On the structure of the lower crust to mantle transition beneath an accretionary inherited Andean margin, northwestern Andes

The crust-mantle transition beneath the northwestern Andes is expected to be complex given its accretionary tectonic history. Considering that research on this matter remains scarce, especially in the Colombian region, this thesis presents new insights into the structure and nature of the crust-mant...

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Autores:: Avellaneda Jiménez, David Santiago

Tipo de recurso:: Doctoral thesis

Fecha de publicación:: 2022

Institución:: Universidad Nacional de Colombia

Repositorio:: Universidad Nacional de Colombia

Idioma:: eng

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dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv	On the structure of the lower crust to mantle transition beneath an accretionary inherited Andean margin, northwestern Andes
dc.title.translated.spa.fl_str_mv	Sobre la estructura de la transición corteza baja al manto en un margen andino con herencia de acreción, Andes noroccidentales
title	On the structure of the lower crust to mantle transition beneath an accretionary inherited Andean margin, northwestern Andes
spellingShingle	On the structure of the lower crust to mantle transition beneath an accretionary inherited Andean margin, northwestern Andes 550 - Ciencias de la tierra Geofísica Northern Andes Crustal thickening Mantle anisotropy Arclogite arc-root Intra-continental underthrusting Multi-technique geophysics Andes del Norte Engrosamiento cortical Anisotropía del manto Raíz cortical arclogítica Deformación intra-continental Geofísica multitécnica
title_short	On the structure of the lower crust to mantle transition beneath an accretionary inherited Andean margin, northwestern Andes
title_full	On the structure of the lower crust to mantle transition beneath an accretionary inherited Andean margin, northwestern Andes
title_fullStr	On the structure of the lower crust to mantle transition beneath an accretionary inherited Andean margin, northwestern Andes
title_full_unstemmed	On the structure of the lower crust to mantle transition beneath an accretionary inherited Andean margin, northwestern Andes
title_sort	On the structure of the lower crust to mantle transition beneath an accretionary inherited Andean margin, northwestern Andes
dc.creator.fl_str_mv	Avellaneda Jiménez, David Santiago
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv	Monsalve Mejía, Gaspar
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv	Avellaneda Jiménez, David Santiago
dc.subject.ddc.spa.fl_str_mv	550 - Ciencias de la tierra
topic	550 - Ciencias de la tierra Geofísica Northern Andes Crustal thickening Mantle anisotropy Arclogite arc-root Intra-continental underthrusting Multi-technique geophysics Andes del Norte Engrosamiento cortical Anisotropía del manto Raíz cortical arclogítica Deformación intra-continental Geofísica multitécnica
dc.subject.lemb.none.fl_str_mv	Geofísica
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv	Northern Andes Crustal thickening Mantle anisotropy Arclogite arc-root Intra-continental underthrusting Multi-technique geophysics
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv	Andes del Norte Engrosamiento cortical Anisotropía del manto Raíz cortical arclogítica Deformación intra-continental Geofísica multitécnica
description	The crust-mantle transition beneath the northwestern Andes is expected to be complex given its accretionary tectonic history. Considering that research on this matter remains scarce, especially in the Colombian region, this thesis presents new insights into the structure and nature of the crust-mantle transition in several parts of the orogen. Four chapters are presented, discussing: (1) variations in Moho depth along the orogen using inversion of gravity data; (2) latitudinal heterogeneity and anisotropy in the uppermost mantle beneath the modern arc using Pn and Sn wave speed estimates, and thermo-compositional modeling; (3) the nature of the arc root beneath the modern arc by means of a receiver function analysis; and (4) intra-continental deformation beneath the Eastern Cordillera plateau from a joint inversion of arrival times of local earthquakes and gravity data. Integrated results suggest three main features associated with a thickened crust: along the northwestern foreland region (influenced by the adjacent thickened Eastern Cordillera), along the axis of the Eastern Cordillera (related to its shortening history and magmatic additions), and in the southern part of the modern arc, in the Andes of southern Colombia and northern Ecuador (likely a combined result of mafic addition to the base of the crust, foundering tectonics, and lateral displacement of the lower crust). Investigations on the upper mantle beneath the modern arc suggest a well-developed anisotropy, showing a latitudinal dissimilarity in wave speeds and temperature. The northern part (north of 4°N; <75 km wide arc) is seismically slower, and has a higher degree of anisotropy, suggesting warmer conditions. The southern part (south of 2°N; >120 km wide arc) is faster, less anisotropic, and consistent with a colder state. Beneath the volcanic gap region (2°-4°N), seismic speeds are similar to those in the north, yet a colder thermal state is suggested. The controlling factor of the anisotropy is the preferred orientation of olivine and pyroxene. Latitudinal anisotropy and temperature dissimilarities are likely influenced by the Caldas tear to the north, prompting hot mantle influx, and the Carnegie ridge interaction to the south, prompting shallower subduction. Additional investigations on the arc domain, using the teleseismic receiver function technique, which looks for P to S phase conversions, indicate that the crustal root beneath the arc is characterized by high velocities and a latitudinally variable thickness, which coupled with documented xenoliths supports an arclogite nature. This high-velocity and high-density arc root suggest an offset between the seismic Moho and the crust-mantle boundary of around 8.5-14 km. Finally, beneath the Eastern Cordillera plateau, a well-imaged anomaly is identified at depths of 40-60 km beneath the western flank of the plateau, at a latitude of ~5.7°N. The slow velocity anomaly is interpreted as crustal materials eastwardly underthrusting beneath the western flank. This process is thought to be prompting the abrupt change in topography between the adjacent low-elevated basin and the orogenic plateau. This thesis shows how the crust-mantle transition along the northwestern Andes follows the idea that a heterogenous Moho vicinity is the rule rather than the exception for Andean-type orogens.
publishDate	2022
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2022-08-25T19:46:38Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv	2022-08-25T19:46:38Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv	2022-08-24
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv	Trabajo de grado - Doctorado
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv	http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_db06
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv	Text
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv	http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TD
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status_str	acceptedVersion
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv	https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/82115
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv	Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv	Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv	https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/
url	https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/82115 https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv	Universidad Nacional de Colombia Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv	eng
language	eng
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dc.publisher.program.spa.fl_str_mv	Medellín - Minas - Doctorado en Ingeniería - Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales
dc.publisher.department.spa.fl_str_mv	Departamento de Materiales y Minerales
dc.publisher.faculty.spa.fl_str_mv	Facultad de Minas
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dc.publisher.branch.spa.fl_str_mv	Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Medellín
institution	Universidad Nacional de Colombia
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spelling	Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacionalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Monsalve Mejía, Gaspar24932fa3561948cfb9d8ea2e55e6c7a8Avellaneda Jiménez, David Santiago883866417c24a760f34cf9008b24a7c12022-08-25T19:46:38Z2022-08-25T19:46:38Z2022-08-24https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/82115Universidad Nacional de ColombiaRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiahttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/The crust-mantle transition beneath the northwestern Andes is expected to be complex given its accretionary tectonic history. Considering that research on this matter remains scarce, especially in the Colombian region, this thesis presents new insights into the structure and nature of the crust-mantle transition in several parts of the orogen. Four chapters are presented, discussing: (1) variations in Moho depth along the orogen using inversion of gravity data; (2) latitudinal heterogeneity and anisotropy in the uppermost mantle beneath the modern arc using Pn and Sn wave speed estimates, and thermo-compositional modeling; (3) the nature of the arc root beneath the modern arc by means of a receiver function analysis; and (4) intra-continental deformation beneath the Eastern Cordillera plateau from a joint inversion of arrival times of local earthquakes and gravity data. Integrated results suggest three main features associated with a thickened crust: along the northwestern foreland region (influenced by the adjacent thickened Eastern Cordillera), along the axis of the Eastern Cordillera (related to its shortening history and magmatic additions), and in the southern part of the modern arc, in the Andes of southern Colombia and northern Ecuador (likely a combined result of mafic addition to the base of the crust, foundering tectonics, and lateral displacement of the lower crust). Investigations on the upper mantle beneath the modern arc suggest a well-developed anisotropy, showing a latitudinal dissimilarity in wave speeds and temperature. The northern part (north of 4°N; <75 km wide arc) is seismically slower, and has a higher degree of anisotropy, suggesting warmer conditions. The southern part (south of 2°N; >120 km wide arc) is faster, less anisotropic, and consistent with a colder state. Beneath the volcanic gap region (2°-4°N), seismic speeds are similar to those in the north, yet a colder thermal state is suggested. The controlling factor of the anisotropy is the preferred orientation of olivine and pyroxene. Latitudinal anisotropy and temperature dissimilarities are likely influenced by the Caldas tear to the north, prompting hot mantle influx, and the Carnegie ridge interaction to the south, prompting shallower subduction. Additional investigations on the arc domain, using the teleseismic receiver function technique, which looks for P to S phase conversions, indicate that the crustal root beneath the arc is characterized by high velocities and a latitudinally variable thickness, which coupled with documented xenoliths supports an arclogite nature. This high-velocity and high-density arc root suggest an offset between the seismic Moho and the crust-mantle boundary of around 8.5-14 km. Finally, beneath the Eastern Cordillera plateau, a well-imaged anomaly is identified at depths of 40-60 km beneath the western flank of the plateau, at a latitude of ~5.7°N. The slow velocity anomaly is interpreted as crustal materials eastwardly underthrusting beneath the western flank. This process is thought to be prompting the abrupt change in topography between the adjacent low-elevated basin and the orogenic plateau. This thesis shows how the crust-mantle transition along the northwestern Andes follows the idea that a heterogenous Moho vicinity is the rule rather than the exception for Andean-type orogens.La transición corteza-manto bajo los Andes noroccidentales se espera que sea compleja, dada su historia tectónica que involucra la acreción de bloques. Teniendo en cuenta que la investigación sobre este tema sigue siendo escasa, especialmente en la región colombiana, esta tesis presenta nuevos conocimientos sobre la estructura y la naturaleza de la transición corteza-manto en varias partes del orógeno. Se presentan cuatro capítulos, en los que se analizan: (1) las variaciones en la profundidad del Moho a lo largo del orógeno mediante la inversión de datos de gravedad; (2) la heterogeneidad latitudinal en el manto superior bajo el arco moderno mediante estimaciones de velocidad de las ondas Pn y Sn, anisotropía y modelamiento termo-composicional; (3) la naturaleza de la raíz del arco debajo el arco moderno mediante el análisis de la función receptora; y (4) la deformación intra-continental bajo la meseta de la Cordillera Oriental a partir de la inversión conjunta de tiempos de llegada de terremotos locales y datos de gravedad. Los resultados integrados sugieren tres rasgos principales de engrosamiento de la corteza a lo largo del orógeno: en la región noroccidental del antepaís (influenciada por la adyacente Cordillera Oriental con corteza engrosada), a lo largo del eje de la Cordillera Oriental (relacionado con su historia de acortamiento y adición magmática), y en la parte sur del arco moderno, en los Andes al sur de Colombia y norte de Ecuador (probablemente el resultado combinado de adición magmática a la base de la corteza, la tectónica de hundimiento/delaminación, y del desplazamiento lateral de la corteza inferior). Investigaciones en el manto superior bajo el arco moderno sugiere que es anisotrópico, mostrando una disimilitud latitudinal en las velocidades de ondas sísmicas y la temperatura. La parte norte (al norte de 4°N; arco <75 km de ancho) es sísmicamente más lenta, tiene una mayor anisotropía y sugiere condiciones más cálidas. La parte sur (al sur de 2°N; arco >120 km de ancho) es más rápida, menos anisotrópica y sugiere condiciones más frías. Por debajo de la región con ausencia magmática (2°-4°N), las velocidades sísmicas son similares a las del norte, pero se sugiere un estado térmico más frío. El factor que controla la anisotropía es la orientación preferente del olivino y el piroxeno. La anisotropía latitudinal y las disimilitudes de temperatura están probablemente influenciadas por el desgarro litosférico de Caldas al norte, que provoca la entrada de manto caliente, y la interacción de la dorsal de Carnegie al sur, que permite una subducción menos profunda. Adicionalmente, investigaciones sobre la región del arco, utilizando la técnica de función de receptora telesísmica, que busca conversiones de fase P a S, sugiere que la raíz cortical bajo el arco moderno muestra altas velocidades con un grosor variable en latitud, que, junto con xenolitos documentados, apoyan una naturaleza arclogítica. Esta capa de alta velocidad y densidad sugiere un desfase entre el Moho sísmico y el límite corteza-manto de unos 8.5-14 km. Por último, debajo de la meseta de la Cordillera Oriental, se identifica una anomalía bien constreñida a profundidades de 40-60 km bajo el flanco occidental de la meseta, a una latitud de ~5.7°N. La anomalía de velocidad lenta se interpreta como una inyección de materiales corticales hacia el este por debajo del flanco occidental. Este proceso provoca un cambio abrupto en la topografía entre la cuenca adyacente de baja elevación y la meseta orogénica. Esta tesis muestra cómo la transición corteza-manto a lo largo de los Andes noroccidentales es una región heterogénea y compleja en orógenos de tipo andino.Fundación para la Promoción de la Investigación y la Tecnología (Project 4.634)DoctoradoDoctor en IngenieríaTectonophysicsÁrea Curricular de Materiales y Nanotecnologíaxxi, 146 páginasapplication/pdfengUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaMedellín - Minas - Doctorado en Ingeniería - Ciencia y Tecnología de MaterialesDepartamento de Materiales y MineralesFacultad de MinasMedellínUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Medellín550 - Ciencias de la tierraGeofísicaNorthern AndesCrustal thickeningMantle anisotropyArclogite arc-rootIntra-continental underthrustingMulti-technique geophysicsAndes del NorteEngrosamiento corticalAnisotropía del mantoRaíz cortical arclogíticaDeformación intra-continentalGeofísica multitécnicaOn the structure of the lower crust to mantle transition beneath an accretionary inherited Andean margin, northwestern AndesSobre la estructura de la transición corteza baja al manto en un margen andino con herencia de acreción, Andes noroccidentalesTrabajo de grado - Doctoradoinfo:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_db06Texthttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TDAbers, G.A., Hacker, B.R., 2016. 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Nature 431, 41–46. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02847Fundación para la Promoción de la Investigación y la TecnologíaBibliotecariosEstudiantesInvestigadoresMaestrosMedios de comunicaciónPúblico generalLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81748https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/82115/1/license.txt8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33MD51ORIGINAL1098714003.2022.pdf1098714003.2022.pdfTesis de Doctorado en ingenieríaapplication/pdf5997642https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/82115/2/1098714003.2022.pdfe5620541943a4c3da0ebd5988f5884cdMD52Supplementary Material S2-1.xlsSupplementary Material S2-1.xlsMaterial suplementario S2-1application/vnd.ms-excel52736https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/82115/3/Supplementary%20Material%20S2-1.xlsa9aa6eb0ffc9427febed658ea2d0192cMD53Supplementary Material S3-1.xlsxSupplementary Material S3-1.xlsxMaterial suplementario S3-1application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet912732https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/82115/4/Supplementary%20Material%20S3-1.xlsxf0f95732e45f3ca4660d3fa0a27a1ee8MD54Supplementary Material S3-2.xlsxSupplementary Material S3-2.xlsxMaterial suplementario S3-2application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet4495605https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/82115/5/Supplementary%20Material%20S3-2.xlsxf91165e036f823d64f895095910728e6MD55Supplementary Material S4-1.xlsxSupplementary Material S4-1.xlsxMaterial suplementario S4-1application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet321168https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/82115/6/Supplementary%20Material%20S4-1.xlsx29976b2e5cd11890a67c6f4b078707c7MD56Supplementary Material S5-1.xlsxSupplementary Material S5-1.xlsxMaterial suplementario S5-1application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet114882https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/82115/7/Supplementary%20Material%20S5-1.xlsxa6c45a57d762200ee2c0fe3760ad63d7MD57unal/82115oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/821152023-10-20 21:07:04.094Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiarepositorio_nal@unal.edu.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

On the structure of the lower crust to mantle transition beneath an accretionary inherited Andean margin, northwestern Andes

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