Efectos farmacológicos y comportamentales de la administración crónica de nicotina en una tarea de automoldeamiento

ilustraciones, graficas

Autores:: Campos León, Estrella Lirdeya

Tipo de recurso:

Fecha de publicación:: 2022

Institución:: Universidad Nacional de Colombia

Repositorio:: Universidad Nacional de Colombia

Idioma:: spa

id	UNACIONAL2_5b822f3bb48f2adb5637a39b28d1474d
oai_identifier_str	oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/81675
network_acronym_str	UNACIONAL2
network_name_str	Universidad Nacional de Colombia
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv	Efectos farmacológicos y comportamentales de la administración crónica de nicotina en una tarea de automoldeamiento
dc.title.translated.eng.fl_str_mv	Pharmacological and behavioral effects of chronic nicotine administration on an autoshaping task
title	Efectos farmacológicos y comportamentales de la administración crónica de nicotina en una tarea de automoldeamiento
spellingShingle	Efectos farmacológicos y comportamentales de la administración crónica de nicotina en una tarea de automoldeamiento 150 - Psicología::156 - Psicología comparada Behavior therapy Nicotine TERAPIA CONDUCTUAL NICOTINA Nicotina crónica Automoldeamiento Saliencia de incentivo FosB/DFosB Núcleo accumbens Corteza orbitofrontal Chronic nicotine Autoshaping Incentive salience FosB/DFosB Nucleus accumbens Orbitofrontal cortex
title_short	Efectos farmacológicos y comportamentales de la administración crónica de nicotina en una tarea de automoldeamiento
title_full	Efectos farmacológicos y comportamentales de la administración crónica de nicotina en una tarea de automoldeamiento
title_fullStr	Efectos farmacológicos y comportamentales de la administración crónica de nicotina en una tarea de automoldeamiento
title_full_unstemmed	Efectos farmacológicos y comportamentales de la administración crónica de nicotina en una tarea de automoldeamiento
title_sort	Efectos farmacológicos y comportamentales de la administración crónica de nicotina en una tarea de automoldeamiento
dc.creator.fl_str_mv	Campos León, Estrella Lirdeya
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv	Lamprea Rodríguez, Marisol Ortega Murillo, Leonardo Augusto
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv	Campos León, Estrella Lirdeya
dc.contributor.researchgroup.spa.fl_str_mv	Neurociencia Básica y Cognoscitiva
dc.subject.ddc.spa.fl_str_mv	150 - Psicología::156 - Psicología comparada
topic	150 - Psicología::156 - Psicología comparada Behavior therapy Nicotine TERAPIA CONDUCTUAL NICOTINA Nicotina crónica Automoldeamiento Saliencia de incentivo FosB/DFosB Núcleo accumbens Corteza orbitofrontal Chronic nicotine Autoshaping Incentive salience FosB/DFosB Nucleus accumbens Orbitofrontal cortex
dc.subject.lemb.eng.fl_str_mv	Behavior therapy Nicotine
dc.subject.lemb.spa.fl_str_mv	TERAPIA CONDUCTUAL NICOTINA
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv	Nicotina crónica Automoldeamiento Saliencia de incentivo FosB/DFosB Núcleo accumbens Corteza orbitofrontal
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv	Chronic nicotine Autoshaping Incentive salience FosB/DFosB Nucleus accumbens Orbitofrontal cortex
description	ilustraciones, graficas
publishDate	2022
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2022-07-05T13:05:40Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv	2022-07-05T13:05:40Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv	2022-06-20
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv	Trabajo de grado - Maestría
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv	Text
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv	http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TM
status_str	acceptedVersion
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv	https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/81675
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv	Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv	Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv	https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/
url	https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/81675 https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv	Universidad Nacional de Colombia Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv	spa
language	spa
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv	Alajaji, M., Lazenka, M. F., Kota, D., Wise, L. E., Younis, R. M., Carroll, F. I., Levine, A., Selley, D. E., Sim-Selley, L. J., & Damaj, M. I. (2016). Early adolescent nicotine exposure affects later-life cocaine reward in mice. Neuropharmacology, 105, 308–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.01.032 Alkondon, M., Pereira, E. F., Eisenberg, H. M., & Albuquerque, E. X. (1999). Choline and selective antagonists identify two subtypes of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors that modulate GABA release from CA1 interneurons in rat hippocampal slices. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 19(7), 2693–2705. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-07-02693.1999 Angelyn, H., Loney, G. C., & Meyer, P. J. (2021). Nicotine Enhances Goal-Tracking in Ethanol and Food Pavlovian Conditioned Approach Paradigms. Frontiers in neuroscience, 15, 561766. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.561766 Baeg, E., Jedema, H. P., & Bradberry, C. W. (2020). Orbitofrontal cortex is selectively activated in a primate model of attentional bias to cocaine cues. Neuropsychopharmacology: official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 45(4), 675–682. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-019-0499-0 Balfour D.J.K. (2015) The Role of Mesoaccumbens Dopamine in Nicotine Dependence. en: Balfour D., Munafò M. (eds) The Neuropharmacology of Nicotine Dependence. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, vol 24 (pp. 55-98). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13482-6_3 Benavides, D. R., Quinn, J. J., Zhong, P., Hawasli, A. H., DiLeone, R. J., Kansy, J. W., Olausson, P., Yan, Z., Taylor, J. R., & Bibb, J. A. (2007). Cdk5 modulates cocaine reward, motivation, and striatal neuron excitability. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 27(47), 12967–12976. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4061-07.2007 Besheer, J., & Bevins, R. A. (2003). Impact of nicotine withdrawal on novelty reward and related behaviors. Behavioral Neuroscience, 117(2), 327–340. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.117.2.327 Berridge, K. C. (2000). Reward learning: Reinforcement, incentives, and expectations. Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 40, 223–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-7421(00)80022-5 Berridge, K. C., & Robinson, T. E. (1998). What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience?. Brain research. Brain research reviews, 28(3), 309–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-0173(98)00019-8 Bevins, R. A., & Palmatier, M. I. (2004). Extending the role of associative learning processes in nicotine addiction. Behavioral and cognitive neuroscience reviews, 3(3), 143–158. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534582304272005 Bibb, J. A., Chen, J., Taylor, J. R., Svenningsson, P., Nishi, A., Snyder, G. L., Yan, Z., Sagawa, Z. K., Ouimet, C. C., Nairn, A. C., Nestler, E. J., & Greengard, P. (2001). Effects of chronic exposure to cocaine are regulated by the neuronal protein Cdk5. Nature, 410(6826), 376–380. https://doi.org/10.1038/35066591 Bibb J. A. (2003). Role of Cdk5 in neuronal signaling, plasticity, and drug abuse. Neuro-Signals, 12(4-5), 191–199. https://doi.org/10.1159/000074620 Bindra D. (1974). A motivational view of learning, performance, and behavior modification. Psychological review, 81(3), 199–213. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0036330 Bindra, D. (1978). How adaptive behavior is produced: A perceptual-motivational alternative to response reinforcements. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1(1), 41-52. doi:10.1017/S0140525X00059380 Blundell, P., Hall, G., & Killcross, S. (2003). Preserved sensitivity to outcome value after lesions of the basolateral amygdala. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 23(20), 7702–7709. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-20-07702.2003 Boakes, R. A. (1977). Performance on learning to associate a stimulus with positive reinforcement. Operant-pavlovian interactions. In H. David & H. M. B. Hurwitz (Eds.), Operant-Pavlovian interactions (pp. 67-101). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Bolles, R. C. (1972). Reinforcement, expectancy, and learning. Psychological Review, 79(5), 394–409. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0033120 Brody, A. L., Mandelkern, M. A., London, E. D., Childress, A. R., Lee, G. S., Bota, R. G., Ho, M. L., Saxena, S., Baxter, L. R., Jr, Madsen, D., & Jarvik, M. E. (2002). Brain metabolic changes during cigarette craving. Archives of general psychiatry, 59(12), 1162–1172. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.59.12.1162 Brown, P. L., & Jenkins, H. M. (1968). AUTO‐SHAPING OF THE PIGEON'S KEY‐PECK 1. Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior, 11(1), 1-8. Brown, R.W., & Kolb, B. (2001). Nicotine sensitization increases dendritic length and spine density in the nucleus accumbens and cingulate cortex. Brain Research, 899, 94-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(01)02201-6 Brynildsen, J. K., Najar, J., Hsu, L. M., Vaupel, D. B., Lu, H., Ross, T. J., Yang, Y., & Stein, E. A. (2016). A novel method to induce nicotine dependence by intermittent drug delivery using osmotic minipumps. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, 142, 79–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2015.12.010 Caggiula, A. R., Donny, E. C., Palmatier, M. I., Liu, X., Chaudhri, N., & Sved, A. F. (2009). The role of nicotine in smoking: a dual-reinforcement model. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation., 55, 91–109. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-78748-0_6 Cagniard, B., Balsam, P. D., Brunner, D., & Zhuang, X. (2006). Mice with chronically elevated dopamine exhibit enhanced motivation, but not learning, for a food reward. Neuropsychopharmacology: official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 31(7), 1362–1370. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1300966 Cardinal, R. N., Parkinson, J. A., Hall, J., & Everitt, B. J. (2002a). Emotion and motivation: the role of the amygdala, ventral striatum, and prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 26(3), 321–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0149-7634(02)00007-6 Cardinal, R. N., Parkinson, J. A., Lachenal, G., Halkerston, K. M., Rudarakanchana, N., Hall, J., Morrison, C. H., Howes, S. R., Robbins, T. W., & Everitt, B. J. (2002b). Effects of selective excitotoxic lesions of the nucleus accumbens core, anterior cingulate cortex, and central nucleus of the amygdala on autoshaping performance in rats. Behavioral neuroscience, 116(4), 553–567. https://doi.org/10.1037//0735-7044.116.4.553 Chang, S. E., Wheeler, D. S., & Holland, P. C. (2012a). Effects of lesions of the amygdala central nucleus on autoshaped lever pressing. Brain research, 1450, 49–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2012.02.029 Chang, S. E., Wheeler, D. S., & Holland, P. C. (2012b). Roles of nucleus accumbens and basolateral amygdala in autoshaped lever pressing. Neurobiology of learning and memory, 97(4), 441–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2012.03.008 Chang S. E. (2014). Effects of orbitofrontal cortex lesions on autoshaped lever pressing and reversal learning. Behavioural brain research, 273, 52–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.029 Chen, J., Kelz, M. B., Hope, B. T., Nakabeppu, Y., & Nestler, E. J. (1997). Chronic Fos-related antigens: stable variants of deltaFosB induced in brain by chronic treatments. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 17(13), 4933–4941. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-13-04933.1997 Chudasama, Y., & Robbins, T. W. (2003). Dissociable contributions of the orbitofrontal and infralimbic cortex to pavlovian autoshaping and discrimination reversal learning: further evidence for the functional heterogeneity of the rodent frontal cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 23(25), 8771-878. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-25-08771.2003 Clark, J. J., Collins, A. L., Sanford, C. A., & Phillips, P. E. (2013). Dopamine encoding of Pavlovian incentive stimuli diminishes with extended training. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 33(8), 3526–3532. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5119-12.2013 Claus, E. D., Blaine, S. K., Filbey, F. M., Mayer, A. R., & Hutchison, K. E. (2013). Association between nicotine dependence severity, BOLD response to smoking cues, and functional connectivity. Neuropsychopharmacology: official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 38(12), 2363–2372. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2013.134 Corbit, L. H., & Balleine, B. W. (2005). Double dissociation of basolateral and central amygdala lesions on the general and outcome-specific forms of pavlovian-instrumental transfer. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 25(4), 962–970. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4507-04.2005 Corrigall, W. A., & Coen, K. M. (1989). Nicotine maintains robust self-administration in rats on a limited-access schedule. Psychopharmacology, 99, 473-478. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00589894 Costa, D. S., & Boakes, R. A. (2009). Context blocking in rat autoshaping: Sign-tracking versus goal-tracking. Learning and Motivation, 40(2), 178-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lmot.2008.11.001 Dandekar, M. P., Nakhate, K. T., Kokare, D. M., & Subhedar, N. K. (2011). Effect of nicotine on feeding and body weight in rats: involvement of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide. Behavioural brain research, 219(1), 31–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2010.12.007 Dani, J. A., & De Biasi, M. (2001). Cellular mechanisms of nicotine addiction. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, 70(4), 439–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0091-3057(01)00652-9 Dao, J. M., McQuown, S. C., Loughlin, S. E., Belluzzi, J. D., & Leslie, F. M. (2011). Nicotine alters limbic function in adolescent rat by a 5-HT1A receptor mechanism. Neuropsychopharmacology, 36(7), 1319–1331. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2011.8 Day, J. J., Roitman, M. F., Wightman, R. M., & Carelli, R. M. (2007). Associative learning mediates dynamic shifts in dopamine signaling in the nucleus accumbens. Nature neuroscience, 10(8), 1020–1028. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1923 Di Chiara, G., Acquas, E., & Carboni, E. (1992). Drug motivation and abuse: a neurobiological perspective. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 654, 207–219. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb25969.x Donny, E.C., Caggiula, A.R., Knopf, S. et al. Nicotine self-administration in rats. Psychopharmacology, 122, 390–394 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02246272 Ehlinger, D. G., Bergstrom, H. C., Burke, J. C., Fernandez, G. M., McDonald, C. G., & Smith, R. F. (2016). Adolescent nicotine-induced dendrite remodeling in the nucleus accumbens is rapid, persistent, and D1-dopamine receptor dependent. Brain structure & function, 221(1), 133–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-014-0897-3 Ehlinger, D. G., Burke, J. C., McDonald, C. G., Smith, R. F., & Bergstrom, H. C. (2017). Nicotine-induced and D1-receptor-dependent dendritic remodeling in a subset of dorsolateral striatum medium spiny neurons. Neuroscience, 356, 242–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.05.036 Ehrlich, M. E., Sommer, J., Canas, E., & Unterwald, E. M. (2002). Periadolescent mice show enhanced DeltaFosB upregulation in response to cocaine and amphetamine. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 22(21), 9155–9159. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-21-09155.2002 Faure, P., Tolu, S., Valverde, S., & Naudé, J. (2014). Role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in regulating dopamine neuron activity. Neuroscience, 282, 86–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.05.040 Flagel, S. B., Watson, S. J., Robinson, T. E., & Akil, H. (2007). Individual differences in the propensity to approach signals vs goals promote different adaptations in the dopamine system of rats. Psychopharmacology, 191(3), 599-607. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-006-0535-8 Flagel, S. B., Akil, H., & Robinson, T. E. (2009). Individual differences in the attribution of incentive salience to reward-related cues: Implications for addiction. Neuropharmacology, 56, 139–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.06.027 Flagel, S. B., Robinson, T. E., Clark, J. J., Clinton, S. M., Watson, S. J., Seeman, P., Phillips, P. E., & Akil, H. (2010). An animal model of genetic vulnerability to behavioral disinhibition and responsiveness to reward-related cues: implications for addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 35(2), 388–400. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2009.142 Flagel, S. B., Cameron, C. M., Pickup, K. N., Watson, S. J., Akil, H., & Robinson, T. E. (2011a). A food predictive cue must be attributed with incentive salience for it to induce c-fos mRNA expression in cortico-striatal-thalamic brain regions. Neuroscience, 196, 80–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.09.004 Flagel, S. B., Clark, J. J., Robinson, T. E., Mayo, L., Czuj, A., Willuhn, I., Akers, C. A., Clinton, S. M., Phillips, P. E., & Akil, H. (2011b). A selective role for dopamine in stimulus-reward learning. Nature, 469(7328), 53–57. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09588 Fraser, K. M., & Janak, P. H. (2017). Long-lasting contribution of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens core, but not dorsal lateral striatum, to sign-tracking. The European journal of neuroscience, 46(4), 2047–2055. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.13642 Fuchs, R. A., Evans, K. A., Parker, M. P., & See, R. E. (2004). Differential involvement of orbitofrontal cortex subregions in conditioned cue-induced and cocaine-primed reinstatement of cocaine seeking in rats. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 24(29), 6600–6610. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1924-04.2004 Fudala, P. J., & Iwamoto, E. T. (1986). Further studies on nicotine-induced conditioned place preference in the rat. Pharmacology Biochemistry & Behavior, 25, 1041-1049. https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(86)90083-3 Fujii, S., Ji, Z., Morita, N., & Sumikawa, K. (1999). Acute and chronic nicotine exposure differentially facilitate the induction of LTP. Brain Research, 846(1), 137–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(99)01982-4 Gallagher, M., Graham, P. W., & Holland, P. C. (1990). The amygdala central nucleus and appetitive Pavlovian conditioning: lesions impair one class of conditioned behavior. Journal of Neuroscience, 10(6), 1906-1911. Gallagher, M., McMahan, R. W., & Schoenbaum, G. (1999). Orbitofrontal cortex and representation of incentive value in associative learning. Journal of Neuroscience, 19(15), 6610-6614. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-15-06610.1999 Gotti, C., Clementi, F., Fornari, A., Gaimarri, A., Guiducci, S., Manfredi, I., Moretti, M., Pedrazzi, P., Pucci, L., & Zoli, M. (2009). Structural and functional diversity of native brain neuronal nicotinic receptors. Biochemical Pharmacology, 78(7), 703–711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2009.05.024 Groshek, F., Kerfoot, E., McKenna, V., Polackwich, A. S., Gallagher, M., & Holland, P. C. (2005). Amygdala Central Nucleus Function Is Necessary for Learning, but Not Expression, of Conditioned Auditory Orienting. Behavioral Neuroscience, 119(1), 202–212. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.119.1.202 Guillem, K., & Ahmed, S. H. (2016). Proportion of cocaine-coding neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex determines individual drug preferences. bioRxiv, 050872. https://doi.org/10.1101/050872 Hall, J., Parkinson, J. A., Connor, T. M., Dickinson, A., & Everitt, B. J. (2001). Involvement of the central nucleus of the amygdala and nucleus accumbens core in mediating Pavlovian influences on instrumental behaviour. The European journal of neuroscience, 13(10), 1984–1992. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01577.x Hart G., Balleine B. (2017) Medial Striatum. In: Vonk J., Shackelford T. (eds) Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_1288-1 Hatfield, T., Han, J. S., Conley, M., Gallagher, M., & Holland, P. (1996). Neurotoxic lesions of basolateral, but not central, amygdala interfere with Pavlovian second-order conditioning and reinforcer devaluation effects. Journal of Neuroscience, 16(16), 5256-5265 Hearst, E., & Jenkins, H. M. (1974). Sign-tracking: The stimulus-reinforcer relation and directed action. Austin: Psychonomic Society Holland P. C. (2016). Enhancing second-order conditioning with lesions of the basolateral amygdala. Behavioral neuroscience, 130(2), 176–181. https://doi.org/10.1037/bne0000129 Hutcheson, D. M., & Everitt, B. J. (2003). The effects of selective orbitofrontal cortex lesions on the acquisition and performance of cue-controlled cocaine seeking in rats. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1003, 410–411. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1300.038 Kandel, E. R., & Kandel, D. B. (2014). Shattuck Lecture. A molecular basis for nicotine as a gateway drug. The New England journal of medicine, 371(10), 932–943. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsa1405092 Keefer, S. E., Gyawali, U., & Calu, D. J. (2021). Choose your path: Divergent basolateral amygdala efferents differentially mediate incentive motivation, flexibility and decision-making. Behavioural Brain Research, 409, 113306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113306 Kelz, M. B., Chen, J., Carlezon, W. A., Jr, Whisler, K., Gilden, L., Beckmann, A. M., Steffen, C., Zhang, Y. J., Marotti, L., Self, D. W., Tkatch, T., Baranauskas, G., Surmeier, D. J., Neve, R. L., Duman, R. S., Picciotto, M. R., & Nestler, E. J. (1999). Expression of the transcription factor deltaFosB in the brain controls sensitivity to cocaine. Nature, 401(6750), 272–276. https://doi.org/10.1038/45790 Kelz, M. B., & Nestler, E. J. (2000). deltaFosB: a molecular switch underlying long-term neural plasticity. Current opinion in neurology, 13(6), 715–720. https://doi.org/10.1097/00019052-200012000-00017 Kolokotroni, K. Z., Rodgers, R. J., & Harrison, A. A. (2012). Effects of chronic nicotine, nicotine withdrawal and subsequent nicotine challenges on behavioural inhibition in rats. Psychopharmacology, 219, 453-468. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-011-2558-z Levin, E. D., Morgan, M. M., Galvez, C., & Ellison, G. D. (1987). Chronic nicotine and withdrawal effects on body weight and food and water consumption in female rats. Physiology & behavior, 39(4), 441–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(87)90370-2 Levine, A., Huang, Y., Drisaldi, B., Griffin, E. A., Jr, Pollak, D. D., Xu, S., Yin, D., Schaffran, C., Kandel, D. B., & Kandel, E. R. (2011). Molecular mechanism for a gateway drug: epigenetic changes initiated by nicotine prime gene expression by cocaine. Science translational medicine, 3(107), 107ra109. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3003062 Loney, G. C., Angelyn, H., Cleary, L. M., & Meyer, P. J. (2019). Nicotine Produces a High-Approach, Low-Avoidance Phenotype in Response to Alcohol-Associated Cues in Male Rats. Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research, 43(6), 1284–1295. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.14043 Macpherson, T., & Hikida, T. (2018). Nucleus Accumbens Dopamine D1-Receptor-Expressing Neurons Control the Acquisition of Sign-Tracking to Conditioned Cues in Mice. Frontiers in neuroscience, 12, 418. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2018.00418 Malin, D. H., Lake, J. R., Newlin-Maultsby, P., Roberts, L. K., Lanier, J. G., Carter, V. A., Cunningham, J. S., & Wilson, O. B. (1992). Rodent model of nicotine abstinence syndrome. Pharmacology, Biochemistry Behavior, 43(3), 779–784. https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(92)90408-8 Marttila, K., Raattamaa, H., & Ahtee, L. (2006). Effects of chronic nicotine administration and its withdrawal on striatal FosB/DeltaFosB and c-Fos expression in rats and mice. Neuropharmacology, 51(1), 44–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.02.014 Matta, S. G., Balfour, D. J., Benowitz, N. L., Boyd, R. T., Buccafusco, J. J., Caggiula, A. R., Craig, C. R., Collins, A. C., Damaj, M. I., Donny, E. C., Gardiner, P. S., Grady, S. R., Heberlein, U., Leonard, S. S., Levin, E. D., Lukas, R. J., Markou, A., Marks, M. J., McCallum, S. E., Parameswaran, N., … Zirger, J. M. (2007). Guidelines on nicotine dose selection for in vivo research. Psychopharmacology, 190(3), 269–319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-006-0441-0 McDonald, C. G., Dailey, V. K., Bergstrom, H. C., Wheeler, T. L., Eppolito, A. K., Smith, L. N., & Smith, R. F. (2005). Periadolescent nicotine administration produces enduring changes in dendritic morphology of medium spiny neurons from nucleus accumbens. Neuroscience letters, 385(2), 163–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2005.05.041 McDonald, C. G., Eppolito, A. K., Brielmaier, J. M., Smith, L. N., Bergstrom, H. C., Lawhead, M. R., & Smith, R. F. (2007). Evidence for elevated nicotine-induced structural plasticity in nucleus accumbens of adolescent rats. Brain research, 1151, 211–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2007.03.019 McGehee, D. S., Heath, M. J., Gelber, S., Devay, P., & Role, L. W. (1995). Nicotine enhancement of fast excitatory synaptic transmission in CNS by presynaptic receptors. Science, 269(5231), 1692–1696. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7569895 Meyer, P. J., Lovic, V., Saunders, B. T., Yager, L. M., Flagel, S. B., Morrow, J. D., & Robinson, T. E. (2012). Quantifying individual variation in the propensity to attribute incentive salience to reward cues. PloS one, 7(6), e38987. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0038987 Michalak, A., & Budzyńska, B. (2019). Nicotine and Dopamine DA1 Receptor Pharmacology. In: Preedy, V. R. (Ed.). Neuroscience of Nicotine: Mechanisms and Treatment. Academic Press Morgan, J. I., & Curran, T. (1995). Immediate-early genes: ten years on. Trends in Neurosciences, 18(2), 66–67 Muller, D. L., & Unterwald, E. M. (2005). D1 dopamine receptors modulate deltaFosB induction in rat striatum after intermittent morphine administration. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, 314(1), 148–154. https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.105.083410 Murrin, L. C., Ferrer, J. R., Wanyun, Z., & Haley, N. J. (1987). Nicotine administration to rats: methodological considerations. Life Sciences, 40, 1699-1708. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(87)90020-8 Naeem, M., & White, N. M. (2016). Parallel learning in an autoshaping paradigm. Behavioral neuroscience, 130(4), 376–392. https://doi.org/10.1037/bne0000154 Naeem, M. (2016). Learning processes in autoshaping and conditioned cue preference. [PhD Thesis, McGill University] (Canada). Recuperado de: https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/services/theses/Pages/item.aspx?idNumber=973735010 Nakhate, K. T., Dandekar, M. P., Kokare, D. M., & Subhedar, N. K. (2009). Involvement of neuropeptide Y Y(1) receptors in the acute, chronic and withdrawal effects of nicotine on feeding and body weight in rats. European journal of pharmacology, 609(1-3), 78–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.03.008 Nestler, E. J., Barrot, M., & Self, D. W. (2001). DeltaFosB: a sustained molecular switch for addiction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98(20), 11042–11046. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.191352698 Nestler E. J. (2008). Review. Transcriptional mechanisms of addiction: role of DeltaFosB. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 363(1507), 3245–3255. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0067 Norrholm, S. D., Bibb, J. A., Nestler, E. J., Ouimet, C. C., Taylor, J. R., & Greengard, P. (2003). Cocaine-induced proliferation of dendritic spines in nucleus accumbens is dependent on the activity of cyclin-dependent kinase-5. Neuroscience, 116(1), 19–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00560-2 Olausson, P., Jentsch, J. D., & Taylor, J. R. (2003). Repeated nicotine exposure enhances reward-related learning in the rat. Neuropsychopharmacology, 28, 1264-1271. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1300173 Olausson, P., Jentsch, J. D., & Taylor, J. R. (2004a). Nicotine enhances responding with conditioned reinforcement. Psychopharmacology, 171, 173-178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-003-1575-y Olausson, P., Jentsch, J. D., & Taylor, J. R. (2004b). Repeated nicotine exposure enhances responding with conditioned reinforcement. Psychopharmacology, 173, 98-104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-003-1702-9 Olausson, P., Jentsch, J. D., Tronson, N., Neve, R. L., Nestler, E. J., & Taylor, J. R. (2006). ΔFosB in the nucleus accumbens regulates food-reinforced instrumental behavior and motivation. Journal of Neuroscience, 26(36), 9196-9204. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1124-06.2006 Ostlund, S. B., & Balleine, B. W. (2007). Orbitofrontal cortex mediates outcome encoding in Pavlovian but not instrumental conditioning. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 27(18), 4819–4825. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5443-06.2007 Overby, P. F., Daniels, C. W., Del Franco, A., Goenaga, J., Powell, G. L., Gipson, C. D., & Sanabria, F. (2018). Effects of nicotine self-administration on incentive salience in male Sprague Dawley rats. Psychopharmacology, 235(4), 1121–1130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-018-4829-4 Palmatier, M. I., Evans-Martin, F. F., Hoffman, A., Caggiula, A. R., Chaudhri, N., Donny, E. C., Liu, X., Booth, S., Gharib, M., Craven, L., & Sved, A. F. (2006). Dissociating the primary reinforcing and reinforcement-enhancing effects of nicotine using a rat self-administration paradigm with concurrently available drug and environmental reinforcers. Psychopharmacology, 184, 391-400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-005-0183-4 Palmatier, M. I., Liu, X., Matteson, G. L., Donny, E. C., Caggiula, A. R., & Sved, A. F. (2007). Conditioned reinforcement in rats established with self-administered nicotine and enhanced by noncontingent nicotine. Psychopharmacology, 195(2), 235-243. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-007-0897-6 Palmatier, M. I., Marks, K. R., Jones, S. A., Freeman, K. S., Wissman, K. M., & Sheppard, A. B. (2013). The effect of nicotine on sign-tracking and goal-tracking in a Pavlovian conditioned approach paradigm in rats. Psychopharmacology, 226, 247-259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-012-2892-9 Panayi, M. C., & Killcross, S. (2018). Functional heterogeneity within the rodent lateral orbitofrontal cortex dissociates outcome devaluation and reversal learning deficits. eLife, 7, e37357. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.37357 Panayi, M. C., & Killcross, S. (2021). The role of the rodent lateral orbitofrontal cortex in simple Pavlovian cue-outcome learning depends on training experience. Cerebral Cortex Communications, 2(1), tgab010. https://doi.org/10.1093/texcom/tgab010 Parkinson, J. A., Olmstead, M. C., Burns, L. H., Robbins, T. W., & Everitt, B. J. (1999). Dissociation in effects of lesions of the nucleus accumbens core and shell on appetitive pavlovian approach behavior and the potentiation of conditioned reinforcement and locomotor activity by D-amphetamine. Neuroscience, 19(6), 2401–2411. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-06-02401.1999 Parkinson, J. A., Robbins, T. W., & Everitt, B. J. (2000). Dissociable roles of the central and basolateral amygdala in appetitive emotional learning. The European journal of neuroscience, 12(1), 405–413. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00960.x Paxinos, G. and Watson, C. (2007) The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. 6th Edition, Academic Press, San Diego Peterson, G. B., Ackil, J. E., Frommer, G. P., & Hearst, E. S. (1972). Conditioned approach and contact behavior toward signals for food or brain-stimulation reinforcement. Science, 177(4053), 1009–1011. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.177.4053.1009 Phillips, G. D., Setzu, E., Vugler, A., & Hitchcott, P. K. (2003). Immunohistochemical assessment of mesotelencephalic dopamine activity during the acquisition and expression of Pavlovian versus instrumental behaviours. Neuroscience, 117(3), 755-767. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00799-6 Picciotto, M. R., Brunzell, D. H., & Caldarone, B. J. (2002). Effect of nicotine and nicotinic receptors on anxiety and depression. Neuroreport, 13(9), 1097–1106. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200207020-00006 Pich, E. M., Pagliusi, S. R., Tessari, M., Talabot-Ayer, D., van Huijsduijnen, R. H., & Chiamulera, C. (1997). Common neural substrates for the addictive properties of nicotine and cocaine. Science, 275(5296), 83-86. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.275.5296.83 Pitchers, K. K., Vialou, V., Nestler, E. J., Laviolette, S. R., Lehman, M. N., & Coolen, L. M. (2013). Natural and drug rewards act on common neural plasticity mechanisms with ΔFosB as a key mediator. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 33(8), 3434–3442. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4881-12.2013 Pichon-Riviere, A., Alcaraz, A., Palacios, A., Rodríguez, B., Reynales-Shigematsu, L. M., Pinto, M., Castillo-Riquelme, M., Peña, E., Osorio, D. I., Huayanay, L., Loza, C., de Miera-Juárez, B. S., Gallegos-Rivero, V., De La Puente, C., Navia-Bueno, M. P., Caporale, J., Roberti, J., Virgilio, A., Augustovski, F., & Bardach, A. (2020). The health and economic burden of smoking in 12 Latin American countries and the potential effect of increasing tobacco taxes: an economic modelling study. The Lancet Global Health, 8(10), e1282-e1294. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30311-9 Rescorla, R. A., & Solomon, R. L. (1967). Two-process learning theory: Relationships between Pavlovian conditioning and instrumental learning. Psychological Review, 74(3), 151–182. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0024475 Robinson, T. E., & Berridge, K. C. (1993). The neural basis of drug craving: an incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. Brain research. Brain research reviews, 18(3), 247–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0173(93)90013-p Robinson, T. E., & Berridge, K. C. (2008). Review. The incentive sensitization theory of addiction: some current issues. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 363(1507), 3137–3146. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0093 Robinson, T. E., Yager, L. M., Cogan, E. S., & Saunders, B. T. (2014). On the motivational properties of reward cues: Individual differences. Neuropharmacology, 76, 450–459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.05.040 Rowell, P. P., & Li, M. (1997). Dose-response relationship for nicotine-induced up-regulation of rat brain nicotinic receptors. Journal of Neurochemistry, 68(5), 1982–1989. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1997.68051982.x Ruffle J. K. (2014). Molecular neurobiology of addiction: what's all the (Δ)FosB about?. The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse, 40(6), 428–437. https://doi.org/10.3109/00952990.2014.933840 Schaefer, G. J., & Michael, R. P. (1986). Task-specific effects of nicotine in rats. Intracranial self-stimulation and locomotor activity. Neuropharmacology, 25(2), 125–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/0028-3908(86)90033-x Schiltz, C. A., Kelley, A. E., & Landry, C. F. (2005). Contextual cues associated with nicotine administration increase arc mRNA expression in corticolimbic areas of the rat brain. The European journal of neuroscience, 21(6), 1703–1711. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04001.x Schoenbaum, G., & Shaham, Y. (2008). The role of orbitofrontal cortex in drug addiction: a review of preclinical studies. Biological psychiatry, 63(3), 256–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.06.003 Schoenbaum, G., Roesch, M. R., Stalnaker, T. A., & Takahashi, Y. K. (2009). A new perspective on the role of the orbitofrontal cortex in adaptive behaviour. Nature reviews. Neuroscience, 10(12), 885–892. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2753 Schoenbaum, G., Takahashi, Y., Liu, T. L., & McDannald, M. A. (2011). Does the orbitofrontal cortex signal value?. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1239, 87–99. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06210.x Serrano-Barroso, A., Vargas, J. P., Diaz, E., O'Donnell, P., & López, J. C. (2019). Sign and goal tracker rats process differently the incentive salience of a conditioned stimulus. PloS one, 14(9), e0223109. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223109 Schultz, W. (2007). Multiple dopamine functions at different time courses. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 30, 259–288. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135722 Soderstrom, K., Qin, W., Williams, H., Taylor, D. A., & McMillen, B. A. (2007). Nicotine increases FosB expression within a subset of reward- and memory-related brain regions during both peri- and post-adolescence. Psychopharmacology, 191(4), 891–897. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-007-0744-9 Sparber, S. B., Bollweg, G. L., & Messing, R. B. (1991). Food deprivation enhances both autoshaping and autoshaping impairment by a latent inhibition procedure. Behavioural Processes, 23(1), 59–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/0376-6357(91)90106-A Stringfield, S. J., Palmatier, M. I., Boettiger, C. A., & Robinson, D. L. (2017). Orbitofrontal participation in sign- and goal-tracking conditioned responses: Effects of nicotine. Neuropharmacology, 116, 208–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.12.020 Stringfield, S. J., Madayag, A. C., Boettiger, C. A., & Robinson, D. L. (2019). Sex differences in nicotine-enhanced Pavlovian conditioned approach in rats. Biology of sex differences, 10(1), 37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13293-019-0244-8 Theeuwes, F., & Yum, S. I. (1976). Principles of the design and operation of generic osmotic pumps for the delivery of semisolid or liquid drug formulations. Annals of biomedical engineering, 4(4), 343-353. Timberlake, W. (1986). Unpredicted food produces a mode of behavior that affects rats’ subsequent reactions to a conditioned stimulus: A behavior-system approach to “context blocking”. Animal Learning & Behavior, 14(3), 276-286. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03200068 Toates, F. (1986). Motivational systems. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press Tomie, A. (2018). Chapter 1: Introduction: The Role of Sign-Tracking in Drug Addiction. En Tomie, A. & Morrow, J. (Eds). Sign-Tracking and Drug Addiction. Maize Books. http://dx.doi.org/10.3998/mpub.10215070 Versaggi, C. L., King, C. P., & Meyer, P. J. (2016). The tendency to sign-track predicts cue-induced reinstatement during nicotine self-administration, and is enhanced by nicotine but not ethanol. Psychopharmacology, 233(15-16), 2985–2997. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-016-4341-7 Wallace, D. L., Vialou, V., Rios, L., Carle-Florence, T. L., Chakravarty, S., Kumar, A., Graham, D. L., Green, T. A., Kirk, A., Iñiguez, S. D., Perrotti, L. I., Barrot, M., DiLeone, R. J., Nestler, E. J., & Bolaños-Guzmán, C. A. (2008). The influence of DeltaFosB in the nucleus accumbens on natural reward-related behavior. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 28(41), 10272–10277. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1531-08.2008 Werme, M., Messer, C., Olson, L., Gilden, L., Thorén, P., Nestler, E. J., & Brené, S. (2002). ΔFosB regulates wheel running. Journal of Neuroscience, 22(18), 8133-8138. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-18-08133.2002 Winstanley, C. A., LaPlant, Q., Theobald, D. E., Green, T. A., Bachtell, R. K., Perrotti, L. I., DiLeone, R. J., Russo, S. J., Garth, W. J., Self, D. W., & Nestler, E. J. (2007). DeltaFosB induction in orbitofrontal cortex mediates tolerance to cocaine-induced cognitive dysfunction. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 27(39), 10497–10507. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2566-07.2007 Wills, L., & Kenny, P. J. (2021). Addiction-related neuroadaptations following chronic nicotine exposure. Journal of neurochemistry, 157(5), 1652–1673. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.15356 Wonnacott, S. (1997). Presynaptic nicotinic ACh receptors. Trends in Neurosciences, 20(2), 92–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-2236(96)10073-4 Xiong, M., Li, J., Ye, J. H., & Zhang, C. (2011). Upregulation of DeltaFosB by propofol in rat nucleus accumbens. Anesthesia and analgesia, 113(2), 259–264. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e318222af17 Yager, L. M., & Robinson, T. E. (2013). A classically conditioned cocaine cue acquires greater control over motivated behavior in rats prone to attribute incentive salience to a food cue. Psychopharmacology, 226(2), 217–228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-012-2890-y Yager, L. M., & Robinson, T. E. (2015). Individual variation in the motivational properties of a nicotine cue: Sign-trackers vs. Goal-trackers. Psychopharmacology, 232(17), 3149–3160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-015-3962-6 Yager, L. M., Pitchers, K. K., Flagel, S. B., & Robinson, T. E. (2015). Individual variation in the motivational and neurobiological effects of an opioid cue. Neuropsychopharmacology, 40(5), 1269-1277. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2014.314 Zhang, D., Zhang, L., Lou, D. W., Nakabeppu, Y., Zhang, J., & Xu, M. (2002). The dopamine D1 receptor is a critical mediator for cocaine-induced gene expression. Journal of neurochemistry, 82(6), 1453–1464. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.01089.x Zhang, T., Zhang, L., Liang, Y., Siapas, A. G., Zhou, F. M., & Dani, J. A. (2009). Dopamine signaling differences in the nucleus accumbens and dorsal striatum exploited by nicotine. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 29(13), 4035–4043. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0261-09.2009
dc.rights.coar.fl_str_mv	http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
dc.rights.license.spa.fl_str_mv	Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional
dc.rights.uri.spa.fl_str_mv	http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv	Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
eu_rights_str_mv	openAccess
dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv	vii, 101 páginas
dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv	application/pdf
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv	Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.publisher.program.spa.fl_str_mv	Bogotá - Ciencias Humanas - Maestría en Psicología
dc.publisher.department.spa.fl_str_mv	Departamento de Psicología
dc.publisher.faculty.spa.fl_str_mv	Facultad de Ciencias Humanas
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv	Bogotá, Colombia
dc.publisher.branch.spa.fl_str_mv	Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá
institution	Universidad Nacional de Colombia
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv	https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/81675/3/1018493799.2022.pdf https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/81675/4/license.txt https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/81675/5/1018493799.2022.pdf.jpg
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv	31b3b503ee951ed640a625e2bbcf35c8 8153f7789df02f0a4c9e079953658ab2 ba606d634f37334dafdface061548ee3
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv	MD5 MD5 MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv	Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
repository.mail.fl_str_mv	repositorio_nal@unal.edu.co
_version_	1814089320867299328
spelling	Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacionalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Lamprea Rodríguez, Marisola14f7906338f9d662885067f2e6abfe0Ortega Murillo, Leonardo Augustoedad10c2608ad11bf70f552923efbbd0Campos León, Estrella Lirdeyaa113a3a6eed56da08cff90f40628d66cNeurociencia Básica y Cognoscitiva2022-07-05T13:05:40Z2022-07-05T13:05:40Z2022-06-20https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/81675Universidad Nacional de ColombiaRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiahttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ilustraciones, graficasLa investigación actual ha destacado la importancia del aprendizaje asociativo en la adicción. Se ha mostrado que por medio de procedimientos pavlovianos las claves asociadas a un estímulo apetitivo como una droga pueden adquirir saliencia de incentivo, volviéndose más atractivas y facilitando comportamientos de búsqueda de droga y recaída. La asignación de saliencia de incentivo puede variar según el fenotipo de los sujetos (goal trackers o sign trackers). Aunque en ambos fenotipos el estímulo condicionado (EC) adquiere valor predictivo sobre el estímulo incondicionado (EI), solo en los sign trackers el EC adquiere saliencia de incentivo. Al respecto, se ha reportado que la nicotina tiene la capacidad de amplificar el valor de incentivo de claves asociadas a estímulos apetitivos como la comida o el agua. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar los efectos de la administración crónica de nicotina en la adquisición de una tarea de automoldeamiento y la expresión de FosB/DFosB en áreas relacionadas con la saliencia de incentivo. 61 ratas macho Wistar clasificadas como sign trackers fueron entrenadas en una tarea de automoldeamiento donde se emparejó la presentación de una palanca con la entrega de comida. Los resultados mostraron que la administración crónica tuvo un efecto de mejora temporal en el palanqueo (sign tracking) y el sesgo de respuesta. La nicotina crónica también aumentó la expresión de FosB/DFosB en el núcleo accumbens y la corteza orbitofrontal específicamente en ratas que se sometieron a entrenamiento conductual. Estos hallazgos sugieren que la nicotina puede potenciar los cambios plásticos mediados por el factor de transcripción FosB/DFosB en estructuras cerebrales claves para la saliencia de incentivo. (Texto tomado de la fuente)Current research has highlighted the role of associative learning in addiction. Environmental cues associated through pavlovian processes with appetitive stimuli such as a drug can acquire an incentive salience value, becoming more attractive and facilitating drug-seeking behavior and relapse. The assignment of incentive salience can vary according to the phenotype of the subjects (goal trackers or sign trackers). Although for both phenotypes the conditioned stimulus (CS) can acquire predictive value over the unconditioned stimulus, only for the sign trackers the CS acquires incentive salience. Consistently, it has been reported that incentive value of cues associated with natural reinforcers such as food or water can be amplified by nicotine administration. Using 61 male Wistar rats, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of chronic nicotine administration on the acquisition of an autoshaping task and FosB/DFosB expression in brain areas related to incentive salience. Results showed that chronic administration had a temporary enhancing effect on sign tracking and response bias. Chronic nicotine also increased FosB/DFosB expression in the nucleus accumbens and orbitofrontal cortex specifically for rats undergoing behavioral training. These findings suggest that nicotine may potentiate plastic changes mediated by the FosB/DFosB transcription factor in brain structures important for incentive salience processes.MaestríaMagíster en PsicologíaPsicología Básica y Experimental: efectos del estrés sobre el aprendizaje con modelos experimentalesvii, 101 páginasapplication/pdfspaUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaBogotá - Ciencias Humanas - Maestría en PsicologíaDepartamento de PsicologíaFacultad de Ciencias HumanasBogotá, ColombiaUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá150 - Psicología::156 - Psicología comparadaBehavior therapyNicotineTERAPIA CONDUCTUALNICOTINANicotina crónicaAutomoldeamientoSaliencia de incentivoFosB/DFosBNúcleo accumbensCorteza orbitofrontalChronic nicotineAutoshapingIncentive salienceFosB/DFosBNucleus accumbensOrbitofrontal cortexEfectos farmacológicos y comportamentales de la administración crónica de nicotina en una tarea de automoldeamientoPharmacological and behavioral effects of chronic nicotine administration on an autoshaping taskTrabajo de grado - Maestríainfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionTexthttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TMAlajaji, M., Lazenka, M. F., Kota, D., Wise, L. E., Younis, R. M., Carroll, F. I., Levine, A., Selley, D. E., Sim-Selley, L. J., & Damaj, M. I. (2016). Early adolescent nicotine exposure affects later-life cocaine reward in mice. Neuropharmacology, 105, 308–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.01.032Alkondon, M., Pereira, E. F., Eisenberg, H. M., & Albuquerque, E. X. (1999). Choline and selective antagonists identify two subtypes of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors that modulate GABA release from CA1 interneurons in rat hippocampal slices. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 19(7), 2693–2705. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-07-02693.1999Angelyn, H., Loney, G. C., & Meyer, P. J. (2021). Nicotine Enhances Goal-Tracking in Ethanol and Food Pavlovian Conditioned Approach Paradigms. Frontiers in neuroscience, 15, 561766. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.561766Baeg, E., Jedema, H. P., & Bradberry, C. W. (2020). Orbitofrontal cortex is selectively activated in a primate model of attentional bias to cocaine cues. Neuropsychopharmacology: official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 45(4), 675–682. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-019-0499-0Balfour D.J.K. (2015) The Role of Mesoaccumbens Dopamine in Nicotine Dependence. en: Balfour D., Munafò M. (eds) The Neuropharmacology of Nicotine Dependence. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, vol 24 (pp. 55-98). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13482-6_3Benavides, D. R., Quinn, J. J., Zhong, P., Hawasli, A. H., DiLeone, R. J., Kansy, J. W., Olausson, P., Yan, Z., Taylor, J. R., & Bibb, J. A. (2007). Cdk5 modulates cocaine reward, motivation, and striatal neuron excitability. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 27(47), 12967–12976. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4061-07.2007Besheer, J., & Bevins, R. A. (2003). Impact of nicotine withdrawal on novelty reward and related behaviors. Behavioral Neuroscience, 117(2), 327–340. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.117.2.327Berridge, K. C. (2000). Reward learning: Reinforcement, incentives, and expectations. Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 40, 223–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-7421(00)80022-5Berridge, K. C., & Robinson, T. E. (1998). What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience?. Brain research. Brain research reviews, 28(3), 309–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-0173(98)00019-8Bevins, R. A., & Palmatier, M. I. (2004). Extending the role of associative learning processes in nicotine addiction. Behavioral and cognitive neuroscience reviews, 3(3), 143–158. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534582304272005Bibb, J. A., Chen, J., Taylor, J. R., Svenningsson, P., Nishi, A., Snyder, G. L., Yan, Z., Sagawa, Z. K., Ouimet, C. C., Nairn, A. C., Nestler, E. J., & Greengard, P. (2001). Effects of chronic exposure to cocaine are regulated by the neuronal protein Cdk5. Nature, 410(6826), 376–380. https://doi.org/10.1038/35066591Bibb J. A. (2003). Role of Cdk5 in neuronal signaling, plasticity, and drug abuse. Neuro-Signals, 12(4-5), 191–199. https://doi.org/10.1159/000074620Bindra D. (1974). A motivational view of learning, performance, and behavior modification. Psychological review, 81(3), 199–213. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0036330Bindra, D. (1978). How adaptive behavior is produced: A perceptual-motivational alternative to response reinforcements. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1(1), 41-52. doi:10.1017/S0140525X00059380Blundell, P., Hall, G., & Killcross, S. (2003). Preserved sensitivity to outcome value after lesions of the basolateral amygdala. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 23(20), 7702–7709. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-20-07702.2003Boakes, R. A. (1977). Performance on learning to associate a stimulus with positive reinforcement. Operant-pavlovian interactions. In H. David & H. M. B. Hurwitz (Eds.), Operant-Pavlovian interactions (pp. 67-101). Hillsdale, NJ: ErlbaumBolles, R. C. (1972). Reinforcement, expectancy, and learning. Psychological Review, 79(5), 394–409. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0033120Brody, A. L., Mandelkern, M. A., London, E. D., Childress, A. R., Lee, G. S., Bota, R. G., Ho, M. L., Saxena, S., Baxter, L. R., Jr, Madsen, D., & Jarvik, M. E. (2002). Brain metabolic changes during cigarette craving. Archives of general psychiatry, 59(12), 1162–1172. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.59.12.1162Brown, P. L., & Jenkins, H. M. (1968). AUTO‐SHAPING OF THE PIGEON'S KEY‐PECK 1. Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior, 11(1), 1-8.Brown, R.W., & Kolb, B. (2001). Nicotine sensitization increases dendritic length and spine density in the nucleus accumbens and cingulate cortex. Brain Research, 899, 94-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(01)02201-6Brynildsen, J. K., Najar, J., Hsu, L. M., Vaupel, D. B., Lu, H., Ross, T. J., Yang, Y., & Stein, E. A. (2016). A novel method to induce nicotine dependence by intermittent drug delivery using osmotic minipumps. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, 142, 79–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2015.12.010Caggiula, A. R., Donny, E. C., Palmatier, M. I., Liu, X., Chaudhri, N., & Sved, A. F. (2009). The role of nicotine in smoking: a dual-reinforcement model. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation., 55, 91–109. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-78748-0_6Cagniard, B., Balsam, P. D., Brunner, D., & Zhuang, X. (2006). Mice with chronically elevated dopamine exhibit enhanced motivation, but not learning, for a food reward. Neuropsychopharmacology: official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 31(7), 1362–1370. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1300966Cardinal, R. N., Parkinson, J. A., Hall, J., & Everitt, B. J. (2002a). Emotion and motivation: the role of the amygdala, ventral striatum, and prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 26(3), 321–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0149-7634(02)00007-6Cardinal, R. N., Parkinson, J. A., Lachenal, G., Halkerston, K. M., Rudarakanchana, N., Hall, J., Morrison, C. H., Howes, S. R., Robbins, T. W., & Everitt, B. J. (2002b). Effects of selective excitotoxic lesions of the nucleus accumbens core, anterior cingulate cortex, and central nucleus of the amygdala on autoshaping performance in rats. Behavioral neuroscience, 116(4), 553–567. https://doi.org/10.1037//0735-7044.116.4.553Chang, S. E., Wheeler, D. S., & Holland, P. C. (2012a). Effects of lesions of the amygdala central nucleus on autoshaped lever pressing. Brain research, 1450, 49–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2012.02.029Chang, S. E., Wheeler, D. S., & Holland, P. C. (2012b). Roles of nucleus accumbens and basolateral amygdala in autoshaped lever pressing. Neurobiology of learning and memory, 97(4), 441–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2012.03.008Chang S. E. (2014). Effects of orbitofrontal cortex lesions on autoshaped lever pressing and reversal learning. Behavioural brain research, 273, 52–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.029Chen, J., Kelz, M. B., Hope, B. T., Nakabeppu, Y., & Nestler, E. J. (1997). Chronic Fos-related antigens: stable variants of deltaFosB induced in brain by chronic treatments. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 17(13), 4933–4941. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-13-04933.1997Chudasama, Y., & Robbins, T. W. (2003). Dissociable contributions of the orbitofrontal and infralimbic cortex to pavlovian autoshaping and discrimination reversal learning: further evidence for the functional heterogeneity of the rodent frontal cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 23(25), 8771-878. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-25-08771.2003Clark, J. J., Collins, A. L., Sanford, C. A., & Phillips, P. E. (2013). Dopamine encoding of Pavlovian incentive stimuli diminishes with extended training. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 33(8), 3526–3532. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5119-12.2013Claus, E. D., Blaine, S. K., Filbey, F. M., Mayer, A. R., & Hutchison, K. E. (2013). Association between nicotine dependence severity, BOLD response to smoking cues, and functional connectivity. Neuropsychopharmacology: official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 38(12), 2363–2372. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2013.134Corbit, L. H., & Balleine, B. W. (2005). Double dissociation of basolateral and central amygdala lesions on the general and outcome-specific forms of pavlovian-instrumental transfer. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 25(4), 962–970. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4507-04.2005Corrigall, W. A., & Coen, K. M. (1989). Nicotine maintains robust self-administration in rats on a limited-access schedule. Psychopharmacology, 99, 473-478. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00589894Costa, D. S., & Boakes, R. A. (2009). Context blocking in rat autoshaping: Sign-tracking versus goal-tracking. Learning and Motivation, 40(2), 178-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lmot.2008.11.001Dandekar, M. P., Nakhate, K. T., Kokare, D. M., & Subhedar, N. K. (2011). Effect of nicotine on feeding and body weight in rats: involvement of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide. Behavioural brain research, 219(1), 31–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2010.12.007Dani, J. A., & De Biasi, M. (2001). Cellular mechanisms of nicotine addiction. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, 70(4), 439–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0091-3057(01)00652-9Dao, J. M., McQuown, S. C., Loughlin, S. E., Belluzzi, J. D., & Leslie, F. M. (2011). Nicotine alters limbic function in adolescent rat by a 5-HT1A receptor mechanism. Neuropsychopharmacology, 36(7), 1319–1331. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2011.8Day, J. J., Roitman, M. F., Wightman, R. M., & Carelli, R. M. (2007). Associative learning mediates dynamic shifts in dopamine signaling in the nucleus accumbens. Nature neuroscience, 10(8), 1020–1028. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1923Di Chiara, G., Acquas, E., & Carboni, E. (1992). Drug motivation and abuse: a neurobiological perspective. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 654, 207–219. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb25969.xDonny, E.C., Caggiula, A.R., Knopf, S. et al. Nicotine self-administration in rats. Psychopharmacology, 122, 390–394 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02246272Ehlinger, D. G., Bergstrom, H. C., Burke, J. C., Fernandez, G. M., McDonald, C. G., & Smith, R. F. (2016). Adolescent nicotine-induced dendrite remodeling in the nucleus accumbens is rapid, persistent, and D1-dopamine receptor dependent. Brain structure & function, 221(1), 133–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-014-0897-3Ehlinger, D. G., Burke, J. C., McDonald, C. G., Smith, R. F., & Bergstrom, H. C. (2017). Nicotine-induced and D1-receptor-dependent dendritic remodeling in a subset of dorsolateral striatum medium spiny neurons. Neuroscience, 356, 242–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.05.036Ehrlich, M. E., Sommer, J., Canas, E., & Unterwald, E. M. (2002). Periadolescent mice show enhanced DeltaFosB upregulation in response to cocaine and amphetamine. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 22(21), 9155–9159. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-21-09155.2002Faure, P., Tolu, S., Valverde, S., & Naudé, J. (2014). Role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in regulating dopamine neuron activity. Neuroscience, 282, 86–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.05.040Flagel, S. B., Watson, S. J., Robinson, T. E., & Akil, H. (2007). Individual differences in the propensity to approach signals vs goals promote different adaptations in the dopamine system of rats. Psychopharmacology, 191(3), 599-607. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-006-0535-8Flagel, S. B., Akil, H., & Robinson, T. E. (2009). Individual differences in the attribution of incentive salience to reward-related cues: Implications for addiction. Neuropharmacology, 56, 139–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.06.027Flagel, S. B., Robinson, T. E., Clark, J. J., Clinton, S. M., Watson, S. J., Seeman, P., Phillips, P. E., & Akil, H. (2010). An animal model of genetic vulnerability to behavioral disinhibition and responsiveness to reward-related cues: implications for addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 35(2), 388–400. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2009.142Flagel, S. B., Cameron, C. M., Pickup, K. N., Watson, S. J., Akil, H., & Robinson, T. E. (2011a). A food predictive cue must be attributed with incentive salience for it to induce c-fos mRNA expression in cortico-striatal-thalamic brain regions. Neuroscience, 196, 80–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.09.004Flagel, S. B., Clark, J. J., Robinson, T. E., Mayo, L., Czuj, A., Willuhn, I., Akers, C. A., Clinton, S. M., Phillips, P. E., & Akil, H. (2011b). A selective role for dopamine in stimulus-reward learning. Nature, 469(7328), 53–57. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09588Fraser, K. M., & Janak, P. H. (2017). Long-lasting contribution of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens core, but not dorsal lateral striatum, to sign-tracking. The European journal of neuroscience, 46(4), 2047–2055. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.13642Fuchs, R. A., Evans, K. A., Parker, M. P., & See, R. E. (2004). Differential involvement of orbitofrontal cortex subregions in conditioned cue-induced and cocaine-primed reinstatement of cocaine seeking in rats. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 24(29), 6600–6610. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1924-04.2004Fudala, P. J., & Iwamoto, E. T. (1986). Further studies on nicotine-induced conditioned place preference in the rat. Pharmacology Biochemistry & Behavior, 25, 1041-1049. https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(86)90083-3Fujii, S., Ji, Z., Morita, N., & Sumikawa, K. (1999). Acute and chronic nicotine exposure differentially facilitate the induction of LTP. Brain Research, 846(1), 137–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(99)01982-4Gallagher, M., Graham, P. W., & Holland, P. C. (1990). The amygdala central nucleus and appetitive Pavlovian conditioning: lesions impair one class of conditioned behavior. Journal of Neuroscience, 10(6), 1906-1911.Gallagher, M., McMahan, R. W., & Schoenbaum, G. (1999). Orbitofrontal cortex and representation of incentive value in associative learning. Journal of Neuroscience, 19(15), 6610-6614. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-15-06610.1999Gotti, C., Clementi, F., Fornari, A., Gaimarri, A., Guiducci, S., Manfredi, I., Moretti, M., Pedrazzi, P., Pucci, L., & Zoli, M. (2009). Structural and functional diversity of native brain neuronal nicotinic receptors. Biochemical Pharmacology, 78(7), 703–711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2009.05.024Groshek, F., Kerfoot, E., McKenna, V., Polackwich, A. S., Gallagher, M., & Holland, P. C. (2005). Amygdala Central Nucleus Function Is Necessary for Learning, but Not Expression, of Conditioned Auditory Orienting. Behavioral Neuroscience, 119(1), 202–212. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.119.1.202Guillem, K., & Ahmed, S. H. (2016). Proportion of cocaine-coding neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex determines individual drug preferences. bioRxiv, 050872. https://doi.org/10.1101/050872Hall, J., Parkinson, J. A., Connor, T. M., Dickinson, A., & Everitt, B. J. (2001). Involvement of the central nucleus of the amygdala and nucleus accumbens core in mediating Pavlovian influences on instrumental behaviour. The European journal of neuroscience, 13(10), 1984–1992. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01577.xHart G., Balleine B. (2017) Medial Striatum. In: Vonk J., Shackelford T. (eds) Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_1288-1Hatfield, T., Han, J. S., Conley, M., Gallagher, M., & Holland, P. (1996). Neurotoxic lesions of basolateral, but not central, amygdala interfere with Pavlovian second-order conditioning and reinforcer devaluation effects. Journal of Neuroscience, 16(16), 5256-5265Hearst, E., & Jenkins, H. M. (1974). Sign-tracking: The stimulus-reinforcer relation and directed action. Austin: Psychonomic SocietyHolland P. C. (2016). Enhancing second-order conditioning with lesions of the basolateral amygdala. Behavioral neuroscience, 130(2), 176–181. https://doi.org/10.1037/bne0000129Hutcheson, D. M., & Everitt, B. J. (2003). The effects of selective orbitofrontal cortex lesions on the acquisition and performance of cue-controlled cocaine seeking in rats. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1003, 410–411. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1300.038Kandel, E. R., & Kandel, D. B. (2014). Shattuck Lecture. A molecular basis for nicotine as a gateway drug. The New England journal of medicine, 371(10), 932–943. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsa1405092Keefer, S. E., Gyawali, U., & Calu, D. J. (2021). Choose your path: Divergent basolateral amygdala efferents differentially mediate incentive motivation, flexibility and decision-making. Behavioural Brain Research, 409, 113306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113306Kelz, M. B., Chen, J., Carlezon, W. A., Jr, Whisler, K., Gilden, L., Beckmann, A. M., Steffen, C., Zhang, Y. J., Marotti, L., Self, D. W., Tkatch, T., Baranauskas, G., Surmeier, D. J., Neve, R. L., Duman, R. S., Picciotto, M. R., & Nestler, E. J. (1999). Expression of the transcription factor deltaFosB in the brain controls sensitivity to cocaine. Nature, 401(6750), 272–276. https://doi.org/10.1038/45790Kelz, M. B., & Nestler, E. J. (2000). deltaFosB: a molecular switch underlying long-term neural plasticity. Current opinion in neurology, 13(6), 715–720. https://doi.org/10.1097/00019052-200012000-00017Kolokotroni, K. Z., Rodgers, R. J., & Harrison, A. A. (2012). Effects of chronic nicotine, nicotine withdrawal and subsequent nicotine challenges on behavioural inhibition in rats. Psychopharmacology, 219, 453-468. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-011-2558-zLevin, E. D., Morgan, M. M., Galvez, C., & Ellison, G. D. (1987). Chronic nicotine and withdrawal effects on body weight and food and water consumption in female rats. Physiology & behavior, 39(4), 441–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(87)90370-2Levine, A., Huang, Y., Drisaldi, B., Griffin, E. A., Jr, Pollak, D. D., Xu, S., Yin, D., Schaffran, C., Kandel, D. B., & Kandel, E. R. (2011). Molecular mechanism for a gateway drug: epigenetic changes initiated by nicotine prime gene expression by cocaine. Science translational medicine, 3(107), 107ra109. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3003062Loney, G. C., Angelyn, H., Cleary, L. M., & Meyer, P. J. (2019). Nicotine Produces a High-Approach, Low-Avoidance Phenotype in Response to Alcohol-Associated Cues in Male Rats. Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research, 43(6), 1284–1295. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.14043Macpherson, T., & Hikida, T. (2018). Nucleus Accumbens Dopamine D1-Receptor-Expressing Neurons Control the Acquisition of Sign-Tracking to Conditioned Cues in Mice. Frontiers in neuroscience, 12, 418. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2018.00418Malin, D. H., Lake, J. R., Newlin-Maultsby, P., Roberts, L. K., Lanier, J. G., Carter, V. A., Cunningham, J. S., & Wilson, O. B. (1992). Rodent model of nicotine abstinence syndrome. Pharmacology, Biochemistry Behavior, 43(3), 779–784. https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(92)90408-8Marttila, K., Raattamaa, H., & Ahtee, L. (2006). Effects of chronic nicotine administration and its withdrawal on striatal FosB/DeltaFosB and c-Fos expression in rats and mice. Neuropharmacology, 51(1), 44–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.02.014Matta, S. G., Balfour, D. J., Benowitz, N. L., Boyd, R. T., Buccafusco, J. J., Caggiula, A. R., Craig, C. R., Collins, A. C., Damaj, M. I., Donny, E. C., Gardiner, P. S., Grady, S. R., Heberlein, U., Leonard, S. S., Levin, E. D., Lukas, R. J., Markou, A., Marks, M. J., McCallum, S. E., Parameswaran, N., … Zirger, J. M. (2007). Guidelines on nicotine dose selection for in vivo research. Psychopharmacology, 190(3), 269–319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-006-0441-0McDonald, C. G., Dailey, V. K., Bergstrom, H. C., Wheeler, T. L., Eppolito, A. K., Smith, L. N., & Smith, R. F. (2005). Periadolescent nicotine administration produces enduring changes in dendritic morphology of medium spiny neurons from nucleus accumbens. Neuroscience letters, 385(2), 163–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2005.05.041McDonald, C. G., Eppolito, A. K., Brielmaier, J. M., Smith, L. N., Bergstrom, H. C., Lawhead, M. R., & Smith, R. F. (2007). Evidence for elevated nicotine-induced structural plasticity in nucleus accumbens of adolescent rats. Brain research, 1151, 211–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2007.03.019McGehee, D. S., Heath, M. J., Gelber, S., Devay, P., & Role, L. W. (1995). Nicotine enhancement of fast excitatory synaptic transmission in CNS by presynaptic receptors. Science, 269(5231), 1692–1696. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7569895Meyer, P. J., Lovic, V., Saunders, B. T., Yager, L. M., Flagel, S. B., Morrow, J. D., & Robinson, T. E. (2012). Quantifying individual variation in the propensity to attribute incentive salience to reward cues. PloS one, 7(6), e38987. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0038987Michalak, A., & Budzyńska, B. (2019). Nicotine and Dopamine DA1 Receptor Pharmacology. In: Preedy, V. R. (Ed.). Neuroscience of Nicotine: Mechanisms and Treatment. Academic PressMorgan, J. I., & Curran, T. (1995). Immediate-early genes: ten years on. Trends in Neurosciences, 18(2), 66–67Muller, D. L., & Unterwald, E. M. (2005). D1 dopamine receptors modulate deltaFosB induction in rat striatum after intermittent morphine administration. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, 314(1), 148–154. https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.105.083410Murrin, L. C., Ferrer, J. R., Wanyun, Z., & Haley, N. J. (1987). Nicotine administration to rats: methodological considerations. Life Sciences, 40, 1699-1708. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(87)90020-8Naeem, M., & White, N. M. (2016). Parallel learning in an autoshaping paradigm. Behavioral neuroscience, 130(4), 376–392. https://doi.org/10.1037/bne0000154Naeem, M. (2016). Learning processes in autoshaping and conditioned cue preference. [PhD Thesis, McGill University] (Canada). Recuperado de: https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/services/theses/Pages/item.aspx?idNumber=973735010Nakhate, K. T., Dandekar, M. P., Kokare, D. M., & Subhedar, N. K. (2009). Involvement of neuropeptide Y Y(1) receptors in the acute, chronic and withdrawal effects of nicotine on feeding and body weight in rats. European journal of pharmacology, 609(1-3), 78–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.03.008Nestler, E. J., Barrot, M., & Self, D. W. (2001). DeltaFosB: a sustained molecular switch for addiction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98(20), 11042–11046. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.191352698Nestler E. J. (2008). Review. Transcriptional mechanisms of addiction: role of DeltaFosB. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 363(1507), 3245–3255. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0067Norrholm, S. D., Bibb, J. A., Nestler, E. J., Ouimet, C. C., Taylor, J. R., & Greengard, P. (2003). Cocaine-induced proliferation of dendritic spines in nucleus accumbens is dependent on the activity of cyclin-dependent kinase-5. Neuroscience, 116(1), 19–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00560-2Olausson, P., Jentsch, J. D., & Taylor, J. R. (2003). Repeated nicotine exposure enhances reward-related learning in the rat. Neuropsychopharmacology, 28, 1264-1271. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1300173Olausson, P., Jentsch, J. D., & Taylor, J. R. (2004a). Nicotine enhances responding with conditioned reinforcement. Psychopharmacology, 171, 173-178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-003-1575-yOlausson, P., Jentsch, J. D., & Taylor, J. R. (2004b). Repeated nicotine exposure enhances responding with conditioned reinforcement. Psychopharmacology, 173, 98-104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-003-1702-9Olausson, P., Jentsch, J. D., Tronson, N., Neve, R. L., Nestler, E. J., & Taylor, J. R. (2006). ΔFosB in the nucleus accumbens regulates food-reinforced instrumental behavior and motivation. Journal of Neuroscience, 26(36), 9196-9204. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1124-06.2006Ostlund, S. B., & Balleine, B. W. (2007). Orbitofrontal cortex mediates outcome encoding in Pavlovian but not instrumental conditioning. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 27(18), 4819–4825. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5443-06.2007Overby, P. F., Daniels, C. W., Del Franco, A., Goenaga, J., Powell, G. L., Gipson, C. D., & Sanabria, F. (2018). Effects of nicotine self-administration on incentive salience in male Sprague Dawley rats. Psychopharmacology, 235(4), 1121–1130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-018-4829-4Palmatier, M. I., Evans-Martin, F. F., Hoffman, A., Caggiula, A. R., Chaudhri, N., Donny, E. C., Liu, X., Booth, S., Gharib, M., Craven, L., & Sved, A. F. (2006). Dissociating the primary reinforcing and reinforcement-enhancing effects of nicotine using a rat self-administration paradigm with concurrently available drug and environmental reinforcers. Psychopharmacology, 184, 391-400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-005-0183-4Palmatier, M. I., Liu, X., Matteson, G. L., Donny, E. C., Caggiula, A. R., & Sved, A. F. (2007). Conditioned reinforcement in rats established with self-administered nicotine and enhanced by noncontingent nicotine. Psychopharmacology, 195(2), 235-243. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-007-0897-6Palmatier, M. I., Marks, K. R., Jones, S. A., Freeman, K. S., Wissman, K. M., & Sheppard, A. B. (2013). The effect of nicotine on sign-tracking and goal-tracking in a Pavlovian conditioned approach paradigm in rats. Psychopharmacology, 226, 247-259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-012-2892-9Panayi, M. C., & Killcross, S. (2018). Functional heterogeneity within the rodent lateral orbitofrontal cortex dissociates outcome devaluation and reversal learning deficits. eLife, 7, e37357. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.37357Panayi, M. C., & Killcross, S. (2021). The role of the rodent lateral orbitofrontal cortex in simple Pavlovian cue-outcome learning depends on training experience. Cerebral Cortex Communications, 2(1), tgab010. https://doi.org/10.1093/texcom/tgab010Parkinson, J. A., Olmstead, M. C., Burns, L. H., Robbins, T. W., & Everitt, B. J. (1999). Dissociation in effects of lesions of the nucleus accumbens core and shell on appetitive pavlovian approach behavior and the potentiation of conditioned reinforcement and locomotor activity by D-amphetamine. Neuroscience, 19(6), 2401–2411. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-06-02401.1999Parkinson, J. A., Robbins, T. W., & Everitt, B. J. (2000). Dissociable roles of the central and basolateral amygdala in appetitive emotional learning. The European journal of neuroscience, 12(1), 405–413. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00960.xPaxinos, G. and Watson, C. (2007) The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. 6th Edition, Academic Press, San DiegoPeterson, G. B., Ackil, J. E., Frommer, G. P., & Hearst, E. S. (1972). Conditioned approach and contact behavior toward signals for food or brain-stimulation reinforcement. Science, 177(4053), 1009–1011. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.177.4053.1009Phillips, G. D., Setzu, E., Vugler, A., & Hitchcott, P. K. (2003). Immunohistochemical assessment of mesotelencephalic dopamine activity during the acquisition and expression of Pavlovian versus instrumental behaviours. Neuroscience, 117(3), 755-767. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00799-6Picciotto, M. R., Brunzell, D. H., & Caldarone, B. J. (2002). Effect of nicotine and nicotinic receptors on anxiety and depression. Neuroreport, 13(9), 1097–1106. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200207020-00006Pich, E. M., Pagliusi, S. R., Tessari, M., Talabot-Ayer, D., van Huijsduijnen, R. H., & Chiamulera, C. (1997). Common neural substrates for the addictive properties of nicotine and cocaine. Science, 275(5296), 83-86. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.275.5296.83Pitchers, K. K., Vialou, V., Nestler, E. J., Laviolette, S. R., Lehman, M. N., & Coolen, L. M. (2013). Natural and drug rewards act on common neural plasticity mechanisms with ΔFosB as a key mediator. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 33(8), 3434–3442. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4881-12.2013Pichon-Riviere, A., Alcaraz, A., Palacios, A., Rodríguez, B., Reynales-Shigematsu, L. M., Pinto, M., Castillo-Riquelme, M., Peña, E., Osorio, D. I., Huayanay, L., Loza, C., de Miera-Juárez, B. S., Gallegos-Rivero, V., De La Puente, C., Navia-Bueno, M. P., Caporale, J., Roberti, J., Virgilio, A., Augustovski, F., & Bardach, A. (2020). The health and economic burden of smoking in 12 Latin American countries and the potential effect of increasing tobacco taxes: an economic modelling study. The Lancet Global Health, 8(10), e1282-e1294. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30311-9Rescorla, R. A., & Solomon, R. L. (1967). Two-process learning theory: Relationships between Pavlovian conditioning and instrumental learning. Psychological Review, 74(3), 151–182. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0024475Robinson, T. E., & Berridge, K. C. (1993). The neural basis of drug craving: an incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. Brain research. Brain research reviews, 18(3), 247–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0173(93)90013-pRobinson, T. E., & Berridge, K. C. (2008). Review. The incentive sensitization theory of addiction: some current issues. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 363(1507), 3137–3146. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0093Robinson, T. E., Yager, L. M., Cogan, E. S., & Saunders, B. T. (2014). On the motivational properties of reward cues: Individual differences. Neuropharmacology, 76, 450–459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.05.040Rowell, P. P., & Li, M. (1997). Dose-response relationship for nicotine-induced up-regulation of rat brain nicotinic receptors. Journal of Neurochemistry, 68(5), 1982–1989. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1997.68051982.xRuffle J. K. (2014). Molecular neurobiology of addiction: what's all the (Δ)FosB about?. The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse, 40(6), 428–437. https://doi.org/10.3109/00952990.2014.933840Schaefer, G. J., & Michael, R. P. (1986). Task-specific effects of nicotine in rats. Intracranial self-stimulation and locomotor activity. Neuropharmacology, 25(2), 125–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/0028-3908(86)90033-xSchiltz, C. A., Kelley, A. E., & Landry, C. F. (2005). Contextual cues associated with nicotine administration increase arc mRNA expression in corticolimbic areas of the rat brain. The European journal of neuroscience, 21(6), 1703–1711. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04001.xSchoenbaum, G., & Shaham, Y. (2008). The role of orbitofrontal cortex in drug addiction: a review of preclinical studies. Biological psychiatry, 63(3), 256–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.06.003Schoenbaum, G., Roesch, M. R., Stalnaker, T. A., & Takahashi, Y. K. (2009). A new perspective on the role of the orbitofrontal cortex in adaptive behaviour. Nature reviews. Neuroscience, 10(12), 885–892. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2753Schoenbaum, G., Takahashi, Y., Liu, T. L., & McDannald, M. A. (2011). Does the orbitofrontal cortex signal value?. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1239, 87–99. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06210.xSerrano-Barroso, A., Vargas, J. P., Diaz, E., O'Donnell, P., & López, J. C. (2019). Sign and goal tracker rats process differently the incentive salience of a conditioned stimulus. PloS one, 14(9), e0223109. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223109Schultz, W. (2007). Multiple dopamine functions at different time courses. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 30, 259–288. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135722Soderstrom, K., Qin, W., Williams, H., Taylor, D. A., & McMillen, B. A. (2007). Nicotine increases FosB expression within a subset of reward- and memory-related brain regions during both peri- and post-adolescence. Psychopharmacology, 191(4), 891–897. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-007-0744-9Sparber, S. B., Bollweg, G. L., & Messing, R. B. (1991). Food deprivation enhances both autoshaping and autoshaping impairment by a latent inhibition procedure. Behavioural Processes, 23(1), 59–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/0376-6357(91)90106-AStringfield, S. J., Palmatier, M. I., Boettiger, C. A., & Robinson, D. L. (2017). Orbitofrontal participation in sign- and goal-tracking conditioned responses: Effects of nicotine. Neuropharmacology, 116, 208–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.12.020Stringfield, S. J., Madayag, A. C., Boettiger, C. A., & Robinson, D. L. (2019). Sex differences in nicotine-enhanced Pavlovian conditioned approach in rats. Biology of sex differences, 10(1), 37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13293-019-0244-8Theeuwes, F., & Yum, S. I. (1976). Principles of the design and operation of generic osmotic pumps for the delivery of semisolid or liquid drug formulations. Annals of biomedical engineering, 4(4), 343-353.Timberlake, W. (1986). Unpredicted food produces a mode of behavior that affects rats’ subsequent reactions to a conditioned stimulus: A behavior-system approach to “context blocking”. Animal Learning & Behavior, 14(3), 276-286. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03200068Toates, F. (1986). Motivational systems. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University PressTomie, A. (2018). Chapter 1: Introduction: The Role of Sign-Tracking in Drug Addiction. En Tomie, A. & Morrow, J. (Eds). Sign-Tracking and Drug Addiction. Maize Books. http://dx.doi.org/10.3998/mpub.10215070Versaggi, C. L., King, C. P., & Meyer, P. J. (2016). The tendency to sign-track predicts cue-induced reinstatement during nicotine self-administration, and is enhanced by nicotine but not ethanol. Psychopharmacology, 233(15-16), 2985–2997. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-016-4341-7Wallace, D. L., Vialou, V., Rios, L., Carle-Florence, T. L., Chakravarty, S., Kumar, A., Graham, D. L., Green, T. A., Kirk, A., Iñiguez, S. D., Perrotti, L. I., Barrot, M., DiLeone, R. J., Nestler, E. J., & Bolaños-Guzmán, C. A. (2008). The influence of DeltaFosB in the nucleus accumbens on natural reward-related behavior. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 28(41), 10272–10277. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1531-08.2008Werme, M., Messer, C., Olson, L., Gilden, L., Thorén, P., Nestler, E. J., & Brené, S. (2002). ΔFosB regulates wheel running. Journal of Neuroscience, 22(18), 8133-8138. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-18-08133.2002Winstanley, C. A., LaPlant, Q., Theobald, D. E., Green, T. A., Bachtell, R. K., Perrotti, L. I., DiLeone, R. J., Russo, S. J., Garth, W. J., Self, D. W., & Nestler, E. J. (2007). DeltaFosB induction in orbitofrontal cortex mediates tolerance to cocaine-induced cognitive dysfunction. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 27(39), 10497–10507. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2566-07.2007Wills, L., & Kenny, P. J. (2021). Addiction-related neuroadaptations following chronic nicotine exposure. Journal of neurochemistry, 157(5), 1652–1673. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.15356Wonnacott, S. (1997). Presynaptic nicotinic ACh receptors. Trends in Neurosciences, 20(2), 92–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-2236(96)10073-4Xiong, M., Li, J., Ye, J. H., & Zhang, C. (2011). Upregulation of DeltaFosB by propofol in rat nucleus accumbens. Anesthesia and analgesia, 113(2), 259–264. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e318222af17Yager, L. M., & Robinson, T. E. (2013). A classically conditioned cocaine cue acquires greater control over motivated behavior in rats prone to attribute incentive salience to a food cue. Psychopharmacology, 226(2), 217–228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-012-2890-yYager, L. M., & Robinson, T. E. (2015). Individual variation in the motivational properties of a nicotine cue: Sign-trackers vs. Goal-trackers. Psychopharmacology, 232(17), 3149–3160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-015-3962-6Yager, L. M., Pitchers, K. K., Flagel, S. B., & Robinson, T. E. (2015). Individual variation in the motivational and neurobiological effects of an opioid cue. Neuropsychopharmacology, 40(5), 1269-1277. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2014.314Zhang, D., Zhang, L., Lou, D. W., Nakabeppu, Y., Zhang, J., & Xu, M. (2002). The dopamine D1 receptor is a critical mediator for cocaine-induced gene expression. Journal of neurochemistry, 82(6), 1453–1464. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.01089.xZhang, T., Zhang, L., Liang, Y., Siapas, A. G., Zhou, F. M., & Dani, J. A. (2009). Dopamine signaling differences in the nucleus accumbens and dorsal striatum exploited by nicotine. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 29(13), 4035–4043. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0261-09.2009Convocatoria de Investigación Orlando Fals Borda – 2019 APOYO A PROYECTOS DE INVESTIGACIÓN DOCENTES-Facultad de Ciencias Humanas de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Código FCH 47357Fundación Universitaria Konrad LorenzUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaEstudiantesInvestigadoresMaestrosPúblico generalORIGINAL1018493799.2022.pdf1018493799.2022.pdfTesis de Maestría en Psicologíaapplication/pdf1752187https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/81675/3/1018493799.2022.pdf31b3b503ee951ed640a625e2bbcf35c8MD53LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-84074https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/81675/4/license.txt8153f7789df02f0a4c9e079953658ab2MD54THUMBNAIL1018493799.2022.pdf.jpg1018493799.2022.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg4025https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/81675/5/1018493799.2022.pdf.jpgba606d634f37334dafdface061548ee3MD55unal/81675oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/816752024-08-06 23:10:40.637Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiarepositorio_nal@unal.edu.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

Efectos farmacológicos y comportamentales de la administración crónica de nicotina en una tarea de automoldeamiento

Publicaciones similares