Development of a new integrated assessment methodology to design and select the best emission reduction strategies for urban passenger transport
ilustraciones
- Autores:
-
Cuéllar Álvarez, Yohén
- Tipo de recurso:
- Doctoral thesis
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2023
- Institución:
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia
- Repositorio:
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/83608
- Palabra clave:
- 620 - Ingeniería y operaciones afines::629 - Otras ramas de la ingeniería
660 - Ingeniería química::662 - Tecnología de explosivos, combustibles, productos relacionados
Calidad del aire
Saneamiento ambiental
Air quality
Environmental health
Air Quality
Climate change
Emissions inventory
Well to wheels
Electricity mix
Life cycle emissions
Integrated assessment methodology
Total ownership cost
Calidad del aire
Cambio climático
Inventario de emisiones
Pozo a las ruedas
Matriz eléctrica
Emisiones del ciclo de vida
Metodología de evaluación integrada
Costo total de la propiedad
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional
| id |
UNACIONAL2_3c2aba7b17d82d9f251628c51aac7922 |
|---|---|
| oai_identifier_str |
oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/83608 |
| network_acronym_str |
UNACIONAL2 |
| network_name_str |
Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
| repository_id_str |
|
| dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv |
Development of a new integrated assessment methodology to design and select the best emission reduction strategies for urban passenger transport |
| dc.title.translated.spa.fl_str_mv |
Desarrollo de una nueva metodología de evaluación integrada para diseñar y seleccionar las mejores estrategias de reducción de las emisiones del transporte urbano de pasajeros |
| title |
Development of a new integrated assessment methodology to design and select the best emission reduction strategies for urban passenger transport |
| spellingShingle |
Development of a new integrated assessment methodology to design and select the best emission reduction strategies for urban passenger transport 620 - Ingeniería y operaciones afines::629 - Otras ramas de la ingeniería 660 - Ingeniería química::662 - Tecnología de explosivos, combustibles, productos relacionados Calidad del aire Saneamiento ambiental Air quality Environmental health Air Quality Climate change Emissions inventory Well to wheels Electricity mix Life cycle emissions Integrated assessment methodology Total ownership cost Calidad del aire Cambio climático Inventario de emisiones Pozo a las ruedas Matriz eléctrica Emisiones del ciclo de vida Metodología de evaluación integrada Costo total de la propiedad |
| title_short |
Development of a new integrated assessment methodology to design and select the best emission reduction strategies for urban passenger transport |
| title_full |
Development of a new integrated assessment methodology to design and select the best emission reduction strategies for urban passenger transport |
| title_fullStr |
Development of a new integrated assessment methodology to design and select the best emission reduction strategies for urban passenger transport |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Development of a new integrated assessment methodology to design and select the best emission reduction strategies for urban passenger transport |
| title_sort |
Development of a new integrated assessment methodology to design and select the best emission reduction strategies for urban passenger transport |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Cuéllar Álvarez, Yohén |
| dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv |
Belalcázar Cerón, Luis Carlos Clappier, Alain |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Cuéllar Álvarez, Yohén |
| dc.contributor.researchgroup.spa.fl_str_mv |
Calidad del Aire |
| dc.subject.ddc.spa.fl_str_mv |
620 - Ingeniería y operaciones afines::629 - Otras ramas de la ingeniería 660 - Ingeniería química::662 - Tecnología de explosivos, combustibles, productos relacionados |
| topic |
620 - Ingeniería y operaciones afines::629 - Otras ramas de la ingeniería 660 - Ingeniería química::662 - Tecnología de explosivos, combustibles, productos relacionados Calidad del aire Saneamiento ambiental Air quality Environmental health Air Quality Climate change Emissions inventory Well to wheels Electricity mix Life cycle emissions Integrated assessment methodology Total ownership cost Calidad del aire Cambio climático Inventario de emisiones Pozo a las ruedas Matriz eléctrica Emisiones del ciclo de vida Metodología de evaluación integrada Costo total de la propiedad |
| dc.subject.lemb.spa.fl_str_mv |
Calidad del aire Saneamiento ambiental |
| dc.subject.lemb.eng.fl_str_mv |
Air quality Environmental health |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Air Quality Climate change Emissions inventory Well to wheels Electricity mix Life cycle emissions Integrated assessment methodology Total ownership cost |
| dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Calidad del aire Cambio climático Inventario de emisiones Pozo a las ruedas Matriz eléctrica Emisiones del ciclo de vida Metodología de evaluación integrada Costo total de la propiedad |
| description |
ilustraciones |
| publishDate |
2023 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-03-10T14:42:34Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-03-10T14:42:34Z |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-03-09 |
| dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Trabajo de grado - Doctorado |
| dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis |
| dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion |
| dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_db06 |
| dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv |
Text |
| dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TD |
| format |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_db06 |
| status_str |
acceptedVersion |
| dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/83608 |
| dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv |
Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
| dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
| dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ |
| url |
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/83608 https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ |
| identifier_str_mv |
Universidad Nacional de Colombia Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
| dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv |
eng |
| language |
eng |
| dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
Abdullah, M. a., Muttaqi, K. M., & Agalgaonkar, A. P. (2015). Sustainable energy system design with distributed renewable resources considering economic, environmental and uncertainty aspects. Renewable Energy, 78, 165–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2014.12.044 Alcaldía Mayor de Bogotá. (2021). Encuesta de movilidad 2019. Sistema Integrado de Información Sobre Movilidad Urnaba Regional (SIMUR). https://www.simur.gov.co/encuestas-de-movilidad Alcaldía Mayor de Bogotá. (2022a). Distrito no está haciendo cambios en metodología de la estratificación. Alcaldía Mayor de Bogotá. (2022b). Manzana Estratificación. Bogotá D.C. Datos Abiertos Bogotá. https://datosabiertos.bogota.gov.co/dataset/manzana-estratificacion-bogota-d-c Amann, M., Bertok, I., Borken-Kleefeld, J., Cofala, J., Heyes, C., Höglund-Isaksson, L., Klimont, Z., Nguyen, B., Posch, M., Rafaj, P., Sandler, R., Schöpp, W., Wagner, F., & Winiwarter, W. (2011). Cost-effective control of air quality and greenhouse gases in Europe: Modeling and policy applications. Environmental Modelling and Software, 26(12), 1489–1501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2011.07.012 Amato, F. (Ed.). (2018). Non-Exhaust Emissions: An Urban Air Quality Problem for Public Health. Academic Press. Amato, F., Cassee, F. R., Denier van der Gon, H. A. C., Gehrig, R., Gustafsson, M., Hafner, W., Harrison, R. M., Jozwicka, M., Kelly, F. J., Moreno, T., Prevot, A. S. H., Schaap, M., Sunyer, J., & Querol, X. (2014). Urban air quality: The challenge of traffic non-exhaust emissions. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 275, 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.04.053 Autoridad Nacional de Licencias Ambientales -ANLA-. (2016). Guía para el trámite de solicitud y evaluación de los certificados de emisiones por prueba dinámica y visto bueno por Protocolo de Montreal. Baklanov, A., Molina, L. T., & Gauss, M. (2016). Megacities, air quality and climate. Atmospheric Environment, 126, 235–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.11.059 Banco de la República de Colombia. (2021a). Tasa Representativa del Mercado (TRM - Peso por dólar). Tasas de Cambio. https://www.banrep.gov.co/es/estadisticas/trm Banco de la República de Colombia. (2021b). Tasa Representativa del Mercado (TRM - Peso por dólar). Tasas de Cambio. https://www.banrep.gov.co/es/estadisticas/trm Banister, D. (2011). Cities, mobility and climate change. Journal of Transport Geography, 19(6), 1538–1546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2011.03.009 BBVA-Research. (2018). Situación Automotriz en Colombia 2018. https://www.bbvaresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/SituacionAutomotriz2018.pdf Bednar-Friedl, B., Wolkinger, B., König, M., Bachner, G., Formayer, H., Offenthaler, I., & Leitner, M. (2015). Transport. Springer Climate, 279–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12457-5_15 Belis, C., Baldasano, J., Blond, N., Bouland, C., Buekers, J., Carnevale, C., Cherubini, A., Clappier, A., De Saeger, E., Douros, J., Finzi, G., Fragkou, E., Gama, C., Graff, A., Guariso, G., Janssen, S., Juda-Rezler, K., Karvosenoja, N., Maffeis, G., … White, L. (2017). Current European AQ planning at regional and local scale. In Current European AQ planning at regional and local scale (Issue 9783319333489, pp. 37–68). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33349-6_3 Beltrán, D., Belalcázar, L. C., & Rojas, N. Y. (2012). Emisiones vehiculares de material particulado (PM2.5 y PM10 ) por resuspensión de polvo y abrasión en Bogotá. Revista Asociación Colombiana de Ingeniería Sanitaria y Ambiental (ACODAL), 231, 25–32. Blond, N., Carnevale, C., Douros, J., Finzi, G., Guariso, G., & Janssen, S. (2017). A Framework for Integrated Assessment Modelling. In G. Guariso & M. Volta (Eds.), Air Quality Integrated Assessment (p. 116). Springer Open. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33349-6 Bnamericas. (2019, October 23). Precios de la electricidad en Latinoamérica: Comparación de países. Bogotá cómo vamos. (2022). Encuestas de Percepción Ciudadana. https://bogotacomovamos.org/encuestas-de-percepcion-ciudadana/ Boulter, P. G., & Mccrae, I. S. (2007). ARTEMIS: Assessment and Reliability of Transport Emission Models and Inventory Systems – final report. Breithaupt, M. (2015). Environmentally Sustainable Transport - Main Principles and Impacts The adverse impacts of growth in motorization. https://www.uncrd.or.jp/content/documents/5594Presentation 3 - Module 1 - Mr. Breithaupt.pdf Bubeck, S., Tomaschek, J., & Fahl, U. (2016). Perspectives of electric mobility: Total cost of ownership of electric vehicles in Germany. Transport Policy, 50(2016), 63–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2016.05.012 Cantillo-García, V., Guzman, L. A., & Arellana, J. (2019). Estrato socioeconómico como variable sustituta del ingreso del hogar en la investigación de transporte. Evaluación para Bogotá, Medellín, Cali y Barranquilla. DYNA; Vol. 86, Núm. 211 (2019)DO - 10.15446/Dyna.V86n211.81821 , August. Cardekho Gaadistore. (2020). Find your right car. https://www.cardekho.com/ Carmona Aparicio, L. G., Rincón Pérez, M. A., Castillo Robles, A. M., Galvis Remolina, B. R., Sáenz Pulido, H. E., Manrique Forero, R. A., & Pachón Quinche, J. E. (2016). Conciliación de inventarios top-down y bottom-up de emisiones de fuentes móviles en Bogotá, Colombia. Revista Tecnura, 20(49), 59. https://doi.org/10.14483/udistrital.jour.tecnura.2016.3.a04 Carnevale, C., Finzi, G., Pisoni, E., Volta, M., Guariso, G., Gianfreda, R., Maffeis, G., Thunis, P., White, L., & Triacchini, G. (2012). An integrated assessment tool to define effective air quality policies at regional scale. Environmental Modelling and Software, 38, 306–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2012.07.004 Auteco. (2020). Motos eléctricas sport. Motos Eléctricas. https://www.auteco.com.co/motos-electricas/tipos-de-motos-electricas/motos-electricas-sport?O=OrderByPriceASC&PS=16 Autolarte S.A.S. (2019). Busetón Chevrolet NQR. https://www.autolarte.com.co/buses-chevrolet-buseton-nqr-euro-iv Bocarejo, J. P., Portilla, I. J., Virgüez, E. A., & Pardo, M. A. (2016). Conveniencia del Gas natural vehícular en Colombia. Caso de estudio para el sector de transporte público. https://www.epm.com.co/site/Portals/2/ESTUDIOS GNV/201603 Conveniencia del GNV en Colombia.pdf?ver=2018-05-08-161935-333 Carroya.com. (2019). 5 mitos sobre el gas natural vehicular. Guía Para Conductores. https://www.carroya.com/noticias/guia-para-conductores/5-mitos-sobre-el-gas-natural-vehicular-2192 Carroya.com. (2020). Buses y colectivos nuevos en Bogotá. https://www.carroya.com/buscar/vehiculos/pasajeros/t4v5e2d5c1.do? CarsGuide Autotrader Media Solutions. (2020). 2020 Kia Sportage Pricing and Specs. Pricing and Specs. https://www.carsguide.com.au/kia/sportage/price/2020 Chae, Y., & Park, J. (2011). Quantifying costs and benefits of integrated environmental strategies of air quality management and greenhouse gas reduction in the Seoul Metropolitan Area. Energy Policy, 39(9), 5296–5308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.05.034 Chambliss, S., Miller, J., Façanha, C., Minjares, R., Blumberg, K., Authors, M., Bandivadekar, A., Wagner, V., Posada, F., German, J., Lutsey, N., Lloyd, A., Kodjak, D., Kamakaté, F., Rutherford, D., Olivares, E., Schultz, J., Muncrief, R., & Shao, Z. (2013). The Impact of Stringent Fuel and Vehicle Standards on Premature Mortality and Emission. In Icct’s Global Transportation Health and Climate Roadmap Series. www.theicct.org Ciucci, A., D’Elia, I., Wagner, F., Sander, R., Ciancarella, L., Zanini, G., & Schöpp, W. (2016). Cost-effective reductions of PM2.5 concentrations and exposure in Italy. Atmospheric Environment, 140, 84–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.05.049 Consejo Nacional de Política Económica y Social. (2022). Política de Transición Energética - Conpes 4075. https://colaboracion.dnp.gov.co/CDT/Conpes/Económicos/4075.pdf Contraloría de Bogotá. (2012). Informe de la visita fiscal Contrato 559 de 2012. In PLAN DE AUDITORÍA DISTRITAL. Contraloría de Bogotá. (2019). Informe final de auditoría de regularidad. Empresa de Transporte del Tercer Milenio S.A. - TransMilenio S.A. In Página Institucional. Cuadros Tejeda, H. D., Cuellar, Y., Chiriví Salomón, J. S., & Guevara, M. (2019). GHG diffuse emissions estimation, and energy security to ENSO using MERRA- 2 for largely hydroelectricity-based system. Revista Facultad de Ingeniería –Redin-, 91, 42. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.17533/10.17533/udea.redin.n91a07 CUE. (2012). “Evaluación del ciclo de vida de la cadena de producción de biocombustibles en Colombia”. Capitulo II : Estudio ACV – Impacto Ambiental. In Evaluación del ciclo de vida de la cadena de producción de biocombustibles en Colombia (p. 203). BID, Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo Mmec, Ministerio de Minas y Energia República de Colombia. Cuéllar Álvarez, Y. (2016). Análisis de Ciclo de Vida para diferentes fuentes energéticas usadas en los vehículos de transporte de pasajeros de la ciudad de Bogotá [Tesis Maestría, Universidad Nacional de Colombia – Sede Bogotá.]. http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/cgi/users/home?screen=EPrint::View&eprintid=52211 Cuéllar, Y., Buitrago-Tello, R., & Belálcazar-Cerón, L. C. (2016). Life cycle emissions from a Bus Rapid Transit system and comparison with other modes of passenger transportation. Ct&F-Ciencia Tecnologia Y Futuro, 6(3), 25–36. https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.13 Cuéllar-Álvarez, Y., Clappier, A., Osses, M., Thunis, P., & Belalcázar-Cerón, L. C. (2022). Well-to-wheel emissions and abatement strategies for passenger vehicles in two Latin American cities. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20885-9 Cuéllar-Álvarez, Y., Guevara-Luna, M. A., Belalcázar-Cerón, L. C., & Clappier, A. (2023). Well-to-Wheels emission inventory for the passenger vehicles of Bogotá, Colombia. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-023-04805-z Cycling Embassy of Great Britain. (2019). Capacity. https://www.cycling-embassy.org.uk/dictionary/capacity Daellenbach, K. R., Uzu, G., Jiang, J., Cassagnes, L. E., Leni, Z., Vlachou, A., Stefenelli, G., Canonaco, F., Weber, S., Segers, A., Kuenen, J. J. P., Schaap, M., Favez, O., Albinet, A., Aksoyoglu, S., Dommen, J., Baltensperger, U., Geiser, M., el Haddad, I., … Prévôt, A. S. H. (2020). Sources of particulate-matter air pollution and its oxidative potential in Europe. Nature, 587(7834), 414–419. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2902-8 de Souza, L. L. P., Silva Lora, E. E., Escobar Palacio, J. C., Rocha, M. H., Grillo Renó, M. L., & Venturini, O. J. (2018). Comparative environmental life cycle assessment of conventional vehicles with different fuel options , plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles for a sustainable transportation system in Brazil. Journal of Cleaner Production, 203, 444–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.236 Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE). (2019). Encuesta mensual de comercio al por menor y comercio de vehículos (EMCM). Encuesta Mensual de Comercio (EMC). https://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/estadisticas-por-tema/comercio-interno/encuesta-emcm Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE). (2020). Índice de costos del transporte intermunicipal de pasajeros (ICTIP). https://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/estadisticas-por-tema/transporte/indice-de-costos-del-transporte-intermunicipal-de-pasajeros-ictip Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE). (2022). Estratificación Socioeconómica - Preguntas Frecuentes. https://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/servicios-al-ciudadano/116-espanol/informacion-georreferenciada/2421-estratificacion-socioeconomica-preguntas-frecuentes Dhillon, B. S. (2010). Life Cycle Costing for Engineers. Taylor & Francis Group. Ding, D., Zhu, Y., Jang, C., Lin, C. J., Wang, S., Fu, J., Gao, J., Deng, S., Xie, J., & Qiu, X. (2016). Evaluation of health benefit using BenMAP-CE with an integrated scheme of model and monitor data during Guangzhou Asian Games. Journal of Environmental Sciences (China), 42, 9–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2015.06.003 DNP. (2015). Información Departamental, Bogotá, D.C. Población 2015, Censo 2015 – DANE (Vol. 2015). East, J., Montealegre, J. S., Pachon, J. E., & Garcia-Menendez, F. (2021). Air quality modeling to inform pollution mitigation strategies in a Latin American megacity. Science of the Total Environment, 776, 145894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145894 Ecoinvent Association. (2018). The ecoinvent Database. Ecoinvent Centre. http://www.ecoinvent.org/database/ Ecopetrol S. A. (2013). Reporte integrado de gestión sostenible. Edelenbosch, O. Y., McCollum, D. L., van Vuuren, D. P., Bertram, C., Carrara, S., Daly, H., Fujimori, S., Kitous, A., Kyle, P., Ó Broin, E., Karkatsoulis, P., & Sano, F. (2016). Decomposing passenger transport futures: Comparing results of global integrated assessment models. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 55, 281–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2016.07.003 Edelenbosch, O. Y., van Vuuren, D. P., Bertram, C., Carrara, S., Emmerling, J., Daly, H., Kitous, A., McCollum, D. L., & Saadi Failali, N. (2017). Transport fuel demand responses to fuel price and income projections: Comparison of integrated assessment models. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 55, 310–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.03.005 Editorial La República S.A.S. (2018). El mantenimiento de un carro usado puede costar casi $6 millones cada año. Transporte. Editorial La República S.A.S. (2019, August 26). ¿Qué tan costo le puede resultar a su bolsillo tener un vehículo 100% eléctrico? Automotor. El Espectador. (2018). Transporte público vs motos. Especiales El Espectador. https://www.elespectador.com/static_specials/319/motos/index.html El Espectador - Redacción Bogotá. (2019, December 19). Así va el mercado de las motos en Colombia. EL TIEMPO Casa Editorial. (2018, February 6). El desafío de incorporar los buses eléctricos en TransMilenio. EL TIEMPO Casa Editorial. (2019, July 29). Llegó a Medellín el primero de los 64 buses eléctricos para la ciudad. https://www.eltiempo.com/colombia/medellin/llego-a-medellin-el-primero-de-los-64-buses-electricos-que-tendra-394430 Elgowainy, A., Rousseau, A., Wang, M., Ruth, M., Andress, D., Ward, J., Joseck, F., Nguyen, T., & Das, S. (2013). Cost of ownership and well-to-wheels carbon emissions/oil use of alternative fuels and advanced light-duty vehicle technologies. Energy for Sustainable Development, 17(6), 626–641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2013.09.001 Eriksson, M., & Ahlgren, S. (2013). LCAs of petrol and diesel a literature review. Falaguerra, T., & Rodriguez, C. R. (2017). Performance comparison of conventional , hybrid , hydrogen and electric urban buses using well to wheel analysis. Energy, 141, 537–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.09.066 FENALCO. (2018). Informe de motocicletas a enero de 2018. http://www.andi.com.co/Uploads/INFORME DE MOTOCICLETAS A ENERO 2018.pdf Gallardo, L., Escribano, J., Dawidowski, L., Rojas, N., de Fátima Andrade, M., & Osses, M. (2012). Evaluation of vehicle emission inventories for carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides for Bogotá, Buenos Aires, Santiago, and São Paulo. Atmospheric Environment, 47(x), 12–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.11.051 Gao, L., & Winfield, Z. C. (2012). Life cycle assessment of environmental and economic impacts of advanced vehicles. Energies, 5(12), 605–620. https://doi.org/10.3390/en5030605 Garcia, R., & Freire, F. (2017). A review of fleet-based life-cycle approaches focusing on energy and environmental impacts of vehicles. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 79(April), 935–945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.145 Generadoras de Chile. (2020). Generación Eléctrica en Chile. Participación Relativa Por Fuente de Generación. http://generadoras.cl/generacion-electrica-en-chile Gnansounou, E., Dauriat, a., Villegas, J., & Panichelli, L. (2009). Life cycle assessment of biofuels: Energy and greenhouse gas balances. Bioresource Technology, 100(21), 4919–4930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.05.067 Gómez, C. D., González, C. M., Osses, M., & Aristizábal, B. H. (2018). Spatial and temporal disaggregation of the on-road vehicle emission inventory in a medium-sized Andean city. Comparison of GIS-based top-down methodologies. Atmospheric Environment, 179(January), 142–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.01.049 Greendelta GmbH. (2021). OpenLCA Nexus - ecoinvent. https://nexus.openlca.org/databases Gulia, S., Goyal, P., Goyal, S. K., & Kumar, R. (2019). Re-suspension of road dust: contribution, assessment and control through dust suppressants—a review. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 16(3), 1717–1728. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-018-2001-7 Gunawan, T. A., & Monaghan, R. F. D. (2022). Techno-econo-environmental comparisons of zero- and low-emission heavy-duty trucks. Applied Energy, 308(October 2021), 118327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.118327 Gupta, P., Tong, D., Wang, J., Zhuge, W., Yan, C., Wu, Y., Luo, S., He, X., & Ma, F. (2020). Well-to-wheels total energy and GHG emissions of HCNG heavy-duty vehicles in China: Case of EEV qualified EURO 5 emissions scenario. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 45(15), 8002–8014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.01.025 Hauschild, M. Z., & Huijbregts, M. A. J. (2015). LCA Compendium – The Complete World of Life Cycle Assessment. Life cycle impact assessment. In W. Klöpffer & M. A. Curran (Eds.), The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment (Vol. 2, Issue 2). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02978760 Henneman, L. R. F., Rafaj, P., Annegarn, H. J., & Klausbruckner, C. (2016). Assessing emissions levels and costs associated with climate and air pollution policies in South Africa. Energy Policy, 89, 160–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2015.11.026 Hettelingh, J., Vries, B. J. M. De, & Hordijk, L. (2009). Integrated Assessment. In J. J. Boersema & L. Reijnders (Eds.), Principles of Environmental Sciences (p. 537). Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9158-2_19 IEA. (2021). Net Zero by 2050 A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector. https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/ad0d4830-bd7e-47b6-838c-40d115733c13/NetZeroby2050-ARoadmapfortheGlobalEnergySector.pdf IEA - International Energy Agency -. (2020). Global EV Outlook 2020. In Global EV Outlook 2020. https://doi.org/10.1787/d394399e-en INE. (2020a). País y regiones - Población total e indicadores. In Proyecciones de población. INE. (2020b). Transporte y comunicaciones - Permisos de circulación año 2015. https://www.ine.cl/estadisticas/economia/transporte-y-comunicaciones/permiso-de-circulacion IQAir. (2018). 2018 World Air Quality Report. Region & City PM2.5 Ranking. https://www.airvisual.com/world-most-polluted-cities/world-air-quality-report-2018-en.pdf Jadun, P., McMillan, C., Stenberg, D., Muratori, M., Vimmerstedt, L., & Mai, T. (2017). Electrification Futures Study : End-Use Electric Technology Cost. In National Renewable Energy Lab. Khreis, H., May, A. D., & Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2017). Health impacts of urban transport policy measures: A guidance note for practice. Journal of Transport & Health, 6(November 2016), 209–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2017.06.003 KIA MOTORS UK. (2020). KIA SPORTAGE PRICE GUIDE. Sportage Pricing. https://www.kia.com/uk/new-cars/sportage/pricing/ Kishimoto, P. N., Karplus, V. J., Zhong, M., Saikawa, E., Zhang, X., & Zhang, X. (2017). The impact of coordinated policies on air pollution emissions from road transportation in China. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 54, 30–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.02.012 Kochhan, R., Fuchs, S., Reuter, B., Burda, P., Matz, S., & Lienkamp, M. (2017). An Overview of Costs for Vehicle Components, Fuels and Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Researchgate. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.19963.21285 Kouridis, C., Samaras, C., Hassel, D., Mellios, G., Mccrae, I., Hickman, J., Zierock, H., Keller, M., Rexeis, M., Andre, M., Winther, M., Pastramas, N., Boulter, P., Katsis, P., Joumard, R., Rijkeboer, R., & Geivanidis, S. (2018). EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook. Exhaust emissions from road transport. https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2016/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/1-energy/1-a-combustion/1-a-3-b-i/view Krapivin, V. F., Varotsos, C. a., & Soldatov, V. Yu. (2015). Ecoinformatics Problems of Global Climate Change. In New Ecoinformatics Tools in Environmental Science (pp. 430–431). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13978-4 Lang, J., Cheng, S., Zhou, Y., Zhao, B., Wang, H., & Zhang, S. (2013). Energy and Environmental Implications of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles in China. Energies, 6(5), 2663–2685. https://doi.org/10.3390/en6052663 Langshaw, L., Ainalis, D., Acha, S., Shah, N., & Stettler, M. E. J. (2020). Environmental and economic analysis of liquefied natural gas (LNG) for heavy goods vehicles in the UK: A Well-to-Wheel and total cost of ownership evaluation. Energy Policy, 137(October 2019), 111161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.111161 Lau, C. F., Rakowska, A., Townsend, T., Brimblecombe, P., Chan, T. L., Yam, Y. S., Močnik, G., & Ning, Z. (2015). Evaluation of diesel fleet emissions and control policies from plume chasing measurements of on-road vehicles. Atmospheric Environment, 122, 171–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.09.048 Lents, J., Walsh, M., He, K., Davis, N., Osses, M., Tolvett, S., & Liu, H. (2009). Handbook of Air Quality Management. http://www.aqbook.org/ Li, H., Liu, H., Xu, Y. A., & Rodgers, M. O. (2016). Performance of multiple alternatives to reduce carbon emissions for transit fleets : a real-world perspective. Energy Procedia, 88, 908–914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.06.110 Liu, X., Elgowainy, A., Vijayagopal, R., & Wang, M. (2021). Well-to-Wheels Analysis of Zero-Emission Plug-In Battery Electric Vehicle Technology for Medium- And Heavy-Duty Trucks. Environmental Science and Technology, 55(1), 538–546. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c02931 Liu, Y. H., Ma, J. L., Li, L., Lin, X. F., Xu, W. J., & Ding, H. (2018). A high temporal-spatial vehicle emission inventory based on detailed hourly traffic data in a medium-sized city of China. Environmental Pollution, 236, 324–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.068 Lu, X., Yao, T., Fung, J. C. H., & Lin, C. (2016). Estimation of health and economic costs of air pollution over the Pearl River Delta region in China. Science of the Total Environment, 566–567, 134–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.060 Lucas, A., Silva, C. A., & Costa Neto, R. (2012). Life cycle analysis of energy supply infrastructure for conventional and electric vehicles. Energy Policy, 41, 537–547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.11.015 Luderer, G., Pietzcker, R. C., Bertram, C., Kriegler, E., Meinshausen, M., & Edenhofer, O. (2013). Economic mitigation challenges: how further delay closes the door for achieving climate targets. Environmental Research Letters, 8, 034033. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/034033 Lutsey, N., & Nicholas, M. (2019). Update on electric vehicle costs in the United States through 2030. In The International Council on Clean Transportation (Issue June). https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.25390.56646 Mangones, S. C., Jaramillo, P., Fischbeck, P., & Rojas, N. Y. (2019). Development of a high-resolution traffic emission model: Lessons and key insights from the case of Bogotá, Colombia. Environmental Pollution. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.008 Mansour, C. J., & Haddad, M. G. (2017). Well-to-wheel assessment for informing transition strategies to low-carbon fuel-vehicles in developing countries dependent on fuel imports: A case-study of road transport in Lebanon. Energy Policy, 107(April), 167–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.04.031 Mao, F., Li, Z., & Zhang, K. (2020). Carbon dioxide emissions estimation of conventional diesel buses electrification: A well-to-well analysis in Shenzhen, China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 277, 123048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123048 McCubbin, D., & Sovacool, B. K. (2013). Quantifying the health and environmental benefits of wind power to natural gas. Energy Policy, 53, 429–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.11.004 Mediavilla-Sahagún, A., & ApSimon, H. M. (2006). Urban scale integrated assessment for London: Which emission reduction strategies are more effective in attaining prescribed PM10 air quality standards by 2005? Environmental Modelling and Software, 21(4), 501–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2004.06.010 Mehrdad, E. (2013). Sustainable Transportation. In M. Ehsani, F.-Y. Wang, & G. L. Brosch (Eds.), Transportation Technologies for Sustainability (pp. 890–946). Springer New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5844-9 MercadoLibre Colombia. (2020). Tucarro. https://www.tucarro.com.co/ Messagie, M., Boureima, F.-S., Coosemans, T., Macharis, C., & Mierlo, J. (2014). A Range-Based Vehicle Life Cycle Assessment Incorporating Variability in the Environmental Assessment of Different Vehicle Technologies and Fuels. Energies, 7(3), 1467–1482. https://doi.org/10.3390/en7031467 Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible (MADS), Ministerio de Minas y Energía - MINMINAS-, Ministerio de Transporte, & Unidad de Planeación Minero Energética -UPME-. (2019). Estrategia Nacional de Movilidad Eléctrica. Ministerio de Minas y Energía - MINMINAS-. (2017). Calidad de combustibles en Colombia. Ministerio de Minas y Energía - MINMINAS-. (2020). Histórico de precios. Hidrocarburos. https://www.minenergia.gov.co/historico-de-precios Molina, L. T. (2021). Introductory lecture: Air quality in megacities. Faraday Discussions, 226, 9–52. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0fd00123f National Research Council. (2013). Transitions to Alternative Vehicles and Fuels. The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.17226/18264 Ntziachristos, L., & Boulter, P. (2016). Road transport: Automobile tyre, brake wear and road abrasion. In EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook. Technical guidance to prepare national emission inventories (p. 32). https://doi.org/10.2800/247535 Pachón, J. E., Galvis, B., Lombana, O., Carmona, L. G., Fajardo, S., Rincón, A., Meneses, S., Chaparro, R., Nedbor-Gross, R., & Henderson, B. (2018). Development and evaluation of a comprehensive atmospheric emission inventory for air quality modeling in the megacity of Bogotá. Atmosphere, 9(2), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9020049 Padoan, E., Ajmone-marsan, F., Querol, X., & Amato, F. (2018). An empirical model to predict road dust emissions based on pavement and traffic characteristics. Environmental Pollution, 237, 713–720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.115 Patil, V., Shastry, V., Himabindu, M., & Ravikrishna, R. V. (2016). Life-cycle analysis of energy and greenhouse gas emissions of automotive fuels in India: Part 2 - Well-to-wheels analysis. Energy, 96(2016), 699–712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.11.076 Pereirinha, P. G., González, M., Carrilero, I., Anseán, D., Alonso, J., & Viera, J. C. (2018). Main Trends and Challenges in Road Transportation Electrification. Transportation Research Procedia, 33, 235–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2018.10.096 Piscitello, A., Bianco, C., Casasso, A., & Sethi, R. (2021). Non-exhaust traffic emissions: Sources, characterization, and mitigation measures. Science of the Total Environment, 766, 144440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144440 Pisoni, E., Thunis, P., & Clappier, A. (2019). Application of the SHERPA source-receptor relationships, based on the EMEP MSC-W model, for the assessment of air quality policy scenarios. Atmospheric Environment: X, 4(April), 100047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeaoa.2019.100047 Policarpo, N. A., Silva, C., Lopes, T. F. A., Araújo, R. dos S., Cavalcante, F. S. Á., Pitombo, C. S., & Oliveira, M. L. M. de. (2018). Road vehicle emission inventory of a Brazilian metropolitan area and insights for other emerging economies. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 58(December 2017), 172–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.12.004 Portafolio - EL TIEMPO Casa Editorial. (2020, February 6). BYD lidera el mercado de los buses eléctricos en Colombia. Economía. https://www.portafolio.co/economia/byd-lidera-el-mercado-de-los-buses-electricos-en-colombia-537874 Promigas. (2018). Informe del sector gas natural 2018. Publicaciones Semana S.A. (2015, August 13). ¿Por qué es tan cara la energía eléctrica en Colombia? Puig-Samper Naranjo, G., Bolonio, D., Ortega, M. F., & García-Martínez, M. J. (2021). Comparative life cycle assessment of conventional, electric and hybrid passenger vehicles in Spain. Journal of Cleaner Production, 291, 125883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.125883 Qiu, X., Zhu, Y., Jang, C., Lin, C.-J., Wang, S., Fu, J., Xie, J., Wang, J., Ding, D., & Long, S. (2015). Development of an integrated policy making tool for assessing air quality and human health benefits of air pollution control. Frontiers of Environmental Science {&} Engineering, 9(6), 1056–1065. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-015-0796-8 Quoc Ho, B., & Clappier, A. (2011). Road traffic emission inventory for air quality modelling and to evaluate the abatement strategies: A case of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Atmospheric Environment, 45(21), 3584–3593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.03.073 Ramirez, J., Pachon, J. E., Casas, O. M., & González, S. F. (2019). A new database of on-road vehicle emission factors for Colombia: A case de study of Bogotá. CT&F - Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro, 9(1), 73–82. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.154 Revista Motor. (2020a). Listado de precios de carros nuevos en Colombia para 2020. Consultar Precios Por Internet. https://www.motor.com.co/uploads/files/2020/04/02/Nuevos 744 final.pdf Revista Motor. (2020b). Listado de precios de motos en Colombia para 2020. Consultar Precios Por Internet. https://www.motor.com.co/uploads/files/2020/04/02/Motos 744 Final.pdf Revista VEC. (2017, June). Características técnicas del bus 100% eléctrico que rueda en Bogotá. Autos. https://www.vehiculoselectricos.co/caracteristicas-tecnicas-del-bus-100-electrico-que-rueda-en-bogota/ Rodríguez, P. A., & Behrentz, E. (2009). Actualización del inventario de emisiones de fuentes móviles para la ciudad de Bogotá a través de mediciones directas (p. 17). Universidad de los Andes. Santoyo-Castelazo, E., & Azapagic, A. (2014). Sustainability assessment of energy systems: Integrating environmental, economic and social aspects. Journal of Cleaner Production, 80, 119–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.05.061 Scovronick, N. (2015). Reducing global health risks through mitigation of short-lived climate pollutants. In Reducing Global Health Risks. World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/phe/publications/climate-reducing-health-risks/en/ SDA. (2010). Plan Decenal de Descontaminación del Aire para Bogotá (p. 324). Secretaria Distrital de Ambiente. (2010). Plan Decenal de Descontaminación del aire para Bogotá: 2010-2020. Secretaría Distrital de Ambiente (SDA). (2015a). “Actualización de inventarios de emisión a 2014” - Sección 3 Informe del Convenio marco N° 52243377 suscrito entre la SDA y la Universidad de La Salle (p. 156). Secretaría Distrital de Ambiente (SDA). (2015b). Composición de la flota vehicular en Bogotá año 2015. Secretaría Distrital de Movilidad (SDM). (2015). Registro distrital automotor (RDA). Secretaria Distrital de Movilidad (SDM). (2021). Anuario de siniestralidad. https://simur.gov.co/anuario-de-siniestralidad Sharma, R., Manzie, C., Bessede, M., Brear, M. J., & Crawford, R. H. (2012). Conventional, hybrid and electric vehicles for Australian driving conditions - Part 1: Technical and financial analysis. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 25, 238–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2012.06.003 Shen, W., Han, W., Chock, D., Chai, Q., & Zhang, A. (2012). Well-to-wheels life-cycle analysis of alternative fuels and vehicle technologies in China. Energy Policy, 49, 296–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.06.038 Social Determinants of Health WHO TEAM. (2018). Global status report on road safety 2018 (World Health Organization (WHO), Ed.). World Health Organization (WHO). Strefler, J., Luderer, G., Aboumahboub, T., & Kriegler, E. (2014). Economic impacts of alternative greenhouse gas emission metrics: A model-based assessment. Climatic Change, 125, 319–331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-014-1188-y Sun, S., Sun, L., Liu, G., Zou, C., Wang, Y., Wu, L., & Mao, H. (2021). Developing a vehicle emission inventory with high temporal-spatial resolution in Tianjin, China. Science of the Total Environment, 776, 145873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145873 Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC). (2011). The Santiago de Chile diesel particle filter program for buses of public urban transport (p. 24). Tarricone, R. (2006). Cost of illness analysis. What room in health economics? Health Policy, 77(1), 51–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2005.07.016 Thomas, C. E. (2015). Sustainable Transportation Options for the 21st Century and Beyond. A Comprehensive Comparison of Alternatives to the Internal Combustion Engine. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16832-6_6 Thouron, L., Seigneur, C., Kim, Y., Mahé, F., André, M., Lejri, D., Villegas, D., Bruge, B., & Chanut, H. (2018). Intercomparison of three modeling approaches for tra ffi c-related road dust resuspension using two experimental data sets. Transportation Research Part D, 58(November 2017), 108–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.11.003 Thunis, P., Miranda, A., Baldasano, J. M., Blond, N., Douros, J., Graff, A., & Janssen, S. (2016). Overview of current regional and local scale air quality modelling practices : Assessment and planning tools in the EU. Environmental Science and Policy, 65, 13–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2016.03.013 Timmers, V. R. J. H., & Achten, P. A. J. (2018). Chapter 12 - Non-Exhaust PM Emissions from Battery Electric Vehicles. In F. Amato (Ed.), Non-Exhaust Emissions (pp. 261–287). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811770-5.00012-1 Tran, M., Banister, D., Bishop, J. D. K., & McCulloch, M. D. (2012). Realizing the electric-vehicle revolution. Nature Climate Change, 2(5), 328–333. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1429 TransMilenio S. A. (2019). Acta Informe de Gestión 2016 - 2019. https://www.transmilenio.gov.co/publicaciones/151569/informe-de-empalme-2019/ TransportPolicy.net. (2018). CHILE: HEAVY-DUTY: EMISSIONS. https://www.transportpolicy.net/standard/chile-heavy-duty-emissions/ TUMI (Transformative Urban Mobility Initiative). (2018). Passenger Capacity of different Transport Modes. https://www.transformative-mobility.org/assets/publications/Passenger-Capacity-of-different-Transport-Modes_2021-09-08-071924_mmuh.pdf Unidad de Planeación Minero Energética (UPME). (2014). Guia práctica para la aplicación de los incentivos tributarios de la Ley 1715 de 2014. In Ministerio Minas y Energia. Universidad Santiago de Chile (USACH). (2014). Actualización del inventario de emisiones de contaminantes atmosféricos en la región metropolitana 2014. Informe final. https://sustempo.com/website/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Inventario-de-emisiones-RM_USACH_2014.pdf UPME. (2015). Informe Mensual de Variables de Generación y del Mercado Eléctrico Colombiano – Diciembre de 2015. Subdirección de Energía Eléctrica – Grupo de Generación, 1–17. U.S. Energy Information Administration (U.S. EIA). (2019). Internaltional Energy Outlook 2019. In U.S. Energy Information Administration. US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). (2001a). Air Emissions Factors and Quantification: Paved Roads. In AP 42, Fifth Edition, Volume I Chapter 13: Miscellaneous Sources (p. 15). US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). (2001b). Air Emissions Factors and Quantification: Unpaved Roads. In AP 42, Fifth Edition, Volume I Chapter 13: Miscellaneous Sources (p. 20). Van Mierlo, J., Messagie, M., & Rangaraju, S. (2017). Comparative environmental assessment of alternative fueled vehicles using a life cycle assessment. Transportation Research Procedia, 25, 3439–3449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2017.05.244 van Vuuren, D. P., Edelenbosch, O. Y., McCollum, D. L., & Riahi, K. (2017). A special issue on model-based long-term transport scenarios: Model comparison and new methodological developments to improve energy and climate policy analysis. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 55, 277–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.05.003 Vanti. (2020). Precio histórico del Gas Natural Vehicular. Gas Natural Vehicular - GNV-. https://www.grupovanti.com/co/gas+natural+vehicular+–+gnv/1297370398775/precio+historico+del+gas+natural+vehicular.html Vedrenne, M., Borge, R., Lumbreras, J., Conlan, B., Rodríguez, M. E., de Andrés, J. M., de la Paz, D., Pérez, J., & Narros, A. (2015). An integrated assessment of two decades of air pollution policy making in Spain: Impacts, costs and improvements. Science of the Total Environment, 527–528, 351–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.014 Vickerman, R. (2017). Beyond cost-bene fi t analysis : the search for a comprehensive evaluation of transport investment. Research in Transportation Economics, 63, 5–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2017.04.003 Wang, C., Cai, W., Lu, X., & Chen, J. (2007). CO2 mitigation scenarios in China’s road transport sector. Energy Conversion and Management, 48(7), 2110–2118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2006.12.022 Wang, R., Wu, Y., Ke, W., Zhang, S., Zhou, B., & Hao, J. (2015). Can propulsion and fuel diversity for the bus fleet achieve the win – win strategy of energy conservation and environmental protection ? Applied Energy, 147, 92–103. Will, M. E., Cornet, Y., & Munshi, T. (2020). Measuring road space consumption by transport modes: Toward a standard spatial efficiency assessment method and an application to the development scenarios of Rajkot City, India. Journal of Transport and Land Use, 13(1), 651–669. https://doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.2020.1526 Wolfram, P., & Lutsey, N. (2016). Electric vehicles: Literature review of technology costs and carbon emissions. The International Council on Clean …, July, 1–23. World Energy Council. (2011). Global Transport Scenarios. In Global Transport Scenarios 2050. WEC. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800405284363 World Energy Council (WEC). (2021). Energy Trilemma Index. https://trilemma.worldenergy.org/ XM S.A. E.S.P. (2020a). Boletín energético # 208 Seguimiento a variables. Boletín Energético. https://www.xm.com.co/boletinesenergetico/Boletín_208.pdf XM S.A. E.S.P. (2020b). Precio promedio y energía transada. Transacciones. http://www.xm.com.co/Paginas/Mercado-de-energia/precio-promedio-y-energia-transada.aspx XM S.A. E.S.P. (2021). Estructura del mercado. Mercado de Energía. https://www.xm.com.co/Paginas/Mercado-de-energia/descripcion-del-sistema-electrico-colombiano.aspx Xu, L., Yilmaz, H. Ü., Wang, Z., Poganietz, W. R., & Jochem, P. (2020). Greenhouse gas emissions of electric vehicles in Europe considering different charging strategies. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 87(September), 102534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102534 Yin, H., Pizzol, M., & Xu, L. (2017). External costs of PM2.5 pollution in Beijing, China: Uncertainty analysis of multiple health impacts and costs. Environmental Pollution, 226, 356–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.02.029 York Bigazzi, A., & Rouleau, M. (2017). Can traffic management strategies improve urban air quality? A review of the evidence. Journal of Transport and Health, 7(April), 111–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2017.08.001 Zárate, E., Carlos Belalcázar, L., Clappier, A., Manzi, V., & Van den Bergh, H. (2007). Air quality modelling over Bogota, Colombia: Combined techniques to estimate and evaluate emission inventories. Atmospheric Environment, 41, 6302–6318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.03.011 Zheng, G., & Peng, Z. (2021). Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of BEV’s environmental benefits for meeting the challenge of ICExit (Internal Combustion Engine Exit). Energy Reports, 7, 1203–1216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.02.039 |
| dc.rights.coar.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| dc.rights.license.spa.fl_str_mv |
Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional |
| dc.rights.uri.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ |
| dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| rights_invalid_str_mv |
Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
| dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv |
250 páginas |
| dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
| dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv |
Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
| dc.publisher.program.spa.fl_str_mv |
Bogotá - Ingeniería - Maestría en Ingeniería - Ingeniería Química |
| dc.publisher.faculty.spa.fl_str_mv |
Facultad de Ingeniería |
| dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv |
Bogotá, Colombia |
| dc.publisher.branch.spa.fl_str_mv |
Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá |
| institution |
Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
| bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/83608/2/1032381694.2023%20%283%29.pdf https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/83608/1/license.txt https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/83608/3/1032381694.2023%20%283%29.pdf.jpg |
| bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
ff405602f8a127dabe856ca1d5f748b4 eb34b1cf90b7e1103fc9dfd26be24b4a 18417e9d513db0be5a8ad6d6c99a9a67 |
| bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 MD5 MD5 |
| repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
| repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
repositorio_nal@unal.edu.co |
| _version_ |
1806886494096326656 |
| spelling |
Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacionalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Belalcázar Cerón, Luis Carlosf8d84358773cfb9c7757397c831d567dClappier, Alain9da19d80531e0fe02fae98a912e7ade2Cuéllar Álvarez, Yohén5b7f2491532d724499b1fdfe45bff778Calidad del Aire2023-03-10T14:42:34Z2023-03-10T14:42:34Z2023-03-09https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/83608Universidad Nacional de ColombiaRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiahttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ilustracionesIn cities in emerging countries, the demand for passenger transport has proliferated, creating socially and environmentally unsustainable transport systems. Finding the best transport options for these communities poses substantial challenges to transport policymakers. Therefore, the main objective of this thesis was to develop a new Integrated Assessment Methodology (IAM) to design and select the best emission reduction strategies for urban passenger transportation. This MEI considers direct emissions inventory, indirect emissions inventory, total ownership cost, and emission reduction strategies. First, the estimation of the inventory of direct emissions of air pollutants (PM2.5, NOx, SO2, CO) and greenhouse gases (CO2-Eq), including emissions from the exhaust and Wear and Resuspension (W&R). The latter is not usually included in existing MEIs. In this work, the COPERT model was adapted to local conditions to estimate direct emissions from combustion and the EMEP and EPA methodologies to estimate W&R emissions. Second, the indirect emissions inventory is estimated from the Well-to-Wheel (WTW) life cycle assessment approach. This study highlights the importance of including emission sources other than vehicle combustion in emission inventories. Third, the Total Ownership Cost (TOC) is calculated from the capital, operating, maintenance and technology replacement costs over the vehicle's lifetime. Traditional MEI focuses only on the cost of introducing new vehicles with updated technologies, not the TOC. This research shows that using electric vehicles is the most economical technical strategy to minimize emissions. Fourth, the analysis of reduction strategies evaluates the change generated by scenarios designed for technology substitution and mode shift. Replacement of the current fleet with modern combustion technologies results in relatively small reductions in total emissions, while replacement with electric vehicles powered by electricity from renewable energy is the most efficient scenario. In addition, to incorporate the system context and the variables that determine the adoption of various modes of urban passenger transport, the advantages and disadvantages of these modes were analyzed using a set of criteria related to the environment, risk, and social welfare (i.e., CO2-Eq and PM2.5 emissions, energy consumption, traffic mortality and injuries, vehicle congestion, travel time and discomfort). For the case of Bogotá, trends in mode share were compared according to the socioeconomic stratification of households. The results indicate that the disadvantages of passenger cars and taxis are high environmental impacts and vehicular congestion; high levels of discomfort and travel times characterize buses, and high risk characterizes motorcycles. Finally, the main contribution of this research is the development of a more effective MEI for policymakers to address solutions around the different modes of transport in environmental and economic terms. It is expected to be improved and applied in other cities in Latin America and worldwide. (Texto tomado de la fuente)En las ciudades de los países emergentes, la demanda de transporte de pasajeros ha proliferado, creando sistemas de transporte social y ambientalmente insostenibles. Encontrar las mejores opciones de transporte para estas comunidades plantea problemas sustanciales a los responsables de las políticas del transporte. Por ello, el objetivo principal de esta tesis fue desarrollar una nueva metodología de evaluación integrada (MEI) para diseñar y seleccionar las mejores estrategias de reducción de emisiones para el transporte urbano de pasajeros. Esta MEI considera el inventario de emisiones directas, el inventario de emisiones indirectas, el costo total de la propiedad y las estrategias para la reducción de emisiones. En primer lugar, la estimación del inventario de emisiones directas de contaminantes del aire (PM2.5, NOx, SO2, CO) y gases efecto invernadero (CO2-Eq), contempla las emisiones del exosto, y de la abrasión y resuspensión o Wear and Resuspension (W&R). Esta última no suele incluirse en las MEI existentes. En este trabajo se adaptó el modelo COPERT a las condiciones locales para estimar las emisiones directas de la combustión y las metodologías EMEP y EPA para estimar las emisiones de W&R. En segundo lugar, el inventario de emisiones indirectas se estima a partir del enfoque de evaluación del ciclo de vida del pozo a la rueda o análisis Well-to-Wheel (WTW). Este estudio pone de manifiesto la importancia de incluir en los inventarios de emisiones otras fuentes de emisión distintas de la combustión de los vehículos. En tercer lugar, el costo total de la propiedad o Total Ownership Cost (TOC) es calculado a partir de los costes de capital, funcionamiento, mantenimiento y sustitución de la tecnología durante la vida útil del vehículo. La MEI tradicional se centra solo en el coste de introducir nuevos vehículos con tecnologías actualizadas, más no el TOC. Esta investigación muestra que el uso de vehículos eléctricos es la estrategia técnica más económica para minimizar las emisiones. En cuarto lugar, el análisis de estrategias de reducción evalúa el cambio generado por los escenarios diseñados para la sustitución tecnológica y el cambio en los modos de transporte. La sustitución de la flota actual por tecnologías de combustión modernas da lugar a reducciones relativamente pequeñas de las emisiones totales, mientras que la sustitución por vehículos eléctricos alimentados con electricidad procedente de energías renovables es el escenario más eficiente. Además, para incorporar el contexto del sistema y las variables que determinan la adopción de diversos modos de transporte urbano de pasajeros, se analizaron las ventajas, y desventajas de estos utilizando un conjunto de criterios relacionados con el ambiente, el riesgo y el bienestar social (i. e. emisiones de CO2-Eq y PM2.5, consumo de energía, mortalidad y lesiones causadas por el tráfico, congestión vehicular, tiempo de viaje e incomodidad). Para el caso de Bogotá, se compararon las tendencias en la participación de los modos de viaje según la estratificación socioeconómica de los hogares. Los resultados indican que las desventajas de los automóviles de pasajeros y los taxis son los altos impactos ambientales y la congestión vehicular; los altos niveles de incomodidad y los tiempos de viaje caracterizan a los buses, y el alto riesgo caracteriza a las motocicletas. Finalmente, la principal contribución de esta investigación es el desarrollo de una MEI más eficaz para que los responsables políticos aborden soluciones en torno a los diferentes modos de transporte en términos medioambientales y económicos. Se espera que esta sea mejorada y aplicada en otras ciudades de Latinoamérica y el mundo.DoctoradoDoctora en Ingeniería - Ingeniería QuímicaEnvironmental process250 páginasapplication/pdfengUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaBogotá - Ingeniería - Maestría en Ingeniería - Ingeniería QuímicaFacultad de IngenieríaBogotá, ColombiaUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá620 - Ingeniería y operaciones afines::629 - Otras ramas de la ingeniería660 - Ingeniería química::662 - Tecnología de explosivos, combustibles, productos relacionadosCalidad del aireSaneamiento ambientalAir qualityEnvironmental healthAir QualityClimate changeEmissions inventoryWell to wheelsElectricity mixLife cycle emissionsIntegrated assessment methodologyTotal ownership costCalidad del aireCambio climáticoInventario de emisionesPozo a las ruedasMatriz eléctricaEmisiones del ciclo de vidaMetodología de evaluación integradaCosto total de la propiedadDevelopment of a new integrated assessment methodology to design and select the best emission reduction strategies for urban passenger transportDesarrollo de una nueva metodología de evaluación integrada para diseñar y seleccionar las mejores estrategias de reducción de las emisiones del transporte urbano de pasajerosTrabajo de grado - Doctoradoinfo:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_db06Texthttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TDAbdullah, M. a., Muttaqi, K. M., & Agalgaonkar, A. P. (2015). Sustainable energy system design with distributed renewable resources considering economic, environmental and uncertainty aspects. Renewable Energy, 78, 165–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2014.12.044Alcaldía Mayor de Bogotá. (2021). Encuesta de movilidad 2019. Sistema Integrado de Información Sobre Movilidad Urnaba Regional (SIMUR). https://www.simur.gov.co/encuestas-de-movilidadAlcaldía Mayor de Bogotá. (2022a). Distrito no está haciendo cambios en metodología de la estratificación.Alcaldía Mayor de Bogotá. (2022b). Manzana Estratificación. Bogotá D.C. Datos Abiertos Bogotá. https://datosabiertos.bogota.gov.co/dataset/manzana-estratificacion-bogota-d-cAmann, M., Bertok, I., Borken-Kleefeld, J., Cofala, J., Heyes, C., Höglund-Isaksson, L., Klimont, Z., Nguyen, B., Posch, M., Rafaj, P., Sandler, R., Schöpp, W., Wagner, F., & Winiwarter, W. (2011). Cost-effective control of air quality and greenhouse gases in Europe: Modeling and policy applications. Environmental Modelling and Software, 26(12), 1489–1501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2011.07.012Amato, F. (Ed.). (2018). Non-Exhaust Emissions: An Urban Air Quality Problem for Public Health. Academic Press.Amato, F., Cassee, F. R., Denier van der Gon, H. A. C., Gehrig, R., Gustafsson, M., Hafner, W., Harrison, R. M., Jozwicka, M., Kelly, F. J., Moreno, T., Prevot, A. S. H., Schaap, M., Sunyer, J., & Querol, X. (2014). Urban air quality: The challenge of traffic non-exhaust emissions. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 275, 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.04.053Autoridad Nacional de Licencias Ambientales -ANLA-. (2016). Guía para el trámite de solicitud y evaluación de los certificados de emisiones por prueba dinámica y visto bueno por Protocolo de Montreal.Baklanov, A., Molina, L. T., & Gauss, M. (2016). Megacities, air quality and climate. Atmospheric Environment, 126, 235–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.11.059Banco de la República de Colombia. (2021a). Tasa Representativa del Mercado (TRM - Peso por dólar). Tasas de Cambio. https://www.banrep.gov.co/es/estadisticas/trmBanco de la República de Colombia. (2021b). Tasa Representativa del Mercado (TRM - Peso por dólar). Tasas de Cambio. https://www.banrep.gov.co/es/estadisticas/trmBanister, D. (2011). Cities, mobility and climate change. Journal of Transport Geography, 19(6), 1538–1546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2011.03.009BBVA-Research. (2018). Situación Automotriz en Colombia 2018. https://www.bbvaresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/SituacionAutomotriz2018.pdfBednar-Friedl, B., Wolkinger, B., König, M., Bachner, G., Formayer, H., Offenthaler, I., & Leitner, M. (2015). Transport. Springer Climate, 279–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12457-5_15Belis, C., Baldasano, J., Blond, N., Bouland, C., Buekers, J., Carnevale, C., Cherubini, A., Clappier, A., De Saeger, E., Douros, J., Finzi, G., Fragkou, E., Gama, C., Graff, A., Guariso, G., Janssen, S., Juda-Rezler, K., Karvosenoja, N., Maffeis, G., … White, L. (2017). Current European AQ planning at regional and local scale. In Current European AQ planning at regional and local scale (Issue 9783319333489, pp. 37–68). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33349-6_3Beltrán, D., Belalcázar, L. C., & Rojas, N. Y. (2012). Emisiones vehiculares de material particulado (PM2.5 y PM10 ) por resuspensión de polvo y abrasión en Bogotá. Revista Asociación Colombiana de Ingeniería Sanitaria y Ambiental (ACODAL), 231, 25–32.Blond, N., Carnevale, C., Douros, J., Finzi, G., Guariso, G., & Janssen, S. (2017). A Framework for Integrated Assessment Modelling. In G. Guariso & M. Volta (Eds.), Air Quality Integrated Assessment (p. 116). Springer Open. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33349-6Bnamericas. (2019, October 23). Precios de la electricidad en Latinoamérica: Comparación de países.Bogotá cómo vamos. (2022). Encuestas de Percepción Ciudadana. https://bogotacomovamos.org/encuestas-de-percepcion-ciudadana/Boulter, P. G., & Mccrae, I. S. (2007). ARTEMIS: Assessment and Reliability of Transport Emission Models and Inventory Systems – final report.Breithaupt, M. (2015). Environmentally Sustainable Transport - Main Principles and Impacts The adverse impacts of growth in motorization. https://www.uncrd.or.jp/content/documents/5594Presentation 3 - Module 1 - Mr. Breithaupt.pdfBubeck, S., Tomaschek, J., & Fahl, U. (2016). Perspectives of electric mobility: Total cost of ownership of electric vehicles in Germany. Transport Policy, 50(2016), 63–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2016.05.012Cantillo-García, V., Guzman, L. A., & Arellana, J. (2019). Estrato socioeconómico como variable sustituta del ingreso del hogar en la investigación de transporte. Evaluación para Bogotá, Medellín, Cali y Barranquilla. DYNA; Vol. 86, Núm. 211 (2019)DO - 10.15446/Dyna.V86n211.81821 , August.Cardekho Gaadistore. (2020). Find your right car. https://www.cardekho.com/Carmona Aparicio, L. G., Rincón Pérez, M. A., Castillo Robles, A. M., Galvis Remolina, B. R., Sáenz Pulido, H. E., Manrique Forero, R. A., & Pachón Quinche, J. E. (2016). Conciliación de inventarios top-down y bottom-up de emisiones de fuentes móviles en Bogotá, Colombia. Revista Tecnura, 20(49), 59. https://doi.org/10.14483/udistrital.jour.tecnura.2016.3.a04Carnevale, C., Finzi, G., Pisoni, E., Volta, M., Guariso, G., Gianfreda, R., Maffeis, G., Thunis, P., White, L., & Triacchini, G. (2012). An integrated assessment tool to define effective air quality policies at regional scale. Environmental Modelling and Software, 38, 306–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2012.07.004Auteco. (2020). Motos eléctricas sport. Motos Eléctricas. https://www.auteco.com.co/motos-electricas/tipos-de-motos-electricas/motos-electricas-sport?O=OrderByPriceASC&PS=16Autolarte S.A.S. (2019). Busetón Chevrolet NQR. https://www.autolarte.com.co/buses-chevrolet-buseton-nqr-euro-ivBocarejo, J. P., Portilla, I. J., Virgüez, E. A., & Pardo, M. A. (2016). Conveniencia del Gas natural vehícular en Colombia. Caso de estudio para el sector de transporte público. https://www.epm.com.co/site/Portals/2/ESTUDIOS GNV/201603 Conveniencia del GNV en Colombia.pdf?ver=2018-05-08-161935-333Carroya.com. (2019). 5 mitos sobre el gas natural vehicular. Guía Para Conductores. https://www.carroya.com/noticias/guia-para-conductores/5-mitos-sobre-el-gas-natural-vehicular-2192Carroya.com. (2020). Buses y colectivos nuevos en Bogotá. https://www.carroya.com/buscar/vehiculos/pasajeros/t4v5e2d5c1.do?CarsGuide Autotrader Media Solutions. (2020). 2020 Kia Sportage Pricing and Specs. Pricing and Specs. https://www.carsguide.com.au/kia/sportage/price/2020Chae, Y., & Park, J. (2011). Quantifying costs and benefits of integrated environmental strategies of air quality management and greenhouse gas reduction in the Seoul Metropolitan Area. Energy Policy, 39(9), 5296–5308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.05.034Chambliss, S., Miller, J., Façanha, C., Minjares, R., Blumberg, K., Authors, M., Bandivadekar, A., Wagner, V., Posada, F., German, J., Lutsey, N., Lloyd, A., Kodjak, D., Kamakaté, F., Rutherford, D., Olivares, E., Schultz, J., Muncrief, R., & Shao, Z. (2013). The Impact of Stringent Fuel and Vehicle Standards on Premature Mortality and Emission. In Icct’s Global Transportation Health and Climate Roadmap Series. www.theicct.orgCiucci, A., D’Elia, I., Wagner, F., Sander, R., Ciancarella, L., Zanini, G., & Schöpp, W. (2016). Cost-effective reductions of PM2.5 concentrations and exposure in Italy. Atmospheric Environment, 140, 84–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.05.049Consejo Nacional de Política Económica y Social. (2022). Política de Transición Energética - Conpes 4075. https://colaboracion.dnp.gov.co/CDT/Conpes/Económicos/4075.pdfContraloría de Bogotá. (2012). Informe de la visita fiscal Contrato 559 de 2012. In PLAN DE AUDITORÍA DISTRITAL.Contraloría de Bogotá. (2019). Informe final de auditoría de regularidad. Empresa de Transporte del Tercer Milenio S.A. - TransMilenio S.A. In Página Institucional.Cuadros Tejeda, H. D., Cuellar, Y., Chiriví Salomón, J. S., & Guevara, M. (2019). GHG diffuse emissions estimation, and energy security to ENSO using MERRA- 2 for largely hydroelectricity-based system. Revista Facultad de Ingeniería –Redin-, 91, 42. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.17533/10.17533/udea.redin.n91a07CUE. (2012). “Evaluación del ciclo de vida de la cadena de producción de biocombustibles en Colombia”. Capitulo II : Estudio ACV – Impacto Ambiental. In Evaluación del ciclo de vida de la cadena de producción de biocombustibles en Colombia (p. 203). BID, Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo Mmec, Ministerio de Minas y Energia República de Colombia.Cuéllar Álvarez, Y. (2016). Análisis de Ciclo de Vida para diferentes fuentes energéticas usadas en los vehículos de transporte de pasajeros de la ciudad de Bogotá [Tesis Maestría, Universidad Nacional de Colombia – Sede Bogotá.]. http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/cgi/users/home?screen=EPrint::View&eprintid=52211Cuéllar, Y., Buitrago-Tello, R., & Belálcazar-Cerón, L. C. (2016). Life cycle emissions from a Bus Rapid Transit system and comparison with other modes of passenger transportation. Ct&F-Ciencia Tecnologia Y Futuro, 6(3), 25–36. https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.13Cuéllar-Álvarez, Y., Clappier, A., Osses, M., Thunis, P., & Belalcázar-Cerón, L. C. (2022). Well-to-wheel emissions and abatement strategies for passenger vehicles in two Latin American cities. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20885-9Cuéllar-Álvarez, Y., Guevara-Luna, M. A., Belalcázar-Cerón, L. C., & Clappier, A. (2023). Well-to-Wheels emission inventory for the passenger vehicles of Bogotá, Colombia. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-023-04805-zCycling Embassy of Great Britain. (2019). Capacity. https://www.cycling-embassy.org.uk/dictionary/capacityDaellenbach, K. R., Uzu, G., Jiang, J., Cassagnes, L. E., Leni, Z., Vlachou, A., Stefenelli, G., Canonaco, F., Weber, S., Segers, A., Kuenen, J. J. P., Schaap, M., Favez, O., Albinet, A., Aksoyoglu, S., Dommen, J., Baltensperger, U., Geiser, M., el Haddad, I., … Prévôt, A. S. H. (2020). Sources of particulate-matter air pollution and its oxidative potential in Europe. Nature, 587(7834), 414–419. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2902-8de Souza, L. L. P., Silva Lora, E. E., Escobar Palacio, J. C., Rocha, M. H., Grillo Renó, M. L., & Venturini, O. J. (2018). Comparative environmental life cycle assessment of conventional vehicles with different fuel options , plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles for a sustainable transportation system in Brazil. Journal of Cleaner Production, 203, 444–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.236Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE). (2019). Encuesta mensual de comercio al por menor y comercio de vehículos (EMCM). Encuesta Mensual de Comercio (EMC). https://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/estadisticas-por-tema/comercio-interno/encuesta-emcmDepartamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE). (2020). Índice de costos del transporte intermunicipal de pasajeros (ICTIP). https://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/estadisticas-por-tema/transporte/indice-de-costos-del-transporte-intermunicipal-de-pasajeros-ictipDepartamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE). (2022). Estratificación Socioeconómica - Preguntas Frecuentes. https://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/servicios-al-ciudadano/116-espanol/informacion-georreferenciada/2421-estratificacion-socioeconomica-preguntas-frecuentesDhillon, B. S. (2010). Life Cycle Costing for Engineers. Taylor & Francis Group.Ding, D., Zhu, Y., Jang, C., Lin, C. J., Wang, S., Fu, J., Gao, J., Deng, S., Xie, J., & Qiu, X. (2016). Evaluation of health benefit using BenMAP-CE with an integrated scheme of model and monitor data during Guangzhou Asian Games. Journal of Environmental Sciences (China), 42, 9–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2015.06.003DNP. (2015). Información Departamental, Bogotá, D.C. Población 2015, Censo 2015 – DANE (Vol. 2015).East, J., Montealegre, J. S., Pachon, J. E., & Garcia-Menendez, F. (2021). Air quality modeling to inform pollution mitigation strategies in a Latin American megacity. Science of the Total Environment, 776, 145894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145894Ecoinvent Association. (2018). The ecoinvent Database. Ecoinvent Centre. http://www.ecoinvent.org/database/Ecopetrol S. A. (2013). Reporte integrado de gestión sostenible.Edelenbosch, O. Y., McCollum, D. L., van Vuuren, D. P., Bertram, C., Carrara, S., Daly, H., Fujimori, S., Kitous, A., Kyle, P., Ó Broin, E., Karkatsoulis, P., & Sano, F. (2016). Decomposing passenger transport futures: Comparing results of global integrated assessment models. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 55, 281–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2016.07.003Edelenbosch, O. Y., van Vuuren, D. P., Bertram, C., Carrara, S., Emmerling, J., Daly, H., Kitous, A., McCollum, D. L., & Saadi Failali, N. (2017). Transport fuel demand responses to fuel price and income projections: Comparison of integrated assessment models. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 55, 310–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.03.005Editorial La República S.A.S. (2018). El mantenimiento de un carro usado puede costar casi $6 millones cada año. Transporte.Editorial La República S.A.S. (2019, August 26). ¿Qué tan costo le puede resultar a su bolsillo tener un vehículo 100% eléctrico? Automotor.El Espectador. (2018). Transporte público vs motos. Especiales El Espectador. https://www.elespectador.com/static_specials/319/motos/index.htmlEl Espectador - Redacción Bogotá. (2019, December 19). Así va el mercado de las motos en Colombia.EL TIEMPO Casa Editorial. (2018, February 6). El desafío de incorporar los buses eléctricos en TransMilenio.EL TIEMPO Casa Editorial. (2019, July 29). Llegó a Medellín el primero de los 64 buses eléctricos para la ciudad. https://www.eltiempo.com/colombia/medellin/llego-a-medellin-el-primero-de-los-64-buses-electricos-que-tendra-394430Elgowainy, A., Rousseau, A., Wang, M., Ruth, M., Andress, D., Ward, J., Joseck, F., Nguyen, T., & Das, S. (2013). Cost of ownership and well-to-wheels carbon emissions/oil use of alternative fuels and advanced light-duty vehicle technologies. Energy for Sustainable Development, 17(6), 626–641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2013.09.001Eriksson, M., & Ahlgren, S. (2013). LCAs of petrol and diesel a literature review.Falaguerra, T., & Rodriguez, C. R. (2017). Performance comparison of conventional , hybrid , hydrogen and electric urban buses using well to wheel analysis. Energy, 141, 537–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.09.066FENALCO. (2018). Informe de motocicletas a enero de 2018. http://www.andi.com.co/Uploads/INFORME DE MOTOCICLETAS A ENERO 2018.pdfGallardo, L., Escribano, J., Dawidowski, L., Rojas, N., de Fátima Andrade, M., & Osses, M. (2012). Evaluation of vehicle emission inventories for carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides for Bogotá, Buenos Aires, Santiago, and São Paulo. Atmospheric Environment, 47(x), 12–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.11.051Gao, L., & Winfield, Z. C. (2012). Life cycle assessment of environmental and economic impacts of advanced vehicles. Energies, 5(12), 605–620. https://doi.org/10.3390/en5030605Garcia, R., & Freire, F. (2017). A review of fleet-based life-cycle approaches focusing on energy and environmental impacts of vehicles. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 79(April), 935–945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.145Generadoras de Chile. (2020). Generación Eléctrica en Chile. Participación Relativa Por Fuente de Generación. http://generadoras.cl/generacion-electrica-en-chileGnansounou, E., Dauriat, a., Villegas, J., & Panichelli, L. (2009). Life cycle assessment of biofuels: Energy and greenhouse gas balances. Bioresource Technology, 100(21), 4919–4930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.05.067Gómez, C. D., González, C. M., Osses, M., & Aristizábal, B. H. (2018). Spatial and temporal disaggregation of the on-road vehicle emission inventory in a medium-sized Andean city. Comparison of GIS-based top-down methodologies. Atmospheric Environment, 179(January), 142–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.01.049Greendelta GmbH. (2021). OpenLCA Nexus - ecoinvent. https://nexus.openlca.org/databasesGulia, S., Goyal, P., Goyal, S. K., & Kumar, R. (2019). Re-suspension of road dust: contribution, assessment and control through dust suppressants—a review. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 16(3), 1717–1728. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-018-2001-7Gunawan, T. A., & Monaghan, R. F. D. (2022). Techno-econo-environmental comparisons of zero- and low-emission heavy-duty trucks. Applied Energy, 308(October 2021), 118327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.118327Gupta, P., Tong, D., Wang, J., Zhuge, W., Yan, C., Wu, Y., Luo, S., He, X., & Ma, F. (2020). Well-to-wheels total energy and GHG emissions of HCNG heavy-duty vehicles in China: Case of EEV qualified EURO 5 emissions scenario. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 45(15), 8002–8014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.01.025Hauschild, M. Z., & Huijbregts, M. A. J. (2015). LCA Compendium – The Complete World of Life Cycle Assessment. Life cycle impact assessment. In W. Klöpffer & M. A. Curran (Eds.), The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment (Vol. 2, Issue 2). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02978760Henneman, L. R. F., Rafaj, P., Annegarn, H. J., & Klausbruckner, C. (2016). Assessing emissions levels and costs associated with climate and air pollution policies in South Africa. Energy Policy, 89, 160–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2015.11.026Hettelingh, J., Vries, B. J. M. De, & Hordijk, L. (2009). Integrated Assessment. In J. J. Boersema & L. Reijnders (Eds.), Principles of Environmental Sciences (p. 537). Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9158-2_19IEA. (2021). Net Zero by 2050 A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector. https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/ad0d4830-bd7e-47b6-838c-40d115733c13/NetZeroby2050-ARoadmapfortheGlobalEnergySector.pdfIEA - International Energy Agency -. (2020). Global EV Outlook 2020. In Global EV Outlook 2020. https://doi.org/10.1787/d394399e-enINE. (2020a). País y regiones - Población total e indicadores. In Proyecciones de población.INE. (2020b). Transporte y comunicaciones - Permisos de circulación año 2015. https://www.ine.cl/estadisticas/economia/transporte-y-comunicaciones/permiso-de-circulacionIQAir. (2018). 2018 World Air Quality Report. Region & City PM2.5 Ranking. https://www.airvisual.com/world-most-polluted-cities/world-air-quality-report-2018-en.pdfJadun, P., McMillan, C., Stenberg, D., Muratori, M., Vimmerstedt, L., & Mai, T. (2017). Electrification Futures Study : End-Use Electric Technology Cost. In National Renewable Energy Lab.Khreis, H., May, A. D., & Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2017). Health impacts of urban transport policy measures: A guidance note for practice. Journal of Transport & Health, 6(November 2016), 209–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2017.06.003KIA MOTORS UK. (2020). KIA SPORTAGE PRICE GUIDE. Sportage Pricing. https://www.kia.com/uk/new-cars/sportage/pricing/Kishimoto, P. N., Karplus, V. J., Zhong, M., Saikawa, E., Zhang, X., & Zhang, X. (2017). The impact of coordinated policies on air pollution emissions from road transportation in China. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 54, 30–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.02.012Kochhan, R., Fuchs, S., Reuter, B., Burda, P., Matz, S., & Lienkamp, M. (2017). An Overview of Costs for Vehicle Components, Fuels and Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Researchgate. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.19963.21285Kouridis, C., Samaras, C., Hassel, D., Mellios, G., Mccrae, I., Hickman, J., Zierock, H., Keller, M., Rexeis, M., Andre, M., Winther, M., Pastramas, N., Boulter, P., Katsis, P., Joumard, R., Rijkeboer, R., & Geivanidis, S. (2018). EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook. Exhaust emissions from road transport. https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2016/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/1-energy/1-a-combustion/1-a-3-b-i/viewKrapivin, V. F., Varotsos, C. a., & Soldatov, V. Yu. (2015). Ecoinformatics Problems of Global Climate Change. In New Ecoinformatics Tools in Environmental Science (pp. 430–431). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13978-4Lang, J., Cheng, S., Zhou, Y., Zhao, B., Wang, H., & Zhang, S. (2013). Energy and Environmental Implications of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles in China. Energies, 6(5), 2663–2685. https://doi.org/10.3390/en6052663Langshaw, L., Ainalis, D., Acha, S., Shah, N., & Stettler, M. E. J. (2020). Environmental and economic analysis of liquefied natural gas (LNG) for heavy goods vehicles in the UK: A Well-to-Wheel and total cost of ownership evaluation. Energy Policy, 137(October 2019), 111161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.111161Lau, C. F., Rakowska, A., Townsend, T., Brimblecombe, P., Chan, T. L., Yam, Y. S., Močnik, G., & Ning, Z. (2015). Evaluation of diesel fleet emissions and control policies from plume chasing measurements of on-road vehicles. Atmospheric Environment, 122, 171–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.09.048Lents, J., Walsh, M., He, K., Davis, N., Osses, M., Tolvett, S., & Liu, H. (2009). Handbook of Air Quality Management. http://www.aqbook.org/Li, H., Liu, H., Xu, Y. A., & Rodgers, M. O. (2016). Performance of multiple alternatives to reduce carbon emissions for transit fleets : a real-world perspective. Energy Procedia, 88, 908–914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.06.110Liu, X., Elgowainy, A., Vijayagopal, R., & Wang, M. (2021). Well-to-Wheels Analysis of Zero-Emission Plug-In Battery Electric Vehicle Technology for Medium- And Heavy-Duty Trucks. Environmental Science and Technology, 55(1), 538–546. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c02931Liu, Y. H., Ma, J. L., Li, L., Lin, X. F., Xu, W. J., & Ding, H. (2018). A high temporal-spatial vehicle emission inventory based on detailed hourly traffic data in a medium-sized city of China. Environmental Pollution, 236, 324–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.068Lu, X., Yao, T., Fung, J. C. H., & Lin, C. (2016). Estimation of health and economic costs of air pollution over the Pearl River Delta region in China. Science of the Total Environment, 566–567, 134–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.060Lucas, A., Silva, C. A., & Costa Neto, R. (2012). Life cycle analysis of energy supply infrastructure for conventional and electric vehicles. Energy Policy, 41, 537–547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.11.015Luderer, G., Pietzcker, R. C., Bertram, C., Kriegler, E., Meinshausen, M., & Edenhofer, O. (2013). Economic mitigation challenges: how further delay closes the door for achieving climate targets. Environmental Research Letters, 8, 034033. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/034033Lutsey, N., & Nicholas, M. (2019). Update on electric vehicle costs in the United States through 2030. In The International Council on Clean Transportation (Issue June). https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.25390.56646Mangones, S. C., Jaramillo, P., Fischbeck, P., & Rojas, N. Y. (2019). Development of a high-resolution traffic emission model: Lessons and key insights from the case of Bogotá, Colombia. Environmental Pollution. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.008Mansour, C. J., & Haddad, M. G. (2017). Well-to-wheel assessment for informing transition strategies to low-carbon fuel-vehicles in developing countries dependent on fuel imports: A case-study of road transport in Lebanon. Energy Policy, 107(April), 167–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.04.031Mao, F., Li, Z., & Zhang, K. (2020). Carbon dioxide emissions estimation of conventional diesel buses electrification: A well-to-well analysis in Shenzhen, China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 277, 123048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123048McCubbin, D., & Sovacool, B. K. (2013). Quantifying the health and environmental benefits of wind power to natural gas. Energy Policy, 53, 429–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.11.004Mediavilla-Sahagún, A., & ApSimon, H. M. (2006). Urban scale integrated assessment for London: Which emission reduction strategies are more effective in attaining prescribed PM10 air quality standards by 2005? Environmental Modelling and Software, 21(4), 501–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2004.06.010Mehrdad, E. (2013). Sustainable Transportation. In M. Ehsani, F.-Y. Wang, & G. L. Brosch (Eds.), Transportation Technologies for Sustainability (pp. 890–946). Springer New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5844-9MercadoLibre Colombia. (2020). Tucarro. https://www.tucarro.com.co/Messagie, M., Boureima, F.-S., Coosemans, T., Macharis, C., & Mierlo, J. (2014). A Range-Based Vehicle Life Cycle Assessment Incorporating Variability in the Environmental Assessment of Different Vehicle Technologies and Fuels. Energies, 7(3), 1467–1482. https://doi.org/10.3390/en7031467Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible (MADS), Ministerio de Minas y Energía - MINMINAS-, Ministerio de Transporte, & Unidad de Planeación Minero Energética -UPME-. (2019). Estrategia Nacional de Movilidad Eléctrica.Ministerio de Minas y Energía - MINMINAS-. (2017). Calidad de combustibles en Colombia.Ministerio de Minas y Energía - MINMINAS-. (2020). Histórico de precios. Hidrocarburos. https://www.minenergia.gov.co/historico-de-preciosMolina, L. T. (2021). Introductory lecture: Air quality in megacities. Faraday Discussions, 226, 9–52. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0fd00123fNational Research Council. (2013). Transitions to Alternative Vehicles and Fuels. The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.17226/18264Ntziachristos, L., & Boulter, P. (2016). Road transport: Automobile tyre, brake wear and road abrasion. In EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook. Technical guidance to prepare national emission inventories (p. 32). https://doi.org/10.2800/247535Pachón, J. E., Galvis, B., Lombana, O., Carmona, L. G., Fajardo, S., Rincón, A., Meneses, S., Chaparro, R., Nedbor-Gross, R., & Henderson, B. (2018). Development and evaluation of a comprehensive atmospheric emission inventory for air quality modeling in the megacity of Bogotá. Atmosphere, 9(2), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9020049Padoan, E., Ajmone-marsan, F., Querol, X., & Amato, F. (2018). An empirical model to predict road dust emissions based on pavement and traffic characteristics. Environmental Pollution, 237, 713–720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.115Patil, V., Shastry, V., Himabindu, M., & Ravikrishna, R. V. (2016). Life-cycle analysis of energy and greenhouse gas emissions of automotive fuels in India: Part 2 - Well-to-wheels analysis. Energy, 96(2016), 699–712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.11.076Pereirinha, P. G., González, M., Carrilero, I., Anseán, D., Alonso, J., & Viera, J. C. (2018). Main Trends and Challenges in Road Transportation Electrification. Transportation Research Procedia, 33, 235–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2018.10.096Piscitello, A., Bianco, C., Casasso, A., & Sethi, R. (2021). Non-exhaust traffic emissions: Sources, characterization, and mitigation measures. Science of the Total Environment, 766, 144440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144440Pisoni, E., Thunis, P., & Clappier, A. (2019). Application of the SHERPA source-receptor relationships, based on the EMEP MSC-W model, for the assessment of air quality policy scenarios. Atmospheric Environment: X, 4(April), 100047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeaoa.2019.100047Policarpo, N. A., Silva, C., Lopes, T. F. A., Araújo, R. dos S., Cavalcante, F. S. Á., Pitombo, C. S., & Oliveira, M. L. M. de. (2018). Road vehicle emission inventory of a Brazilian metropolitan area and insights for other emerging economies. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 58(December 2017), 172–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.12.004Portafolio - EL TIEMPO Casa Editorial. (2020, February 6). BYD lidera el mercado de los buses eléctricos en Colombia. Economía. https://www.portafolio.co/economia/byd-lidera-el-mercado-de-los-buses-electricos-en-colombia-537874Promigas. (2018). Informe del sector gas natural 2018.Publicaciones Semana S.A. (2015, August 13). ¿Por qué es tan cara la energía eléctrica en Colombia?Puig-Samper Naranjo, G., Bolonio, D., Ortega, M. F., & García-Martínez, M. J. (2021). Comparative life cycle assessment of conventional, electric and hybrid passenger vehicles in Spain. Journal of Cleaner Production, 291, 125883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.125883Qiu, X., Zhu, Y., Jang, C., Lin, C.-J., Wang, S., Fu, J., Xie, J., Wang, J., Ding, D., & Long, S. (2015). Development of an integrated policy making tool for assessing air quality and human health benefits of air pollution control. Frontiers of Environmental Science {&} Engineering, 9(6), 1056–1065. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-015-0796-8Quoc Ho, B., & Clappier, A. (2011). Road traffic emission inventory for air quality modelling and to evaluate the abatement strategies: A case of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Atmospheric Environment, 45(21), 3584–3593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.03.073Ramirez, J., Pachon, J. E., Casas, O. M., & González, S. F. (2019). A new database of on-road vehicle emission factors for Colombia: A case de study of Bogotá. CT&F - Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro, 9(1), 73–82. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.154Revista Motor. (2020a). Listado de precios de carros nuevos en Colombia para 2020. Consultar Precios Por Internet. https://www.motor.com.co/uploads/files/2020/04/02/Nuevos 744 final.pdfRevista Motor. (2020b). Listado de precios de motos en Colombia para 2020. Consultar Precios Por Internet. https://www.motor.com.co/uploads/files/2020/04/02/Motos 744 Final.pdfRevista VEC. (2017, June). Características técnicas del bus 100% eléctrico que rueda en Bogotá. Autos. https://www.vehiculoselectricos.co/caracteristicas-tecnicas-del-bus-100-electrico-que-rueda-en-bogota/Rodríguez, P. A., & Behrentz, E. (2009). Actualización del inventario de emisiones de fuentes móviles para la ciudad de Bogotá a través de mediciones directas (p. 17). Universidad de los Andes.Santoyo-Castelazo, E., & Azapagic, A. (2014). Sustainability assessment of energy systems: Integrating environmental, economic and social aspects. Journal of Cleaner Production, 80, 119–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.05.061Scovronick, N. (2015). Reducing global health risks through mitigation of short-lived climate pollutants. In Reducing Global Health Risks. World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/phe/publications/climate-reducing-health-risks/en/SDA. (2010). Plan Decenal de Descontaminación del Aire para Bogotá (p. 324).Secretaria Distrital de Ambiente. (2010). Plan Decenal de Descontaminación del aire para Bogotá: 2010-2020.Secretaría Distrital de Ambiente (SDA). (2015a). “Actualización de inventarios de emisión a 2014” - Sección 3 Informe del Convenio marco N° 52243377 suscrito entre la SDA y la Universidad de La Salle (p. 156).Secretaría Distrital de Ambiente (SDA). (2015b). Composición de la flota vehicular en Bogotá año 2015.Secretaría Distrital de Movilidad (SDM). (2015). Registro distrital automotor (RDA).Secretaria Distrital de Movilidad (SDM). (2021). Anuario de siniestralidad. https://simur.gov.co/anuario-de-siniestralidadSharma, R., Manzie, C., Bessede, M., Brear, M. J., & Crawford, R. H. (2012). Conventional, hybrid and electric vehicles for Australian driving conditions - Part 1: Technical and financial analysis. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 25, 238–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2012.06.003Shen, W., Han, W., Chock, D., Chai, Q., & Zhang, A. (2012). Well-to-wheels life-cycle analysis of alternative fuels and vehicle technologies in China. Energy Policy, 49, 296–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.06.038Social Determinants of Health WHO TEAM. (2018). Global status report on road safety 2018 (World Health Organization (WHO), Ed.). World Health Organization (WHO).Strefler, J., Luderer, G., Aboumahboub, T., & Kriegler, E. (2014). Economic impacts of alternative greenhouse gas emission metrics: A model-based assessment. Climatic Change, 125, 319–331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-014-1188-ySun, S., Sun, L., Liu, G., Zou, C., Wang, Y., Wu, L., & Mao, H. (2021). Developing a vehicle emission inventory with high temporal-spatial resolution in Tianjin, China. Science of the Total Environment, 776, 145873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145873Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC). (2011). The Santiago de Chile diesel particle filter program for buses of public urban transport (p. 24).Tarricone, R. (2006). Cost of illness analysis. What room in health economics? Health Policy, 77(1), 51–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2005.07.016Thomas, C. E. (2015). Sustainable Transportation Options for the 21st Century and Beyond. A Comprehensive Comparison of Alternatives to the Internal Combustion Engine. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16832-6_6Thouron, L., Seigneur, C., Kim, Y., Mahé, F., André, M., Lejri, D., Villegas, D., Bruge, B., & Chanut, H. (2018). Intercomparison of three modeling approaches for tra ffi c-related road dust resuspension using two experimental data sets. Transportation Research Part D, 58(November 2017), 108–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.11.003Thunis, P., Miranda, A., Baldasano, J. M., Blond, N., Douros, J., Graff, A., & Janssen, S. (2016). Overview of current regional and local scale air quality modelling practices : Assessment and planning tools in the EU. Environmental Science and Policy, 65, 13–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2016.03.013Timmers, V. R. J. H., & Achten, P. A. J. (2018). Chapter 12 - Non-Exhaust PM Emissions from Battery Electric Vehicles. In F. Amato (Ed.), Non-Exhaust Emissions (pp. 261–287). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811770-5.00012-1Tran, M., Banister, D., Bishop, J. D. K., & McCulloch, M. D. (2012). Realizing the electric-vehicle revolution. Nature Climate Change, 2(5), 328–333. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1429TransMilenio S. A. (2019). Acta Informe de Gestión 2016 - 2019. https://www.transmilenio.gov.co/publicaciones/151569/informe-de-empalme-2019/TransportPolicy.net. (2018). CHILE: HEAVY-DUTY: EMISSIONS. https://www.transportpolicy.net/standard/chile-heavy-duty-emissions/TUMI (Transformative Urban Mobility Initiative). (2018). Passenger Capacity of different Transport Modes. https://www.transformative-mobility.org/assets/publications/Passenger-Capacity-of-different-Transport-Modes_2021-09-08-071924_mmuh.pdfUnidad de Planeación Minero Energética (UPME). (2014). Guia práctica para la aplicación de los incentivos tributarios de la Ley 1715 de 2014. In Ministerio Minas y Energia.Universidad Santiago de Chile (USACH). (2014). Actualización del inventario de emisiones de contaminantes atmosféricos en la región metropolitana 2014. Informe final. https://sustempo.com/website/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Inventario-de-emisiones-RM_USACH_2014.pdfUPME. (2015). Informe Mensual de Variables de Generación y del Mercado Eléctrico Colombiano – Diciembre de 2015. Subdirección de Energía Eléctrica – Grupo de Generación, 1–17.U.S. Energy Information Administration (U.S. EIA). (2019). Internaltional Energy Outlook 2019. In U.S. Energy Information Administration.US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). (2001a). Air Emissions Factors and Quantification: Paved Roads. In AP 42, Fifth Edition, Volume I Chapter 13: Miscellaneous Sources (p. 15).US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). (2001b). Air Emissions Factors and Quantification: Unpaved Roads. In AP 42, Fifth Edition, Volume I Chapter 13: Miscellaneous Sources (p. 20).Van Mierlo, J., Messagie, M., & Rangaraju, S. (2017). Comparative environmental assessment of alternative fueled vehicles using a life cycle assessment. Transportation Research Procedia, 25, 3439–3449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2017.05.244van Vuuren, D. P., Edelenbosch, O. Y., McCollum, D. L., & Riahi, K. (2017). A special issue on model-based long-term transport scenarios: Model comparison and new methodological developments to improve energy and climate policy analysis. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 55, 277–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.05.003Vanti. (2020). Precio histórico del Gas Natural Vehicular. Gas Natural Vehicular - GNV-. https://www.grupovanti.com/co/gas+natural+vehicular+–+gnv/1297370398775/precio+historico+del+gas+natural+vehicular.htmlVedrenne, M., Borge, R., Lumbreras, J., Conlan, B., Rodríguez, M. E., de Andrés, J. M., de la Paz, D., Pérez, J., & Narros, A. (2015). An integrated assessment of two decades of air pollution policy making in Spain: Impacts, costs and improvements. Science of the Total Environment, 527–528, 351–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.014Vickerman, R. (2017). Beyond cost-bene fi t analysis : the search for a comprehensive evaluation of transport investment. Research in Transportation Economics, 63, 5–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2017.04.003Wang, C., Cai, W., Lu, X., & Chen, J. (2007). CO2 mitigation scenarios in China’s road transport sector. Energy Conversion and Management, 48(7), 2110–2118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2006.12.022Wang, R., Wu, Y., Ke, W., Zhang, S., Zhou, B., & Hao, J. (2015). Can propulsion and fuel diversity for the bus fleet achieve the win – win strategy of energy conservation and environmental protection ? Applied Energy, 147, 92–103.Will, M. E., Cornet, Y., & Munshi, T. (2020). Measuring road space consumption by transport modes: Toward a standard spatial efficiency assessment method and an application to the development scenarios of Rajkot City, India. Journal of Transport and Land Use, 13(1), 651–669. https://doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.2020.1526Wolfram, P., & Lutsey, N. (2016). Electric vehicles: Literature review of technology costs and carbon emissions. The International Council on Clean …, July, 1–23.World Energy Council. (2011). Global Transport Scenarios. In Global Transport Scenarios 2050. WEC. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800405284363World Energy Council (WEC). (2021). Energy Trilemma Index. https://trilemma.worldenergy.org/XM S.A. E.S.P. (2020a). Boletín energético # 208 Seguimiento a variables. Boletín Energético. https://www.xm.com.co/boletinesenergetico/Boletín_208.pdfXM S.A. E.S.P. (2020b). Precio promedio y energía transada. Transacciones. http://www.xm.com.co/Paginas/Mercado-de-energia/precio-promedio-y-energia-transada.aspxXM S.A. E.S.P. (2021). Estructura del mercado. Mercado de Energía. https://www.xm.com.co/Paginas/Mercado-de-energia/descripcion-del-sistema-electrico-colombiano.aspxXu, L., Yilmaz, H. Ü., Wang, Z., Poganietz, W. R., & Jochem, P. (2020). Greenhouse gas emissions of electric vehicles in Europe considering different charging strategies. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 87(September), 102534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102534Yin, H., Pizzol, M., & Xu, L. (2017). External costs of PM2.5 pollution in Beijing, China: Uncertainty analysis of multiple health impacts and costs. Environmental Pollution, 226, 356–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.02.029York Bigazzi, A., & Rouleau, M. (2017). Can traffic management strategies improve urban air quality? A review of the evidence. Journal of Transport and Health, 7(April), 111–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2017.08.001Zárate, E., Carlos Belalcázar, L., Clappier, A., Manzi, V., & Van den Bergh, H. (2007). Air quality modelling over Bogota, Colombia: Combined techniques to estimate and evaluate emission inventories. Atmospheric Environment, 41, 6302–6318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.03.011Zheng, G., & Peng, Z. (2021). Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of BEV’s environmental benefits for meeting the challenge of ICExit (Internal Combustion Engine Exit). Energy Reports, 7, 1203–1216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.02.039Convocatoria 753 de 2016 de Colciencias para la formación de capital humano de alto nivel del Departamento de Norte de SantanderConvocatoria 836 de 2019 de Colciencias: Movilidad Académica con Europa - ECOSNORD- Contrato 887 de la Universidad Nacional de ColombiaInvestigadoresORIGINAL1032381694.2023 (3).pdf1032381694.2023 (3).pdfTesis de Doctorado en Ingeniería Químicaapplication/pdf8779753https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/83608/2/1032381694.2023%20%283%29.pdfff405602f8a127dabe856ca1d5f748b4MD52LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-85879https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/83608/1/license.txteb34b1cf90b7e1103fc9dfd26be24b4aMD51THUMBNAIL1032381694.2023 (3).pdf.jpg1032381694.2023 (3).pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg5209https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/83608/3/1032381694.2023%20%283%29.pdf.jpg18417e9d513db0be5a8ad6d6c99a9a67MD53unal/83608oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/836082024-07-19 23:33:01.843Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiarepositorio_nal@unal.edu.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 |