Diversidad criptica, sistemática y biogeografía histórica del genero Manerebia Staudinger, 1897 (Satyrinae: Pronophilina) en el neotrópico

ilustraciones, graficas

Autores:: Mahecha Jiménez, Oscar Javier

Tipo de recurso:: Doctoral thesis

Fecha de publicación:: 2021

Institución:: Universidad Nacional de Colombia

Repositorio:: Universidad Nacional de Colombia

Idioma:: eng

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dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv	Diversidad criptica, sistemática y biogeografía histórica del genero Manerebia Staudinger, 1897 (Satyrinae: Pronophilina) en el neotrópico
dc.title.translated.eng.fl_str_mv	Cryptic diversity, systematic and historical biogeography of the genus Manerebia Staudinger, 1897 (Satyrinae: Pronophilina) in the neotropics
title	Diversidad criptica, sistemática y biogeografía histórica del genero Manerebia Staudinger, 1897 (Satyrinae: Pronophilina) en el neotrópico
spellingShingle	Diversidad criptica, sistemática y biogeografía histórica del genero Manerebia Staudinger, 1897 (Satyrinae: Pronophilina) en el neotrópico 570 - Biología::577 - Ecología OBSERVACION DE MARIPOSAS Butterfly watching BIOLOGIA-TRABAJO DE CAMPO Biology - Field work Delimitación de especies Código de barras Pleistoceno Diversificación Especiación Tiempos de divergencia Áreas ancestrales Satyrini Species delimitation Barcode Pleistocene Speciation and diversification Divergence times Ancestral areas Satyrini
title_short	Diversidad criptica, sistemática y biogeografía histórica del genero Manerebia Staudinger, 1897 (Satyrinae: Pronophilina) en el neotrópico
title_full	Diversidad criptica, sistemática y biogeografía histórica del genero Manerebia Staudinger, 1897 (Satyrinae: Pronophilina) en el neotrópico
title_fullStr	Diversidad criptica, sistemática y biogeografía histórica del genero Manerebia Staudinger, 1897 (Satyrinae: Pronophilina) en el neotrópico
title_full_unstemmed	Diversidad criptica, sistemática y biogeografía histórica del genero Manerebia Staudinger, 1897 (Satyrinae: Pronophilina) en el neotrópico
title_sort	Diversidad criptica, sistemática y biogeografía histórica del genero Manerebia Staudinger, 1897 (Satyrinae: Pronophilina) en el neotrópico
dc.creator.fl_str_mv	Mahecha Jiménez, Oscar Javier
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv	Pyrcz, Tomasz W. Armenteras Pascual, Dolors
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv	Mahecha Jiménez, Oscar Javier
dc.contributor.researchgroup.spa.fl_str_mv	Ecología del Paisaje y Modelación de Ecosistemas
dc.subject.ddc.spa.fl_str_mv	570 - Biología::577 - Ecología
topic	570 - Biología::577 - Ecología OBSERVACION DE MARIPOSAS Butterfly watching BIOLOGIA-TRABAJO DE CAMPO Biology - Field work Delimitación de especies Código de barras Pleistoceno Diversificación Especiación Tiempos de divergencia Áreas ancestrales Satyrini Species delimitation Barcode Pleistocene Speciation and diversification Divergence times Ancestral areas Satyrini
dc.subject.lemb.none.fl_str_mv	OBSERVACION DE MARIPOSAS Butterfly watching BIOLOGIA-TRABAJO DE CAMPO Biology - Field work
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv	Delimitación de especies Código de barras Pleistoceno Diversificación Especiación Tiempos de divergencia Áreas ancestrales Satyrini
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv	Species delimitation Barcode Pleistocene Speciation and diversification Divergence times Ancestral areas Satyrini
description	ilustraciones, graficas
publishDate	2021
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv	2021-11-26
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2022-08-04T19:39:43Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv	2022-08-04T19:39:43Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv	Trabajo de grado - Doctorado
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dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv	Text
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dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv	https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/81785
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv	Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv	Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv	https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/
url	https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/81785 https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv	Universidad Nacional de Colombia Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv	eng
language	eng
dc.relation.indexed.spa.fl_str_mv	RedCol LaReferencia
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(doi:10.1186/jbiol60) Bickford, D, Lohman DJ, Sodhi NS, Ng PK, Meier R, Winker K, Ingram KK, Das I. 2007. Cryptic species as a window on diversity and conservation.Trends Ecol. Evol. 22, 148–155. (doi:10.1016/j.tree. 2006.11.004) Bremer K (1992) Ancestral areas: a cladistic reinterpretation of the centre oforigin concept. Systematic Biology, 41: 436–445. Brown, F. M. 1944. Notes on Ecuadorian butterflies. IV. The genus Penrosada, new (Lepidoptera, Satyridae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 37: 255-260. Bueno, A & Llorente-Bousquets, J. 2000. Una visión histórica de la biogeografía dispersionista con críticas a sus fundamentos. CALDASIA, 22 (2). Burns, J. M., Janzen, D. H., Hajibabaei, M., Hallwachs, W., & Hebert, P. D. 2008.DNA barcodes and cryptic species of skipper butterflies in the genus Perichares in Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(17), 6350-6355. Butler, A. G. 1867. 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Ten species in one: DNA barcoding reveals cryptic species in the Neotropical skipper butterfly Astraptes fulgerator. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101(41), 14812-14817. Helbig, A. J., Knox, A. G, Parkin, D. T., Sangster, G. & Collinson, M. 2002. Guidelines for assigning species rank. Ibis 144: 518-525. Hewitson, W. C. 1861. Descriptions of new diurnal Lepidoptera. Journal of Entomology, 1(3): 155-158. Hewitson, W. C. 1870. Descriptions of twenty-two new species of Equatorial Lepidoptera. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1870(2): 153-163. Hovenkamp P.1997. Vicariance events, not areas, should be used inbiogeographic analysis. Cladistics, 13: 67–79. Huang, X.; Lei, F. & Quiao, G. 2008.Areas of endemism and patterns of diversity for aphids of the QinghaiTibetan Plateau and the Himalayas. Journal of Biogeography, 35, 230–240. . Hurdu, B. I., Escalante, T., Pușcaș, M., Novikoff, A., Bartha, L., & Zimmermann, N. E. 2016. Exploring the different facets of plant endemism in the South-Eastern Carpathians: a manifold approach for the determination of biotic elements, centres and areas of endemism. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 119(3), 649-672. Jones M, Ghoorad A, Blaxter M, 2011. jMOTU and Taxonerator: turning DNA barcode sequences into annotated operational taxonomic units. PLoS ONE 6: e19359. Kembel SW, Cowan PD, Helmus MR, Cornwell WK, Morlon H, et al.2010. Picante: R tools for integrating phylogenies and ecology. Bioinformatics 26: 1463–1464. Knowlton, N. 1986.Cryptic and sibling species among the decapods Crustacea. J. Crustac. Biol. 6, 356–363 Knowlton, N. 1993.Sibling species in the sea. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 24, 189–216 Krüger, E. 1924.Beitrage zur Kenntnis der columbischen Satyriden. Entomologische Rundschau, 41: 7, 9-10, 16, 19-20, 23-24, 27-28, 31-32, 35, 38-39, 41-42, 46-47. Krüger, E. 1925.Beiträge zur Kenntnis der columbischen Satyriden.Entomologische Rundschau, 42(3): 10-12. Lamas, G., & A. L. Viloria. 2004. Nymphalidae. Satyrinae. Tribe Satyrini. Subtribe Erebiina, pp. 215-216. In: Lamas, G. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 4A. Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Volume 5A.Gainesville, Association for Tropical Lepidoptera; Scientific Publishers. Layton, K., Martel, A. Hebert, P. 2014. Patterns of DNA Barcode Variation in Canadian Marine Molluscs.PLoS ONE, 9 (4): e95003. doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0095003. Lavinia, P. D., Bustos, E. O. N., Kopuchian, C., Lijtmaer, D. A., García, N. C., Hebert, P. D., & Tubaro, P. L. 2017. Barcoding the butterflies of southern South America: Species delimitation efficacy, cryptic diversity and geographic patterns of divergence. PloS one, 12(10), e0186845. Lomolino, M.; Riddle, B. & Brown, J. 2006.Biogeography.3 Ed. Lybrary of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data. 821 p. U.S.A Lukhtanov, V. A., Dantchenko, A. V., Vishnevskaya, M. S., & Saifitdinova, A. F. 2015. 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Tamura K, Peterson D, Peterson N, Stecher G, Nei M, et al.2011. MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol Biol Evol. 28: 2731–2739. Torretti, R. 2010. La proliferación de los conceptos de especie en la biología evolucionista. Theoria, 69:325-377. Trontelj, P., & Fišer, C. 2009. Perspectives: cryptic species diversity should not be trivialised. Systematics and Biodiversity, 7(1), 1-3. Viloria, A. L. 2001. Studies on the systematics and biogeography of some montane satyrid butterflies (Lepidoptera).Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation. Vuilleumier, F. 1999. Biogeography on the eve ofthe twenty-first century: towards an epistemology.Ostrich, 70 (1): 89-103. Wheeler, D and Meier, R. 2000. Species concepts and phylogenetic theory: a debate. Columbia University Press.NewYork.239 p. ISBN 0–231–10142–2. Wheeler, Q. D. 1995a. Systematics, the scientific basis for inventories of biodiversity.Biodiversity and Conservation, 4:476–489
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dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv	Universidad Nacional de Colombia
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spelling	Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacionalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Pyrcz, Tomasz W.3db9a765a23a4631a60104fab644dfc9Armenteras Pascual, Dolors1044389ab0f3e65ac61f1ef47f4eaf62Mahecha Jiménez, Oscar Javierad9b822d1b77a527dbac4aed63168b9fEcología del Paisaje y Modelación de Ecosistemas2022-08-04T19:39:43Z2022-08-04T19:39:43Z2021-11-26https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/81785Universidad Nacional de ColombiaRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiahttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ilustraciones, graficasLas mariposas Pronophilina Reuter, es una de las subtribus de la tribu Satyrini, son reconocidas como uno de los grupos de mariposas más diversificados en ambientes montañosos y presentan altos niveles de endemismo. Sin embargo, la determinación taxonómica precisa de las especies en muchos géneros de Pronophilina se ha visto afectada por la diversidad críptica y taxones taxonómicamente confusos como es el caso del género Manerebia Staudinger. Este género es un grupo de mariposas andinas, que se distribuye desde el norte de Argentina hasta Venezuela, y presenta una alta diversidad críptica y una variación fenotípica alta (polimorfismos). Se han descrito varias especies nuevas durante las últimas décadas, y otras aún esperan ser descritas. No obstante, la ubicación de Manerebia dentro de la subtribu Pronophilina debe considerarse provisional porque no hay un análisis filogenético y su monofilia aún no se ha evaluado. Además, aún se desconocen las relaciones filogenéticas de las especies dentro del género. Aunque, el género es de interés desde las perspectivas ecológica, evolutiva, biogeográfica y de conservación, pero como base necesaria para tales estudios se necesita un conocimiento sólido que ayude a comprender e inferir los patrones filogenéticos y biogeográficos sobre la historia evolutiva del género Manerebia en el Neotrópico. Por lo tanto, evaluamos la monofilia del género Manerebia, determinamos su posición taxonómica y las relaciones filogenéticas dentro de la tribu Satyrini, y proporcionamos una mejor comprensión de las relaciones a nivel de subtribu dentro de Satyrini. Encontramos a Manerebia como un grupo monofilético en Pronophilina y aclaramos sus relaciones filogenéticas. Descubrimos que el uso de un muestreo taxonómico más grande puede ayudar a mejorar los problemas al usar genes individuales y permite construir relaciones sistemáticas más sólidas. Con base en nuestros análisis, encontramos 48 especies distintas de nuestras 24 especies nominales muestreadas, de las cuales 14 son especies nuevas. Por lo tanto, de acuerdo con nuestra propuesta sistemática, el género Manerebia comprendería 58 especies nominales, pero por el momento algunas permanecen sin describir. Los análisis filogenéticos, junto con los métodos de delimitación de especies y los caracteres morfológicos, permitieron evaluar la alta diversidad críptica dentro del género. Además, nuestro análisis destaca la importancia de emplear el marco de taxonomía integradora para la detección de diversidad críptica en regiones como el Neotrópico. Generamos la primera hipótesis filogenética para el género Manerebia basada en datos de secuencias mitocondriales (COI) y utilizando herramientas filogenéticas. Se proponen nueve clados para el género Manerebia a lo largo de los Andes Central y del Norte, siendo el Norte de los Andes la zona con mayor riqueza para el género. Nuestros análisis nos permitieron aclarar algunas de las relaciones filogenéticas dentro del género a nivel de especie. Finalmente, nuestro estudio exploró la historia biogeográfica del género Manerebia estimando tiempos y tasas de diversificación de sus linajes y empleando un análisis biogeográfico parareconstruir su historia evolutiva. Nuestros resultados nos permitieron inferir que el tiempo de divergencia de Manerebia fue entre el Mioceno tardío y el Plioceno, y la mayoría de los linajes existentes ya habían aparecido en el Pleistoceno. El género tuvo un estallido temprano general en el límite del Mioceno tardío / Plioceno temprano seguido de una desaceleración debido a una disminución en la especiación a lo largo del Pleistoceno, y este patrón se refleja para todos los clados en Manerebia. Los eventos de dispersión fue posiblemente el proceso biogeográficos más común dentro del género, y nuestros resultados nos permiten confirmar el papel de la geomorfología andina en la evolución de la biodiversidad Neotropical. (Texto tomado de la fuente)The Pronophilina Reuter butterflies, one of the subtribes of the tribe Satyrini, are recognized as one of the most diversified groups of butterflies in mountain environments and present high levels of endemism. However, the accurate taxonomic determination of species in many genera of Pronophilina has been affected by the cryptic diversity and taxonomically confusing taxa as is the case of the genus Manerebia Staudinger. This genus is an Andean butterflies group, which is distributed from northern Argentina to Venezuela, and it presents a high cryptic diversity and a phenotypic variation (polymorphisms). Several new species have been described during the last few decades, and others still await description. Nevertheless, the placement of Manerebia within the subtribe Pronophilina is to be considered tentative because there isn't a phylogenetic analysis, and its monophyly is not evaluated yet. In addition, the species phylogenetic relationships within the genus are unknown yet. However, the genus is of interest from ecological, evolutionary, biogeographic, and conservation perspectives, but as a necessary base for such studies a robust knowledge is needed to help to understand and infer the phylogenetic and biogeographic patterns about the genus Manerebia evolutionary history in the Neotropic. Hence, we evaluated the monophyly of the genus Manerebia, determined its taxonomic position and phylogenetic relationships within the tribe Satyrini, and provided a better understanding of the at the subtribe level relationships within the Satyrini. We found Manerebia as a monophyletic group into Pronophilina and clarified its phylogenetic relationships. We found that using larger taxonomic sampling may help to improve the problems when using individual genes and it allows to build systematic relationships more robust. Based on our analyses we found 48 distinct species from our sampled 24 nominal species, where 14 are new species. Therefore, according to our systematic proposal, the genus Manerebia would comprise 58 nominal species, but for the moment some remain undescribed. The phylogenetic analyses, together with the species delimitation methods and the morphological characters, allowed us to evaluate the high cryptic diversity within the genus. In addition, our analysis highlights the importance of employe the integrative taxonomy framework for the detection of cryptic diversity in regions such as the Neotropics. We generated the first phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus Manerebia based on sequence data from mitochondrial (COI) using phylogenetic tools. Nine clades are proposed for the Manerebia along the Central and Northern Andes being the Northern Andes the zone with the most richness. Our analyses permitted us to clarify some of the phylogenetic relationships within the genus to species-level. Finally, our study explored the biogeographical history of the genus Manerebia estimating times and rates of diversification for its lineages and employing a biogeographical analysis in order to reconstruct its evolutionary history. Our results allowed us to infer that the divergence time of Manerebia was between the late Miocene and Pliocene, and most extant lineages had already appeared in the Pleistocene. The genus had an overall early burst in the late Miocene / early Pliocene boundary followed by deceleration due to a decrease in speciation along to Pleistocene, and this pattern is reflected for all clades in Manerebia. Dispersal events are possibly the most common process within the genus, and our results confirm the role of the Andean geomorphological inthe evolution of Neotropical biodiversity.This thesis was supported by an Internal Research Grant of the Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research of the Jagiellonian University, BW/IZ/ADD/2005, and by NCN grant Harmonia-10 2018/30/M/NZ8/00293 “Evolutionary biogeography and diversification of the predominantly Andean butterfly subtribe Pronophilina (Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) based on phylogenetic data generated using modern molecular methods”. Molecular analysis was partly carried out in the laboratory of the Nature Education Centre, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland (CEPUJ). Finally, PROM Programme International Scholarship Exchange of Ph.D. Students and Academics. Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange-NAWA. Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland. Agreement number: PPI/PRO/2018/1/00001/U/001-2019DoctoradoDoctor en Ciencias - BiologíaBiogeografiaxv, 212 páginasapplication/pdfengUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaBogotá - Ciencias - Doctorado en Ciencias - BiologíaDepartamento de BiologíaFacultad de CienciasBogotá, ColombiaUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá570 - Biología::577 - EcologíaOBSERVACION DE MARIPOSASButterfly watchingBIOLOGIA-TRABAJO DE CAMPOBiology - Field workDelimitación de especiesCódigo de barrasPleistocenoDiversificaciónEspeciaciónTiempos de divergenciaÁreas ancestralesSatyriniSpecies delimitationBarcodePleistoceneSpeciation and diversificationDivergence timesAncestral areasSatyriniDiversidad criptica, sistemática y biogeografía histórica del genero Manerebia Staudinger, 1897 (Satyrinae: Pronophilina) en el neotrópicoCryptic diversity, systematic and historical biogeography of the genus Manerebia Staudinger, 1897 (Satyrinae: Pronophilina) in the neotropicsTrabajo de grado - Doctoradoinfo:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_db06Texthttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TDRedColLaReferenciaAdams, M. 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Systematics, the scientific basis for inventories of biodiversity.Biodiversity and Conservation, 4:476–489Evolutionary biogeography and diversification of the predominantly Andean butterfly subtribe Pronophilina (Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) based on phylogenetic data generated using modern molecular methodsResearch Grant of the Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research of the Jagiellonian University, BW/IZ/ADD/2005, y NCN grant Harmonia-10 2018/30/M/NZ8/00293EstudiantesInvestigadoresResponsables políticosORIGINAL80770570.2021.2022.pdf80770570.2021.2022.pdfTesis de Doctorado en Ciencias - Biologíaapplication/pdf9512326https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/81785/1/80770570.2021.2022.pdff035bba25efd1f6dda6a5713197ecf9eMD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-84074https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/81785/2/license.txt8153f7789df02f0a4c9e079953658ab2MD52THUMBNAIL80770570.2021.2022.pdf.jpg80770570.2021.2022.pdf.jpgGenerated 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Colombiarepositorio_nal@unal.edu.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

Diversidad criptica, sistemática y biogeografía histórica del genero Manerebia Staudinger, 1897 (Satyrinae: Pronophilina) en el neotrópico

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