Evaluación de la degradación de los insecticidas lambda-cialotrina y metomil por bacterias intestinales provenientes de Spodoptera frugiperda como potenciales biodegradadoras de compuestos xenobióticos
Ilustraciones, gráficos, mapas
- Autores:
-
Pineda Galindo, Lina María
- Tipo de recurso:
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2023
- Institución:
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia
- Repositorio:
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia
- Idioma:
- spa
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/86987
- Palabra clave:
- 600 - Tecnología (Ciencias aplicadas)::607 - Educación, investigación, temas relacionados
570 - Biología::579 - Historia natural microorganismos, hongos, algas
Bioremediación
Biodegradación
Insecticidas
Microorganismos intestinales
Insectos útiles y perjudiciales
Bacterias
Spodoptera frugiperda
Bacterias intestinales
Biotipo arroz y maíz
Degradación de insecticidas
Lambda-cialotrina
Metomil
Cromatografía
Spodoptera frugiperda
Gut bacteria
Rice and maize strain
Iinsecticide degradation
Lambda-cyhalothrin
Methomyl
Chromatography
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional
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| dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv |
Evaluación de la degradación de los insecticidas lambda-cialotrina y metomil por bacterias intestinales provenientes de Spodoptera frugiperda como potenciales biodegradadoras de compuestos xenobióticos |
| dc.title.translated.eng.fl_str_mv |
Evaluation of the degradation of the insecticides lambda-cyhalothrin and methomyl by intestinal bacteria from Spodoptera frugiperda as potential biodegraders of xenobiotic compounds |
| title |
Evaluación de la degradación de los insecticidas lambda-cialotrina y metomil por bacterias intestinales provenientes de Spodoptera frugiperda como potenciales biodegradadoras de compuestos xenobióticos |
| spellingShingle |
Evaluación de la degradación de los insecticidas lambda-cialotrina y metomil por bacterias intestinales provenientes de Spodoptera frugiperda como potenciales biodegradadoras de compuestos xenobióticos 600 - Tecnología (Ciencias aplicadas)::607 - Educación, investigación, temas relacionados 570 - Biología::579 - Historia natural microorganismos, hongos, algas Bioremediación Biodegradación Insecticidas Microorganismos intestinales Insectos útiles y perjudiciales Bacterias Spodoptera frugiperda Bacterias intestinales Biotipo arroz y maíz Degradación de insecticidas Lambda-cialotrina Metomil Cromatografía Spodoptera frugiperda Gut bacteria Rice and maize strain Iinsecticide degradation Lambda-cyhalothrin Methomyl Chromatography |
| title_short |
Evaluación de la degradación de los insecticidas lambda-cialotrina y metomil por bacterias intestinales provenientes de Spodoptera frugiperda como potenciales biodegradadoras de compuestos xenobióticos |
| title_full |
Evaluación de la degradación de los insecticidas lambda-cialotrina y metomil por bacterias intestinales provenientes de Spodoptera frugiperda como potenciales biodegradadoras de compuestos xenobióticos |
| title_fullStr |
Evaluación de la degradación de los insecticidas lambda-cialotrina y metomil por bacterias intestinales provenientes de Spodoptera frugiperda como potenciales biodegradadoras de compuestos xenobióticos |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Evaluación de la degradación de los insecticidas lambda-cialotrina y metomil por bacterias intestinales provenientes de Spodoptera frugiperda como potenciales biodegradadoras de compuestos xenobióticos |
| title_sort |
Evaluación de la degradación de los insecticidas lambda-cialotrina y metomil por bacterias intestinales provenientes de Spodoptera frugiperda como potenciales biodegradadoras de compuestos xenobióticos |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Pineda Galindo, Lina María |
| dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv |
Cadavid Restrepo, Gloria Ester |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Pineda Galindo, Lina María |
| dc.contributor.educationalvalidator.none.fl_str_mv |
Saldamando Benjumea, Clara Ines |
| dc.contributor.researchgroup.spa.fl_str_mv |
Microbiodiversidad y Bioprospección |
| dc.subject.ddc.spa.fl_str_mv |
600 - Tecnología (Ciencias aplicadas)::607 - Educación, investigación, temas relacionados 570 - Biología::579 - Historia natural microorganismos, hongos, algas |
| topic |
600 - Tecnología (Ciencias aplicadas)::607 - Educación, investigación, temas relacionados 570 - Biología::579 - Historia natural microorganismos, hongos, algas Bioremediación Biodegradación Insecticidas Microorganismos intestinales Insectos útiles y perjudiciales Bacterias Spodoptera frugiperda Bacterias intestinales Biotipo arroz y maíz Degradación de insecticidas Lambda-cialotrina Metomil Cromatografía Spodoptera frugiperda Gut bacteria Rice and maize strain Iinsecticide degradation Lambda-cyhalothrin Methomyl Chromatography |
| dc.subject.lemb.none.fl_str_mv |
Bioremediación Biodegradación Insecticidas Microorganismos intestinales Insectos útiles y perjudiciales Bacterias |
| dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Spodoptera frugiperda Bacterias intestinales Biotipo arroz y maíz Degradación de insecticidas Lambda-cialotrina Metomil Cromatografía |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Spodoptera frugiperda Gut bacteria Rice and maize strain Iinsecticide degradation Lambda-cyhalothrin Methomyl Chromatography |
| description |
Ilustraciones, gráficos, mapas |
| publishDate |
2023 |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2023 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2024-10-18T13:12:17Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2024-10-18T13:12:17Z |
| dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Trabajo de grado - Maestría |
| dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis |
| dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion |
| dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv |
Text |
| dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TM |
| status_str |
acceptedVersion |
| dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/86987 |
| dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv |
Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
| dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
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https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ |
| url |
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/86987 https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ |
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Universidad Nacional de Colombia Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
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spa |
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LaReferencia |
| dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
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Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
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Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacionalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Cadavid Restrepo, Gloria Ester7c388362ed6525149dadb913c484777dPineda Galindo, Lina María1e5d12d28ee0ea00b064efdec3c642ddSaldamando Benjumea, Clara InesMicrobiodiversidad y Bioprospección2024-10-18T13:12:17Z2024-10-18T13:12:17Z2023https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/86987Universidad Nacional de ColombiaRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiahttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/Ilustraciones, gráficos, mapasLa búsqueda de microorganismos capaces de degradar insecticidas es necesaria en procesos de biorremediación. Para ello, los insectos plaga son un nicho alternativo al compartir una historia evolutiva de asociación con la microbiota intestinal, la cual cumple funciones vitales para el hospedero como la nutrición, defensa, desarrollo, y participa en la degradación de moléculas orgánicas naturales y sintéticas, incluyendo los insecticidas. En Colombia, las principales estrategias de control de insectos plaga incluyen el uso de insecticidas de síntesis química, sin embargo, su aplicación conlleva a la resistencia del insecto, tanto como a generar afectaciones en la salud del ser humano y a nivel ambiental. En este estudio se evaluó la capacidad de degradación de los insecticidas lambdacialotrina y metomil por cepas bacterianas provenientes del intestino de diferentes estadíos de desarrollo, del gusano cogollero, Spodoptera frugiperda de los biotipos maíz y arroz, desafiados naturalmente en campo a altas concentraciones de insecticidas, entre ellos la lambda-cialotrina y el metomil. De un total de 31 cepas bacterianas evaluadas, 11 de ellas toleraron alguno de los dos o los dos insecticidas evaluados. De éstas, dos cepas de Enterobacter tabaci del biotipo arroz (RLL1C7 y RLL2C5) crecieron en medio MM9 a 40 μg/mL con lambdacialotrina, Enterococcus casseliflavus (CYL2C2) obtenida del biotipo maíz) y Staphylococcus capitis (RE1C4 obtenida del biotipo arroz) crecieron en medio MM9 a 40 μg/mL con metomil. Enterococcus mundtii (CYL2C1 obtenida del biotipo maíz) creció en MM9 a 80 μg/mL de lambda-cialotrina y Enterococcus mundtii (RMA1C2 obtenida del biotipo arroz) en MM9 a 80 μg/mL con metomil. Por otro lado, Staphylococcus warneri (CE1C5 del biotipo maíz) y Enterococcus mundtii (RP1C1 del biotipo arroz) fueron capaces de crecer en medio mínimo MM9 a 160 μg/mL de lambda-cialotrina y Cellulomonas pakistanensis (CE2C6 obtenida del biotipo maíz) a 160 μg/mL de metomil. Por último, Leclercia adecarboxylata (CE1C3 obtenida del biotipo maíz) y Staphylococcus pasteuri (RLL1C6 obtenida del biotipo arroz) crecieron tanto en lambda-cialotrina como en metomil a 40 μg/mL en medio MM9. Todas estas cepas utilizaron los insecticidas mencionados como única fuente de carbono, implicando su capacidad de sobrevivir en presencia de los mismos. Por otro lado, análisis cromatográficos demuestran que a partir de la biodegradación mediada por Enterococcus mundtii (RP1C1, biotipo arroz) con lambda-cialotrina a 80 μg/mL en MM9 se lograron identificar metabolitos como fenol, ácido fenil acético, 3-fenoxibenzaldehído, éster metílico del ácido fenilacético, éster metílico del ácido 3-fenoxibenzoico, ácido 3-fenoxibenzoico, 3- fenoxibencenoacetonitrilo y α-hidroxi-3-fenoxibencenoacetonitrilo como producto de la degradación de este insecticida. Basado en la estructura de los metabolitos identificados, se propone una ruta metabólica de biodegradación para lambdacialotrina por E. mundtii. Con relación a la degradación del metomil, el análisis cromatográfico no fue concluyente pues se obtuvo degradación asociada tanto a la cepa evaluada como a los controles usados, por lo que se debe afinar el ensayo realizado. Este trabajo es un primer acercamiento a la comprensión del rol de las bacterias intestinales encontrada en plagas de importancia económica y su respuesta de resistencia a insecticidas, ya que a pesar de que la resistencia de S. frugiperda tiene una base genética, la microbiota puede contribuir en la respuesta del insecto. Es por esto que esta investigación demuestra que especies como E. mundtii presentan capacidad de tolerar y degradar el insecticida lambda-cialotrina in vitro y se convierte en una bacteria promisoria para evaluar su potencial biodegradador. (Tomado de la fuente)The search for microorganisms capable of degrading insecticides is necessary in bioremediation processes. For this purpose, pest insects are an alternative niche as they share an evolutionary history of association with the intestinal microbiota, which performs vital functions for the host such as nutrition, defense, development, and participates in the degradation of natural and synthetic organic molecules, including insecticides. In Colombia, the main insect pest control strategies include the use of chemically synthesized insecticides; however, their application leads to insect resistance, as well as to human and environmental health problems. This study evaluated the degradation capacity of the insecticides lambdacyhalothrin and methomyl by bacterial strains from the gut of different stages of development of the codling moth, Spodoptera frugiperda of corn and rice strains, naturally challenged in the field to high concentrations of insecticides, including lambda-cyhalothrin and methomyl. Out of a total of 31 bacterial strains evaluated,11 of them tolerated any of the insecticides tested: lambda-cyhalothrin and methomyl. Additionally, two strains of Enterobacter tabaci from the rice strain (RLL1C7 and RLL2C5) grew on MM9 medium at 40 μg/mL with lambda-cyhalothrin, Enterococcus casseliflavus (CYL2C2) obtained ¿ from the maize strain) and Staphylococcus capitis (RE1C4 obtained from the rice strain) grew on MM9 medium at 40 μg/mL with methomyl. Enterococcus mundtii (CYL2C1 obtained from the maize strain) grew in MM9 at 80 μg/mL lambda-cyhalothrin and Enterococcus mundtii (RMA1C2 obtained from the rice strain) in MM9 at 80 μg/mL with methomyl. On the other hand, Staphylococcus warneri (CE1C5 from the maize strain) and Enterococcus mundtii (RP1C1 from the rice strain) were able to grow in MM9 minimal medium at 160 μg/mL lambda-cyhalothrin and Cellulomonas pakistanensis (CE2C6 obtained from the maize strain) at 160 μg/mL methomyl. Finally, Leclercia adecarboxylata (CE1C3 obtained from the maize strain) and Staphylococcus pasteuri (RLL1C6 obtained from the rice strain) grew in both lambda-cyhalothrin and methomyl at 40 μg/mL in MM9 medium. All these strains used the above insecticides as their sole carbon source, implying their ability to survive in the presence of these insecticides. On the other hand, chromatographic analyses show that from the biodegradation mediated by Enterococcus mundtii (RP1C1, rice strain) with lambda-cyhalothrin at 80 μg/mL in MM9, it was possible to identify metabolites such as phenol, phenyl acetic acid, 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde, phenylacetic acid methyl ester, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid methyl ester, 3- phenoxybenzoic acid, 3-phenoxybenzeneacetonitrile and α-hydroxy-3- phenoxybenzeneacetonitrile as a degradation product of this insecticide. Based on the structure of the identified metabolites, a metabolic pathway of biodegradation for lambda-cyhalothrin by E. mundtii is proposed. Regarding the biodegradation of methomyl, the chromatographic analysis was not conclusive since degradation associated with both the strain evaluated and the controls used was obtained, so the test performed should be refined. This work is a first approach to the understanding of the role of the microbiota found in pests of economic importance and their resistance response to insecticides, because although the resistance of S. frugiperda has a genetic basis, the microbiota can contribute to the insect's response. Therefore, this research demonstrates that species such as E. mundtii have the ability to tolerate and degrade the insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin in vitro becomes a promising bacterium to evaluate its biodegradation potential.Sistema de Investigación de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia – SIUN Códigos Hermes: 53792 y 57720.proyecto de MinCiencias titulado: “Bioprospección de la microbiota asociada a insectos plaga de cultivos de interés agrícola en Colombia: Spodoptera frugiperda (Biotipos Maíz y arroz) y Trips del aguacate para el desarrollo de alternativas de manejo de su control” (2019-2023)DoctoradoMagíster en Ciencias - BiotecnologíaPara la metodología se utilizaron métodos dependientes e independientes de cultivo, así como técnicas cromatográficasEl grupo de Microbiodiversidad y Bioprospección tiene la capacidad de investigar diferentes aspectos de la Microbiología, en su fundamentación básica y en sus aplicaciones biotecnológicas, con posibilidad de emplear los resultados al servicio de la sociedad.Biotecnología.Sede Medellín126 páginasapplication/pdfspaUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaMedellín - Ciencias - Maestría en Ciencias - BiotecnologíaFacultad de CienciasMedellín, ColombiaUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Medellín600 - Tecnología (Ciencias aplicadas)::607 - Educación, investigación, temas relacionados570 - Biología::579 - Historia natural microorganismos, hongos, algasBioremediaciónBiodegradaciónInsecticidasMicroorganismos intestinalesInsectos útiles y perjudicialesBacteriasSpodoptera frugiperdaBacterias intestinalesBiotipo arroz y maízDegradación de insecticidasLambda-cialotrinaMetomilCromatografíaSpodoptera frugiperdaGut bacteriaRice and maize strainIinsecticide degradationLambda-cyhalothrinMethomylChromatographyEvaluación de la degradación de los insecticidas lambda-cialotrina y metomil por bacterias intestinales provenientes de Spodoptera frugiperda como potenciales biodegradadoras de compuestos xenobióticosEvaluation of the degradation of the insecticides lambda-cyhalothrin and methomyl by intestinal bacteria from Spodoptera frugiperda as potential biodegraders of xenobiotic compoundsTrabajo de grado - Maestríainfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionTexthttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TMLaReferenciaAbdelkader, A. A., Khalil, M. S., & Mohamed, M. S. M. (2022). Simultaneous biodegradation of λ-cyhalothrin pesticide and Vicia faba growth promotion under greenhouse conditions. AMB Express, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-022-01383-0Acevedo, F. E., Peiffer, M., Tan, C. W., Stanley, B. A., Stanley, A., Wang, J., Jones, A. G., Hoover, K., Rosa, C., Luthe, D., & Felton, G. (2017). Fall armyworm-associated gut bacteria modulate plant defense responses. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 30(2), 127–137. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-11-16-0240-RÁlvarez Yepes, D. A. (2019). Controladores de los biotipos de arroz y maíz de Spodoptera frugiperda en especies de Meliaceae. Universidad Nacional de ColombiaAyres, J. S., & Schneider, D. S. (2012). Tolerance of infections. In Annual Review of Immunology (Vol. 30, pp. 271–294). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-immunol-020711-075030Badii, M. H., & Garza-Almanza, V. (2015). Resistencia en Insectos, Plantas y Microorganismos. 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Evaluación de la microbiota del tracto gastrointestinal del biotipo de maíz de Spodoptera frugiperda en presencia de endotoxinas del Bacillus thuringiensis.Castañeda-Molina Y, Marulanda-Moreno SM, Saldamando-Benjumea C, Junca H, Moreno-Herrera CX,Cadavid- Restrepo G. (2023). Microbiome analysis of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) larvae exposed to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) endotoxins. PeerJ 11:e15916. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15916Cavichiolli De Oliveira, N. (2021). Gut microbiota of the rice and corn strains of Spodoptera frugiperda: diversity and function.Escuela superior de agricultura Luiz de Queiroz. https://doi.org/10.11606/T.11.2021.tde-09092021-151537Chen, S., Deng, Y., Chang, C., Lee, J., Cheng, Y., Cui, Z., Zhou, J., He, F., Hu, M., & Zhang, L. H. (2015). Pathway and kinetics of cyhalothrin biodegradation by Bacillus thuringiensis strain ZS-19. Scientific Reports, 5. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep08784Cheng, D., Chen, S., Huang, Y., Pierce, N. 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MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13070583Evaluación de la degradación de los insecticidas lambda-cialotrina y metomil por bacterias intestinales provenientes de Spodoptera frugiperda como potenciales biodegradadoras de compuestos xenobióticosUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaMinCienciasEstudiantesInvestigadoresMaestrosLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-85879https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/86987/1/license.txteb34b1cf90b7e1103fc9dfd26be24b4aMD51ORIGINAL1015456655.2024.pdf1015456655.2024.pdfTesis de Maestría en Ciencias - Biotecnologíaapplication/pdf2840921https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/86987/2/1015456655.2024.pdfc4ae15d1840f039201491f4c860d5e71MD52THUMBNAIL1015456655.2024.pdf.jpg1015456655.2024.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg6047https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/86987/3/1015456655.2024.pdf.jpg46ede81b09d887600d1fdb42f180bfddMD53unal/86987oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/869872024-10-19 00:10:53.654Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiarepositorio_nal@unal.edu.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