Efecto de los sistemas silvopastoriles en la producción forrajera, consumo y comportamiento ingestivo bovino en ganaderías colombianas
ilustraciones, diagramas, mapas
- Autores:
-
Montoya Uribe, Sebastián
- Tipo de recurso:
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2023
- Institución:
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia
- Repositorio:
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia
- Idioma:
- spa
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/84617
- Palabra clave:
- 630 - Agricultura y tecnologías relacionadas::636 - Producción animal
590 - Animales::599 - Mamíferos
Plantas forrajeras
Alimentos para aniamales
Feeds
Forage plants
Botanical composition of the pastures
Forage offer
Grazing bovines
Productivity
Voluntary intake
Intensive silvopastoral system (SSPi)
Ethogram
Bovinos en pastoreo
Composición botánica de las praderas
Consumo voluntario
Oferta de forraje
Productividad
Sistema silvopastoril intensivo (SSPi)
Etograma
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional
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| dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv |
Efecto de los sistemas silvopastoriles en la producción forrajera, consumo y comportamiento ingestivo bovino en ganaderías colombianas |
| dc.title.translated.eng.fl_str_mv |
Effect of silvopastoral systems on forage production, dry matter intake and intake bovine behavior in Colombian livestock |
| title |
Efecto de los sistemas silvopastoriles en la producción forrajera, consumo y comportamiento ingestivo bovino en ganaderías colombianas |
| spellingShingle |
Efecto de los sistemas silvopastoriles en la producción forrajera, consumo y comportamiento ingestivo bovino en ganaderías colombianas 630 - Agricultura y tecnologías relacionadas::636 - Producción animal 590 - Animales::599 - Mamíferos Plantas forrajeras Alimentos para aniamales Feeds Forage plants Botanical composition of the pastures Forage offer Grazing bovines Productivity Voluntary intake Intensive silvopastoral system (SSPi) Ethogram Bovinos en pastoreo Composición botánica de las praderas Consumo voluntario Oferta de forraje Productividad Sistema silvopastoril intensivo (SSPi) Etograma |
| title_short |
Efecto de los sistemas silvopastoriles en la producción forrajera, consumo y comportamiento ingestivo bovino en ganaderías colombianas |
| title_full |
Efecto de los sistemas silvopastoriles en la producción forrajera, consumo y comportamiento ingestivo bovino en ganaderías colombianas |
| title_fullStr |
Efecto de los sistemas silvopastoriles en la producción forrajera, consumo y comportamiento ingestivo bovino en ganaderías colombianas |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Efecto de los sistemas silvopastoriles en la producción forrajera, consumo y comportamiento ingestivo bovino en ganaderías colombianas |
| title_sort |
Efecto de los sistemas silvopastoriles en la producción forrajera, consumo y comportamiento ingestivo bovino en ganaderías colombianas |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Montoya Uribe, Sebastián |
| dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv |
Barahona Rosales, Rolando Correa Londoño, Guillermo Antonio |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Montoya Uribe, Sebastián |
| dc.contributor.researchgroup.spa.fl_str_mv |
Biotecnología Animal |
| dc.contributor.orcid.spa.fl_str_mv |
Barahona Rosales, Rolando [0000-0002-4246-7835] Correa Londoño, Guillermo Antonio [0000-0001-7020-2546] |
| dc.subject.ddc.spa.fl_str_mv |
630 - Agricultura y tecnologías relacionadas::636 - Producción animal 590 - Animales::599 - Mamíferos |
| topic |
630 - Agricultura y tecnologías relacionadas::636 - Producción animal 590 - Animales::599 - Mamíferos Plantas forrajeras Alimentos para aniamales Feeds Forage plants Botanical composition of the pastures Forage offer Grazing bovines Productivity Voluntary intake Intensive silvopastoral system (SSPi) Ethogram Bovinos en pastoreo Composición botánica de las praderas Consumo voluntario Oferta de forraje Productividad Sistema silvopastoril intensivo (SSPi) Etograma |
| dc.subject.lemb.spa.fl_str_mv |
Plantas forrajeras Alimentos para aniamales |
| dc.subject.lemb.eng.fl_str_mv |
Feeds Forage plants |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Botanical composition of the pastures Forage offer Grazing bovines Productivity Voluntary intake Intensive silvopastoral system (SSPi) Ethogram |
| dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Bovinos en pastoreo Composición botánica de las praderas Consumo voluntario Oferta de forraje Productividad Sistema silvopastoril intensivo (SSPi) Etograma |
| description |
ilustraciones, diagramas, mapas |
| publishDate |
2023 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-08-30T15:24:57Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-08-30T15:24:57Z |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-08-29 |
| dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Trabajo de grado - Maestría |
| dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis |
| dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion |
| dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv |
Text |
| dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TM |
| status_str |
acceptedVersion |
| dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/84617 |
| dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv |
Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
| dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
| dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ |
| url |
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/84617 https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ |
| identifier_str_mv |
Universidad Nacional de Colombia Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
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spa |
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spa |
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RedCol LaReferencia |
| dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
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Oliveira, C.C., Villela, S.D., de Almeida, R.G., Alves, F.V., Behling-Neto, A., Martins, P.G. M. de A., 2014. Performance of Nellore heifers, forage mass, and structural and nutritional characteristics of Brachiaria brizantha grass in integrated production systems. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 46 (1), 167–172. Uribe F., Zuluaga A.F., Valencia L., Murgueitio E., Zapata A., Solarte L., et al. Establecimiento y manejo de sistemas silvopastoriles. Manual 1, Proyecto Ganadería Colombiana Sostenible. GEF, BANCO MUNDIAL, FEDEGAN, CIPAV, FONDO ACCION, TNC. Bogotá, Colombia. 78p. Vizzotto, E.F., Fischer, V., ThalerNeto, A., Abreu, A.S., Stumpf, M.T., Werncke, D., Schmidt, F.A., McManus, C.M., 2015. Access to shade changes behavioural and physiological attributes of dairy cows during the hot season in the subtropics. Animal 9, 1559–1566. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731115000877. Albright, J. L., 1982. Dairy industry developments that improved the welfare of dairy cows and veal production. 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Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 31(5). https://doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982002000800029 Fletcher, J. E., Robinson, M. E., 1956. A Capacitance Meter for Estimating Forage Weight. Journal of Range Management, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.2307/3894559 Frame J., 1981. Sward measurement handbook. Herbage mass. . Ed. HodgsonJ., R.D. Barker, A. Davies, A.S. Laidlaw, J.D. Leaver. Hurley, Great Britain. Fraser, A. F., Broom, D. M., 1997. Farm Animal Behaviour and Welfare. Bailli`ere Tindall, London, 448. Friend, T. H., Polan, C. E., 1974. Social Rank, Feeding Behavior, and Free Stall Utilization by Dairy Cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 57(10). https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(74)85040-X Friend, T. H., Polan, C. E., McGilliard, M. L., 1977. Free Stall and Feed Bunk Requirements Relative to Behavior, Production and Individual Feed Intake in Dairy Cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 60(1). https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(77)83835-6 Fujihara, T., 1980. The eating and rumination behaviour in sheep fed only grass diets in either the fresh or dried fonn. 1. Agric. Sci. (Camb.) 95:729. Fustini, M., Palmonari, A., Bucchi, E., Heinrichs, A. J., Formigoni, A., 2011. Chewing and ruminating with various forage qualities in non-lactating dairy cows.Prof. Anim. Sci. 27: 352-356 Fustini, M., Palmonari, A., Canestrari, G., Bonfante, E., Mammi, L., Pacchioli, M.T., et al., 2017.Effect of undigested neutral detergent fiber content of alfalfa hay on lactating dairy cows: feeding behavior, fiber digestibility, and lactation performance. J. Dairy Sci., 100 (6) (2017), pp. 4475-4483, 10.3168/jds.2016-12266 Gaviria, X., Bolivar, D., Barahora, R., 2013. Uso de la técnica de n- alcanos para estimar el consumo y selectividad de novillos pastoreando en un sistema silvopastoril intensivo (SSPi). Colombia Revista Colombiana De Ciencias Pecuarias., 459. Gaviria, X., Naranjo, J. F., Barahona, R., 2015. Cinética de fermentación in vitro de Leucaena leucocephala y Megathyrsus maximus y sus mezclas, con o sin suplementación energética. Pastos y Forrajes. 38 (1):55-63. Giraldo, C., Chará, J., Uribe, F., Gómez, J., Gómez, M., Calle, Z., Valencia, L. M., Modesto, M., Murgueitio, E. 2019. Ganadería Colombiana Sostenible: Entre la producción y la conservación de la biodiversidad. In Ganadería Sustentable en el Golfo de México. Giraldo, N. V., Chará, J., 2022. Efecto de los sistemas silvopastoriles intensivos en la reducción de la degradación física y biológica del suelo. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 34, Article #17. Retrieved February 18, 2023, from Giro, A., Pezzopane, J. R. M., Barioni Junior, W., Pedroso, A. de F., Lemes, A. P., Botta, D., Romanello, N., Barreto, A. do N., Garcia, A. R. 2019. Behavior and body surface temperature of beef cattle in integrated crop-livestock systems with or without tree shading. Science of the Total Environment, 684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.377 Grant, R. J., Colenbrander, V. F., Albright, J. L., 1990. Effect of Particle Size of Forage and Rumen Cannulation upon Chewing Activity and Laterality in Dairy Cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 73(11). https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(90)79005-4 Hafez, E. S. E., Bouissou, M. F., 1975. The behaviour of cattle. Behaviour of Domestic, 209. Hahn, G. L., 1999. Dynamic responses of cattle to thermal heat loads. In Journal of animal science: Vol. 77 Suppl 2. https://doi.org/10.2527/1997.77suppl_210x Hancock, J., 1953. Grazing Behavior of Cattle. Animal Breed. Abstr., 21: 1. . Hancock, J., 1954. Grazing behavior in studies in monozygotic cattle twins. N.Z. Dep. Agric. Anim. Res. Div. Publ. No. 63, Hamilton, N.Z. Harmoney, K. R., Moore, K. J., George, J. R., Brummer, E. C., & Russell, J. R. 1997. Determination of pasture biomass using four indirect methods. 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International Conference of Agricultural Engineering - CIGR-AgEng 2012: Agriculture and Engineering for a Healthier Life, Valencia, Spain, 8-12 July 2012. Zehner, N., Umstätter, C., Niederhauser, J. J., Schick, M., 2017. System specification and validation of a noseband pressure sensor for measurement of ruminating and eating behavior in stable-fed cows. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2017.02.021 |
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Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacionalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Barahona Rosales, Rolando6a932032dbdf3d78fcc24b64e78cefc7Correa Londoño, Guillermo Antonio5b9ada2766e374b2f0fcb3254205f234Montoya Uribe, Sebastián7b004cfeb13c85d3f7735ab395e9bbd8Biotecnología AnimalBarahona Rosales, Rolando [0000-0002-4246-7835]Correa Londoño, Guillermo Antonio [0000-0001-7020-2546]2023-08-30T15:24:57Z2023-08-30T15:24:57Z2023-08-29https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/84617Universidad Nacional de ColombiaRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiahttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ilustraciones, diagramas, mapasLa alta demanda de alimentos para satisfacer el acelerado crecimiento poblacional crea un gran reto para los agricultores, al tener que incrementar la producción de sus explotaciones sin expandir la frontera agropecuaria y sin incrementar los efectos adversos de estas producciones en el ambiente. A pesar de que se conoce el papel de la ganadería como motor económico para las comunidades rurales y de fomentar el desarrollo de pequeñas empresas en el sector agrícola y así contribuir al crecimiento económico nacional, el ineficiente uso de los recursos y la falta de planeación y programación empresarial deja en el panorama, sistemas de producción bovina en esquemas de pastoreo extensivo, praderas de monocultivos y emprendimientos ganaderos con alta capacidad extractiva de los recurso, alto potencial de detrimento ambiental en el territorio y con un productor ganadero sin conciencia colectiva para detener el deterioro ambiental causado. la integración del sector forestal con el ganadero, como sucede con los sistemas silvopastoriles (SSP), es una alternativa para diversificar la producción y mejorar la rentabilidad de los sistemas tradicionales de producción bovina en Latinoamérica, la inclusión de diversidad de forrajes a las dietas animales y los diferentes arreglos silvopastoriles han reportado confort térmico y mayor productividad animal, en contrate con aquellos sistemas de monocultivos mencionados anteriormente, sin embargo, las investigaciones realizadas sobre este tema siguen siendo insipientes para Colombia. Con el propósito de contribuir al conocimiento de las múltiples bondades que tienen los sistemas silvopastoriles, sobre el aumento de la productividad bovina, fue evaluado el efecto de los SSP en la oferta forrajera, el consumo en pastoreo y el comportamiento ingestivo de los hatos bovino en diferentes regiones de Colombia. Este estudio se llevó a cabo en dos etapas. El primer experimento (Capítulo 2) consistió en evaluar la oferta forrajera y el consumo bovino en 17 fincas demostrativas del “Proyecto Ganadería Colombiana Sostenible” distribuidas en 5 ecorregiones de Colombia, estos sistemas productivos ganaderos se caracterizaroncaracterizaron por tener 2 años de antigüedad de establecidos y de utilizar un manejo de pastoreos rotacionales con cargas animales ajustadas con la ayuda de técnicos de la Organización CIPAV y FEDEGAN, para las cuales se tuvieron en cuenta áreas cercadas no superiores a 5000 m2, periodos de descansos definidos por la curva de crecimiento observada de los forrajes en cada zona y de las conversaciones realizadas con los productores. Las zonas ganaderas estudiadas fueron: En la ecorregión Cafetera y el Valle Alto del Río Cauca se evaluaron sistemas con arbustos de Tithonia diversifolia (hemsl Gray) y Leucaena leucocephala. La pastura mejorada predominante fue Cynodon plectostachyus, siendo la producción de ganado de leche, la principal orientación económica. En la Región de ganadería tradicional del Valle del Río Cesar se evaluaron sistemas basados en los arbustos de L. leucocephala y bancos forrajeros de Gliricidia sepium; la pastura predominante fue Panicum maximum cv Mombaza en asocio con líneas de árboles de Eucalyptus melliodora y Samanea saman, dentro de un sistema orientado a la cría y el engorde de ganados cebuinos y sus cruces. En el Bajo Magdalena las praderas evaluadas estuvieron principalmente conformadas por Bothriochloa pertusa en asocio con P. máximum, el estrato secundario estuvo constituido por L. leucocephala y G. sepium y el nivel arquitectónico terciario de la pradera estuvo compuesto por árboles de S. saman. En el Piedemonte del Orinoco (departamento del Meta) se evaluaron ganaderías doble propósito, con sistemas forrajeros basados en Brachiaria decumbens y T. diversifolia, reconocidos por su tolerancia a la toxicidad por aluminio. Las Regiones lecheras de Boyacá y Santander fueron estudiados sistemas con la presencia de Cenchrus clandestinus en asocio a Trifolium repens y Sambucus peruviana en los territorios más altos de esta zona; en las secciones más bajas de la vertiente, el componente forrajero fue totalmente diferente y los forrajes de mayor presencia fueron B. decumbens y T. diversifolia. Se debe tener en cuenta, además, que las fincas estudiadas se encontraban en un proceso de reconversión productiva y ambiental, en donde no todas sus praderas estaban estructuradas como un SSP y no todas las fincas contaban con todos los sistemas de siembra que se mencionan a continuación: Sistema de monocultivo (SC), Arboles dispersos en praderas (AD), Setos forrajeros (SF) y Sistemas silvopastoriles intensivos (SSPi). Pero buscando ordenar la información de la mejor manera y realizando un bloqueo por el efecto propio del predio, se concibe la unidad experimental de este trabajo como la oferta y consumo diario encontrado en franjas o áreas asignadas por la rotación en potreros de los diversos sistemas de siembra, para de esta manera escalar la investigación de lo meramente descriptivo y proponer de manera humilde una comparación del desempeño productivo de los SSP. La oferta forrajera fue de 4.55 en SF sin diferencias con 4.12 del SSPi, pero mayor al 2.78 y 3.24 (kg/100 kg PV/día) de AD y SC respectivamente (P ˂ 0,05); los dos primeros sistemas ofertaron más de un 50% y un 45% de proteína cruda y cenizas respectivamente con relación a la oferta observada en los sistemas de AD y SC (P ˂ 0,05). Igual tendencia tuvo el consumo de proteína cruda, que fue de 352.30 en SF y 293.77 SSPi superiores a 141.36 y 151.99 (gr de PC/100 kg PV/día) de AD y SC respectivamente (P ˂ 0,05). El consumo de cenizas fue de 301.97 en SSPi y superior a 212.37, 206.24 y 258.11 (gr de Cenizas/100 kg PV/ día) en AD, SC y SF respectivamente (P ˂ 0,05). El consumo de grasa (gr de grasa /100 kg PV/día), tuvo una relación inversa con el consumo de proteína, siendo mayor en los AD y SC (P ˂ 0,05). El R2El coeficiente de determinación (0.0403) obtenido de la regresión encontrada entre el estimado de CMS por el aforo y el encontrado con Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) fue bajo y el cuadrado medio de error de predicción (CMEP=0.6849 (kg/100 kg PV/d)²) fue alto, surgiendo un enfoque diferente en la heurística de las metodologías, mutuamente complementarias para un rango de valores de máximos y mínimos en el consumo bovino de animales en pastoreo. El segundo experimento (Capítulo 3) consistió en estudiar el comportamiento ingestivo bovino encontrado en tres zonas ganaderas de importancia productiva para Colombia, en fincas donde se tienen consolidados SPP en casi toda la extensión de sus territorios. El primer sistema de producción evaluado fue la finca “Cien Años De Soledad” ubicada en el municipio de Rionegro, vereda el tablazo del departamento de Antioquia, el segundo sistema evaluado fue la “Hacienda Lucerna” ubicada en el norte de Valle Del Cauca, en el municipio de Bugalagrande y el tercer sistema fue la finca “Sinaí” ubicada en el municipio de Pailitas, en el departamento del Cesar. En esta evaluación del desempeño productivo de los hatos, se compararon animales estabulados y animales en pastoreo, estando los primeros en un modelo de evaluación individual del desempeño productivo de animales a los cuales se les suministró una dieta típica de un sistema silvopastoril y los segundos fueron animales pastoreando en las condiciones naturales y grupales propias de la especie. Se monitorearon las horas destinadas por los animales a las siguientes actividades (h/día) por 48 h consecutivas: consumo de forraje, rumia de pie, rumia estando acostados, descanso de pie y descanso estando acostados. Los datos registrados fueron analizados a través de un análisis de correspondencias. La actividad de consumo ocurrió generalmente en horas diurnas y fue a esta actividad a la que los animales dedicaron más tiempo (entre 7 a 10 h/día), representando el 35% su actividad diaria y registrando un consumo de 1.44, 0.713 y 0.490 Kg MS/animal/hora en los predios Cien años de soledad, Lucerna y Sinaí, respectivamente. Los animales tendieron a rumiar principalmente estando acostados durante las horas nocturnas con una consagración temporal promedio de 8 h, representado en el 30.5 % del tiempo. La rumia de pie se identifica como un mecanismo para acomodar el tamaño de partícula rápidamente, siendo este el patrón al que los animales dedicaron menos tiempo (1.3 h al día, que corresponden al 5.2% del tiempo). A la actividad de descanso de pie, los animales dedicaron 2 h/día, lo que corresponden al 9 % del tiempo total. El ritmo biológico del sueño bovino manifestado en el patrón de descanso estando acostados, se caracterizó por falta de respuesta a estimulo ambiental y a esta actividad los animales dedicaron 4.5 h o 19.5 % del tiempo diario. (Texto tomado de la fuente)The high demand for food to satisfy the accelerated population growth creates a great challenge for farmers, as they have to increase production on their farms without expanding the agricultural frontier and without increasing the adverse effects of these productions on the environment. Although the role of cattle ranching as an economic engine for rural communities is well known, and the development of small businesses in the agricultural sector is known to contribute to national economic growth, the inefficient use of resources and the lack of planning and business programming leaves in the panorama, cattle production systems in extensive grazing schemes, monoculture pastures and cattle ranching enterprises with high extractive capacity of the resources, high potential for environmental damage in the territory and with a cattle producer without collective conscience to stop the environmental deterioration caused. The integration of the forestry sector with the livestock sector, as is the case with silvopastoral systems (SSP), is an alternative to diversify production and improve the profitability of traditional cattle production systems in Latin America. The inclusion of forage diversity in animal diets and the different silvopastoral arrangements have reported thermal comfort and higher animal productivity, in contrast with those monoculture systems mentioned above; however, research on this subject is still insipient for Colombia. With the purpose of contributing to the knowledge of the multiple benefits that silvopastoral systems have on the increase of bovine productivity, the effect of SSP on forage supply, grazing consumption and ingestive behavior of bovine herds in different regions of Colombia was evaluated. This study was carried out in two stages. The first experiment (Chapter 2) consisted of evaluating the forage supply and cattle consumption in 17 demonstration farms of the "Sustainable Colombian Livestock Project" distributed in 5 ecoregions of Colombia. These cattle production systems were characterized by having been established for 2 years and using rotational grazing management with animal loads adjusted with the help of technicians from the CIPAV Organization and FEDEGAN, These were based on fenced areas of no more than 5,000 m2 , rest periods defined by the growth curve observed for forage in each zone and the conversations held with the producers. The livestock zones studied were: In the Coffee ecoregion and the Upper Cauca River Valley, systems with Tithonia diversifolia (hemsl Gray) and Leucaena leucocephala shrubs were evaluated. The predominant improved pasture was Cynodon plectostachyus, with dairy cattle production being the main economic orientation. In the traditional cattle raising region of the Cesar River Valley, systems based on L. leucocephala shrubs and Gliricidia sepium fodder banks were evaluated; the predominant pasture was Panicum maximum cv Mombaza in association with tree lines of Eucalyptus melliodora and Samanea saman, within a system oriented to the breeding and fattening of zebu cattle and their crossbreeds. In the Lower Magdalena, the grasslands evaluated were mainly composed of Bothriochloa pertusa in association with P. maxima, the secondary stratum was constituted by L. leucocephala and G. sepium and the tertiary architectural level of the grassland was composed of S. saman trees. In the Piedemonte del Orinoco (department of Meta), dual-purpose cattle ranches were evaluated, with forage systems based on Brachiaria decumbens and T. diversifolia, recognized for their tolerance to aluminum toxicity. In the dairy regions of Boyacá and Santander, systems were studied with the presence of Cenchrus clandestinus in association with Trifolium repens and Sambucus peruviana in the higher areas of this zone; in the lower sections of the slope, the forage component was totally different and the forages with the greatest presence were B. decumbens and T. diversifolia. It should also be taken into account that the farms studied were in a process of productive and environmental reconversion, where not all their pastures were structured as a SSP and not all the farms had all the planting systems mentioned below: Monoculture system (SC), Dispersed trees in pastures (AD), Forage hedges (SF) and Intensive silvopastoral systems (SSPi). However, in order to organize the information in the best way possible, and making a blockage due to the effect of the farm itself, the experimental unit of this work is conceived as the daily supply and consumption found in strips or areas assigned by the rotation in paddocks of the different sowing systems, in order to scale up the research from the merely descriptive and humbly propose a comparison of the productive performance of the SSP. The forage supply was 4.55 in SF without differences with 4.12 of SSPi, but higher than 2.78 and 3.24 (kg/100 kg PV/day) of AD and SC respectively (P ˂ 0.05); the first two systems offered more than 50% and 45% of crude protein and ash respectively in relation to the supply observed in the AD and SC systems (P ˂ 0.05). The same trend had the crude protein intake, which was 352.30 in SF and 293.77 SSPi higher than 141.36 and 151.99 (g CP/100 kg PV/day) of AD and SC respectively (P ˂ 0.05). Ash intake was 301.97 in SSPi and higher than 212.37, 206.24 and 258.11 (gr of Ash/100 kg BW/day) in AD, SC and SF respectively (P ˂ 0.05). Fat intake (gr of fat/100 kg PV/day), had an inverse relationship with protein intake, being higher in AD and SC (P ˂ 0.05). The R2The coefficient of determination (0.0403) obtained from the regression found between the CMS estimate by gauging and that found with Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) was low and the mean square of prediction error (CMEP=0.6849 (kg/100 kg BW/d)²) was high, emerging a different approach in the heuristics of the methodologies, mutually complementary for a range of values of maxima and minima in bovine consumption of grazing animals. The second experiment (Chapter 3) consisted of studying the bovine intake behavior found in three cattle raising zones of productive importance for Colombia, in farms where SPP are consolidated in almost all the extension of their territories. The first production system evaluated was the farm "Cien Años De Soledad" located in the municipality of Rionegro, vereda el tablazo in the department of Antioquia, the second system evaluated was the "Hacienda Lucerna" located in the north of Valle Del Cauca, in the municipality of Bugalagrande and the third system was the farm "Sinai" located in the municipality of Pailitas, in the department of Cesar. In this evaluation of the productive performance of the herds, stabled animals and grazing animals were compared, the former being in a model of individual evaluation of the productive performance of animals to which a typical diet of a silvopastoral system was provided and the latter were animals grazing in the natural and group conditions typical of the species. The hours spent by the animals in the following activities (h/day) were monitored for 48 consecutive hours: forage consumption, standing rumination, lying rumination, standing rest and lying rest. The recorded data were analyzed by correspondence analysis. Consumption activity generally occurred during daylight hours and it was to this activity that the animals dedicated more time (between 7 to 10 h/day), representing 35% of their daily activity and registering a consumption of 1.44, 0.713 and 0.490 kg DM/animal/hour in the farms Cien años de soledad, Lucerna and Sinai, respectively. The animals tended to ruminate mainly while lying down during the night hours with an average time commitment of 8 h, representing 30.5 % of the time. Standing rumination is identified as a mechanism to accommodate particle size quickly, being this the pattern to which the animals dedicated less time (1.3 h per day, corresponding to 5.2% of the time). To the standing resting activity, the animals dedicated 2 h/day, corresponding to 9 % of the total time. 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