Esterificación entre el ácido láctico y el alcohol butílico para la obtención del lactato de N-Butilo mediante destilación reactiva
ilustraciones, graficas, tablas
- Autores:
-
Nava García, Paola Andrea
- Tipo de recurso:
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2022
- Institución:
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia
- Repositorio:
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia
- Idioma:
- spa
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/81509
- Palabra clave:
- 660 - Ingeniería química::661 - Tecnología de químicos industriales
Distillation
Lactic acid
DESTILACION
ACIDO LACTICO
Destilación reactiva
Alcohol butílico
Lactato de n-butilo
Diseño conceptual
Optimización
Control
Reactive distillation
Butyl alcohol
N-butyl lactate
Conceptual design
Optimization and control
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional
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| dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv |
Esterificación entre el ácido láctico y el alcohol butílico para la obtención del lactato de N-Butilo mediante destilación reactiva |
| dc.title.translated.eng.fl_str_mv |
Esterification between lactic acid and butyl alcohol to obtain n-butyl lactate by reactive distillation |
| title |
Esterificación entre el ácido láctico y el alcohol butílico para la obtención del lactato de N-Butilo mediante destilación reactiva |
| spellingShingle |
Esterificación entre el ácido láctico y el alcohol butílico para la obtención del lactato de N-Butilo mediante destilación reactiva 660 - Ingeniería química::661 - Tecnología de químicos industriales Distillation Lactic acid DESTILACION ACIDO LACTICO Destilación reactiva Alcohol butílico Lactato de n-butilo Diseño conceptual Optimización Control Reactive distillation Butyl alcohol N-butyl lactate Conceptual design Optimization and control |
| title_short |
Esterificación entre el ácido láctico y el alcohol butílico para la obtención del lactato de N-Butilo mediante destilación reactiva |
| title_full |
Esterificación entre el ácido láctico y el alcohol butílico para la obtención del lactato de N-Butilo mediante destilación reactiva |
| title_fullStr |
Esterificación entre el ácido láctico y el alcohol butílico para la obtención del lactato de N-Butilo mediante destilación reactiva |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Esterificación entre el ácido láctico y el alcohol butílico para la obtención del lactato de N-Butilo mediante destilación reactiva |
| title_sort |
Esterificación entre el ácido láctico y el alcohol butílico para la obtención del lactato de N-Butilo mediante destilación reactiva |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Nava García, Paola Andrea |
| dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv |
Gil Chaves, Iván Darío |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Nava García, Paola Andrea |
| dc.contributor.researchgroup.spa.fl_str_mv |
Grupo de Investigación en Procesos Químicos y Bioquímicos |
| dc.subject.ddc.spa.fl_str_mv |
660 - Ingeniería química::661 - Tecnología de químicos industriales |
| topic |
660 - Ingeniería química::661 - Tecnología de químicos industriales Distillation Lactic acid DESTILACION ACIDO LACTICO Destilación reactiva Alcohol butílico Lactato de n-butilo Diseño conceptual Optimización Control Reactive distillation Butyl alcohol N-butyl lactate Conceptual design Optimization and control |
| dc.subject.lemb.eng.fl_str_mv |
Distillation Lactic acid |
| dc.subject.lemb.spa.fl_str_mv |
DESTILACION ACIDO LACTICO |
| dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Destilación reactiva Alcohol butílico Lactato de n-butilo Diseño conceptual Optimización Control |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Reactive distillation Butyl alcohol N-butyl lactate Conceptual design Optimization and control |
| description |
ilustraciones, graficas, tablas |
| publishDate |
2022 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-06-06T16:36:00Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-06-06T16:36:00Z |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-04-22 |
| dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Trabajo de grado - Maestría |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion |
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Text |
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http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TM |
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https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/81509 |
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Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
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Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
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https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ |
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https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/81509 https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ |
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Universidad Nacional de Colombia Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
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spa |
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spa |
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Poly(lactic acid)—Mass production, processing, industrial applications, , and end of life. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 333–366. Chandrakant R., K., & Kailas L., W. (2018). Kinetic study of liquid phase esterification of lactic acid with n-amyl alcohol catalyzed by cation exchange resins: experimental and statistical modeling. Springer. Chaves , I., López , J., Zapata , J., Robayo , A., & Niño , G. (2016). Chemical Reactors. En Process Analysis and Simulation in Chemical Engineering (págs. 195-240). Springer, Cham. Chaves , I., López , J., Zapata, J., Robayo, A., & Niño, G. (2016). Process Optimization in Chemical Engineering. En Process Analysis and Simulation in Chemical Engineering (págs. 343-369). Springer, Cham. Chaves, I. D., López , J. R., Zapata, J. L., Robayo , A. L., & Niño , G. R. (2016). Thermodynamic and Property Models. En Process Analysis and Simulation in Chemical Engineering. (págs. 53-102). Springer, Cham. Chaves, I., López, J., Zapata, J., Robayo, A., & Niño, G. (2016). Dynamic Process Analysis. En Process Analysis and Simulation in Chemical Engineering. (págs. 371-424). Springer, Cham. Daful, A., Halgh, K., Vaskan, P., & Görgens, J. (2016). (2016). Environmental impact assessment of lignocellulosic lactic acid production: Integrated with existing sugar mills. Food and Bioproducts Processing, 58-70. Dassy, S., Wiame, H., & Thyrion, F. C. (1994). Kinetics of the Liquid Phase Synthesis and Hydrolysis of Butyl Lactate Catalysed by Cation-Exchange Resin. J. Chem. Tech. Biotechnol., 149-156. Deb, K., Agrawal, S., Pratap, A., & Meyarivan, T. (2000). A fast elitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm for multiobjective-optimization: NSGA-II, KanGAL report 200001. Kanpur: Indian Institute of Technology. Delgado, P., Sanz, M. T., & Beltrán, S. (2007). Isobaric vapor–liquid equilibria for the quaternary reactive system: Ethanol + water + ethyl lactate + lactic acid at 101.33 kPa. Fluid Phase Equilibria, 17-23. Delgado, P., Sanz, M. T., & Beltrán, S. (2007). Kinetic study for esterification of lactic acid with ethanol and hydrolysis of ethyl lactate using an ion-exchange resin catalyst. Chemical Engineering Journal, 111–118. Delgado, P., Sanz, M. T., Beltrán, S., & Núñez, L. A. (2010). Ethyl lactate production via esterification of lactic acid with ethanol combined with pervaporation. Chemical Engineering Journal, 693–700. Dey, P., & Pal, P. (2012). Direct production of L(þ) lactic acid in a continuous and fully membrane-integrated hybrid reactor system under non-neutralizing conditions. Journal of Membrane Science, 355-362. Doble, M., & Kruthiventi, A. K. (2007). Green Chemistry & Engineering. Academic Press, Burlington, MA. Domingues , L., Pinheiro , C., & Oliveira , N. (2014). Optimal design of reactive distillation systems: application to the production of ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE). Comput Chem Eng , 81–94. Domingues, L., Cussolin, P. A., Lopes da Silva Jr, J., Hadlich de Oliveira, L., & Aznar, M. (2013). Liquid–liquid equilibrium data for ternary systems of water + lactic acid + C4–C7 alcohols at 298.2 K and atmospheric pressure. Fluid Phase Equilibria, 12-18. Domingues, L., Pinheiro, C., & Oliveira, N. (2014). Optimal design of reactive distillation systems: application to the production of ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE). Comput Chem Eng, 81–94. Edgar, T. F., Himmelblau, D. M., & Lasdon, L. S. (2001). Optimization of chemical processes. McGraw-Hill, New York. FitzPatrick, M., Champagne, P., Cunningham, M. F., & Whitney, R. A. (2010). A biorefinery processing perspective: Treatment of lignocellulosic materials for the production of value-added products. Bioresource Technology, 8915-8922. Fogler, H. (2008). Elementos de Ingeniería de las Reacciones Químicas. Naucalpan: Pearson Prentice Hall. Gezae, A., & Görgens, J. (2017). Techno-economic analysis and environmental impact assessment of lignocellulosic lactic acid production. Chemical Engineering Science, 53-65. Goedecke , R. (2011). Fluidverfahrenstechnik: Grundlagen, Methodik, Technik. Wiley, Praxis. Halvorsen, I., & Skogestad, S. (2011). Energy Efficient Distillation. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering. Hernández Rodríguez, M. A., & Hernández Zárate, J. A. (2015). Verdades y Mitos de los Biocombustibles. Ciencia y Cultura, 15-88. Jenkins, S. (20 de Marzo de 2020). 2019 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PLANT COST INDEX ANNUAL AVERAGE. Obtenido de https://www.chemengonline.com/2019-chemical-engineering-plant-cost-index-annual-average/ Jiménez, L., Wanhschafft, O., & Julka, V. (2001). Analysis of residue curve maps of reactive and extractive distillation units. Computers and Chemical Engineering, 635-642. Joglekar, H. G., Rahman, I., Babu, S., Kulkarni, B. D., & Joshi, A. (2006). Comparative assessment of downstream processing options for lactic acid. Separation and Purification Technology, 1-17. Kasinathan, P., Lee, U., Hwang, D. W., & Chang, J.-S. (2011). Effect of solvent and impurity on synthesis of ethyl lactate from fermentation-derived ammonium lactate. Chemical Engineering Science, 4549-4554. Kiss, A., Segovia-Hernández, J., Bildea, C., Miranda-Galindo, E., & Hernández, S. (2012). Reactive DWC leading the way to FAME and fortune. Fuel, 352–359. Kister, H. Z. (1992). Distillation Design. United Kingdom: McGraw-Hill. Komescu, A., Wolf Maciel, M., Rocah de Oliveira, J. A., da Silva Martins, L. H., & Maciel Filho, R. (2017). Purification of lactic acid produced by fermentation: focus on non-traditional distillation processes. Separation and Purification Reviews, 1-14. Kumar, R., & Mahajani, S. M. (2007). Esterification of lactic acid with n-butanol by reactive distillation. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res, 6873−6882. Kumar, R., Nanavati, H., Noronha, S. B., & Mahajani, S. M. (2006). A continuous process for the recovery of lactic acid by reactive distllation. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 1767-1777. Lancheros, S. (2015). Evaluación de bacterias ácido lácticas nativas para la producción de ácido láctico a escala laboratorio y bioreactor. Bogotá, Colombia.: Departamento de Ing. Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Li, K.-T., Wanga, C.-K., Wang, I., & Wang, C.-M. (2011). Esterification of lactic acid over TiO2–ZrO2 catalysts. Elsevier B.V., 180–183. Luyben, W. (2006). Distillation design and control using AspenTM simulation. Wiley, Hoboken, 232–250. Luyben, W. L. (1992). Practical Distillation Control. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Luyben, W. L. (2002). Plantwide dynamic simulators in chemical processing and control. New York: Marcel Dekker. LUYBEN, W. L., & YU, C.-C. (2008). REACTIVE DISTILLATION DESIGN AND CONTROL. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Luyben, W. L., Tyréus, D. B., & Luyben, M. L. (1998). Plantwide process control. New York: McGraw-Hill. Lynd, L. R., Weimer, P. J., Van Zyl, W. H., & Pretorius, I. S. (2002). Microbial cellulose utilization: fundamentals and biotechnology. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 506-577. Malone, M. F., & Doherty, M. F. (2000). Reactive distillation. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 3953-3957. MathWorks. (18 de 06 de 2021). Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm. Obtenido de https://la.mathworks.com/help/gads/particle-swarm-optimization-algorithm.html MathWorks. (18 de 06 de 2021). What Is Particle Swarm Optimization? Obtenido de https://la.mathworks.com/help/gads/what-is-particle-swarm-optimization.html Matsumoto, M., Takahashi, T., & Fukushima, K. (2003). Synergistic extraction of lactic acid with alkylamine and tri-nbutylphosphate: effects of amines, diluents and temperature. Separation Purification Technology, 89-93. Maya-Yescas, R., Aguilar-López, R., & Jiménez-García, G. (2016). Dynamics, Controllability, and Control of Intensified Processes. En J. Segovia-Hernández, & A. Bonilla-Petriciolet, Process Intensification in Chemical Engineering (págs. 293-325). Mexico: Springer, Cham. Merck. (06 de 12 de 2020). Amberlyst® 15 hydrogen form. Obtenido de https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CO/es/product/aldrich/216399 Merck. (18 de 06 de 2021). Butyl lactate. Obtenido de https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CO/es/product/aldrich/283320 Miranda-Galindo, E., Segovia-Hernández, J., Hernández, S., Gutiérrez-Antonio, C., & Briones-Ramírez, A. (2011). Reactive thermally coupled distillation sequences: pareto front. Ind Eng Chem Res, 926–938. Nova Institute. (2016). Obtenido de http://www.nova-institut.de/bio/index.php?tpl=startlist&lng=en Orjuela, Á., Santaella, M. A., & Molano , P. A. (2016). Process Intensification by Reactive Distillation. Process Intensification in Chemical Engineering. Parrado, E. (2016). Evaluación de bacterias ácido lácticas nativas para la producción de ácido láctico a escala laboratorio y bioreactor. Bogotá, Colombia.: Departamento de Ing. Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Peña Tejedor, S., Murga, R., Sanz, M. T., & Beltrán, S. (2005). Vapor–liquid equilibria and excess volumes of the binary systems ethanol + ethyl lactate, isopropanol + isopropyl lactate and n-butanol + n-butyl lactate at 101.325 kPa. Fluid Phase Equilibria, 197–203. Pereira M., C. S., Silva, V., & Rodrígues, A. E. (2011). Ethyl lactate as a solvent: Properties, applications and production processes - a review. Green Chemistry. QU , Y., PENG , S., WANG , S., ZHANG , Z., & WANG , J. (2009). Kinetic Study of Esterification of Lactic Acid with Isobutanol and n-Butanol Catalyzed by Ion-exchange Resins. Chin. J. Chem. Eng., 773-780. Quiroga, I. G. (1995). Introducción a la Ingeniería Química. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Rangaiah, G. P. (2009). Multi-Objective Optimization- Techniques and Applications in Chemical Engineering. Singapur: World Scientific. Rangaiah, G. P. (2010). Stochastic Global Optimization. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing. Rathod, A. P., Wasewar, K. L., & Sonawane, S. S. (2013). Intensification of esterification reaction of lactic acid with iso-propanol using pervaporation reactor. Procedia Engineering, 456 – 460. Reid, R. C., Prausnitz, J. M., & Sherwood, T. K. (1978). The properties of gases and liquids. McGraw-Hill. Satyro, M. A. (2008). Thermodynamics and the simulation engineer. Chem Prod Process Model , 1–41. Schembecker, G., & Tlatlik, S. (2003). Process synthesis for reactive separations. Chemical Engineering and Processing, 179-189. Segovia-Hernández , J., Hernández-Vargas, E., Márquez-Muñoz, J., Hernández , S., & Jiménez, A. (2005). Control properties and thermodynamic analysis of two alternatives to thermally coupled distillation systems with side columns. Chem Biochem Eng, 325–332. Seider, J., & Warren, D. (2003). roduct & process design principles: synthesis, analysis and evaluation. Wiley, Somerset. Seider, W. D., Seader, J., & Lewin, D. R. (2003). Product & Process Design Principles: Synthesis, Analysis and Evaluation. Pennsylvania: Wiley. Shatma, N., & Singh, K. (2010). Control of reactive distillation column: a review. Int J Chem React Eng, 1542–6580. Smith, J., Van Ness, H., & Abbot, M. (2007). Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics. McGraw-Hill. Stichlmair, J., & Frey, T. (1999). Review: Reactive distillation process. Chemical Engineering and Technology, 95-103. Su, C.-Y., Yu, C.-C., Chien, I.-L., & Ward, J. D. (2013). Plant-Wide Economic Comparison of Lactic Acid Recovery Processes by Reactive Distillation with Different Alcohols. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 11070−11083. Su, C.-Y., Yu, C.-C., Chien, I.-L., & Ward, J. D. (2015). Control of Highly Interconnected Reactive Distillation Processes: Purification of Raw Lactic Acid by Esterification and Hydrolysis. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 6932−6940. Subawalla, H., & Fair, J. (1999). Design guidelines for solid-catalyzed reactive distillation systems. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 3696-3709. Sundmacher, K., & Kienle, A. (2002). Reactive Distillation: Status and future directions. Tsai, M.-L., & Chien, I.-L. (2021). Design and control of an energy-efficient process for the separation of benzene/isopropanol/water ternary mixture. Separation and Purification Technology, 255. Urselmann , M., Barkmann, S., Sand, G., & Engell, S. (2011). Optimization-based design of reactive distillation columns using a memetic algorithm. Comput Chem Eng, 787–805. Vázquez-Ojeda, M., Segovia-Hernández, J., Hernández, S., Hernández-Aguirre, A., & Maya-Yescas, R. (2012). Optimization and controllability analysis of thermally coupled reactive distillation arrangements with minimum use of reboilers. Ind Eng Chem, 5856–5865. Yadav, G. D., & Kulkarni, H. B. (2000). Ion-exchange resin catalysis in the synthesis of isopropyl lactate. Reactive & Functional Polymers, 153 –165. Zhang, Y., Ma, L., & Yang, J. (2004). Kinetics of esterification of lactic acid with ethanol catalyzed by cation-exchange resins. Reactive & Functional Polymers, 101–114. Zhongkai, J., Jumei , X., Zuoxiang , Z., Weilan , X., & Shating , L. (2018). Kinetics of the Esterification between Lactic Acid and Isoamyl Alcohol in the Presence of Silica Gel-Supported Sodium Hydrogen Sulphate. Can. J. Chem. Eng., 1–7. |
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Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional |
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134 páginas |
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Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
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Bogotá - Ingeniería - Maestría en Ingeniería - Ingeniería Química |
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Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Ambiental |
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Facultad de Ingeniería |
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Bogotá, Colombia |
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Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá |
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Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
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Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacionalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Gil Chaves, Iván Darío945272ed7aaf4f698acbf2849ce9b360Nava García, Paola Andreab62e3a09b192b0578fa89cef950b4e37Grupo de Investigación en Procesos Químicos y Bioquímicos2022-06-06T16:36:00Z2022-06-06T16:36:00Z2022-04-22https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/81509Universidad Nacional de ColombiaRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiahttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ilustraciones, graficas, tablasLa destilación reactiva es una operación unitaria que combina la reacción y la separación en un solo equipo, la cual la convierte en una propuesta económica y energéticamente viable. En este trabajo se estudia el proceso de producción del lactato de n-butilo por medio de la destilación reactiva, desde los fundamentos de la operación, como el equilibrio de fases y la cinética de reacción, hasta un diseño completo a partir de un enfoque conceptual. Se evaluó información experimental del equilibrio de fases y se describieron adecuadamente las interacciones de la mezcla cuaternaria usando un modelo de coeficientes de actividad para la fase líquida (NRTL, α=0,3), mientras que para la fase vapor se asumió ideal. Una expresión cinética con base en ecuaciones pseudo-homogéneas se empleó para describir el proceso de esterificación con un catalizador heterogéneo. Posteriormente, se desarrolló el diseño conceptual del proceso de destilación reactiva, empleando simultáneamente el equilibrio de fases y la cinética previamente seleccionada utilizando el simulador Aspen Plus. Finalmente, con un caso base de una simulación rigurosa de la operación, se estudió la optimización y el control del proceso de destilación reactiva, para obtener las condiciones de operación más adecuadas para la producción del lactato de n-butilo a escala industrial. (Texto tomado de la fuente)Reactive distillation is a unitary operation that combines reaction and separation into a single unit, thus making this technology an economic and energy-efficient proposal. This work studies the reactive distillation process for the production of n-butyl lactate, from the fundamentals of the operation, such as phase equilibria and reaction kinetics, to a complete design using a conceptual approach. Equilibrium data of the experimental phase was evaluated and the quaternary mixture interactions were accurately described using a model of activity coefficients for the liquid phase (NRTL, α=0,3), while the vapor phase was assumed to be ideal. A kinetic expression based on pseudo-homogeneous equations was used to describe the esterification process with a heterogeneous catalyst. Subsequently, the conceptual design of the reactive distillation process was developed using simultaneously the previously selected phase equilibrium and kinetics with the Aspen Plus simulator. Finally, with a base case of a rigorous simulation of the operation, optimization and control of the reactive distillation process were studied to obtain the best operating conditions for n-butyl lactate production at industrial scale.MaestríaMagíster en Ingeniería - Ingeniería QuímicaDiseño, Optimización y Control de Procesos134 páginasapplication/pdfspaUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaBogotá - Ingeniería - Maestría en Ingeniería - Ingeniería QuímicaDepartamento de Ingeniería Química y AmbientalFacultad de IngenieríaBogotá, ColombiaUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá660 - Ingeniería química::661 - Tecnología de químicos industrialesDistillationLactic acidDESTILACIONACIDO LACTICODestilación reactivaAlcohol butílicoLactato de n-butiloDiseño conceptualOptimizaciónControlReactive distillationButyl alcoholN-butyl lactateConceptual designOptimization and controlEsterificación entre el ácido láctico y el alcohol butílico para la obtención del lactato de N-Butilo mediante destilación reactivaEsterification between lactic acid and butyl alcohol to obtain n-butyl lactate by reactive distillationTrabajo de grado - Maestríainfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionTexthttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TMAsthana, N. 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Eng., 1–7.EstudiantesInvestigadoresMaestrosORIGINAL1075670829.2022.pdf1075670829.2022.pdfTesis de Maestría en Ingeniería Químicaapplication/pdf3834517https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/81509/1/1075670829.2022.pdf0cfa4f479867cd6159f79c4002097102MD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-84074https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/81509/2/license.txt8153f7789df02f0a4c9e079953658ab2MD52THUMBNAIL1075670829.2022.pdf.jpg1075670829.2022.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg4895https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/81509/3/1075670829.2022.pdf.jpg97ed73d4bb20190cf50d3c105b789c3cMD53unal/81509oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/815092024-08-05 23:10:45.836Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de 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