Identificación y distribución de Phytophthora spp., agente causante de la pudrición negra del fruto de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en la Amazonia Noroccidental
Ilustraciones, fotografías, tablas
- Autores:
-
Rojas Castillo, July Andrea
- Tipo de recurso:
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2024
- Institución:
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia
- Repositorio:
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia
- Idioma:
- spa
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/86413
- Palabra clave:
- 630 - Agricultura y tecnologías relacionadas
Fitopatología
Plant pathology
Agricultura tropical
Tropical agriculture
Control de enfermedades de plantas
Plant disease control
Sanidad vegetal
Variación genética
Genetic variation
Diversidad de especies
Distribución de especies
Incidencia
Severidad
Temporada climática
Species diversity
Species distribution
Incidence
Severity
Climatic season
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional
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UNACIONAL2 |
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Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
repository_id_str |
|
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv |
Identificación y distribución de Phytophthora spp., agente causante de la pudrición negra del fruto de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en la Amazonia Noroccidental |
dc.title.translated.eng.fl_str_mv |
Identification and distribution of Phytophthora spp., the causative agent of black rot of cocoa fruit (Theobroma cacao L.) in the Northwestern Amazon |
title |
Identificación y distribución de Phytophthora spp., agente causante de la pudrición negra del fruto de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en la Amazonia Noroccidental |
spellingShingle |
Identificación y distribución de Phytophthora spp., agente causante de la pudrición negra del fruto de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en la Amazonia Noroccidental 630 - Agricultura y tecnologías relacionadas Fitopatología Plant pathology Agricultura tropical Tropical agriculture Control de enfermedades de plantas Plant disease control Sanidad vegetal Variación genética Genetic variation Diversidad de especies Distribución de especies Incidencia Severidad Temporada climática Species diversity Species distribution Incidence Severity Climatic season |
title_short |
Identificación y distribución de Phytophthora spp., agente causante de la pudrición negra del fruto de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en la Amazonia Noroccidental |
title_full |
Identificación y distribución de Phytophthora spp., agente causante de la pudrición negra del fruto de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en la Amazonia Noroccidental |
title_fullStr |
Identificación y distribución de Phytophthora spp., agente causante de la pudrición negra del fruto de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en la Amazonia Noroccidental |
title_full_unstemmed |
Identificación y distribución de Phytophthora spp., agente causante de la pudrición negra del fruto de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en la Amazonia Noroccidental |
title_sort |
Identificación y distribución de Phytophthora spp., agente causante de la pudrición negra del fruto de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en la Amazonia Noroccidental |
dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Rojas Castillo, July Andrea |
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv |
Rojas Triviño, Edwison Alberto Ortíz Morea, Fausto Andrés Mesa Cobo, Nora Cristina |
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Rojas Castillo, July Andrea |
dc.contributor.researchgroup.spa.fl_str_mv |
Protección Vegetal Para El Mejoramiento de la Productividad |
dc.contributor.orcid.spa.fl_str_mv |
0009-0006-5524-4290 |
dc.contributor.cvlac.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0002119126 |
dc.subject.ddc.spa.fl_str_mv |
630 - Agricultura y tecnologías relacionadas |
topic |
630 - Agricultura y tecnologías relacionadas Fitopatología Plant pathology Agricultura tropical Tropical agriculture Control de enfermedades de plantas Plant disease control Sanidad vegetal Variación genética Genetic variation Diversidad de especies Distribución de especies Incidencia Severidad Temporada climática Species diversity Species distribution Incidence Severity Climatic season |
dc.subject.agrovoc.none.fl_str_mv |
Fitopatología Plant pathology Agricultura tropical Tropical agriculture Control de enfermedades de plantas Plant disease control Sanidad vegetal Variación genética Genetic variation |
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Diversidad de especies Distribución de especies Incidencia Severidad Temporada climática |
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Species diversity Species distribution Incidence Severity Climatic season |
description |
Ilustraciones, fotografías, tablas |
publishDate |
2024 |
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2024-07-08T19:37:37Z |
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2024-07-08T19:37:37Z |
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2024-05-08 |
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Trabajo de grado - Maestría |
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis |
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion |
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv |
Text |
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TM |
status_str |
acceptedVersion |
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/86413 |
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv |
Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ |
url |
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/86413 https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ |
identifier_str_mv |
Universidad Nacional de Colombia Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv |
spa |
language |
spa |
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
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Sustainable Perennial crops Laboratory. https://books.google.com.co/books?id=H2KhCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA303&lpg=PA303&dq=phenological+stages+susceptible+of+cocoa+to+Phytophthora&source=bl&ots=n3t1t0E7oz&sig=ACfU3U2zdD3zeWrcH2jV8AdOaXNHb_5SSQ&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwis-8237d3oAhUId98KHZ6SDOoQ6AEwEHoECAsQKw Bailey, B. A., & Meinhardt, L. W. (2016). Cacao Diseases A History of Old Enemies and New Encounters. Bhattacharjee, R. (2018). Taxonomy and classification of cacao. En P. P. Umaharan (Ed.), Achieving sustainable cultivation of cocoa (Número October, P. 2). burleigh dodds science publishing. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.19103/AS.2017.0021.01 Boevink, P., Birch, P., Turnbull, D., & Whisson, S. (2020). Devastating intimacy: the cell biology of plant–Phytophthora interactions. In New Phytologist (Vol. 228, Issue 2, pp. 445–458). Blackwell Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16650 Brasier, C., & Griffin, M. (1979). Taxonomy of «Phytophthora palmivora» on cocoa. Mycological Society. http://www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?TableKey=14682616000000061&Rec=39473&Fields=All Brasier, C., Scanu, B., Cooke, D., & Jung, T. (2022). Phytophthora: an ancient, historic, biologically and structurally cohesive and evolutionarily successful generic concept in need of preservation. IMA Fungus, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s43008-022-00097- Caparosa, M. H., & Hartel, R. W. (2018). Structure and properties of chocolate. En Encyclopedia of Food Chemistry (pP. 61-65). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100596-5.22525-0 Cárdenas, N., Darghan, A., Sosa Rico, M. D., & Rodriguez, A. (2017). Análisis espacial de la incidencia de enfermedades en diferentes genotipos de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en el Yopal (Casanare), Colombia. Acta Biologica Colombiana, 22(2), 209-220. https://doi.org/10.15446/abc.v22n2.61161 CATIE. (2019). Cuánto cacao produce un árbol en toda su vida. https://www.catie.ac.cr/nicaragua/es/76-cuanto-cacao-produce-un-arbol-en-toda-su-vida.html Cenicaña (2019). Protocolo de extracción de ADN para Plantas y hongos. Charry, A., Jager, M., Hurtado, J., Rosas, G., Orjuela, J., Ramos, P., Giraldo, E., Romero, M., Sierra, L., & Quintero, M. (2017). Estrategia Sectorial de la Cadena de Cacao en Caquetá , con Enfoque Agroambiental y Cero Deforestación. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical. http://www.biopasos.com/biblioteca/104v Vision_Amazonia_Cacao_Caqueta_web-definitivo.pdf Clavaud, C., Aimanianda, V., & Latge, J. P. (2009). Organization of Fungal, Oomycete and Lichen (1,3)-β-Glucans. Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Biology of 1-3 Beta Glucans and Related Polysaccharides, 387-424. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-373971-1.00011-X Cocoa Barometer. (2022). Latin American Baseline. https://cocoabarometer.org/en/ Cooke, E., & Duncan, J. (1997). 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S., & Schnell, R. J. (2008). Geographic and genetic population differentiation of the Amazonian chocolate tree (Theobroma cacao L). PLoS ONE, 3(10). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0003311 MYCOBANK. (2023). MYCOBANK Database Fungal Databases, Nomenclature & Species Banks. Phytophthora. MYCOBANK Database Fungal Databases, Nomenclature & Species Banks Nair, K. P. P. (2010). Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.). En Elsevier (Ed.), The Agronomy and Economy of Important Tree Crops of the Developing World (1.a ed.). Science Direct. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-384677-8.00005-9 Ndoumbé, M., Efombagn, M., Nyassé, S., Nyemb, E., Sache, I., & Cilas, C. (2010). Relationships between cocoa Phytophthora pod rot disease and climatic variables in Cameroon. Plant Pathology. Niemenak, N., Cilas, C., Rohsius, C., Bleiholder, H., Meier, U., & Lieberei, R. (2010). Phenological growth stages of cacao plants (Theobroma sP.): Codification and description according to the BBCH scale. Annals of Applied Biology, 156(1), 13-24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.2009.00356.x Nyadanu, D., Lowor, S., Akrofi, A., Adomako, B., Dzahini, H., Akromah, R., Awuah, R., Kwoseh, C., Adu-Amoah, R., & Kwarteng, A. (2019). Mode of Inheritance and Combining ability studies on Epicuticular wax Production in Resistance to Black pod disease in Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.). Scientia Horticulturae, 243, 34-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2018.07.002 Ortíz, F. (2019). Protocolo de purificación de productos de PCR. Laboratorio de Agrobiotecnología, Universidad de la Amazonia. Otzen, T., & Manterola, C. (2017). Técnicas de Muestreo sobre una Población a Estudio. En Int. J. Morphol (Vol. 35, Número 1). https://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-95022017000100037 Palacios, A., Afanador, L., & Pardo, J. (2021). Identification of Phytophthora spp. isolates obtained from cocoa crops in Antioquia, Colombia. Acta Agronomica, 70(1). https://doi.org/10.15446/acag.v70n1.70619 Patil, B., Hegde, V., Sridhara, S., Thava, R., Pandian, P., Thube, S. H., Karyath Palliath, G., Gangurde, S. S., & Kumar Jha, P. (2022). Multigene phylogeny and haplotype analysis reveals predominance of oomycetous fungus, Phytophthora meadii (McRae) associated with fruit rot disease of arecanut in India. Biological Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103341 PDD. (2020). Plan de desarrollo departamental del Caquetá 2020 - 2023. https://www.caqueta.gov.co/noticias/p-lan-de-desarrollo-departamental-2020--2023 Periódico el Espectador. (2018). Una oportunidad de exportación para el cacao de Caquetá. Periódico el Espectador. https://www.elespectador.com/colombia2020/territorio/una-oportunidad-de-exportacion-para-el-cacao-de-caqueta-articulo-856944 Plancarte, A., Rodríguez, G., Fernandez, Y., Pedraza, M., Lopez, L., Diaz, M., & Fernández, S. (2017). Protocolos de aislamiento y diagnóstico de Phytophthora spp . enfoque aplicado a la investigación. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas, 8, 1867-1880. Polanco, L. R., Gutiérrez, M. L. C., Parra, E. B., & Amaya, J. D. S. (2022). Reaction of detached fruits from selected cocoa clones to artificial inoculation with Phytophthora palmivora. Acta Agronomica, 71(2), 186-194. https://doi.org/10.15446/acag.v71n2.88841 Puig, A. S., Ali, S., Strem, M., Sicher, R., Gutierrez, O. A., & Bailey, B. A. (2018). The differential influence of temperature on Phytophthora megakarya and Phytophthora palmivora pod lesion expansion, mycelia growth, gene expression, and metabolite profiles. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 102, 95-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmpP.2017.12.002 Puig, A. S., Quintanilla, W., Matsumoto, T., Keith, L., Gutierrez, O. A., & Marelli, J. P. (2021). Phytophthora palmivora causing disease on theobroma cacao in Hawaii. Agriculture (Switzerland), 11(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11050396 R Project. (2023). R: The R Project for Statistical Computing. https://www.r-project.org/ Ramírez, J. (2016). Pérdidas económicas asociadas a la pudrición de la mazorca del cacao causada por Phytophthora spp.,y Moniliophthora roreri (Cif y Par) Evans et al., en la hacienda Theobroma, Colombia. Rev. Protección Veg, 31(1), 42-49. Ramírez, J., Cárdenas, M., Guevara, M., Duarte, D., Victorino, L., Argüello, B., Gutiérrez, E., & Restrepo, S. (2021). Oomycete species associated with Theobroma cacao crops in Colombia. Plant Pathology, 70(7), 1695-1707. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13410 Randy, P. (2016). The Impact of Diseases on Cacao Production: A Global Overview. En S. I. P. Switzerland (Ed.), Cacao Diseases: A History of Old Enemies and New Encounters (pP. 33-59). Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24789-2 Robideau, G., De Cock, A., Coffey, M., Voglmayr, H., Brouwer, H., Bala, K., Chitty, D., Désaulniers, N., Eggertson, Q. A., Gachon, C. M. M., Hu, C. H., Küpper, F. C., Rintoul, T. L., Sarhan, E., Verstappen, E., Zhang, Y., Bonants, P., Ristaino, J., & Lévesque, A. (2011). DNA barcoding of oomycetes with cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and internal transcribed spacer. Molecular Ecology Resources, 11(6), 1002-1011. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2011.03041.x Rodríguez, E. (2015). Identificación y manejo de la pudrición parda de la mazorca (Phytophthora sP.) en cacao. En L. G. García (Ed.), Identificación y manejo de la pudrición parda de la mazorca (Phytophthora sP.) en cacao (Primera ed). Coropoica. https://doi.org/10.21930/978-958-740-197-4 Rodríguez, E., Parra, E. B., Bermeo, P. A., Segura, J. D., & Rodríguez, L. A. (2021). Managing the black pod disease (Phytophthora palmivora) in cocoa by joint application of cultural and chemical practices (Vol. 16). Rojas, A., Jacobs, J., Napieralski, S., Karaj, B., Bradley, C., Chase, T., Esker, P., Giesler, L., Jardine, D., Malvick, D., Markell, S. G., Nelson, B. D., Robertson, A. E., Rupe, J. C., Smith, D. L., Sweets, L. E., Tenuta, A. U., Wise, K. A., & Chilvers, M. I. (2017). Oomycete species associated with soybean seedlings in North America-part I: Identification and pathogenicity characterization. Phytopathology, 107(3), 280-292. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-04-16-0177-R Sans, A., Rodríguez, M., Silva, P., & Stewart, S. (2017). Primer reporte de Phytophthora sojae y sus patotipos afectando soja en Uruguay. Agrociencia Uruguay, 21(1), 89-94. https://doi.org/10.2477/vol21iss1pp89-94 Scanu, B., Jung, T., Masigol, H., Linaldeddu, B. T., Jung, M. H., Brandano, A., Mostowfizadeh-Ghalamfarsa, R., Janoušek, J., Riolo, M., & Cacciola, S. O. (2021). Phytophthora heterospora sP. Nov., a new pseudoconidia-producing sister species of P. palmivora. Journal of Fungi, 7(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7100870 Schoch, C. L., Seifert, K. A., Huhndorf, S., Robert, V., Spouge, J. L., & Levesque, C. A. (2012). Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer ( ITS ) region as a universal DNA barcode marker for Fungi. PNAS, 109(16), 6241-6246. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1117018109 Singh, B., Delgado, M., Egidi, E., Guirado, E., Leach, J. E., Liu, H., & Trivedi, P. (2023). Climate change impacts on plant pathogens, food security and paths forward. En Nature Reviews Microbiology. Nature Research. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-023-00900-7 smalldropsprays. (2019). ImageJ Software. http://www.smalldropsprays.info/stepbystepmethods/ImageJ-software Suárez, Y., & Aránzazu, F. (2010). Manejo de las enfermedades del cacao (Theobroma cacao L) en Colombia, con énfasis en Monilia (Moniliophthora roreri). En Luz María Calle Hoyos (Ed.), Corpoica, Federación Nacional de Cacaoteros, ministerio de agricultura y desarrollo rural. (Produmedio). Corpoica. https://www.fedecacao.com.co/site/images/recourses/pub_doctecnicos/fedecacao-pub-doc_04A.pdf Surujdeo, S., Sreenivasan, T., Motilal, L., & Umaharan, P. (2016). Cacao diseases: A history of old enemies and new encounters. En Cacao Diseases: A History of Old Enemies and New Encounters (pP. 1-633). Springer International Publishing Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24789-2 Tillery, K. (2013). Phytophthora medium (P10VP+H). https://wiki.bugwood.org/Phytophthora_medium_(P10VP_H). USAID. (2023). Cacao para la Paz - Colombia. https://www.usaid.gov/es/colombia/fact-sheets/red-cacao-peace Villa, N. O., Kageyama, K., Asano, T., & Suga, H. (2006). Phylogenetic relationships of Pythium and Phytophthora species based on ITS rDNA, cytochrome oxidase II and β-tubulin gene sequences. Mycologia, 98(3), 410-422. https://doi.org/10.1080/15572536.2006.11832676 Yang, X., Tyler, B. M., & Hong, C. (2017). An expanded phylogeny for the genus Phytophthora. IMA Fungus, 8(2), 355-384. https://doi.org/10.5598/imafungus.2017.08.02.09. Zambounis, A., Samaras, A., Xanthopoulou, A., Osathanunkul, M., Schena, L., Tsaftaris, A., & Madesis, P. (2016). Identification of Phytophthora species by a high resolution melting analysis: an innovative tool for rapid differentiation. Plant Protection Science, 52(3). Zentmyer, G. A., Kaosiri, T., & Idosu, G. (1977). Taxonomic variants in the Phytophthora palmivora complex. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 69(2), 329-332. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0007-1536(77)80060-0 |
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http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
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Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional |
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http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ |
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openAccess |
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xiv, 75 páginas + anexos |
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Amazonas, Colombia |
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Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
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Palmira - Ciencias Agropecuarias - Maestría en Ciencias Agrarias |
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Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias |
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Palmira, Valle del Cauca, Colombia |
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Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Palmira |
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Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
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Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacionalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Rojas Triviño, Edwison Alberto99ee15dff8b1405b92a81050bb73569cOrtíz Morea, Fausto Andrés0061e27862ce01d3c14a87f987df583aMesa Cobo, Nora Cristina63b30c605a285e4113c459dc3cbd7cd4Rojas Castillo, July Andrea6a268306565931dff407b8acc24f9268Protección Vegetal Para El Mejoramiento de la Productividad0009-0006-5524-4290https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=00021191262024-07-08T19:37:37Z2024-07-08T19:37:37Z2024-05-08https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/86413Universidad Nacional de ColombiaRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiahttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/Ilustraciones, fotografías, tablasLa caracterización de las especies de Phytophthora spp. que afectan cacao en función de los factores ambientales en la Amazonía es escasa. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de la investigación fue comprender la distribución y diversidad morfológica y genética de Phytophthora spp. en temporada seca (Ts) y de lluvias (Tll) en los municipios de Belén, La Montañita, El Paujil y El Doncello del departamento de Caquetá. En cada sitio de muestreo, fueron recolectadas las coordenadas geográficas, la incidencia de la enfermedad y muestras de frutos enfermos; a partir de los cuales, se obtuvieron aislados en agar CMA-PARPB y fueron purificados y, conservados en agar V8-RPBH. Los aislados fueron caracterizados morfológicamente siguiendo claves taxonómicas, y molecularmente con extracción de ADN total, amplificación, secuenciación y análisis filogenético de las regiones ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 y COX-I. La virulencia del patógeno fue caracterizada en frutos de los clones CCN51 y LUKER40. Se obtuvieron 114 aislados, distribuidos en siete morfotipos de esporangios y siete patrones coloniales, taxonómicamente identificados como P. palmivora, P. megakarya, P. citrophthora, P. nicotianae y, P. capsici, sin embargo, filogenéticamente fue identificada P. palmivora, determinando incongruencias entre la variabilidad morfológica y molecular. La virulencia evidenció diferencias significativas entre temporadas y clones, observándose la mayor severidad en los aislados de Ts y menor susceptibilidad en el clon CCN 51. La incidencia de la enfermedad fue mayor en Tll (10%), comparado con Ts (5,83%), adicionalmente, se observó el mayor tamaño de esporangios en Ts y mayor cantidad de esporangios en el gradiente entre 200 – 550 msnm en las dos temporadas. Este estudio reporta a P. palmivora como el agente causante de la Pudrición negra del fruto de cacao, así como, los hallazgos morfológicos, genéticos, patogénicos y ambientales que influyen sobre la identificación y el desarrollo de la enfermedad en cultivos de la Amazonía noroccidental. (Texto tomado de la fuente)The characterization of the species of Phytophthora spp. that affect cocoa depending on environmental factors in the Amazon is scarce. Therefore, the objective of the research was to understand the distribution and morphological and genetic diversity of Phytophthora spp. in the dry season (Ts) and rainy season (Tll) in the municipalities of Belén, La Montañita, El Paujil and El Doncello in the department of Caquetá. At each sampling site, geographical coordinates, disease incidence and samples of diseased fruits were collected; from which, isolates were obtained on CMA-PARPB agar and were purified and preserved on V8-RPBH agar. The isolates were characterized morphologically following taxonomic keys, and molecularly with total DNA extraction, amplification, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and COX-I regions. The virulence of the pathogen was characterized in fruits of clones CCN51 and LUKER40. 114 isolates were obtained, distributed in seven sporangial morphotypes and seven colonial patterns, taxonomically identified as P. palmivora, P. megakarya, P. citrophthora, P. nicotianae and, P. capsici, however, phylogenetically P. palmivora was identified, determining inconsistencies between morphological and molecular variability. Virulence showed significant differences between seasons and clones, with the highest severity observed in the Ts isolates and the lowest susceptibility in the CCN 51 clone. The incidence of the disease was higher in Tll (10%), compared to Ts (5.83%), additionally, the largest size of sporangia was observed in Ts and the greatest number of sporangia in the gradient between 200 – 550 meters above sea level in both seasons. This study reports P. palmivora as the causative agent of black rot of cocoa fruit, as well as the morphological, genetic, pathogenic, and environmental findings that influence the identification and development of the disease in crops in the northwestern Amazon.MaestríaMagíster en Ciencias AgrariasEn cada sitio de muestreo, fueron recolectadas las coordenadas geográficas, la incidencia de la enfermedad y muestras de frutos enfermos; a partir de los cuales, se obtuvieron aislados en agar CMA-PARPB y fueron purificados y, conservados en agar V8-RPBH. Los aislados fueron caracterizados morfológicamente siguiendo claves taxonómicas, y molecularmente con extracción de ADN total, amplificación, secuenciación y análisis filogenético de las regiones ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 y COX-I. La virulencia del patógeno fue caracterizada en frutos de los clones CCN51 y LUKER40. Se obtuvieron 114 aislados, distribuidos en siete morfotipos de esporangios y siete patrones coloniales, taxonómicamente identificados como P. palmivora, P. megakarya, P. citrophthora, P. nicotianae y, P. capsici, sin embargo, filogenéticamente fue identificada P. palmivora, determinando incongruencias entre la variabilidad morfológica y molecular.Protección de cultivosCiencias Agropecuarias.Sede Palmiraxiv, 75 páginas + anexosapplication/pdfspaUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaPalmira - Ciencias Agropecuarias - Maestría en Ciencias AgrariasFacultad de Ciencias AgropecuariasPalmira, Valle del Cauca, ColombiaUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Palmira630 - Agricultura y tecnologías relacionadasFitopatologíaPlant pathologyAgricultura tropicalTropical agricultureControl de enfermedades de plantasPlant disease controlSanidad vegetalVariación genéticaGenetic variationDiversidad de especiesDistribución de especiesIncidenciaSeveridadTemporada climáticaSpecies diversitySpecies distributionIncidenceSeverityClimatic seasonIdentificación y distribución de Phytophthora spp., agente causante de la pudrición negra del fruto de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en la Amazonia NoroccidentalIdentification and distribution of Phytophthora spp., the causative agent of black rot of cocoa fruit (Theobroma cacao L.) in the Northwestern AmazonTrabajo de grado - Maestríainfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionTexthttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TMAmazonas, Colombiahttp://vocab.getty.edu/page/tgn/1000499Abad, Z., Burgess, T., Redford, A., Bienapfl, J., Srivastava, S., Mathew, R., & Jennings, K. (2023). IDphy: An International Online Resource for Molecular and Morphological Identification of Phytophthora. Plant Disease, 107(4), 987-998. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-02-22-0448-FEAdeniyi, D. (2019). Diversity of Cacao Pathogens and Impact on Yield and Global Production. En Theobroma cacao - Deploying Science for Sustainability of Global Cocoa Economy. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81993Adeniyi, D. O., & Asogwa, E. U. (2023). Complexes and diversity of pathogens and insect pests of cocoa tree. Forest Microbiology: Tree Diseases and Pests: Volume 3, 285-311. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-18694-3.00002-XAgronet. (2023). Reporte:Área, Producción, Rendimiento y Participación Municipal en el Departamento por Cultivo. Ministerio de Agricultura.Akrofi, A. Y., Amoako-Atta, I., Assuah, M., & Asare, E. K. (2015). Black pod disease on cacao (Theobroma cacao, L) in Ghana: Spread of Phytophthora megakarya and role of economic plants in the disease epidemiology. Crop Protection, 72, 66-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2015.01.015Alarcón, J., Arevalo, E., Diaz, A., Galindo, J., & Rorero, A. (2012). Manejo Fitosanitario del cultivo del cacao. En Produmedios (Ed.), Corpoica. https://www.ica.gov.co/getattachment/c01fa43b-cf48-497a-aa7f-51e6da3f7e96/-Ali, S., Shao, J., Lary, D., Kronmiller, B., Shen, D., Strem, M., Amoako-Attah, I., Akrofi, A. Y., Begoude, B. A. D., ten Hoopen, G. M., Coulibaly, K., Kebe, B. I., Melnick, R. L., Guiltinan, M. J., Tyler, B. M., Meinhardt, L. W., & Bailey, B. A. (2017). Phytophthora megakarya and Phytophthora palmivora, Closely Related Causal Agents of Cacao Black Pod Rot, Underwent Increases in Genome Sizes and Gene Numbers by Different Mechanisms. Genome Biology and Evolution, 9(3), 536-557. https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evx021Appiah, A., Flood, J., Bridge, P., & Archer, S. (2003). Inter and intraspecific morphometric variation and characterization of Phytophthora isolates from cocoa. Plant Pathology, 52(2), 168-180. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2003.00820.xArmengot, L., Ferrari, L., Milz, J., Velásquez, F., Hohmann, P., & Schneider, M. (2020). Cacao agroforestry systems do not increase pest and disease incidence compared with monocultures under good cultural management practices. Crop Protection, 130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2019.105047Bailey, B. (2016). Cacao Diseases: A History of Old Enemies and New Encounters - Google Libros. En B. Bailey (Ed.), Springer. Sustainable Perennial crops Laboratory. https://books.google.com.co/books?id=H2KhCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA303&lpg=PA303&dq=phenological+stages+susceptible+of+cocoa+to+Phytophthora&source=bl&ots=n3t1t0E7oz&sig=ACfU3U2zdD3zeWrcH2jV8AdOaXNHb_5SSQ&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwis-8237d3oAhUId98KHZ6SDOoQ6AEwEHoECAsQKwBailey, B. A., & Meinhardt, L. W. (2016). Cacao Diseases A History of Old Enemies and New Encounters.Bhattacharjee, R. (2018). Taxonomy and classification of cacao. En P. P. Umaharan (Ed.), Achieving sustainable cultivation of cocoa (Número October, P. 2). burleigh dodds science publishing. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.19103/AS.2017.0021.01Boevink, P., Birch, P., Turnbull, D., & Whisson, S. (2020). Devastating intimacy: the cell biology of plant–Phytophthora interactions. In New Phytologist (Vol. 228, Issue 2, pp. 445–458). Blackwell Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16650Brasier, C., & Griffin, M. (1979). Taxonomy of «Phytophthora palmivora» on cocoa. Mycological Society. http://www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?TableKey=14682616000000061&Rec=39473&Fields=AllBrasier, C., Scanu, B., Cooke, D., & Jung, T. (2022). Phytophthora: an ancient, historic, biologically and structurally cohesive and evolutionarily successful generic concept in need of preservation. IMA Fungus, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s43008-022-00097-Caparosa, M. H., & Hartel, R. W. (2018). Structure and properties of chocolate. En Encyclopedia of Food Chemistry (pP. 61-65). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100596-5.22525-0Cárdenas, N., Darghan, A., Sosa Rico, M. D., & Rodriguez, A. (2017). Análisis espacial de la incidencia de enfermedades en diferentes genotipos de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en el Yopal (Casanare), Colombia. Acta Biologica Colombiana, 22(2), 209-220. https://doi.org/10.15446/abc.v22n2.61161CATIE. (2019). Cuánto cacao produce un árbol en toda su vida. https://www.catie.ac.cr/nicaragua/es/76-cuanto-cacao-produce-un-arbol-en-toda-su-vida.htmlCenicaña (2019). Protocolo de extracción de ADN para Plantas y hongos.Charry, A., Jager, M., Hurtado, J., Rosas, G., Orjuela, J., Ramos, P., Giraldo, E., Romero, M., Sierra, L., & Quintero, M. (2017). Estrategia Sectorial de la Cadena de Cacao en Caquetá , con Enfoque Agroambiental y Cero Deforestación. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical. http://www.biopasos.com/biblioteca/104v Vision_Amazonia_Cacao_Caqueta_web-definitivo.pdfClavaud, C., Aimanianda, V., & Latge, J. P. (2009). 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Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 69(2), 329-332. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0007-1536(77)80060-0Identificación y distribución de Phytophthora spp., agente causante de la Pudrición negra del fruto de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en la Amazonia NoroccidentalUniversidad de la AmazoniaEstudiantesLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-85879https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/86413/1/license.txteb34b1cf90b7e1103fc9dfd26be24b4aMD51ORIGINAL1117786013.2024.pdf1117786013.2024.pdfTesis de Maestría en Ciencias Agrarias - Protección de Cultivosapplication/pdf2334286https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/86413/2/1117786013.2024.pdff65e7693f0bacd3d5ab2d4321f699effMD52THUMBNAIL1117786013.2024.pdf.jpg1117786013.2024.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg5532https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/86413/3/1117786013.2024.pdf.jpgefdad580e216f3377258d8de723e470cMD53unal/86413oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/864132024-07-08 23:19:44.187Repositorio 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