Determinación de contaminantes orgánicos persistentes en alimentos con alto contenido de grasa como indicador de contaminación ambiental

ilustraciones, diagramas, mapas

Autores:: Garcia Cuellar, Yury Paola

Tipo de recurso:

Fecha de publicación:: 2023

Institución:: Universidad Nacional de Colombia

Repositorio:: Universidad Nacional de Colombia

Idioma:: spa

id	UNACIONAL2_68a9dbf322cb882a934a81fd3bdd42fa
oai_identifier_str	oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/84220
network_acronym_str	UNACIONAL2
network_name_str	Universidad Nacional de Colombia
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv	Determinación de contaminantes orgánicos persistentes en alimentos con alto contenido de grasa como indicador de contaminación ambiental
dc.title.translated.eng.fl_str_mv	Determination of persistent organic pollutants in foods with high fat content as an indicator of environmental contamination
title	Determinación de contaminantes orgánicos persistentes en alimentos con alto contenido de grasa como indicador de contaminación ambiental
spellingShingle	Determinación de contaminantes orgánicos persistentes en alimentos con alto contenido de grasa como indicador de contaminación ambiental Plaguicidas Contaminación Pesticides Environmental pollution Pollution QuEChERS Contaminantes orgánicos persistentes Leche Cromatografía de gases Análisis de riesgo QuEChERS Persistent organic pollutants Milk Gas chromatography Risk analysis
title_short	Determinación de contaminantes orgánicos persistentes en alimentos con alto contenido de grasa como indicador de contaminación ambiental
title_full	Determinación de contaminantes orgánicos persistentes en alimentos con alto contenido de grasa como indicador de contaminación ambiental
title_fullStr	Determinación de contaminantes orgánicos persistentes en alimentos con alto contenido de grasa como indicador de contaminación ambiental
title_full_unstemmed	Determinación de contaminantes orgánicos persistentes en alimentos con alto contenido de grasa como indicador de contaminación ambiental
title_sort	Determinación de contaminantes orgánicos persistentes en alimentos con alto contenido de grasa como indicador de contaminación ambiental
dc.creator.fl_str_mv	Garcia Cuellar, Yury Paola
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv	Guerrero Dallos, Jairo Arturo
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv	Garcia Cuellar, Yury Paola
dc.contributor.researchgroup.spa.fl_str_mv	Residualidad y Destino Ambiental de Plaguicidas en Sistemas Agricolas
dc.subject.lemb.spa.fl_str_mv	Plaguicidas Contaminación
topic	Plaguicidas Contaminación Pesticides Environmental pollution Pollution QuEChERS Contaminantes orgánicos persistentes Leche Cromatografía de gases Análisis de riesgo QuEChERS Persistent organic pollutants Milk Gas chromatography Risk analysis
dc.subject.lemb.eng.fl_str_mv	Pesticides Environmental pollution Pollution
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv	QuEChERS Contaminantes orgánicos persistentes Leche Cromatografía de gases Análisis de riesgo
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv	QuEChERS Persistent organic pollutants Milk Gas chromatography Risk analysis
description	ilustraciones, diagramas, mapas
publishDate	2023
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2023-07-19T14:53:12Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv	2023-07-19T14:53:12Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv	2023
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv	Trabajo de grado - Maestría
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv	Text
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv	http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TM
status_str	acceptedVersion
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv	https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/84220
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv	Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv	Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv	https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/
url	https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/84220 https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv	Universidad Nacional de Colombia Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv	spa
language	spa
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv	Adebusuyi, A. T., Sojinu, S. O., & Aleshinloye, A. O. (2022). The prevalence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in West Africa – A review. Environmental Challenges, 7, 100486. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVC.2022.100486 Afful, S., Awudza, J. A. M., Twumasi, S. K., & Osae, S. (2013). Determination of indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by gas chromatography–electron capture detector. Chemosphere, 93(8), 1556–1560. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2013.08.001 Ahumada, D., & Guerrero, J. (2010). STUDY OF MATRIX EFFECT IN PESTICIDE ANALYSIS BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY. Vitae, 17(1), 51–58. http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0121-40042010000100007&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=es Ahumada Forigua, D., & Guerrero Dallos, J. (2010). Reducción del efecto matriz en el análisis de residuos de Plaguicidas mediante Cromatografía de gases. Ali, U., Li, J., Zhang, G., Mahmood, A., Jones, K. C., & Malik, R. N. (2016). Presence, deposition flux and mass burden of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from Mehmood Booti Drain sediments, Lahore. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 125, 9–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECOENV.2015.11.019 Alley, E. G., & Lu, G. (1995). Analysis of Polychlonnated Biphenyls in Fatty Biological Matrixes by On-Line Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Supercritical Fluid Cleanup. Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL, 78(4), 1051–1054. https://doi.org/10.1093/JAOAC/78.4.1051 Alshemmari, H. (2021). Inventories and assessment of POPs in the State of Kuwait as a basis for Stockholm Convention implementation. Emerging Contaminants, 7, 88–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EMCON.2021.02.003 Anastassiades, M., & Lehotay, S. (2003). Fast and Easy Multiresidue Method Employing Acetonitrile Extraction/Partitioning and “Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction” for the Determination of Pesticide Residues in Produce. In JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL (Vol. 86, Issue 2). https://academic.oup.com/jaoac/article/86/2/412/5656996 Anastassiades, M., Lehotay, S. J., Štajnbaher, D., & Schenck, F. J. (2003). Fast and Easy Multiresidue Method Employing Acetonitrile Extraction/Partitioning and “Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction” for the Determination of Pesticide Residues in Produce. Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL, 86(2), 412–431. https://doi.org/10.1093/JAOAC/86.2.412 ATSDR. (2023). Toxic Substances Portal \| ATSDR. ATSDR. https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/index.aspx?toxid=114 Avila, B. S., Ramírez, C., & Tellez-Ávila, E. (2022a). Human Biomonitoring of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in the Breast Milk of Colombian Mothers. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 109(3), 526–533. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00128-022-03577-5/TABLES/2 Avila, B. S., Ramírez, C., & Tellez-Ávila, E. (2022b). Human Biomonitoring of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in the Breast Milk of Colombian Mothers. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 109(3), 526–533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-022-03577-5 Aysal, P., Ambrus, Á., Lehotay, S. J., Cannavan, A., Arp´ad, ´, & Ambrus, A. A. (2007). Validation of an efficient method for the determination of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables using ethyl acetate for extraction Validation of an efficient method for the determination of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables using ethyl acetate for extraction. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B, 42, 481–490. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312450701392490 Barnhoorn, I. E. J., Bornman, M. S., Jansen van Rensburg, C., & Bouwman, H. (2009). DDT residues in water, sediment, domestic and indigenous biota from a currently DDT-sprayed area. Chemosphere, 77(9), 1236–1241. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2009.08.045 Bielská, L., Šmídová, K., & Hofman, J. (2013). Supercritical fluid extraction of persistent organic pollutants from natural and artificial soils and comparison with bioaccumulation in earthworms. Environmental Pollution, 176, 48–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2013.01.005 Biomodel. (2022). Cromatografía. http://biomodel.uah.es/tecnicas/crom/inicio.htm Björvang, R. D., Hallberg, I., Pikki, A., Berglund, L., Pedrelli, M., Kiviranta, H., Rantakokko, P., Ruokojärvi, P., Lindh, C. H., Olovsson, M., Persson, S., Holte, J., Sjunnesson, Y., & Damdimopoulou, P. (2022). Follicular fluid and blood levels of persistent organic pollutants and reproductive outcomes among women undergoing assisted reproductive technologies. Environmental Research, 208, 112626. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.112626 Boudalia, S., Benati, D., Boukharouba, R., Chemakh, B., & Chemmam, M. (2016). Physico-chemical properties and hygienic quality of raw and reconstituted milk in the region of Guelma-Algeria. International Journal of Agricultural Research, 11(2), 77–83. https://doi.org/10.3923/IJAR.2016.77.83 Boukria, O., Hadrami, E. M. el, Boudalia, S., Safarov, J., Leriche, F., & Aït-Kaddour, A. (2020). The effect of mixing milk of different species on chemical, physicochemical, and sensory features of cheeses: a review. Foods, 9(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/FOODS9091309 Burke, E. R., Holden, A. J., & Shaw, I. C. (2003). A method to determine residue levels of persistent organochlorine pesticides in human milk from Indonesian women. Chemosphere, 50(4), 529–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00492-7 Carro, N., Vilas, L., García, I., Ignacio, M., & Mouteira, A. M. (2017). Optimization of a method based on micro-matrix solid-phase dispersion (micro-MSPD) for the determination of PCBs in mussel samples. Analytical Chemistry Research, 11, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ANCR.2016.11.003 Castillo, B., & González, R. (1996). Protocolo de validación de métodos analíticos para la cuantificación de fármacos. SciELO Analytics, 30. http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-75151996000100009 Chasek, P. S., & Downie, D. L. (2020). Global Environmental Politics. Global Environmental Politics. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429276743 Comisión europea 1259. (2011). REGLAMENTO (UE) N o 1259/2011 DE LA COMISIÓN. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/ Comisión europea 1259. (2011). REGLAMENTO (UE) N o 1259/2011 DE LA COMISIÓN. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/ Davidsen, N., Lauvås, A. J., Myhre, O., Ropstad, E., Carpi, D., Gyves, E. M. de, Berntsen, H. F., Dirven, H., Paulsen, R. E., Bal-Price, A., & Pistollato, F. (2021). Exposure to human relevant mixtures of halogenated persistent organic pollutants (POPs) alters neurodevelopmental processes in human neural stem cells undergoing differentiation. Reproductive Toxicology, 100, 17–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.REPROTOX.2020.12.013 de Angelis, M., & Schramm, K.-W. (2021). Perinatal effects of persistent organic pollutants on thyroid hormone concentration in placenta and breastmilk. Molecular Aspects of Medicine, 100988. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MAM.2021.100988 Della, C. L. S., & Colombo, J. C. (2012). Incidencia de la dieta y factores socio-demográficos sobre los niveles de contaminantes orgánicos persistentes (COPs) en leche materna de poblaciones urbanas y rurales de Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Deti, H., Hymete, A., Bekhit, A. A., Mohamed, A. M. I., & Bekhit, A. E. D. A. (2014). Persistent organochlorine pesticides residues in cow and goat milks collected from different regions of Ethiopia. Chemosphere, 106, 70–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2014.02.012 Donia, M. A. A., Abou-Arab, A. A. K., Enb, A., El-Senaity, M. H., & Abd-Rabou, N. S. (2010). Chemical composition of raw milk and the accumulation of pesticide residues in milk products. Global Veterinaria, 4(1), 6–14 Dvoršćak, M., Jagić, K., Besednik, L., Šimić, I., & Klinčić, D. (2022). First application of microwave-assisted extraction in the analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human milk. Microchemical Journal, 179, 107447. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MICROC.2022.107447 EPA. (2007). Método de la EPA 8081b. EPA Environmental Protection Agency. (1994). METHOD 8080A ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES AND POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY Erazo, A., & Guerrero, J. (2006). INCERTIDUMBRE DURANTE EL PROCESAMIENTO DE FRUTAS Y HORTALIZAS EN EL ANÁLISIS DE RESIDUOS DE PLAGUICIDAS. Revista Colombiana de Química, 35(2), 163–175. https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/rcolquim/article/view/856 Eurachem. (2014). The Fitness for Purpose of Analytical Methods A Laboratory Guide to Method Validation and Related Topics. www.eurachem.org European Commission. (2022). EU Pesticides Database (v.2.2) Search Pesticide Residues. https://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/pesticides/eu-pesticides-database/mrls/?event=search.pr European Food Safety Authority. (2015). Annual report of the EFSA Scientific Network for Risk Assessment of GMOs for 2015. https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2016.EN-1002?src=getftr Fan, X., Wang, Z., Li, Y., Wang, H., Fan, W., & Dong, Z. (2021). Estimating the dietary exposure and risk of persistent organic pollutants in China: A national analysis. Environmental Pollution, 288, 117764. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2021.117764 FAO. (2021). Global assessment of soil pollution: Report. Global Assessment of Soil Pollution: Report. https://doi.org/10.4060/CB4894EN FAO, & OMS. (2018). COMISIÓN DEL CODEX ALIMENTARIUS MANUAL DE PROCEDIMIENTO (Vigésima sexta). www.codexalimentarius.orgProgramaConjuntoFAO/OMSsobreNormasAlimentarias FAO, & WHO. (2020). Dietary exposure assessment for chemicals in food. In Environmental Health Criteria 240 (EHC 240) (second edition). http://www.inchem.org/ FAO/OMS. (1995). Aplicación del análisis de riesgos a cuestiones de normas alimentarias . Informe de La Consulta Mixta FAO/OMS de Expertos, 47. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/58917/WHO_FNU_FOS_95.3_spa.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y FAO/WHO. (2011). Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meeting on Dietary Exposure Assessment Methodologies for Residues of Veterinary Drugs Final Report including Report of Stakeholder Meeting. http://www.who.int/about/licensing/copyright_form/en/index.html FAO-WHO. (2022). Commodities detail \| CODEXALIMENTARIUS FAO-WHO. https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/pestres/commodities-detail/en/?c_id=42 Fiedler, H., van der Veen, I., & de Boer, J. (2022). Interlaboratory assessments for dioxin-like POPs (2016/2017 and 2018/2019). Chemosphere, 288, 132449. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2021.132449 Focant, J. F., Pirard, C., Massart, A. C., & de Pauw, E. (2003). Survey of commercial pasteurised cows’ milk in Wallonia (Belgium) for the occurrence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls. Chemosphere, 52(4), 725–733. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00127-9 Focant, J. F., Sjödin, A., Turner, W. I., & Patterson, D. G. (2004). Measurement of selected polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polybrominated and polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticides in human serum and milk using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography isotope dilution time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Analytical Chemistry, 76(21), 6313–6320. https://doi.org/10.1021/AC048959I Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations., & World Health Organization. (2009). Principles and methods for the risk assessment of chemicals in food. World Health Organization. Food, E., Authority, S., Olaru, I., & Waigmann, E. (2019). Annual report of the EFSA Scientific Network for Risk Assessment of GMOs for 2018. EFSA Supporting Publications, 16(2), 1577E. https://doi.org/10.2903/SP.EFSA.2019.EN-1577 France, J. E., King, J. W., & Snyder, J. M. (1991). Supercritical Fluid-Based Cleanup Technique for the Separation of Organochlorine Pesticides from Fats. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 39(10), 1871–1874. https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00010A038/ASSET/JF00010A038.FP.PNG_V03 Gebremichael, S., Birhanu, T., & Tessema, D. A. (2013). Analysis of organochlorine pesticide residues in human and cow’s milk in the towns of Asendabo, Serbo and Jimma in South-Western Ethiopia. Chemosphere, 90(5), 1652–1657. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2012.09.008 Green, J. M. (2011). Peer Reviewed: A Practical Guide to Analytical Method Validation. Analytical Chemistry, 68(9), 305A-309A. https://doi.org/10.1021/AC961912F Guo, Y., & Kannan, K. (2015). Analytical Methods for the Measurement of Legacy and Emerging Persistent Organic Pollutants in Complex Sample Matrices. Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry, 67, 1–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63299-9.00001-6 Hasan, G. M. M. A., Das, A. K., & Satter, M. A. (2022). Multi residue analysis of organochlorine pesticides in fish, milk, egg and their feed by GC-MS/MS and their impact assessment on consumers health in Bangladesh. NFS Journal, 27, 28–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NFS.2022.03.003 Hermanson, M. H., Jackson, D. S., & Johnson, G. W. (2010). History of Inuit community excretion of polychlorinated biphenyls recorded in sewage lake sediments. Chemosphere, 78(11), 1322–1328. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2010.01.008 Hernández, M., Vidal, J. v, & Marrugo José L. (2010). Organochlorine pesticides in cows’milk supplemented with cotton waste in San Pedro, Colombia. Revista de Salud Pública, 12, 982–989. http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/rsap/v12n6/v12n6a10.pdf Hernández-Mariano, J. Á., Baltazar-Reyes, M. C., Salazar-Martínez, E., & Cupul-Uicab, L. A. (2022). Exposure to the pesticide DDT and risk of diabetes and hypertension: Systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 239. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJHEH.2021.113865 Hu, L., Luo, D., Wang, L., Yu, M., Zhao, S., Wang, Y., Mei, S., & Zhang, G. (2021). Levels and profiles of persistent organic pollutants in breast milk in China and their potential health risks to breastfed infants: A review. Science of The Total Environment, 753, 142028. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2020.142028 Huérfano Barco, I. M., & Guerrero Dallos, J. A. (2020). Desarrollo y validación de una metodología para el análisis de residuos de plaguicidas en productos hortofrutícolas colombianos por cromatografía líquida acoplada a espectrometría de masas de alta resolución, Orbitrap [Universidad Nacional de Colombia]. https://bibliotecas.unal.edu.co/formacion-y-asistencia/preguntas-frecuentes/repositorio-institucional ICBF. (2015). ENSIN: Encuesta Nacional de Situación Nutricional \| Portal ICBF - Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar ICBF. https://www.icbf.gov.co/bienestar/nutricion/encuesta-nacional-situacion-nutricional ICONTEC e-Collection. (2021). Alimentos de origen vegetal. Método para la determinación de residuos de plaguicidas por cromatografía, mediante extracción con acetonitrilo y limpieza por extracción en fase sólida dispersiva (D-SPE). Método QuEChERs. NTC 6412. https://ecollection-icontec-org.ezproxy.unal.edu.co/normavw.aspx?ID=79920 ISO 5725-1:(en). (1994). Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results — Part 1: General principles and definitions. https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:5725:-1:ed-1:v1:en Jarman, W. M., & Ballschmiter, K. (2012). From coal to DDT: the history of the development of the pesticide DDT from synthetic dyes till Silent Spring. Endeavour, 36(4), 131–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENDEAVOUR.2012.10.003 Jiménez, J. R., & Guerrero, J. A. (2018). Evaluación de la contaminación por bifenilos policlorados (PCB: 28, 52, 101, 118,138, 153 y 180) en leche cruda bovina de los departamentos de Cundinamarca, Antioquia, Nariño, Quindío y Boyacá por cromatografía de gases con detector de microcaptura de electrones y confirmación por espectrometría de masas. JMPR, & JMPS. (2023). Plant Production and Protection Division: D - List of Pesticide Evaluated by JMPR and JMPS. https://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/thematic-sitemap/theme/pests/lpe/lpe-d/en/ Jurado, C., López-Artíguez, M., Menéndez, M., & de la Peña, E. (1993). ASOCIACION ESPAÑOLA DE TOXICOLOGÍA GLOSARIO DE TERMINOS TOXICOLOGICOS IUPAC (Duffus y cols. 1993) VERSION ESPAÑOLA AMPLIADA Autores: M. REPETTO y P. SANZ Kao, C. C., Que, D. E., Bongo, S. J., Tayo, L. L., Lin, Y. H., Lin, C. W., Lin, S. L., Gou, Y. Y., Hsu, W. L., Shy, C. G., Huang, K. L., Tsai, M. H., & Chao, H. R. (2019). Residue Levels of Organochlorine Pesticides in Breast Milk and Its Associations with Cord Blood Thyroid Hormones and the Offspring’s Neurodevelopment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, Vol. 16, Page 1438, 16(8), 1438. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH16081438 Kim, L., Lee, D., Cho, H. K., & Choi, S. D. (2019a). Review of the QuEChERS method for the analysis of organic pollutants: Persistent organic pollutants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and pharmaceuticals. Trends in Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 22, e00063. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TEAC.2019.E00063 Kim, L., Lee, D., Cho, H. K., & Choi, S. D. (2019b). Review of the QuEChERS method for the analysis of organic pollutants: Persistent organic pollutants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and pharmaceuticals. Trends in Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 22, e00063. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TEAC.2019.E00063 Kuang, L., Hou, Y., Huang, F., Guo, A., Deng, W., Sun, H., Shen, L., Lin, H., & Hong, H. (2020a). Pesticides in human milk collected from Jinhua, China: Levels, influencing factors and health risk assessment. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 205, 111331. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECOENV.2020.111331 Kuang, L., Hou, Y., Huang, F., Guo, A., Deng, W., Sun, H., Shen, L., Lin, H., & Hong, H. (2020b). Pesticides in human milk collected from Jinhua, China: Levels, influencing factors and health risk assessment. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 205, 111331. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECOENV.2020.111331 Kucklick, J. R., Struntz, W. D. J., Becker, P. R., York, G. W., O’Hara, T. M., & Bohonowych, J. E. (2002). Persistent organochlorine pollutants in ringed seals and polar bears collected from northern Alaska. Science of The Total Environment, 287(1–2), 45–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00997-4 la Merrill, M., Cirillo, P. M., Terry, M. B., Krigbaum, N. Y., Flom, J. D., & Cohn, B. A. (2013). Prenatal exposure to the pesticide DDT and hypertension diagnosed in women before age 50: A longitudinal birth cohort study. Environmental Health Perspectives, 121(5), 594–599. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP.1205921 Laganà, A., Bacaloni, A., de Leva, I., Faberi, A., Fago, G., & Marino, A. (2002). Occurrence and determination of herbicides and their major transformation products in environmental waters. Analytica Chimica Acta, 462(2), 187–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(02)00351-3 Lagarda, M. J., García-Llatas, G., & Farré, R. (2006). Analysis of phytosterols in foods. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 41(5), 1486–1496. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JPBA.2006.02.052 Lagunas-Allué, L., Sanz-Asensio, J., & Martínez-Soria, M. T. (2010). Response surface optimization for determination of pesticide residues in grapes using MSPD and GC-MS: assessment of global uncertainty. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 2010 398:3, 398(3), 1509–1523. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00216-010-4046-4 Lara S Della Ceca, Carolina Migoya, Natalia Capelletti, Graciela Gomez, Diego Arozamena, Madelón Sobral, Julia H Piñero, Marisa Soimer, Nerisa Bosco, Elvira Perez, Osvaldo Gluzman, Maria A Rosa, Mariela Lopezd, & Juan C Colombo. (2012). Contaminantes orgánicos persistentes en leche materna de centros urbanos de la provincia de Buenos Aires. Revista Científica Del Comité de Medio Ambiente Del Grupo Montevideo ISSNe 2618-2858. https://revistas.unlp.edu.ar/domus/article/view/495/499 Lehotay, S. (2007). AOAC official method 2007.01 pesticide residues in foods by acetonitrile extraction and partitioning with Magnesium Sulfate. AOAC International Leksir, C., Boudalia, S., Moujahed, N., & Chemmam, M. (2019). Traditional dairy products in Algeria: Case of Klila cheese. Journal of Ethnic Foods, 6(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/S42779-019-0008-4/FIGURES/9 Li, H., Gao, S., Yang, M., Zhang, F., Cao, L., Xie, H., Chen, X., & Cai, Z. (2020). Dietary exposure and risk assessment of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in supermarket fresh products in Jinan, China. Chemosphere, 244, 125393. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2019.125393 Lim, J. eun, Nam, C., Yang, J., Rha, K. H., Lim, K. M., & Jee, S. H. (2017). Serum persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and prostate cancer risk: A case-cohort study. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 220(5), 849–856. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJHEH.2017.03.014 Linde, A. (2022). Cromatografía de gases: detector de captura electrónica. www.abello-linde-sa.es Liu, Y., Liang, J., Zhou, X., Yuan, H., Li, Y., Chang, D., Yang, K., & Yang, D. (2022). Degradation of persistent organic pollutants in soil by parallel tubes-array dielectric barrier discharge plasma cooperating with catalyst. Chemical Engineering Journal, 437, 135089. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEJ.2022.135089 Longnecker, M. P., Wolff, M. S., Gladen, B. C., Brock, J. W., Grandjean, P., Jacobson, J. L., Korrick, S. A., Rogan, W. J., Weisglas-Kuperus, N., Hertz-Picciotto, I., Ayotte, P., Stewart, P., Winneke, G., Charles, M. J., Jacobson, S. W., Dewailly, E., Boersma, E. R., Altshul, L. M., Heinzow, B., … Jensen, A. A. (2003). Comparison of polychlorinated biphenyl levels across studies of human neurodevelopment. Environmental Health Perspectives, 111(1), 65–70. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP.5463 Luzardo, O. P., Ruiz-Suárez, N., Almeida-González, M., Henríquez-Hernández, L. A., Zumbado, M., & Boada, L. D. (2013). Multi-residue method for the determination of 57 Persistent Organic Pollutants in human milk and colostrum using a QuEChERS-based extraction procedure. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 405(29), 9523–9536. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00216-013-7377-0 Maggioni, D. A., Signorini, M. L., Michlig, N., Repetti, M. R., Sigrist, M. E., & Beldomenico, H. R. (2018). National short-term dietary exposure assessment of a selected group of pesticides in Argentina. Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part B Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes, 53(10), 639–651. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2018.1474552 Malisch, K., Malisch Chemisches, R., & Fiedler, H. (2017). UNEP-coordinated Survey of Human Milk for Persistent Organic Pollutants Guidelines for Organization, Sampling and Analysis Martínez, C., Martínez Arroyo, A., Barrientos Alemán, D., Gavilán García, A., Caba, M., Calderón Garcidueñas, A. L., Mora, A., & Zenteno, E. (2022). Persistent organic compounds in human milk and evaluation of the effectiveness of the Stockholm convention in Mexico. Environmental Advances, 8, 100190. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVADV.2022.100190 Meng, J., Hong, S., Wang, T., Li, Q., Yoon, S. J., Lu, Y., Giesy, J. P., & Khim, J. S. (2017). Traditional and new POPs in environments along the Bohai and Yellow Seas: An overview of China and South Korea. Chemosphere, 169, 503–515. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2016.11.108 Miniero, R., Iamiceli, A. L., & de Felip, E. (2015). Persistent Organic Pollutants. Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.09496-3 Morgan, D. P., & Roan, C. C. (2013). Absorption, Storage, and Metabolic Conversion of Ingested DDT and DDT Metabolites in Man. Http://Dx.Doi.Org/10.1080/00039896.1971.10665848, 22(3), 301–308. https://doi.org/10.1080/00039896.1971.10665848 Mostafalou, S. (2016). Persistent organic pollutants and concern over the link with insulin resistance related metabolic diseases. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 238, 69–89. https://doi.org/10.1007/398_2015_5001/COVER Müller, M. H. B., Polder, A., Brynildsrud, O. B., Grønnestad, R., Karimi, M., Lie, E., Manyilizu, W. B., Mdegela, R. H., Mokiti, F., Murtadha, M., Nonga, H. E., Skaare, J. U., Solhaug, A., & Lyche, J. L. (2019). Prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants in Northern Tanzania and their distribution between breast milk, maternal blood, placenta and cord blood. Environmental Research, 170, 433–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVRES.2018.12.026 Müller, M. H. B., Polder, A., Brynildsrud, O. B., Karimi, M., Lie, E., Manyilizu, W. B., Mdegela, R. H., Mokiti, F., Murtadha, M., Nonga, H. E., Skaare, J. U., & Lyche, J. L. (2017). Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in human breast milk and associated health risks to nursing infants in Northern Tanzania. Environmental Research, 154, 425–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVRES.2017.01.031 Nag, S. K. (2010). Pesticides, veterinary residues and other contaminants in milk. Improving the Safety and Quality of Milk, 1, 113–145. https://doi.org/10.1533/9781845699420.2.113 Năstăsescu, V., Mititelu, M., Goumenou, M., Docea, A. O., Renieri, E., Udeanu, D. I., Oprea, E., Arsene, A. L., Dinu-Pîrvu, C. E., & Ghica, M. (2020). Heavy metal and pesticide levels in dairy products: Evaluation of human health risk. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 146. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FCT.2020.111844 OMS. (2020). Food safety: Persistent organic pollutants (POPs). https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/food-safety-persistent-organic-pollutants-(pops) Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2017). Herramienta de evaluación de riesgos para la salud humana de la OMS: peligros químicos. In OMS (p. 110). https://www.who.int/es/publications/i/item/9789241548076 ORyan, R., & Ibarra, C. (2016). Environmental Policy in Latin America. Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_2670-1 Oshiro, R. K. (2013). Detection and Quantification Limits of EPA Enterococcus qPCR Methods Osorio, S. (2013). INFORME FINAL DEL PROGRAMA DE IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE CONTAMINANTES ORGÁNICOS PERSISTENTES - COPs EN LECHE MATERNA Y AIRE EN EL PERU. http://ccbasilea-crestocolmo.org.uy/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/info-final-COPs-2013-Peru-29.X.13.pdf Palát, J., Kukučka, P., Codling, G. P., Price, E. J., Janků, P., & Klánová, J. (2022). Application of 96-well plate SPE method for analysis of persistent organic pollutants in low volume blood serum samples. Chemosphere, 287, 132300. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2021.132300 Parrilla Vázquez, P., Hakme, E., Uclés, S., Cutillas, V., Martínez Galera, M., Mughari, A. R., & Fernández-Alba, A. R. (2016). Large multiresidue analysis of pesticides in edible vegetable oils by using efficient solid-phase extraction sorbents based on quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe methodology followed by gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1463, 20–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHROMA.2016.08.008 Pereira, P. C. (2014). Milk nutritional composition and its role in human health. Nutrition, 30(6), 619–627. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NUT.2013.10.011 Peterson, J., & Richter, B. (2007). Accelerated solvent extraction techniques for in-line selective removal of various interferences. LC GC North America, FEV, 49–49 Pihlström, T., Fernández-Alba, A. R., Ferrer Amate, C., Erecius Poulsen, M., Lippold, R., Carrasco Cabrera, L., Pelosi, P., Valverde, A., Mol, H., Jezussek, M., Malato, O., & Štěpán, R. (2021). ANALYTICAL QUALITY CONTROL AND METHOD VALIDATION PROCEDURES FOR PESTICIDE RESIDUES ANALYSIS IN FOOD AND FEED SANTE 11312/2021 Polder, A., Gabrielsen, G. W., Odland, J., Savinova, T. N., Tkachev, A., Løken, K. B., & Skaare, J. U. (2008). Spatial and temporal changes of chlorinated pesticides, PCBs, dioxins (PCDDs/PCDFs) and brominated flame retardants in human breast milk from Northern Russia. Science of The Total Environment, 391(1), 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2007.10.045 Pozo, K., Gómez, V., Tucca, F., Galbán-Malagón, C., Ahumada, R., Rudolph, A., Klánová, J., & Lammel, G. (2022). Multicompartmental analysis of POPs and PAHs in Concepciόn Bay, central Chile: Part II – Air-sea exchange during Austral summer. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 177, 113518. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MARPOLBUL.2022.113518 Ramezani, S., Mahdavi, V., Gordan, H., Rezadoost, H., Oliver Conti, G., & Mousavi Khaneghah, A. (2022). Determination of multi-class pesticides residues of cow and human milk samples from Iran using UHPLC-MS/MS and GC-ECD: A probabilistic health risk assessment. Environmental Research, 208, 112730. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVRES.2022.112730 Ribas-Fitó, N., Cardo, E., Sala, M., Eulàlia de Muga, M., Mazón, C., Verdú, A., Kogevinas, M., Grimalt, J. O., & Sunyer, J. (2003). Breastfeeding, Exposure to Organochlorine Compounds, and Neurodevelopment in Infants. Pediatrics, 111(5), e580–e585. https://doi.org/10.1542/PEDS.111.5.E580 Rodil, R., Carro, A. M., Lorenzo, R. A., & Cela, R. (2007). Multicriteria optimisation of a simultaneous supercritical fluid extraction and clean-up procedure for the determination of persistent organohalogenated pollutants in aquaculture samples. Chemosphere, 67(7), 1453–1462. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2006.10.003 Rodrigues, A. C., Ávila, C. K., de Miranda, R. M., Alves, S. C. S., & Dias, C. C. (2021). Study of controlled leaching process of steel slag in soxhlet extractor aiming employment in pavements. Transportation Geotechnics, 27, 100485. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TRGEO.2020.100485 Rojas-Squella, X., Santos, L., Baumann, W., Landaeta, D., Jaimes, A., Correa, J. C., Sarmiento, O. L., & Ramos-Bonilla, J. P. (2013). Presence of organochlorine pesticides in breast milk samples from Colombian women. Chemosphere, 91(6), 733–739. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2013.02.026 Salihovic, S., Nilsson, H., Hagberg, J., & Lindström, G. (2013). Trends in the analysis of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in human blood. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 46, 129–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TRAC.2012.06.009 Schenck, F. J., & Wagner, R. (2009). Screening procedure for organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticide residues in milk using matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) extraction and gas chromatographic determination. Http://Dx.Doi.Org/10.1080/02652039509374342, 12(4), 535–541. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652039509374342 Schuhmacher, M., Kiviranta, H., Ruokojärvi, P., Nadal, M., & Domingo, J. L. (2009). Concentrations of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs in breast milk of women from Catalonia, Spain: A follow-up study. Environment International, 35(3), 607–613. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVINT.2008.12.003 Slobodan A. Ćirić, Violeta D. Mitić, Jelena S. Nikolić, Marija D. Ilić, Marija V. Dimitrijević, Strahinja R. Simonović, & Vesna P. Stankov Jovanović. (2018). Recent developments in sorbent based water samples treatments prior GC-MS analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Chemia Naissensis, Vol 1, Issue 1, 93-123. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Illustration-of-solid-phase-extraction-SPE-procedure-Zdravkovic-2017_fig1_332910716 Sotão Neto, B. M. T., Combi, T., Taniguchi, S., Albergaria-Barbosa, A. C. R., Ramos, R. B., Figueira, R. C. L., & Montone, R. C. (2020). Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and personal care products (PCPs) in the surface sediments of a large tropical bay (Todos os Santos Bay, Brazil). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 161, 111818. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MARPOLBUL.2020.111818 Sparr Eskilsson, C., & Björklund, E. (2000). Analytical-scale microwave-assisted extraction. Journal of Chromatography A, 902(1), 227–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00921-3 Stashenko, E. E., & René Martínez, J. (2010). GC-MS: Más de un Analizador de Masas, ¿para qué? Scientia Chromatographica, 2, 25–48. www.scientiachromatographica.com Stewart, P. W., Lonky, E., Reihman, J., Pagano, J., Gump, B. B., & Darvill, T. (2008). The relationship between prenatal PCB exposure and intelligence (IQ) in 9-year-old children. Environmental Health Perspectives, 116(10), 1416–1422. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP.11058 St-Gelais, A. T., Aeppli, C., Burnell, C. A., & Costa-Pierce, B. A. (2017). Non-dioxin like polychlorinated biphenyl indicator congeners in Northwest Atlantic spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 120(1–2), 414–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MARPOLBUL.2017.05.001 Stockholm Convention. (2022a). Status of ratifications of the Stockholm Convention. http://chm.pops.int/Countries/StatusofRatifications/PartiesandSignatoires/tabid/4500/Default.aspx Stockholm Convention. (2022b). Stockholm Convention - Home page. http://www.pops.int/ Strobel, A., Schmid, P., Segner, H., Burkhardt-Holm, P., & Zennegg, M. (2016). Persistent organic pollutants in tissues of the white-blooded Antarctic fish Champsocephalus gunnari and Chaenocephalus aceratus. Chemosphere, 161, 555–562. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2016.01.089 Subramanian, A., Ohtake, M., Kunisue, T., & Tanabe, S. (2007). High levels of organochlorines in mothers’ milk from Chennai (Madras) city, India. Chemosphere, 68(5), 928–939. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2007.01.041 Thompson, M., Ellison, S. L. R., & Wood, R. (2002). Resulting from the Symposium on Harmonization of Quality Assurance Systems for Analytical Laboratories. Pure Appl. Chem, 74(5), 4–5 Tiryaki, O. (2006). Method validation for the analysis of pesticide residues in grain by thin-layer chromatography. Accreditation and Quality Assurance, 11(10), 506–513. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00769-006-0171-3/TABLES/5 Tiryaki, O. (2016). Validation of QuEChERS method for the determination of some pesticide residues in two apple varieties. Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part B Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes, 51(10), 722–729. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2016.1191922 Toft, G., Hagmar, L., Giwercman, A., & Bonde, J. P. (2004). Epidemiological evidence on reproductive effects of persistent organochlorines in humans. Reproductive Toxicology, 19(1), 5–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.REPROTOX.2004.05.006 Toppr. (2022). Explain bioaccumulation and biomagnification with examples. https://www.toppr.com/ask/en-ca/question/explain-bioaccumulation-and-biomagnification-with-examples/ UNE-EN 15662. (2019). Foods of plant origin - Multimethod for the determination of pesticide residues using GC- and LC-based analysis following acetonitrile extraction/partitioning and clean-up by dispersive SPE - Modular QuEChERS-method. https://www.une.org/encuentra-tu-norma/busca-tu-norma/norma?c=N0061576 UNEP. (2021). GLOBAL MONITORING PLAN FOR PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN. http://chm.pops.int/implementation/globalmonitoringplan/monitoringreports/tabid/525/default.aspx UNICEF. (2013). Lactancia Materna. https://www.unicef.org/ecuador/media/2611/file/Lactancia%20materna.pdf van den Berg, M., Kypke, K., Kotz, A., Tritscher, A., Lee, S. Y., Magulova, K., Fiedler, H., & Malisch, R. (2017). WHO/UNEP global surveys of PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs and DDTs in human milk and benefit–risk evaluation of breastfeeding. Archives of Toxicology, 91(1), 83–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00204-016-1802-Z/TABLES/2 Varjani, S. J., Gnansounou, E., & Pandey, A. (2017). Comprehensive review on toxicity of persistent organic pollutants from petroleum refinery waste and their degradation by microorganisms. Chemosphere, 188, 280–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2017.09.005 VIM. (2012). VIM Vocabulario Internacional de Metrología Conceptos fundamentales y generales y términos asociados. Waliszewski, S. M., Mójica García, X., Infanzón, R. M., María, D., Dermitz, B., & Zarrabal, O. C. (2008). Uso del ácido sulfúrico en las determinaciones de plaguicidas organoclorados: I. Calidad químico-analítica de la precipitación de grasa por el ácido sulfúrico concentrado en muestras con alto contenido de lípidos. Revista Internacional de Contaminación Ambiental, 24(1), 33–38. http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0188-49992008000100004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es Weber, R., Bell, L., Watson, A., Petrlik, J., Paun, M. C., & Vijgen, J. (2019). Assessment of pops contaminated sites and the need for stringent soil standards for food safety for the protection of human health. Environmental Pollution, 249, 703–715. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2019.03.066 World Health Organization. (2022a). Food safety: Persistent organic pollutants (POPs). https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/food-safety-persistent-organic-pollutants-(pops) World Health Organization. (2022b). Malaria. https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria Zaynab, M., Fatima, M., Sharif, Y., Sughra, K., Sajid, M., Khan, K. A., Sneharani, A. H., & Li, S. (2021). Health and environmental effects of silent killers Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyl. Journal of King Saud University - Science, 33(6), 101511. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JKSUS.2021.101511 Zhang, X., Cheng, X., Lei, B., Zhang, G., Bi, Y., & Yu, Y. (2021). A review of the transplacental transfer of persistent halogenated organic pollutants: Transfer characteristics, influential factors, and mechanisms. Environment International, 146, 106224. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVINT.2020.106224 Zhang, Z., & Rhind, S. M. (2011). Optimized determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in sheep serum by solid-phase extraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Talanta, 84(2), 487–493. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TALANTA.2011.01.042 Zhou, P., Wu, Y., Yin, S., Li, J., Zhao, Y., Zhang, L., Chen, H., Liu, Y., Yang, X., & Li, X. (2011). National survey of the levels of persistent organochlorine pesticides in the breast milk of mothers in China. Environmental Pollution, 159(2), 524–531. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2010.10.014
dc.rights.coar.fl_str_mv	http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
dc.rights.license.spa.fl_str_mv	Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional
dc.rights.uri.spa.fl_str_mv	http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv	Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
eu_rights_str_mv	openAccess
dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv	xvii, 110 páginas
dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv	application/pdf
dc.publisher.program.spa.fl_str_mv	Bogotá - Ciencias - Maestría en Ciencias - Química
dc.publisher.faculty.spa.fl_str_mv	Facultad de Ciencias
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv	Bogotá,Colombia
dc.publisher.branch.spa.fl_str_mv	Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá
institution	Universidad Nacional de Colombia
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv	https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/84220/1/license.txt https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/84220/2/1083898609.2023.pdf https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/84220/3/1083898609.2023.pdf.jpg
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv	eb34b1cf90b7e1103fc9dfd26be24b4a ae0a6d2650a3bd4d482b39b4f5ad6f78 4cdb1ca80924b738309441fb1bb4f9b7
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv	MD5 MD5 MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv	Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
repository.mail.fl_str_mv	repositorio_nal@unal.edu.co
_version_	1814090205974495232
spelling	Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacionalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Guerrero Dallos, Jairo Arturoa756ad2dad10a8fa9eeb0587db7ee9d3Garcia Cuellar, Yury Paola9c2e4af992ff97f1af8f9c3a20fff70fResidualidad y Destino Ambiental de Plaguicidas en Sistemas Agricolas2023-07-19T14:53:12Z2023-07-19T14:53:12Z2023https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/84220Universidad Nacional de ColombiaRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiahttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ilustraciones, diagramas, mapasEn el presente estudio se implementaron y validaron metodologías para la determinación simultanea de contaminantes organoclorados (COs) y bifenilos policlorados (PCBs) en leche bovina y leche materna por el método QuEChERS con algunas modificaciones, por cromatografía de gases con detector μECD y por espectrometría de masas con cuadrupolo simple y triple cuadrupolo. La idoneidad de los métodos propuestos se ratificó con dos materiales de referencia certificados (BCR 188 y BCR 450). La aplicabilidad se llevó a cabo en 50 muestras de leche bovina y 56 muestras de leche materna, procedentes de diferentes departamentos de Colombia. A partir de los resultados obtenidos se realizó un análisis de riesgo con un enfoque determinístico y probabilístico para identificar el grado de exposición a los contaminantes orgánicos persistentes (COPs). Los métodos validados demostraron ser altamente selectivos/específicos, lineales, exactos, y sensibles, permitiendo obtener límites de cuantificación menores a los límites máximos de residuos (LMR) establecidos por la Comisión Europea y el Codex Alimentario. Los COPs encontrados en leche bovina y materna no superaron los LMR, sin embargo, en la mayoría de las muestras se evidenció la presencia de DDE, DDT y algunos PCBs. El análisis de riesgo determinístico efectuado en ambas matrices permitió identificar porcentajes de la ingesta diaria admisible (%IDA) inferiores al 50%, indicando que no hay riesgos potenciales para la salud de la población. Sin embargo, al realizar el análisis con un enfoque probabilístico se obtuvo que el DDE representaba una probabilidad de 1% en leche bovina y 5.3% en leche materna de superar el umbral toxicológico seguro para el grupo poblacional más expuesto que es la población infantil. Los hallazgos de este estudio proporcionan información valiosa para la determinación de COPs como una herramienta para el análisis de muestras indicadoras de contaminación ambiental. (Texto tomado de la fuente)In the present study, methodologies were implemented and validated for the simultaneous determination of organochlorine contaminants (COs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in bovine milk and breast milk by the QuEChERS method with some modifications, by gas chromatography with μECD detector and by spectrometry of masses with simple quadrupole and triple quadrupole. The suitability of the proposed methods was confirmed with two certified reference materials (BCR 188 and BCR 450). The applicability was carried out in 50 samples of bovine milk and 56 samples of breast milk, coming from different departments of Colombia. Based on the results obtained, a risk analysis was carried out with a deterministic and probabilistic approach to identify the degree of exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The validated methods proved to be highly selective/specific, linear, exact (absolute error less than 20% with the reference materials), and sensitive, allowing to obtain limits of quantification lower than the maximum residue limits (MRL) established by the European Commission. and the Alimentary Codex. The POPs found in bovine and breast milk did not exceed the MRLs, however, the presence of DDE, DDT and some PCBs was evidenced in most of the samples. The deterministic risk analysis carried out in both matrices made it possible to identify percentages of the acceptable daily intake (% ADI) (a parameter that was considered as an exposure indicator), lower than 50%, indicating that there are no potential risks for the health of the population. However, when carrying out the analysis with a probabilistic approach, it was obtained that the DDE represented a probability of 1% in bovine milk and 5.3% in breast milk of exceeding the safe toxicological threshold for the most exposed population group, which is the infant population. The findings of this study provide valuable information for the determination of POPs as a tool for the analysis of indicator samples of environmental contamination.MaestríaQuímica analíticaxvii, 110 páginasapplication/pdfspaDeterminación de contaminantes orgánicos persistentes en alimentos con alto contenido de grasa como indicador de contaminación ambientalDetermination of persistent organic pollutants in foods with high fat content as an indicator of environmental contaminationTrabajo de grado - Maestríainfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionTexthttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TMBogotá - Ciencias - Maestría en Ciencias - QuímicaFacultad de CienciasBogotá,ColombiaUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede BogotáAdebusuyi, A. T., Sojinu, S. O., & Aleshinloye, A. O. (2022). The prevalence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in West Africa – A review. Environmental Challenges, 7, 100486. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVC.2022.100486Afful, S., Awudza, J. A. M., Twumasi, S. K., & Osae, S. (2013). Determination of indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by gas chromatography–electron capture detector. Chemosphere, 93(8), 1556–1560. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2013.08.001Ahumada, D., & Guerrero, J. (2010). STUDY OF MATRIX EFFECT IN PESTICIDE ANALYSIS BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY. Vitae, 17(1), 51–58. http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0121-40042010000100007&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=esAhumada Forigua, D., & Guerrero Dallos, J. (2010). Reducción del efecto matriz en el análisis de residuos de Plaguicidas mediante Cromatografía de gases.Ali, U., Li, J., Zhang, G., Mahmood, A., Jones, K. C., & Malik, R. N. (2016). Presence, deposition flux and mass burden of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from Mehmood Booti Drain sediments, Lahore. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 125, 9–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECOENV.2015.11.019Alley, E. G., & Lu, G. (1995). Analysis of Polychlonnated Biphenyls in Fatty Biological Matrixes by On-Line Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Supercritical Fluid Cleanup. Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL, 78(4), 1051–1054. https://doi.org/10.1093/JAOAC/78.4.1051Alshemmari, H. (2021). Inventories and assessment of POPs in the State of Kuwait as a basis for Stockholm Convention implementation. Emerging Contaminants, 7, 88–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EMCON.2021.02.003Anastassiades, M., & Lehotay, S. (2003). Fast and Easy Multiresidue Method Employing Acetonitrile Extraction/Partitioning and “Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction” for the Determination of Pesticide Residues in Produce. In JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL (Vol. 86, Issue 2). https://academic.oup.com/jaoac/article/86/2/412/5656996Anastassiades, M., Lehotay, S. J., Štajnbaher, D., & Schenck, F. J. (2003). Fast and Easy Multiresidue Method Employing Acetonitrile Extraction/Partitioning and “Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction” for the Determination of Pesticide Residues in Produce. Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL, 86(2), 412–431. https://doi.org/10.1093/JAOAC/86.2.412ATSDR. (2023). Toxic Substances Portal \| ATSDR. ATSDR. https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/index.aspx?toxid=114Avila, B. S., Ramírez, C., & Tellez-Ávila, E. (2022a). Human Biomonitoring of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in the Breast Milk of Colombian Mothers. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 109(3), 526–533. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00128-022-03577-5/TABLES/2Avila, B. S., Ramírez, C., & Tellez-Ávila, E. (2022b). Human Biomonitoring of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in the Breast Milk of Colombian Mothers. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 109(3), 526–533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-022-03577-5Aysal, P., Ambrus, Á., Lehotay, S. J., Cannavan, A., Arp´ad, ´, & Ambrus, A. A. (2007). Validation of an efficient method for the determination of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables using ethyl acetate for extraction Validation of an efficient method for the determination of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables using ethyl acetate for extraction. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B, 42, 481–490. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312450701392490Barnhoorn, I. E. J., Bornman, M. S., Jansen van Rensburg, C., & Bouwman, H. (2009). DDT residues in water, sediment, domestic and indigenous biota from a currently DDT-sprayed area. Chemosphere, 77(9), 1236–1241. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2009.08.045Bielská, L., Šmídová, K., & Hofman, J. (2013). Supercritical fluid extraction of persistent organic pollutants from natural and artificial soils and comparison with bioaccumulation in earthworms. Environmental Pollution, 176, 48–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2013.01.005Biomodel. (2022). Cromatografía. http://biomodel.uah.es/tecnicas/crom/inicio.htmBjörvang, R. D., Hallberg, I., Pikki, A., Berglund, L., Pedrelli, M., Kiviranta, H., Rantakokko, P., Ruokojärvi, P., Lindh, C. H., Olovsson, M., Persson, S., Holte, J., Sjunnesson, Y., & Damdimopoulou, P. (2022). Follicular fluid and blood levels of persistent organic pollutants and reproductive outcomes among women undergoing assisted reproductive technologies. Environmental Research, 208, 112626. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.112626Boudalia, S., Benati, D., Boukharouba, R., Chemakh, B., & Chemmam, M. (2016). Physico-chemical properties and hygienic quality of raw and reconstituted milk in the region of Guelma-Algeria. International Journal of Agricultural Research, 11(2), 77–83. https://doi.org/10.3923/IJAR.2016.77.83Boukria, O., Hadrami, E. M. el, Boudalia, S., Safarov, J., Leriche, F., & Aït-Kaddour, A. (2020). The effect of mixing milk of different species on chemical, physicochemical, and sensory features of cheeses: a review. Foods, 9(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/FOODS9091309Burke, E. R., Holden, A. J., & Shaw, I. C. (2003). A method to determine residue levels of persistent organochlorine pesticides in human milk from Indonesian women. Chemosphere, 50(4), 529–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00492-7Carro, N., Vilas, L., García, I., Ignacio, M., & Mouteira, A. M. (2017). Optimization of a method based on micro-matrix solid-phase dispersion (micro-MSPD) for the determination of PCBs in mussel samples. Analytical Chemistry Research, 11, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ANCR.2016.11.003Castillo, B., & González, R. (1996). Protocolo de validación de métodos analíticos para la cuantificación de fármacos. SciELO Analytics, 30. http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-75151996000100009Chasek, P. S., & Downie, D. L. (2020). Global Environmental Politics. Global Environmental Politics. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429276743Comisión europea 1259. (2011). REGLAMENTO (UE) N o 1259/2011 DE LA COMISIÓN. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/Comisión europea 1259. (2011). REGLAMENTO (UE) N o 1259/2011 DE LA COMISIÓN. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/Davidsen, N., Lauvås, A. J., Myhre, O., Ropstad, E., Carpi, D., Gyves, E. M. de, Berntsen, H. F., Dirven, H., Paulsen, R. E., Bal-Price, A., & Pistollato, F. (2021). Exposure to human relevant mixtures of halogenated persistent organic pollutants (POPs) alters neurodevelopmental processes in human neural stem cells undergoing differentiation. Reproductive Toxicology, 100, 17–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.REPROTOX.2020.12.013de Angelis, M., & Schramm, K.-W. (2021). Perinatal effects of persistent organic pollutants on thyroid hormone concentration in placenta and breastmilk. Molecular Aspects of Medicine, 100988. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MAM.2021.100988Della, C. L. S., & Colombo, J. C. (2012). Incidencia de la dieta y factores socio-demográficos sobre los niveles de contaminantes orgánicos persistentes (COPs) en leche materna de poblaciones urbanas y rurales de Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata.Deti, H., Hymete, A., Bekhit, A. A., Mohamed, A. M. I., & Bekhit, A. E. D. A. (2014). Persistent organochlorine pesticides residues in cow and goat milks collected from different regions of Ethiopia. Chemosphere, 106, 70–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2014.02.012Donia, M. A. A., Abou-Arab, A. A. K., Enb, A., El-Senaity, M. H., & Abd-Rabou, N. S. (2010). Chemical composition of raw milk and the accumulation of pesticide residues in milk products. Global Veterinaria, 4(1), 6–14Dvoršćak, M., Jagić, K., Besednik, L., Šimić, I., & Klinčić, D. (2022). First application of microwave-assisted extraction in the analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human milk. Microchemical Journal, 179, 107447. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MICROC.2022.107447EPA. (2007). Método de la EPA 8081b.EPA Environmental Protection Agency. (1994). METHOD 8080A ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES AND POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHYErazo, A., & Guerrero, J. (2006). INCERTIDUMBRE DURANTE EL PROCESAMIENTO DE FRUTAS Y HORTALIZAS EN EL ANÁLISIS DE RESIDUOS DE PLAGUICIDAS. Revista Colombiana de Química, 35(2), 163–175. https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/rcolquim/article/view/856Eurachem. (2014). The Fitness for Purpose of Analytical Methods A Laboratory Guide to Method Validation and Related Topics. www.eurachem.orgEuropean Commission. (2022). EU Pesticides Database (v.2.2) Search Pesticide Residues. https://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/pesticides/eu-pesticides-database/mrls/?event=search.prEuropean Food Safety Authority. (2015). Annual report of the EFSA Scientific Network for Risk Assessment of GMOs for 2015. https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2016.EN-1002?src=getftrFan, X., Wang, Z., Li, Y., Wang, H., Fan, W., & Dong, Z. (2021). Estimating the dietary exposure and risk of persistent organic pollutants in China: A national analysis. Environmental Pollution, 288, 117764. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2021.117764FAO. (2021). Global assessment of soil pollution: Report. Global Assessment of Soil Pollution: Report. https://doi.org/10.4060/CB4894ENFAO, & OMS. (2018). COMISIÓN DEL CODEX ALIMENTARIUS MANUAL DE PROCEDIMIENTO (Vigésima sexta). www.codexalimentarius.orgProgramaConjuntoFAO/OMSsobreNormasAlimentariasFAO, & WHO. (2020). Dietary exposure assessment for chemicals in food. In Environmental Health Criteria 240 (EHC 240) (second edition). http://www.inchem.org/FAO/OMS. (1995). Aplicación del análisis de riesgos a cuestiones de normas alimentarias . Informe de La Consulta Mixta FAO/OMS de Expertos, 47. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/58917/WHO_FNU_FOS_95.3_spa.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=yFAO/WHO. (2011). Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meeting on Dietary Exposure Assessment Methodologies for Residues of Veterinary Drugs Final Report including Report of Stakeholder Meeting. http://www.who.int/about/licensing/copyright_form/en/index.htmlFAO-WHO. (2022). Commodities detail \| CODEXALIMENTARIUS FAO-WHO. https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/pestres/commodities-detail/en/?c_id=42Fiedler, H., van der Veen, I., & de Boer, J. (2022). Interlaboratory assessments for dioxin-like POPs (2016/2017 and 2018/2019). Chemosphere, 288, 132449. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2021.132449Focant, J. F., Pirard, C., Massart, A. C., & de Pauw, E. (2003). Survey of commercial pasteurised cows’ milk in Wallonia (Belgium) for the occurrence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls. Chemosphere, 52(4), 725–733. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00127-9Focant, J. F., Sjödin, A., Turner, W. I., & Patterson, D. G. (2004). Measurement of selected polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polybrominated and polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticides in human serum and milk using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography isotope dilution time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Analytical Chemistry, 76(21), 6313–6320. https://doi.org/10.1021/AC048959IFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations., & World Health Organization. (2009). Principles and methods for the risk assessment of chemicals in food. World Health Organization.Food, E., Authority, S., Olaru, I., & Waigmann, E. (2019). Annual report of the EFSA Scientific Network for Risk Assessment of GMOs for 2018. EFSA Supporting Publications, 16(2), 1577E. https://doi.org/10.2903/SP.EFSA.2019.EN-1577France, J. E., King, J. W., & Snyder, J. M. (1991). Supercritical Fluid-Based Cleanup Technique for the Separation of Organochlorine Pesticides from Fats. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 39(10), 1871–1874. https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00010A038/ASSET/JF00010A038.FP.PNG_V03Gebremichael, S., Birhanu, T., & Tessema, D. A. (2013). Analysis of organochlorine pesticide residues in human and cow’s milk in the towns of Asendabo, Serbo and Jimma in South-Western Ethiopia. Chemosphere, 90(5), 1652–1657. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2012.09.008Green, J. M. (2011). Peer Reviewed: A Practical Guide to Analytical Method Validation. Analytical Chemistry, 68(9), 305A-309A. https://doi.org/10.1021/AC961912FGuo, Y., & Kannan, K. (2015). Analytical Methods for the Measurement of Legacy and Emerging Persistent Organic Pollutants in Complex Sample Matrices. Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry, 67, 1–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63299-9.00001-6Hasan, G. M. M. A., Das, A. K., & Satter, M. A. (2022). Multi residue analysis of organochlorine pesticides in fish, milk, egg and their feed by GC-MS/MS and their impact assessment on consumers health in Bangladesh. NFS Journal, 27, 28–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NFS.2022.03.003Hermanson, M. H., Jackson, D. S., & Johnson, G. W. (2010). History of Inuit community excretion of polychlorinated biphenyls recorded in sewage lake sediments. Chemosphere, 78(11), 1322–1328. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2010.01.008Hernández, M., Vidal, J. v, & Marrugo José L. (2010). Organochlorine pesticides in cows’milk supplemented with cotton waste in San Pedro, Colombia. Revista de Salud Pública, 12, 982–989. http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/rsap/v12n6/v12n6a10.pdfHernández-Mariano, J. Á., Baltazar-Reyes, M. C., Salazar-Martínez, E., & Cupul-Uicab, L. A. (2022). Exposure to the pesticide DDT and risk of diabetes and hypertension: Systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 239. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJHEH.2021.113865Hu, L., Luo, D., Wang, L., Yu, M., Zhao, S., Wang, Y., Mei, S., & Zhang, G. (2021). Levels and profiles of persistent organic pollutants in breast milk in China and their potential health risks to breastfed infants: A review. Science of The Total Environment, 753, 142028. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2020.142028Huérfano Barco, I. M., & Guerrero Dallos, J. A. (2020). Desarrollo y validación de una metodología para el análisis de residuos de plaguicidas en productos hortofrutícolas colombianos por cromatografía líquida acoplada a espectrometría de masas de alta resolución, Orbitrap [Universidad Nacional de Colombia]. https://bibliotecas.unal.edu.co/formacion-y-asistencia/preguntas-frecuentes/repositorio-institucionalICBF. (2015). ENSIN: Encuesta Nacional de Situación Nutricional \| Portal ICBF - Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar ICBF. https://www.icbf.gov.co/bienestar/nutricion/encuesta-nacional-situacion-nutricionalICONTEC e-Collection. (2021). Alimentos de origen vegetal. Método para la determinación de residuos de plaguicidas por cromatografía, mediante extracción con acetonitrilo y limpieza por extracción en fase sólida dispersiva (D-SPE). Método QuEChERs. NTC 6412. https://ecollection-icontec-org.ezproxy.unal.edu.co/normavw.aspx?ID=79920ISO 5725-1:(en). (1994). Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results — Part 1: General principles and definitions. https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:5725:-1:ed-1:v1:enJarman, W. M., & Ballschmiter, K. (2012). From coal to DDT: the history of the development of the pesticide DDT from synthetic dyes till Silent Spring. Endeavour, 36(4), 131–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENDEAVOUR.2012.10.003Jiménez, J. R., & Guerrero, J. A. (2018). Evaluación de la contaminación por bifenilos policlorados (PCB: 28, 52, 101, 118,138, 153 y 180) en leche cruda bovina de los departamentos de Cundinamarca, Antioquia, Nariño, Quindío y Boyacá por cromatografía de gases con detector de microcaptura de electrones y confirmación por espectrometría de masas.JMPR, & JMPS. (2023). Plant Production and Protection Division: D - List of Pesticide Evaluated by JMPR and JMPS. https://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/thematic-sitemap/theme/pests/lpe/lpe-d/en/Jurado, C., López-Artíguez, M., Menéndez, M., & de la Peña, E. (1993). ASOCIACION ESPAÑOLA DE TOXICOLOGÍA GLOSARIO DE TERMINOS TOXICOLOGICOS IUPAC (Duffus y cols. 1993) VERSION ESPAÑOLA AMPLIADA Autores: M. REPETTO y P. SANZKao, C. C., Que, D. E., Bongo, S. J., Tayo, L. L., Lin, Y. H., Lin, C. W., Lin, S. L., Gou, Y. Y., Hsu, W. L., Shy, C. G., Huang, K. L., Tsai, M. H., & Chao, H. R. (2019). Residue Levels of Organochlorine Pesticides in Breast Milk and Its Associations with Cord Blood Thyroid Hormones and the Offspring’s Neurodevelopment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, Vol. 16, Page 1438, 16(8), 1438. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH16081438Kim, L., Lee, D., Cho, H. K., & Choi, S. D. (2019a). Review of the QuEChERS method for the analysis of organic pollutants: Persistent organic pollutants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and pharmaceuticals. Trends in Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 22, e00063. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TEAC.2019.E00063Kim, L., Lee, D., Cho, H. K., & Choi, S. D. (2019b). Review of the QuEChERS method for the analysis of organic pollutants: Persistent organic pollutants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and pharmaceuticals. Trends in Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 22, e00063. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TEAC.2019.E00063Kuang, L., Hou, Y., Huang, F., Guo, A., Deng, W., Sun, H., Shen, L., Lin, H., & Hong, H. (2020a). Pesticides in human milk collected from Jinhua, China: Levels, influencing factors and health risk assessment. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 205, 111331. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECOENV.2020.111331Kuang, L., Hou, Y., Huang, F., Guo, A., Deng, W., Sun, H., Shen, L., Lin, H., & Hong, H. (2020b). Pesticides in human milk collected from Jinhua, China: Levels, influencing factors and health risk assessment. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 205, 111331. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECOENV.2020.111331Kucklick, J. R., Struntz, W. D. J., Becker, P. R., York, G. W., O’Hara, T. M., & Bohonowych, J. E. (2002). Persistent organochlorine pollutants in ringed seals and polar bears collected from northern Alaska. Science of The Total Environment, 287(1–2), 45–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00997-4la Merrill, M., Cirillo, P. M., Terry, M. B., Krigbaum, N. Y., Flom, J. D., & Cohn, B. A. (2013). Prenatal exposure to the pesticide DDT and hypertension diagnosed in women before age 50: A longitudinal birth cohort study. Environmental Health Perspectives, 121(5), 594–599. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP.1205921Laganà, A., Bacaloni, A., de Leva, I., Faberi, A., Fago, G., & Marino, A. (2002). Occurrence and determination of herbicides and their major transformation products in environmental waters. Analytica Chimica Acta, 462(2), 187–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(02)00351-3Lagarda, M. J., García-Llatas, G., & Farré, R. (2006). Analysis of phytosterols in foods. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 41(5), 1486–1496. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JPBA.2006.02.052Lagunas-Allué, L., Sanz-Asensio, J., & Martínez-Soria, M. T. (2010). Response surface optimization for determination of pesticide residues in grapes using MSPD and GC-MS: assessment of global uncertainty. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 2010 398:3, 398(3), 1509–1523. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00216-010-4046-4Lara S Della Ceca, Carolina Migoya, Natalia Capelletti, Graciela Gomez, Diego Arozamena, Madelón Sobral, Julia H Piñero, Marisa Soimer, Nerisa Bosco, Elvira Perez, Osvaldo Gluzman, Maria A Rosa, Mariela Lopezd, & Juan C Colombo. (2012). Contaminantes orgánicos persistentes en leche materna de centros urbanos de la provincia de Buenos Aires. Revista Científica Del Comité de Medio Ambiente Del Grupo Montevideo ISSNe 2618-2858. https://revistas.unlp.edu.ar/domus/article/view/495/499Lehotay, S. (2007). AOAC official method 2007.01 pesticide residues in foods by acetonitrile extraction and partitioning with Magnesium Sulfate. AOAC InternationalLeksir, C., Boudalia, S., Moujahed, N., & Chemmam, M. (2019). Traditional dairy products in Algeria: Case of Klila cheese. Journal of Ethnic Foods, 6(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/S42779-019-0008-4/FIGURES/9Li, H., Gao, S., Yang, M., Zhang, F., Cao, L., Xie, H., Chen, X., & Cai, Z. (2020). Dietary exposure and risk assessment of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in supermarket fresh products in Jinan, China. Chemosphere, 244, 125393. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2019.125393Lim, J. eun, Nam, C., Yang, J., Rha, K. H., Lim, K. M., & Jee, S. H. (2017). Serum persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and prostate cancer risk: A case-cohort study. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 220(5), 849–856. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJHEH.2017.03.014Linde, A. (2022). Cromatografía de gases: detector de captura electrónica. www.abello-linde-sa.esLiu, Y., Liang, J., Zhou, X., Yuan, H., Li, Y., Chang, D., Yang, K., & Yang, D. (2022). Degradation of persistent organic pollutants in soil by parallel tubes-array dielectric barrier discharge plasma cooperating with catalyst. Chemical Engineering Journal, 437, 135089. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEJ.2022.135089Longnecker, M. P., Wolff, M. S., Gladen, B. C., Brock, J. W., Grandjean, P., Jacobson, J. L., Korrick, S. A., Rogan, W. J., Weisglas-Kuperus, N., Hertz-Picciotto, I., Ayotte, P., Stewart, P., Winneke, G., Charles, M. J., Jacobson, S. W., Dewailly, E., Boersma, E. R., Altshul, L. M., Heinzow, B., … Jensen, A. A. (2003). Comparison of polychlorinated biphenyl levels across studies of human neurodevelopment. Environmental Health Perspectives, 111(1), 65–70. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP.5463Luzardo, O. P., Ruiz-Suárez, N., Almeida-González, M., Henríquez-Hernández, L. A., Zumbado, M., & Boada, L. D. (2013). Multi-residue method for the determination of 57 Persistent Organic Pollutants in human milk and colostrum using a QuEChERS-based extraction procedure. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 405(29), 9523–9536. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00216-013-7377-0Maggioni, D. A., Signorini, M. L., Michlig, N., Repetti, M. R., Sigrist, M. E., & Beldomenico, H. R. (2018). National short-term dietary exposure assessment of a selected group of pesticides in Argentina. Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part B Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes, 53(10), 639–651. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2018.1474552Malisch, K., Malisch Chemisches, R., & Fiedler, H. (2017). UNEP-coordinated Survey of Human Milk for Persistent Organic Pollutants Guidelines for Organization, Sampling and AnalysisMartínez, C., Martínez Arroyo, A., Barrientos Alemán, D., Gavilán García, A., Caba, M., Calderón Garcidueñas, A. L., Mora, A., & Zenteno, E. (2022). Persistent organic compounds in human milk and evaluation of the effectiveness of the Stockholm convention in Mexico. Environmental Advances, 8, 100190. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVADV.2022.100190Meng, J., Hong, S., Wang, T., Li, Q., Yoon, S. J., Lu, Y., Giesy, J. P., & Khim, J. S. (2017). Traditional and new POPs in environments along the Bohai and Yellow Seas: An overview of China and South Korea. Chemosphere, 169, 503–515. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2016.11.108Miniero, R., Iamiceli, A. L., & de Felip, E. (2015). Persistent Organic Pollutants. Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.09496-3Morgan, D. P., & Roan, C. C. (2013). Absorption, Storage, and Metabolic Conversion of Ingested DDT and DDT Metabolites in Man. Http://Dx.Doi.Org/10.1080/00039896.1971.10665848, 22(3), 301–308. https://doi.org/10.1080/00039896.1971.10665848Mostafalou, S. (2016). Persistent organic pollutants and concern over the link with insulin resistance related metabolic diseases. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 238, 69–89. https://doi.org/10.1007/398_2015_5001/COVERMüller, M. H. B., Polder, A., Brynildsrud, O. B., Grønnestad, R., Karimi, M., Lie, E., Manyilizu, W. B., Mdegela, R. H., Mokiti, F., Murtadha, M., Nonga, H. E., Skaare, J. U., Solhaug, A., & Lyche, J. L. (2019). Prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants in Northern Tanzania and their distribution between breast milk, maternal blood, placenta and cord blood. Environmental Research, 170, 433–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVRES.2018.12.026Müller, M. H. B., Polder, A., Brynildsrud, O. B., Karimi, M., Lie, E., Manyilizu, W. B., Mdegela, R. H., Mokiti, F., Murtadha, M., Nonga, H. E., Skaare, J. U., & Lyche, J. L. (2017). Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in human breast milk and associated health risks to nursing infants in Northern Tanzania. Environmental Research, 154, 425–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVRES.2017.01.031Nag, S. K. (2010). Pesticides, veterinary residues and other contaminants in milk. Improving the Safety and Quality of Milk, 1, 113–145. https://doi.org/10.1533/9781845699420.2.113Năstăsescu, V., Mititelu, M., Goumenou, M., Docea, A. O., Renieri, E., Udeanu, D. I., Oprea, E., Arsene, A. L., Dinu-Pîrvu, C. E., & Ghica, M. (2020). Heavy metal and pesticide levels in dairy products: Evaluation of human health risk. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 146. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FCT.2020.111844OMS. (2020). Food safety: Persistent organic pollutants (POPs). https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/food-safety-persistent-organic-pollutants-(pops)Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2017). Herramienta de evaluación de riesgos para la salud humana de la OMS: peligros químicos. In OMS (p. 110). https://www.who.int/es/publications/i/item/9789241548076ORyan, R., & Ibarra, C. (2016). Environmental Policy in Latin America. Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_2670-1Oshiro, R. K. (2013). Detection and Quantification Limits of EPA Enterococcus qPCR MethodsOsorio, S. (2013). INFORME FINAL DEL PROGRAMA DE IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE CONTAMINANTES ORGÁNICOS PERSISTENTES - COPs EN LECHE MATERNA Y AIRE EN EL PERU. http://ccbasilea-crestocolmo.org.uy/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/info-final-COPs-2013-Peru-29.X.13.pdfPalát, J., Kukučka, P., Codling, G. P., Price, E. J., Janků, P., & Klánová, J. (2022). Application of 96-well plate SPE method for analysis of persistent organic pollutants in low volume blood serum samples. Chemosphere, 287, 132300. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2021.132300Parrilla Vázquez, P., Hakme, E., Uclés, S., Cutillas, V., Martínez Galera, M., Mughari, A. R., & Fernández-Alba, A. R. (2016). Large multiresidue analysis of pesticides in edible vegetable oils by using efficient solid-phase extraction sorbents based on quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe methodology followed by gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1463, 20–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHROMA.2016.08.008Pereira, P. C. (2014). Milk nutritional composition and its role in human health. Nutrition, 30(6), 619–627. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NUT.2013.10.011Peterson, J., & Richter, B. (2007). Accelerated solvent extraction techniques for in-line selective removal of various interferences. LC GC North America, FEV, 49–49Pihlström, T., Fernández-Alba, A. R., Ferrer Amate, C., Erecius Poulsen, M., Lippold, R., Carrasco Cabrera, L., Pelosi, P., Valverde, A., Mol, H., Jezussek, M., Malato, O., & Štěpán, R. (2021). ANALYTICAL QUALITY CONTROL AND METHOD VALIDATION PROCEDURES FOR PESTICIDE RESIDUES ANALYSIS IN FOOD AND FEED SANTE 11312/2021Polder, A., Gabrielsen, G. W., Odland, J., Savinova, T. N., Tkachev, A., Løken, K. B., & Skaare, J. U. (2008). Spatial and temporal changes of chlorinated pesticides, PCBs, dioxins (PCDDs/PCDFs) and brominated flame retardants in human breast milk from Northern Russia. Science of The Total Environment, 391(1), 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2007.10.045Pozo, K., Gómez, V., Tucca, F., Galbán-Malagón, C., Ahumada, R., Rudolph, A., Klánová, J., & Lammel, G. (2022). Multicompartmental analysis of POPs and PAHs in Concepciόn Bay, central Chile: Part II – Air-sea exchange during Austral summer. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 177, 113518. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MARPOLBUL.2022.113518Ramezani, S., Mahdavi, V., Gordan, H., Rezadoost, H., Oliver Conti, G., & Mousavi Khaneghah, A. (2022). Determination of multi-class pesticides residues of cow and human milk samples from Iran using UHPLC-MS/MS and GC-ECD: A probabilistic health risk assessment. Environmental Research, 208, 112730. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVRES.2022.112730Ribas-Fitó, N., Cardo, E., Sala, M., Eulàlia de Muga, M., Mazón, C., Verdú, A., Kogevinas, M., Grimalt, J. O., & Sunyer, J. (2003). Breastfeeding, Exposure to Organochlorine Compounds, and Neurodevelopment in Infants. Pediatrics, 111(5), e580–e585. https://doi.org/10.1542/PEDS.111.5.E580Rodil, R., Carro, A. M., Lorenzo, R. A., & Cela, R. (2007). Multicriteria optimisation of a simultaneous supercritical fluid extraction and clean-up procedure for the determination of persistent organohalogenated pollutants in aquaculture samples. Chemosphere, 67(7), 1453–1462. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2006.10.003Rodrigues, A. C., Ávila, C. K., de Miranda, R. M., Alves, S. C. S., & Dias, C. C. (2021). Study of controlled leaching process of steel slag in soxhlet extractor aiming employment in pavements. Transportation Geotechnics, 27, 100485. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TRGEO.2020.100485Rojas-Squella, X., Santos, L., Baumann, W., Landaeta, D., Jaimes, A., Correa, J. C., Sarmiento, O. L., & Ramos-Bonilla, J. P. (2013). Presence of organochlorine pesticides in breast milk samples from Colombian women. Chemosphere, 91(6), 733–739. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2013.02.026Salihovic, S., Nilsson, H., Hagberg, J., & Lindström, G. (2013). Trends in the analysis of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in human blood. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 46, 129–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TRAC.2012.06.009Schenck, F. J., & Wagner, R. (2009). Screening procedure for organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticide residues in milk using matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) extraction and gas chromatographic determination. Http://Dx.Doi.Org/10.1080/02652039509374342, 12(4), 535–541. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652039509374342Schuhmacher, M., Kiviranta, H., Ruokojärvi, P., Nadal, M., & Domingo, J. L. (2009). Concentrations of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs in breast milk of women from Catalonia, Spain: A follow-up study. Environment International, 35(3), 607–613. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVINT.2008.12.003Slobodan A. Ćirić, Violeta D. Mitić, Jelena S. Nikolić, Marija D. Ilić, Marija V. Dimitrijević, Strahinja R. Simonović, & Vesna P. Stankov Jovanović. (2018). Recent developments in sorbent based water samples treatments prior GC-MS analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Chemia Naissensis, Vol 1, Issue 1, 93-123. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Illustration-of-solid-phase-extraction-SPE-procedure-Zdravkovic-2017_fig1_332910716Sotão Neto, B. M. T., Combi, T., Taniguchi, S., Albergaria-Barbosa, A. C. R., Ramos, R. B., Figueira, R. C. L., & Montone, R. C. (2020). Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and personal care products (PCPs) in the surface sediments of a large tropical bay (Todos os Santos Bay, Brazil). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 161, 111818. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MARPOLBUL.2020.111818Sparr Eskilsson, C., & Björklund, E. (2000). Analytical-scale microwave-assisted extraction. Journal of Chromatography A, 902(1), 227–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00921-3Stashenko, E. E., & René Martínez, J. (2010). GC-MS: Más de un Analizador de Masas, ¿para qué? Scientia Chromatographica, 2, 25–48. www.scientiachromatographica.comStewart, P. W., Lonky, E., Reihman, J., Pagano, J., Gump, B. B., & Darvill, T. (2008). The relationship between prenatal PCB exposure and intelligence (IQ) in 9-year-old children. Environmental Health Perspectives, 116(10), 1416–1422. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP.11058St-Gelais, A. T., Aeppli, C., Burnell, C. A., & Costa-Pierce, B. A. (2017). Non-dioxin like polychlorinated biphenyl indicator congeners in Northwest Atlantic spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 120(1–2), 414–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MARPOLBUL.2017.05.001Stockholm Convention. (2022a). Status of ratifications of the Stockholm Convention. http://chm.pops.int/Countries/StatusofRatifications/PartiesandSignatoires/tabid/4500/Default.aspxStockholm Convention. (2022b). Stockholm Convention - Home page. http://www.pops.int/Strobel, A., Schmid, P., Segner, H., Burkhardt-Holm, P., & Zennegg, M. (2016). Persistent organic pollutants in tissues of the white-blooded Antarctic fish Champsocephalus gunnari and Chaenocephalus aceratus. Chemosphere, 161, 555–562. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2016.01.089Subramanian, A., Ohtake, M., Kunisue, T., & Tanabe, S. (2007). High levels of organochlorines in mothers’ milk from Chennai (Madras) city, India. Chemosphere, 68(5), 928–939. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2007.01.041Thompson, M., Ellison, S. L. R., & Wood, R. (2002). Resulting from the Symposium on Harmonization of Quality Assurance Systems for Analytical Laboratories. Pure Appl. Chem, 74(5), 4–5Tiryaki, O. (2006). Method validation for the analysis of pesticide residues in grain by thin-layer chromatography. Accreditation and Quality Assurance, 11(10), 506–513. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00769-006-0171-3/TABLES/5Tiryaki, O. (2016). Validation of QuEChERS method for the determination of some pesticide residues in two apple varieties. Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part B Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes, 51(10), 722–729. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2016.1191922Toft, G., Hagmar, L., Giwercman, A., & Bonde, J. P. (2004). Epidemiological evidence on reproductive effects of persistent organochlorines in humans. Reproductive Toxicology, 19(1), 5–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.REPROTOX.2004.05.006Toppr. (2022). Explain bioaccumulation and biomagnification with examples. https://www.toppr.com/ask/en-ca/question/explain-bioaccumulation-and-biomagnification-with-examples/UNE-EN 15662. (2019). Foods of plant origin - Multimethod for the determination of pesticide residues using GC- and LC-based analysis following acetonitrile extraction/partitioning and clean-up by dispersive SPE - Modular QuEChERS-method. https://www.une.org/encuentra-tu-norma/busca-tu-norma/norma?c=N0061576UNEP. (2021). GLOBAL MONITORING PLAN FOR PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN. http://chm.pops.int/implementation/globalmonitoringplan/monitoringreports/tabid/525/default.aspxUNICEF. (2013). Lactancia Materna. https://www.unicef.org/ecuador/media/2611/file/Lactancia%20materna.pdfvan den Berg, M., Kypke, K., Kotz, A., Tritscher, A., Lee, S. Y., Magulova, K., Fiedler, H., & Malisch, R. (2017). WHO/UNEP global surveys of PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs and DDTs in human milk and benefit–risk evaluation of breastfeeding. Archives of Toxicology, 91(1), 83–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00204-016-1802-Z/TABLES/2Varjani, S. J., Gnansounou, E., & Pandey, A. (2017). Comprehensive review on toxicity of persistent organic pollutants from petroleum refinery waste and their degradation by microorganisms. Chemosphere, 188, 280–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2017.09.005VIM. (2012). VIM Vocabulario Internacional de Metrología Conceptos fundamentales y generales y términos asociados.Waliszewski, S. M., Mójica García, X., Infanzón, R. M., María, D., Dermitz, B., & Zarrabal, O. C. (2008). Uso del ácido sulfúrico en las determinaciones de plaguicidas organoclorados: I. Calidad químico-analítica de la precipitación de grasa por el ácido sulfúrico concentrado en muestras con alto contenido de lípidos. Revista Internacional de Contaminación Ambiental, 24(1), 33–38. http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0188-49992008000100004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=esWeber, R., Bell, L., Watson, A., Petrlik, J., Paun, M. C., & Vijgen, J. (2019). Assessment of pops contaminated sites and the need for stringent soil standards for food safety for the protection of human health. Environmental Pollution, 249, 703–715. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2019.03.066World Health Organization. (2022a). Food safety: Persistent organic pollutants (POPs). https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/food-safety-persistent-organic-pollutants-(pops)World Health Organization. (2022b). Malaria. https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malariaZaynab, M., Fatima, M., Sharif, Y., Sughra, K., Sajid, M., Khan, K. A., Sneharani, A. H., & Li, S. (2021). Health and environmental effects of silent killers Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyl. Journal of King Saud University - Science, 33(6), 101511. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JKSUS.2021.101511Zhang, X., Cheng, X., Lei, B., Zhang, G., Bi, Y., & Yu, Y. (2021). A review of the transplacental transfer of persistent halogenated organic pollutants: Transfer characteristics, influential factors, and mechanisms. Environment International, 146, 106224. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVINT.2020.106224Zhang, Z., & Rhind, S. M. (2011). Optimized determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in sheep serum by solid-phase extraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Talanta, 84(2), 487–493. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TALANTA.2011.01.042Zhou, P., Wu, Y., Yin, S., Li, J., Zhao, Y., Zhang, L., Chen, H., Liu, Y., Yang, X., & Li, X. (2011). National survey of the levels of persistent organochlorine pesticides in the breast milk of mothers in China. Environmental Pollution, 159(2), 524–531. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2010.10.014PlaguicidasContaminaciónPesticidesEnvironmental pollutionPollutionQuEChERSContaminantes orgánicos persistentesLecheCromatografía de gasesAnálisis de riesgoQuEChERSPersistent organic pollutantsMilkGas chromatographyRisk analysisPúblico generalLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-85879https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/84220/1/license.txteb34b1cf90b7e1103fc9dfd26be24b4aMD51ORIGINAL1083898609.2023.pdf1083898609.2023.pdfTesis de Maestría en Ciencias - Químicaapplication/pdf3511579https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/84220/2/1083898609.2023.pdfae0a6d2650a3bd4d482b39b4f5ad6f78MD52THUMBNAIL1083898609.2023.pdf.jpg1083898609.2023.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg5203https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/84220/3/1083898609.2023.pdf.jpg4cdb1ca80924b738309441fb1bb4f9b7MD53unal/84220oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/842202023-08-12 23:04:14.208Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiarepositorio_nal@unal.edu.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

Determinación de contaminantes orgánicos persistentes en alimentos con alto contenido de grasa como indicador de contaminación ambiental

Publicaciones similares