 µg/ml was 29 times the dose in the absence of 10B. Subsequently, the behavior of the dose with the position of the target (depth variation) was investigated, using the neutron beam from the LVR-15 research reactor as a source. To fulfill the purpose, a new simulation was built where the mannequin was made up of a bucket of water that had another bucket of water inscribed and 10B, a variation was made in the location (0 cm., 2.5 cm., And 5 cm from the entrance of the beam) of the internal cube, likewise the concentration in each of the depths was changed. As a result, it was produced that the dose ratio deposited in the tumor with respect to healthy tissue alters according to the depth of the lesion, demonstrating that the localized dose deposit for this type of therapy is better in superficial tumors, due to the fact that the The dose ratio between tissues is higher, this means that healthy tissue is irradiated in less quantity. Finally, a radiotherapy treatment plan was simulated for a tumor lesion located in the brain region, whose irradiation source was the neutron spectrum of the IAN-R1 nuclear research reactor located in the Colombian Geological Survey, after quantifying the dose received in risk structures, it was found that the ratio values between the dose of tumor tissue and that of healthy tissue was 8.3:1. 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