Comparative analysis of the energy efficiency of container terminals in Colombia
Colombian ports and container terminals, as well as their regulators, have been approaching sustainability in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and energy efficiency. This study is part of this effort, as it analyzes the relationship between energy consumption, throughput, and overall costs in conta...
- Autores:
-
Spaggiari Castro, Luisa Fernanda
- Tipo de recurso:
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2022
- Institución:
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia
- Repositorio:
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/81681
- Palabra clave:
- 620 - Ingeniería y operaciones afines::629 - Otras ramas de la ingeniería
Energy consumption
Marine terminals
Sustainable development
Consumo de energía
Terminales marítimos
Desarrollo sostenible
Eficiencia energética
Cambio climático
Puertos
Colombia
Consumo de energía
Desempeño sustentable
Productividad portuaria
Climate change
Colombia
Energy efficiency
Ports
Energy consumption
Sustainable performance
Port productivity
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional
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| dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv |
Comparative analysis of the energy efficiency of container terminals in Colombia |
| dc.title.translated.spa.fl_str_mv |
Análisis comparativo de la eficiencia energética de las terminales de contenedores en Colombia |
| title |
Comparative analysis of the energy efficiency of container terminals in Colombia |
| spellingShingle |
Comparative analysis of the energy efficiency of container terminals in Colombia 620 - Ingeniería y operaciones afines::629 - Otras ramas de la ingeniería Energy consumption Marine terminals Sustainable development Consumo de energía Terminales marítimos Desarrollo sostenible Eficiencia energética Cambio climático Puertos Colombia Consumo de energía Desempeño sustentable Productividad portuaria Climate change Colombia Energy efficiency Ports Energy consumption Sustainable performance Port productivity |
| title_short |
Comparative analysis of the energy efficiency of container terminals in Colombia |
| title_full |
Comparative analysis of the energy efficiency of container terminals in Colombia |
| title_fullStr |
Comparative analysis of the energy efficiency of container terminals in Colombia |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Comparative analysis of the energy efficiency of container terminals in Colombia |
| title_sort |
Comparative analysis of the energy efficiency of container terminals in Colombia |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Spaggiari Castro, Luisa Fernanda |
| dc.contributor.advisor.spa.fl_str_mv |
Wilmsmeier, Gordon Jiménez Poveda, Pedro Luis |
| dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv |
Spaggiari Castro, Luisa Fernanda |
| dc.subject.ddc.spa.fl_str_mv |
620 - Ingeniería y operaciones afines::629 - Otras ramas de la ingeniería |
| topic |
620 - Ingeniería y operaciones afines::629 - Otras ramas de la ingeniería Energy consumption Marine terminals Sustainable development Consumo de energía Terminales marítimos Desarrollo sostenible Eficiencia energética Cambio climático Puertos Colombia Consumo de energía Desempeño sustentable Productividad portuaria Climate change Colombia Energy efficiency Ports Energy consumption Sustainable performance Port productivity |
| dc.subject.lemb.eng.fl_str_mv |
Energy consumption Marine terminals Sustainable development |
| dc.subject.lemb.spa.fl_str_mv |
Consumo de energía Terminales marítimos Desarrollo sostenible |
| dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Eficiencia energética Cambio climático Puertos Colombia Consumo de energía Desempeño sustentable Productividad portuaria Climate change Colombia |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Energy efficiency Ports Energy consumption Sustainable performance Port productivity |
| description |
Colombian ports and container terminals, as well as their regulators, have been approaching sustainability in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and energy efficiency. This study is part of this effort, as it analyzes the relationship between energy consumption, throughput, and overall costs in container terminals. This is the first research that considers results for all container terminals in the same country for four years. The data analyzed in this study comes from a joint effort between Colombia's Ministry of Transport and the Universidad de Los Andes. These institutions designed and applied a survey to all of the terminals in Colombia, offering an overview of the activities of the port sector from 2010 to 2020. The present study focuses on a specific subset of the collected data: container terminals from 2017 to 2020. Moreover, it uses this data to compare the state of said terminals in Colombia to those in Chile. The results of the analysis showed that energy consumption reduced gradually during the 2017-2020 period. This study also found some promising changes in energy sources and a reduction in energy consumption in different terminals. Compared to previous research, the amount of energy that was either undefined or unaccounted for has also been reduced. |
| publishDate |
2022 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-07-05T19:22:19Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-07-05T19:22:19Z |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-06-22 |
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Trabajo de grado - Maestría |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion |
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Text |
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http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TM |
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acceptedVersion |
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https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/81681 |
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Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
| dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
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https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ |
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https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/81681 https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ |
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Universidad Nacional de Colombia Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
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eng |
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eng |
| dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
Acciaro, M., & Wilmsmeier, G. (2015). Energy efficiency in maritime logistics chains. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 17, 1-7. Acciaro, M., Ghiara, H., & Cusano, M. Í. (2016). Energy management in seaports: A new role for port authorities. Energy Policy, 71, 4-12. Alamoush, A., Ballini, F., & Ölçer, A. (2020). Ports' technical and operational measures to reduce greenhouse gas emission and improve energy efficiency: A review. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 160(111508). Alamoush, A., Ölcer, A., & Ballini, F. (2021). Port greenhouse gas emission reduction: Port and public authorities’ implementation schemes. Research in Transportation Business & Management(41). Arena, F., Malara, G., Musolino, G., Rindone, C., Romolo, A., & Vitetta, A. (2018). From green-energy to green-logistics: a pilot study in an Italian Port Area. Transport Research Procedia, 30, 111-118. Atulya, M., Karthik, P., Senthil Kumar, G., Elayaperumal , A., & Velraj , R. (2017). GHG emission accounting and mitigation strategies to reduce the carbon footprint in conventional port activities - a case of the port of Chennai. Carbon management, 8(1), 45-56. Azarkamand, S., Ferré, G., & Darbra, R. M. (2020). Calculating the Carbon Footprint in ports by using a standardized tool. Science of the Total Environmen, 734. Brinkmann, B. (2011). Operations Systems of Container Terminals A Compendious Overvie. En Handbook of Terminal Planning (págs. 25-39). Springer. Budiyanto, M. A., Nasruddin, & Zhafari, F. (2018). Simulation study using building-design energy analysis to estimate energy consumption of refrigerated container. Nagoya, Japan. ECLAC. (2014). Consumo y eficiencia energética en los principales terminales portuarios de Chile. Santiago, Chile: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. ECLAC. (2015). Maritime and Logistics Newsletter - Towards benchmarking energy consumption in container terminals. Fitzgerald, W. B., Howitt, O., Smith, I., & Hume, A. (2011). Energy use of integral refrigerated containers in maritime transportation. Energy Policy, 39, 1885-1896. Geerlings, H., & Van Duin, R. (2011). A new method for assessing CO2 emissions from container terminals: a promising approach applied in Rotterdam. Journal of Cleaaner Production, 19, 657-666. Gerring, J. (2004). What Is a Case Study and What Is It Good for? American Political Science Review, 98(2), 341-354. Global Sustainability Standard Board. (2016). GRI 302: Energy 2016. He, J. (2016). Berth allocation and quay crane assignment in a container terminal for the trade-off between time-saving and energy-saving. Advanced Engineering Informatics, 36, 390-405. He, J., Huang, Y., & Yan, W. (2015). Yard crane scheduling in a container terminal for the trade-off between efficiency and energy consumption. Advanced Engineering Informatics, 29, 56-75. He, J., Youfang, H., Wei, Y., & Shuaian, W. (2015). Integrated internal truck, yard crane and quay crane scheduling in a Integrated internal truck, yard crane and quay crane scheduling in a. Expert Systems with Applications, 42, 2464-2487. Hentschela, M., Ketterb, W., & Collins, J. (2018). Renewable energy cooperatives: Facilitating the energy transition at the Port of Rotterdam. Energy Policy, 121, 61-69. International Transport Forum. (2015). ITF Transport Outlook. OECD . Iris, Ç., & Lam, J. S. (2019). A review of energy efficiency in ports: Operational strategies, technologies and energy management systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 112, 170-182. Lin, B., Collins, J., & Su, R. K. (2001). Supply Chain Costing: an activity-based perspective. International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics, 31. Mamatok, Y., & Jin, C. (2016). An integrated framework for carbon footprinting at container seaports: the case study of a Chinese port. Maritime Policy & Management. Martínez-Moya, J., Vazquez-Paja, B., & Gimenez Maldonado, J. A. (2019). Energy efficiency and CO2 emissions of port container terminal equipment: Evidence from the Port of Valencia. Energy Policy, 131, 312-319. Ministerio de Transporte. (2020). Transporte en Cifras 2019. Bogotá. Ministry of the Environment and Sustainable Development. (2017). Plan de gestión de cambio climático para los puertos marítimos de Colombia. Bogotá. Monios, J., & Wilmsmeier, G. (2014). The Impact of Container Type Diversification on Regional British Port Development Strategies. Transport reviews, 34(5), 583-606. Na, J.-H., Choi, A.-Y., Ji, J., & Zhang, D. (2017). Environmental efficiency analysis of Chinese container ports with CO2 emissions: An inseparable input-output SBM mode. Journal of Transport Geography, 65, 13-24. National Infrastructure Agency. (2021). www.ani.gov.co. Recuperado el 25 de January de 2022, de https://www.ani.gov.co/en-los-ultimos-tres-anos-se-han-invertido-146-millones-de-dolares-en-las-63-terminales-portuarias National Planning Department. (2019). Demand and port capacity study. Bogotá: National Planing Department. National Planning Department . (1995). CONPES 2782 - Plan de acción para el sector portuario. Puig, M., Raptis, S., Wooldridge, C., & Darbra, R. (2020). Performance trends of environmental management in European ports. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 160(111686 Quintano, C., Mazzocchi, P., & Rocca, A. (2020). Examining eco-efficiency in the port sector via non-radial data envelopment analysis and the response based procedure for detecting unit segments. Journal of Cleaner Production, 259. Rhee, Y. (2004). The EPO chain in relationships management a case study of a government organization. Sdoukopoulos, E., Boile, M., Tromaras, A., & Anastasiadis, N. (2019). Energy efficiency in euoepan ports: State of practice and Insights of the way forward. Sustainability, 11, 2-25. Sha, M., Zhang, T., Lan, Y., Zhou, X., Qin, T., Yu, D., & Chen, K. (2016). Scheduling Optimization of Yard Cranes with Minimal Energy Consumption at Container Terminals. Computers & Industrial Engineering. Sifakis, N., & Tsoutsos, T. (2021). Planning zero-emissions ports through the nearly zero energy port concept. Journal of cleanner production, 286. Spengler, T., & Wilmsmeier, G. (2019). Sustainable Performance and Benchmarking in Container Terminals - The Energy Dimesion. En Green Ports (págs. 125-154). Elsevier. Superintendencia de transporte. (2020). Statistical Bulletin Port Traffic in Colombia. Bogotá: Superintendencia de transporte. Tao, X., & Wu, Q. (2021). Energy consumption and CO2 emissions in hinterland container transport. Journal of Cleaner Production, 279(123394). UNCTAD. (2021). Review of Maritime Transport. Geneva: United Nations. Vaioa, A. D., Varriale, L., & Alvino, F. (2018). Key performance indicators for developing environmentally sustainable and energy efficient ports: Evidence from Italy. Energy Policy, 122, 229-240. Van Duin, J., & Geerlings, H. (2011). Estimating CO2 footprint of container terminal port-operations. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning , 6(4), 459-473. Villalba, G., & Gemechu, D. E. (2011). Estimating GHG emissions of marine ports—the case of Barcelona. Energy Policy, 39, 1363-1368. Wang, L., Zhou, Z., Yang, Y., & Wu, J. (2020). Green efficiency evaluation and improvement of Chinese ports: A cross-efficiency model. Transportation Research Part D, 88. Wilmsmeier, G. (2012). Infrastructure charges: Creating inventives to improve enviromental performance FAL309. Wilmsmeier, G. (2020). Climate change adpation and mitigation in ports Advances in Colombia. En Maritime Transport and Regional Sustainability (págs. 133- 150). Elsevier Inc. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819134-7.00008-3 Wilmsmeier, G., & Spengler, T. (2016). Energy consumption and container terminal efficiency. Natural Resources and Infrastructure Division, UNECLAC. Wilmsmeier, G., Zotz, A.-K., Froese, J., & Meyer, A. (2014). Energy Consumption and Efficiency: Emerging Challenges from Reefer Trade in South American Container Terminals. En FAL 329. ECLAC. Yang, Y.-C., & Chang, W.-M. (2013). Impacts of electric rubber-tired gantries on green port performance. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 8, 67-76. Yang, Y.-C., & Chang, W.-M. (2013). Impacts of electric rubber-tired gantries on green port performance. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 8, 67-76. |
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Atribución-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacionalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Wilmsmeier, Gordon793e28a1bc1828ae0b8eaed4023e3316600Jiménez Poveda, Pedro Luis194867bea7bf4ae28b706b43c6fc6eaaSpaggiari Castro, Luisa Fernandad1c589e32370e842feedee166397ed632022-07-05T19:22:19Z2022-07-05T19:22:19Z2022-06-22https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/81681Universidad Nacional de ColombiaRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiahttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/Colombian ports and container terminals, as well as their regulators, have been approaching sustainability in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and energy efficiency. This study is part of this effort, as it analyzes the relationship between energy consumption, throughput, and overall costs in container terminals. This is the first research that considers results for all container terminals in the same country for four years. The data analyzed in this study comes from a joint effort between Colombia's Ministry of Transport and the Universidad de Los Andes. These institutions designed and applied a survey to all of the terminals in Colombia, offering an overview of the activities of the port sector from 2010 to 2020. The present study focuses on a specific subset of the collected data: container terminals from 2017 to 2020. Moreover, it uses this data to compare the state of said terminals in Colombia to those in Chile. The results of the analysis showed that energy consumption reduced gradually during the 2017-2020 period. This study also found some promising changes in energy sources and a reduction in energy consumption in different terminals. Compared to previous research, the amount of energy that was either undefined or unaccounted for has also been reduced.Los puertos y terminales de contenedores colombianos, así como sus reguladores, han venido abordando la sostenibilidad en términos de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y eficiencia energética. Este estudio es parte de este esfuerzo, ya que analiza la relación entre el consumo de energía, el rendimiento y los costos generales en las terminales de contenedores. Esta es la primera investigación que considera resultados para todas las terminales de contenedores en un mismo país durante cuatro años. Los datos analizados en este estudio provienen de un esfuerzo conjunto entre el Ministerio de Transporte de Colombia y la Universidad de Los Andes. Estas instituciones diseñaron y aplicaron una encuesta a todas las terminales portuarias en Colombia, ofreciendo una visión general de las actividades del sector portuario de 2010 a 2020. El presente estudio se enfoca en un subconjunto específico de los datos recopilados: las terminales de contenedores de 2017 a 2020. Además, utiliza estos datos para comparar el estado de dichos terminales en Colombia con los de Chile. Los resultados del análisis mostraron que el consumo de energía se redujo gradualmente durante el período 2017-2020. Este estudio también encontró algunos cambios prometedores en las fuentes de energía y una reducción en el consumo de energía en diferentes terminales. En comparación con investigaciones anteriores, la cantidad de energía que no estaba definida o no se contabilizaba también se ha reducido en cierta medida. (Texto tomado de la fuente).MaestríaMagíster en Ingeniería - TransporteMovilidad y desarrollo tecnológicoxvi, 67 páginasapplication/pdfengUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaBogotá - Ingeniería - Maestría en Ingeniería - TransporteDepartamento de Ingeniería Civil y AgrícolaFacultad de IngenieríaBogotá, ColombiaUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá620 - Ingeniería y operaciones afines::629 - Otras ramas de la ingenieríaEnergy consumptionMarine terminalsSustainable developmentConsumo de energíaTerminales marítimosDesarrollo sostenibleEficiencia energéticaCambio climáticoPuertosColombiaConsumo de energíaDesempeño sustentableProductividad portuariaClimate changeColombiaEnergy efficiencyPortsEnergy consumptionSustainable performancePort productivityComparative analysis of the energy efficiency of container terminals in ColombiaAnálisis comparativo de la eficiencia energética de las terminales de contenedores en ColombiaTrabajo de grado - Maestríainfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionTexthttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TMColombiaAcciaro, M., & Wilmsmeier, G. (2015). Energy efficiency in maritime logistics chains. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 17, 1-7.Acciaro, M., Ghiara, H., & Cusano, M. Í. (2016). Energy management in seaports: A new role for port authorities. Energy Policy, 71, 4-12.Alamoush, A., Ballini, F., & Ölçer, A. (2020). Ports' technical and operational measures to reduce greenhouse gas emission and improve energy efficiency: A review. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 160(111508).Alamoush, A., Ölcer, A., & Ballini, F. (2021). Port greenhouse gas emission reduction: Port and public authorities’ implementation schemes. Research in Transportation Business & Management(41).Arena, F., Malara, G., Musolino, G., Rindone, C., Romolo, A., & Vitetta, A. (2018). From green-energy to green-logistics: a pilot study in an Italian Port Area. Transport Research Procedia, 30, 111-118.Atulya, M., Karthik, P., Senthil Kumar, G., Elayaperumal , A., & Velraj , R. (2017). GHG emission accounting and mitigation strategies to reduce the carbon footprint in conventional port activities - a case of the port of Chennai. Carbon management, 8(1), 45-56.Azarkamand, S., Ferré, G., & Darbra, R. M. (2020). Calculating the Carbon Footprint in ports by using a standardized tool. Science of the Total Environmen, 734.Brinkmann, B. (2011). Operations Systems of Container Terminals A Compendious Overvie. En Handbook of Terminal Planning (págs. 25-39). Springer.Budiyanto, M. A., Nasruddin, & Zhafari, F. (2018). Simulation study using building-design energy analysis to estimate energy consumption of refrigerated container. Nagoya, Japan.ECLAC. (2014). Consumo y eficiencia energética en los principales terminales portuarios de Chile. Santiago, Chile: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean.ECLAC. (2015). Maritime and Logistics Newsletter - Towards benchmarking energy consumption in container terminals.Fitzgerald, W. B., Howitt, O., Smith, I., & Hume, A. (2011). Energy use of integral refrigerated containers in maritime transportation. Energy Policy, 39, 1885-1896.Geerlings, H., & Van Duin, R. (2011). A new method for assessing CO2 emissions from container terminals: a promising approach applied in Rotterdam. Journal of Cleaaner Production, 19, 657-666.Gerring, J. (2004). What Is a Case Study and What Is It Good for? American Political Science Review, 98(2), 341-354.Global Sustainability Standard Board. (2016). GRI 302: Energy 2016.He, J. (2016). Berth allocation and quay crane assignment in a container terminal for the trade-off between time-saving and energy-saving. Advanced Engineering Informatics, 36, 390-405.He, J., Huang, Y., & Yan, W. (2015). Yard crane scheduling in a container terminal for the trade-off between efficiency and energy consumption. Advanced Engineering Informatics, 29, 56-75.He, J., Youfang, H., Wei, Y., & Shuaian, W. (2015). Integrated internal truck, yard crane and quay crane scheduling in a Integrated internal truck, yard crane and quay crane scheduling in a. Expert Systems with Applications, 42, 2464-2487.Hentschela, M., Ketterb, W., & Collins, J. (2018). Renewable energy cooperatives: Facilitating the energy transition at the Port of Rotterdam. Energy Policy, 121, 61-69.International Transport Forum. (2015). ITF Transport Outlook. OECD .Iris, Ç., & Lam, J. S. (2019). A review of energy efficiency in ports: Operational strategies, technologies and energy management systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 112, 170-182.Lin, B., Collins, J., & Su, R. K. (2001). Supply Chain Costing: an activity-based perspective. International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics, 31.Mamatok, Y., & Jin, C. (2016). An integrated framework for carbon footprinting at container seaports: the case study of a Chinese port. Maritime Policy & Management.Martínez-Moya, J., Vazquez-Paja, B., & Gimenez Maldonado, J. A. (2019). Energy efficiency and CO2 emissions of port container terminal equipment: Evidence from the Port of Valencia. Energy Policy, 131, 312-319.Ministerio de Transporte. (2020). Transporte en Cifras 2019. Bogotá.Ministry of the Environment and Sustainable Development. (2017). Plan de gestión de cambio climático para los puertos marítimos de Colombia. Bogotá.Monios, J., & Wilmsmeier, G. (2014). The Impact of Container Type Diversification on Regional British Port Development Strategies. Transport reviews, 34(5), 583-606.Na, J.-H., Choi, A.-Y., Ji, J., & Zhang, D. (2017). Environmental efficiency analysis of Chinese container ports with CO2 emissions: An inseparable input-output SBM mode. Journal of Transport Geography, 65, 13-24.National Infrastructure Agency. (2021). www.ani.gov.co. Recuperado el 25 de January de 2022, de https://www.ani.gov.co/en-los-ultimos-tres-anos-se-han-invertido-146-millones-de-dolares-en-las-63-terminales-portuariasNational Planning Department. (2019). Demand and port capacity study. Bogotá: National Planing Department.National Planning Department . (1995). CONPES 2782 - Plan de acción para el sector portuario.Puig, M., Raptis, S., Wooldridge, C., & Darbra, R. (2020). Performance trends of environmental management in European ports. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 160(111686Quintano, C., Mazzocchi, P., & Rocca, A. (2020). Examining eco-efficiency in the port sector via non-radial data envelopment analysis and the response based procedure for detecting unit segments. Journal of Cleaner Production, 259.Rhee, Y. (2004). The EPO chain in relationships management a case study of a government organization.Sdoukopoulos, E., Boile, M., Tromaras, A., & Anastasiadis, N. (2019). Energy efficiency in euoepan ports: State of practice and Insights of the way forward. Sustainability, 11, 2-25.Sha, M., Zhang, T., Lan, Y., Zhou, X., Qin, T., Yu, D., & Chen, K. (2016). Scheduling Optimization of Yard Cranes with Minimal Energy Consumption at Container Terminals. Computers & Industrial Engineering.Sifakis, N., & Tsoutsos, T. (2021). Planning zero-emissions ports through the nearly zero energy port concept. Journal of cleanner production, 286.Spengler, T., & Wilmsmeier, G. (2019). Sustainable Performance and Benchmarking in Container Terminals - The Energy Dimesion. En Green Ports (págs. 125-154). Elsevier.Superintendencia de transporte. (2020). Statistical Bulletin Port Traffic in Colombia. Bogotá: Superintendencia de transporte.Tao, X., & Wu, Q. (2021). Energy consumption and CO2 emissions in hinterland container transport. Journal of Cleaner Production, 279(123394).UNCTAD. (2021). Review of Maritime Transport. Geneva: United Nations.Vaioa, A. 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Research in Transportation Business & Management, 8, 67-76.EstudiantesInvestigadoresPúblico generalORIGINAL1053782041.2022.pdf1053782041.2022.pdfTesis de Maestría en Ingeniería - Transporteapplication/pdf1228409https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/81681/1/1053782041.2022.pdf1bef887e6cc336bbd1244c2aab0ba06eMD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-84074https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/81681/2/license.txt8153f7789df02f0a4c9e079953658ab2MD52THUMBNAIL1053782041.2022.pdf.jpg1053782041.2022.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg4462https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/81681/3/1053782041.2022.pdf.jpg0a2cf2bf4d309b1fcca64037ad2f32eeMD53unal/81681oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/816812023-08-05 23:04:15.093Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de 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