Evaluación de la interacción fluido – fluido y fluido - roca en procesos de inyección de agua de salinidad modificada (IASM) y su impacto en la recuperación de aceite en sistemas de areniscas
ilustraciones, diagramas
- Autores:
-
Maya, Gustavo
- Tipo de recurso:
- Doctoral thesis
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2023
- Institución:
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia
- Repositorio:
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia
- Idioma:
- spa
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/84028
- Palabra clave:
- 620 - Ingeniería y operaciones afines::629 - Otras ramas de la ingeniería
540 - Química y ciencias afines::542 - Técnicas, procedimientos, aparatos, equipos, materiales
Recobro mejorado
Baja salinidad
Salinidad modificada
Enhanced oil recovery
Low salinity
Smart water flooding
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional
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| dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv |
Evaluación de la interacción fluido – fluido y fluido - roca en procesos de inyección de agua de salinidad modificada (IASM) y su impacto en la recuperación de aceite en sistemas de areniscas |
| dc.title.translated.eng.fl_str_mv |
Evaluation of fluid-fluid and fluid-rock interaction in salinity modified water injection processes, and its impact in oil recovery in sandstone systems |
| title |
Evaluación de la interacción fluido – fluido y fluido - roca en procesos de inyección de agua de salinidad modificada (IASM) y su impacto en la recuperación de aceite en sistemas de areniscas |
| spellingShingle |
Evaluación de la interacción fluido – fluido y fluido - roca en procesos de inyección de agua de salinidad modificada (IASM) y su impacto en la recuperación de aceite en sistemas de areniscas 620 - Ingeniería y operaciones afines::629 - Otras ramas de la ingeniería 540 - Química y ciencias afines::542 - Técnicas, procedimientos, aparatos, equipos, materiales Recobro mejorado Baja salinidad Salinidad modificada Enhanced oil recovery Low salinity Smart water flooding |
| title_short |
Evaluación de la interacción fluido – fluido y fluido - roca en procesos de inyección de agua de salinidad modificada (IASM) y su impacto en la recuperación de aceite en sistemas de areniscas |
| title_full |
Evaluación de la interacción fluido – fluido y fluido - roca en procesos de inyección de agua de salinidad modificada (IASM) y su impacto en la recuperación de aceite en sistemas de areniscas |
| title_fullStr |
Evaluación de la interacción fluido – fluido y fluido - roca en procesos de inyección de agua de salinidad modificada (IASM) y su impacto en la recuperación de aceite en sistemas de areniscas |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Evaluación de la interacción fluido – fluido y fluido - roca en procesos de inyección de agua de salinidad modificada (IASM) y su impacto en la recuperación de aceite en sistemas de areniscas |
| title_sort |
Evaluación de la interacción fluido – fluido y fluido - roca en procesos de inyección de agua de salinidad modificada (IASM) y su impacto en la recuperación de aceite en sistemas de areniscas |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Maya, Gustavo |
| dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv |
Cortés Correra, Farid Bernardo |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Maya, Gustavo |
| dc.contributor.researchgroup.spa.fl_str_mv |
Fenómenos de Superficie Michael Polanyi |
| dc.contributor.orcid.spa.fl_str_mv |
Maya Toro, Gustavo Adolfo [0000-0002-8780-3580] Cortés Correra, Farid Bernardo [0000-0003-1207-3859] |
| dc.contributor.cvlac.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000182184 Maya Toro, Gustavo Adolfo [0000182184] |
| dc.contributor.researchgate.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gustavo-Maya-2 |
| dc.contributor.googlescholar.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://scholar.google.com.mx/citations?hl=en&pli=1&user=KmgMo2UAAAAJ |
| dc.subject.ddc.spa.fl_str_mv |
620 - Ingeniería y operaciones afines::629 - Otras ramas de la ingeniería 540 - Química y ciencias afines::542 - Técnicas, procedimientos, aparatos, equipos, materiales |
| topic |
620 - Ingeniería y operaciones afines::629 - Otras ramas de la ingeniería 540 - Química y ciencias afines::542 - Técnicas, procedimientos, aparatos, equipos, materiales Recobro mejorado Baja salinidad Salinidad modificada Enhanced oil recovery Low salinity Smart water flooding |
| dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Recobro mejorado Baja salinidad Salinidad modificada |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Enhanced oil recovery Low salinity Smart water flooding |
| description |
ilustraciones, diagramas |
| publishDate |
2023 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-06-16T16:08:56Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-06-16T16:08:56Z |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2023 |
| dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Trabajo de grado - Doctorado |
| dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_db06 |
| dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv |
Text |
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http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TD |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_db06 |
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acceptedVersion |
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https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/84028 |
| dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv |
Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
| dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
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https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ |
| url |
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/84028 https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ |
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Universidad Nacional de Colombia Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
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spa |
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spa |
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RedCol LaReferencia |
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Aghaeifar, Z., Strand, S., Austad, T., Puntervold, T., Aksulu, H., Navratil, K., Storås, S., & Håmsø, D. (2015). Influence of Formation Water Salinity/Composition on the Low-Salinity Enhanced Oil Recovery Effect in High-Temperature Sandstone Reservoirs. Energy and Fuels, 29(8), 4747–4754. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b01621 Aghaeifar, Z., Strand, S., Puntervold, T., Austad, T., & Sajjad, F. M. (2018). Smart Water injection strategies for optimized EOR in a high temperature offshore oil reservoir. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 165(July 2017), 743–751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2018.02.021 Ai-Saedi, H. N., & Flori, R. E. (2018). Enhanced oil recovery of low salinity water flooding in sandstone and the role of clay. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 45(5), 927–931. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1876-3804(18)30096-X Al Maskari, N. S., Xie, Q., & Saeedi, A. (2019). Role of Basal-Charged Clays in Low Salinity Effect in Sandstone Reservoirs: Adhesion Force on Muscovite using Atomic Force Microscope [Research-article]. Energy and Fuels, 33(2), 756–764. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.8b03452 Al-Saedi, H. N., & Flori, R. E. (2019). Effect of divalent cations in low salinity water flooding in sandstone reservoirs. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 283, 417–426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.03.112 Al-Shalabi, E. W., & Sepehrnoori, K. (2016). A comprehensive review of low salinity/engineered water injections and their applications in sandstone and carbonate rocks. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 139, 137–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2015.11.027 Al-Shalabi, E. W., Sepehrnoori, K., & Pope, G. (2014). Mysteries behind the Low Salinity Water Injection Technique. Journal of Petroleum Engineering, 2014, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/304312 Alvarado, V., Garcia-Olvera, G., & Manrique, E. J. (2015). Considerations of adjusted brine chemistry for waterflooding in offshore environments. Offshore Technology Conference This, May 2016, 1961–1978. https://doi.org/10.4043/26293-ms Austad, T., RezaeiDoust, A., & Puntervold, T. (2010). Chemical mechanism of low salinity water flooding in sandstone reservoirs. Proceedings - SPE Symposium on Improved Oil Recovery, 1, 679–695. Bernard, G. G. (1967). Effect of floodingwater salinity on recovery of oil from cores containing clays. Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, SPE 1725, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.2118/1725-MS Cissokho, M., Boussour, S., Cordier, P., Bertin, H., & Hamon, G. (2010). Low salinity oil recovery on clayey sandstone: Experimental study. Petrophysics, 51(5), 305–313. Collins, I. R., Couves, J. W., Hodges, M., Mcbride, E. K., Pedersen, C. S., Salino, P. A., Webb, K. J., Wicking, C., & Zeng, H. (2018). Effect of Low Salinity Waterflooding on the Chemistry of the Produced Crude Oil. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1900191-MS, 1–17. Doust, A. R., Puntervold, T., & Austad, T. (2011). Chemical verification of the EOR mechanism by using low saline/smart water in sandstone. Energy and Fuels, 25(5), 2151–2162. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef200215y Fahim, M. A., Elkilani, A., & Alsahhaf, T. (2010). Fundamentals of Petroleum Refining: Vol. Elsevier First Ed. http://www.elsevierdirect.com/ Farajzadeh, R., Guo, H., van Winden, J., & Bruining, J. (2017). Cation Exchange in the Presence of Oil in Porous Media. ACS Earth and Space Chemistry, 1(2), 101–112. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.6b00015 Fathi, S. J., Austad, T., & Strand, S. (2010). ‘Smart water’ as a wettability modifier in chalk: The effect of salinity and ionic composition. Energy and Fuels, 24(4), 2514–2519. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef901304m Fredriksen, S. B., Rognmo, A. U., & Fernø, M. A. (2018). Pore-scale mechanisms during low salinity waterflooding: Oil mobilization by diffusion and osmosis. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 163, 650–660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2017.10.022 Gandomkar, A., & Rahimpour, M. R. (2015). Investigation of Low-Salinity Waterflooding in Secondary and Tertiary Enhanced Oil Recovery in Limestone Reservoirs. Energy and Fuels, 29(12), 7781–7792. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b01236 Garcia-Olvera, G., & Alvarado, V. (2016). The Potential of Sulfate as Optimizer of Crude Oil-Water Interfacial Rheology to Increase Oil Recovery During Smart Water Injection in Carbonates. SPE Improved Oil Recovery Conference, 9–12. https://doi.org/10.2118/179544-MS Haagh, M. E. J., Siretanu, I., Duits, M. H. G., & Mugele, F. (2017). Salinity-Dependent Contact Angle Alteration in Oil/Brine/Silicate Systems: the Critical Role of Divalent Cations. Langmuir, 33(14), 3349–3357. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b04470 Hadia, N. J., Hansen, T., Tweheyo, M. T., & Torsæter, O. (2012). Influence of crude oil components on recovery by high and low salinity waterflooding. Energy and Fuels, 26(7), 4328–4335. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef3003119 Han, Y., Zhou, C., Yu, J., Li, C., Hu, F., Xu, H., & Yuan, C. (2019). Experimental investigation on the effect of wettability on rock-electricity response in sandstone reservoirs. Fuel, 239(August 2018), 1246–1257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.11.072 Hua, Z., Li, M., Ni, X., Wang, H., Yang, Z., & Lin, M. (2016). Effect of injection brine composition on wettability and oil recovery in sandstone reservoirs. Fuel, 182, 687–695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.06.009 Isah, A., Arif, M., Hassan, A., Mahmoud, M., & Iglauer, S. (2022). Fluid–rock interactions and its implications on EOR: Critical analysis, experimental techniques and knowledge gaps. In Energy Reports (Vol. 8, pp. 6355–6395). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.04.071 Joonaki, E., Hassanpouryouzband, A., Burgass, R., & Tohidi, B. (2017). Effect of Water Chemistry on Asphaltene Stabilised Water in Oil Emulsions - A New Search for Low Salinity Water Injection Mechanism. July. https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201701297 Kakati, A., Kumar, G., & Sangwai, J. S. (2020). Oil Recovery Efficiency and Mechanism of Low Salinity-Enhanced Oil Recovery for Light Crude Oil with a Low Acid Number. ACS Omega, 5(3), 1506–1518. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b03229 Kakati, A., & Sangwai, J. S. (2017). Effect of monovalent and divalent salts on the interfacial tension of pure hydrocarbon-brine systems relevant for low salinity water flooding. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 157, 1106–1114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2017.08.017 Lager, A., Webb, K. J., Collins, I. R., & Richmond, D. M. (2008). LoSal Enhanced Oil Recovery: Evidence of Enhanced Oil Recovery at the Reservoir Scale. SPE Symposium on Improved Oil Recovery, SPE 113976. https://doi.org/10.2118/113976-MS Lashkarbolooki, M., Ayatollahi, S., & Riazi, M. (2014). Effect of salinity, resin, and asphaltene on the surface properties of acidic crude oil/smart water/rock system. Energy and Fuels, 28(11), 6820–6829. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef5015692 Ligthelm, D. J., Gronsveld, J., Hofman, J., Brussee, N., Marcelis, F., & van der Linde, H. (2009). Novel Waterflooding Strategy By Manipulation Of Injection Brine Composition. EUROPEC/EAGE Conference and Exhibition, 3, 1–2. https://doi.org/10.2118/119835-MS Mahzari, P., & Sohrabi, M. (2015). Impact of Micro-Dispersion Formation on Effectiveness of Low Salinity Waterflooding. April. https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201412103 Manrique, E., Delgadillo, C., Maya, G., & Gelvis, J. (2020). EOR Screening Methods Assisted by Digital Rock Analysis: A Step Forward. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 199107-MS(Latin America and Caribbean Pet. Eng. Conf. (LACPEC)), Bogota July 27-31, 2020. Maya, G., Cardona, L., Rueda, M., & Cortés, F. (2020). Effect of ionic strength in low salinity water injection processes. CTyF - Ciencia, Tecnologia y Futuro, 10(2), 17–26. https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.269 McGuire, P. L., Chatham, J. R., Paskvan, F. K., Sommer, D. M., & Carini, F. H. (2005). Low Salinity Oil Recovery: An Exciting New EOR Opportunity for Alaska´s North Slope. SPE Western Regional Meeting, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.2118/93903-MS Mehana, M., Fahes, M., Kang, Q., & Viswanathan, H. (2020). Molecular simulation of double layer expansion mechanism during low-salinity waterflooding. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114079 Mokhtari, R., Ayatollahi, S., & Fatemi, M. (2019). Experimental investigation of the influence of fluid-fluid interactions on oil recovery during low salinity water flooding. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2019.106194 Morrow, N., & Buckley, J. (2011). Improved Oil Recovery by Low-Salinity Waterflooding. Journal of Petroleum Technology, 63(05), 106–112. https://doi.org/10.2118/129421-JPT Morrow, N. R., & Carlisle, C. (2012). Low Salinity Waterflooding Fundamentals and Case Studies. Nasralla, R. A., Bataweel, M. A., & Nasr-El-Din, H. A. (2013). Investigation of wettability alteration and oil-recovery improvement by low-salinity water in sandstone rock. Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology, 52(2), 144–154. https://doi.org/10.2118/146322-PA Nasralla, R. A., Mahani, H., van der Linde, H. A., Marcelis, F. H. M., Masalmeh, S. K., Sergienko, E., Brussee, N. J., Pieterse, S. G. J., & Basu, S. (2018). Low salinity waterflooding for a carbonate reservoir: Experimental evaluation and numerical interpretation. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 164, 640–654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2018.01.028 Nasralla, R. A., & Nasr-El-Din, H. A. (2011). Coreflood Study of Low Salinity Water Injection in Sandstone Reservoirs. 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Xie, Q., Liu, F., Chen, Y., Yang, H., Saeedi, A., & Hossain, M. M. (2019). Effect of electrical double layer and ion exchange on low salinity EOR in a pH controlled system. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 174(June 2018), 418–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2018.11.050 Yang, J., Dong, Z., Yang, Z., Lin, M., Zhang, J., & Chen, C. (2016). Wettability Alteration During Low Salinity Waterflooding: Effect Oil Composition and Divalent Cations. 12th Middle East Geosciences Conference & Exhibition, 41835. Yu, M., Zeinijahromi, A., Bedrikovetsky, P., Genolet, L., Behr, A., Kowollik, P., & Hussain, F. (2019). Effects of fines migration on oil displacement by low-salinity water. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 175, 665–680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2018.12.005 Zhang, Y., Xie, X., & Morrow, N. (2007). Waterflood Performance by Injection of Brine With Different Salinity for Reservoir Cores. SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, SPE 109849, 1217–1228. https://doi.org/10.2523/109849-MS |
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Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacionalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Cortés Correra, Farid Bernardo514b746bae487e09d89c383afe7e5d83Maya, Gustavo540e375a0df18455aba6c74b78a46efcFenómenos de Superficie Michael PolanyiMaya Toro, Gustavo Adolfo [0000-0002-8780-3580]Cortés Correra, Farid Bernardo [0000-0003-1207-3859]https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000182184Maya Toro, Gustavo Adolfo [0000182184]https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gustavo-Maya-2https://scholar.google.com.mx/citations?hl=en&pli=1&user=KmgMo2UAAAAJ2023-06-16T16:08:56Z2023-06-16T16:08:56Z2023https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/84028Universidad Nacional de ColombiaRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiahttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ilustraciones, diagramasLos procesos de recobro mejorado son una familia de tecnologías que buscan obtener el mayor beneficio de los yacimientos de hidrocarburos; sin embargo, cada uno de ellos presenta dificultades de diversas índoles; técnicas, económicas y ambientales. La inyección de agua de salinidad controlada, o inyección de agua de baja salinidad como también se le conoce, ha resaltado en la industria por sus bajos impactos ambientales y beneficios económicos; sin embargo, no existe acuerdo científico en los fenómenos que lo gobiernan. Este estudio analiza los efectos en sistemas específicos de roca-crudo-salmuera al inyectar aguas de baja salinidad con diferentes composiciones, separando las interacciones fluido-fluido y roca-fluido para identificar los fenómenos hasta ahora propuestos en la literatura. Los resultados obtenidos arrojan evidencias muy claras sobre la importancia de los mecanismos fluido-fluido. Desalado (salting in / out) y posible generación de microemulsiones cobran importancia frente a otros mecanismos propuestos en la literatura, en particular los mecanismos fluido-roca. La investigación permite también evidenciar que los mecanismos presentes en el proceso de recobro mejorado bajo estudio van más allá de la reducción de la salinidad del agua de inyección, y obedecen al manejo específico del contenido iónico de la misma. Esta investigación utilizó la técnica de electroforesis capilar para medición de iones disueltos en el agua a la ejecución de pruebas de desplazamiento de crudo en medios porosos, lo cual al momento no ha sido reportado en la literatura, siendo una mejora importante para el análisis de este tipo de procesos. (Texto tomado de la fuente)Enhanced recovery processes are a family of technologies that seek to obtain the most significant benefit from hydrocarbon deposits; however, each presents various technical, economic, and environmental difficulties. Controlled salinity water injection, or low salinity water injection as it is also known, has stood out in the industry for its low environmental impacts and economic benefits; however, there is no scientific agreement on the phenomena that govern it. This study analyzes the effects on specific rock-oil-brine systems when injecting low-salinity waters with different compositions, separating fluid-fluid and rock-fluid interactions to identify the phenomena so far proposed in the literature. The results obtained provide unequivocal evidence of the importance of fluid-fluid mechanisms. Desalination (salting in / out) and possible generation of microemulsions gain importance compared to other mechanisms proposed in the literature, particularly fluid-rock mechanisms. The investigation also makes it possible to demonstrate that the mechanisms present in the improved recovery process under study go beyond the reduction of the salinity of the injection water and obey the specific management of its ionic content. This research used the capillary electrophoresis technique to measure dissolved ions in the water to carry out displacement tests of crude oil in porous media, which at the moment has not been reported in the literature, being an essential improvement for the analysis of this type of process.Contrato FP44842-338-2017 (Ecopetrol - Colciencias).DoctoradoDoctor en IngenieríaConvocatoria 758 – 2016 (Doctorado Nacional Empresa).Recobro MejoradoÁrea curricular de Ingeniería Química e Ingeniería de Petróleosxxi, 204 pagínasapplication/pdfspaUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaMedellín - Minas - Doctorado en Ingeniería - Sistemas EnergéticosFacultad de MinasMedellín, ColombiaUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Medellín620 - Ingeniería y operaciones afines::629 - Otras ramas de la ingeniería540 - Química y ciencias afines::542 - Técnicas, procedimientos, aparatos, equipos, materialesRecobro mejoradoBaja salinidadSalinidad modificadaEnhanced oil recoveryLow salinitySmart water floodingEvaluación de la interacción fluido – fluido y fluido - roca en procesos de inyección de agua de salinidad modificada (IASM) y su impacto en la recuperación de aceite en sistemas de areniscasEvaluation of fluid-fluid and fluid-rock interaction in salinity modified water injection processes, and its impact in oil recovery in sandstone systemsTrabajo de grado - Doctoradoinfo:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_db06Texthttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TDRedColLaReferenciaAghaeifar, Z., Strand, S., Austad, T., Puntervold, T., Aksulu, H., Navratil, K., Storås, S., & Håmsø, D. 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SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, SPE 109849, 1217–1228. https://doi.org/10.2523/109849-MSMinCiencias - Fondo Francisco José de CaldasUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaEcopetrol S.A.InvestigadoresMaestrosLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-85879https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/84028/1/license.txteb34b1cf90b7e1103fc9dfd26be24b4aMD51ORIGINAL71782146.2023.pdf71782146.2023.pdfTesis de Doctorado en Ingeniería - Sistemas Energéticosapplication/pdf8093672https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/84028/2/71782146.2023.pdffc9e0d97c39836a7475257ee279569c8MD52THUMBNAIL71782146.2023.pdf.jpg71782146.2023.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg5868https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/84028/3/71782146.2023.pdf.jpg78f0362dc361beb7edaa5ed476d4e544MD53unal/84028oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/840282023-08-09 23:04:36.092Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de 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