Influencia de la distribución espacial y temporal de los ciclos de precipitación y otros factores ambientales sobre la morbilidad y mortalidad leptospirosis humana en Colombia, 2007 – 2017

ilustraciones

Autores:
Serrano Contreras, Ana Milena
Tipo de recurso:
Fecha de publicación:
2022
Institución:
Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Repositorio:
Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Idioma:
spa
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/83012
Acceso en línea:
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/83012
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/
Palabra clave:
610 - Medicina y salud
Infecciones
Infección mixta
Infection
Mixed infection
Leptospirosis
SIVIGILA
precipitación
temperatura
brillo solar
Leptospirosis
rainfall
temperature
Rights
openAccess
License
Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional
id UNACIONAL2_1c2aebde674e2cb82accc23de9c69372
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/83012
network_acronym_str UNACIONAL2
network_name_str Universidad Nacional de Colombia
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Influencia de la distribución espacial y temporal de los ciclos de precipitación y otros factores ambientales sobre la morbilidad y mortalidad leptospirosis humana en Colombia, 2007 – 2017
dc.title.translated.eng.fl_str_mv Influence of the spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation cycles and other environmental factors on human leptospirosis morbidity and mortality in Colombia, 2007 – 2017
title Influencia de la distribución espacial y temporal de los ciclos de precipitación y otros factores ambientales sobre la morbilidad y mortalidad leptospirosis humana en Colombia, 2007 – 2017
spellingShingle Influencia de la distribución espacial y temporal de los ciclos de precipitación y otros factores ambientales sobre la morbilidad y mortalidad leptospirosis humana en Colombia, 2007 – 2017
610 - Medicina y salud
Infecciones
Infección mixta
Infection
Mixed infection
Leptospirosis
SIVIGILA
precipitación
temperatura
brillo solar
Leptospirosis
rainfall
temperature
title_short Influencia de la distribución espacial y temporal de los ciclos de precipitación y otros factores ambientales sobre la morbilidad y mortalidad leptospirosis humana en Colombia, 2007 – 2017
title_full Influencia de la distribución espacial y temporal de los ciclos de precipitación y otros factores ambientales sobre la morbilidad y mortalidad leptospirosis humana en Colombia, 2007 – 2017
title_fullStr Influencia de la distribución espacial y temporal de los ciclos de precipitación y otros factores ambientales sobre la morbilidad y mortalidad leptospirosis humana en Colombia, 2007 – 2017
title_full_unstemmed Influencia de la distribución espacial y temporal de los ciclos de precipitación y otros factores ambientales sobre la morbilidad y mortalidad leptospirosis humana en Colombia, 2007 – 2017
title_sort Influencia de la distribución espacial y temporal de los ciclos de precipitación y otros factores ambientales sobre la morbilidad y mortalidad leptospirosis humana en Colombia, 2007 – 2017
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Serrano Contreras, Ana Milena
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv Prieto Suárez, Edgar
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Serrano Contreras, Ana Milena
dc.contributor.researchgroup.spa.fl_str_mv Epidemiologia y Evaluación en Salud Publica
dc.contributor.cvlac.spa.fl_str_mv Ana Milena Serrano
dc.contributor.researchgate.spa.fl_str_mv Ana Milena Serrano Contreras
dc.subject.ddc.spa.fl_str_mv 610 - Medicina y salud
topic 610 - Medicina y salud
Infecciones
Infección mixta
Infection
Mixed infection
Leptospirosis
SIVIGILA
precipitación
temperatura
brillo solar
Leptospirosis
rainfall
temperature
dc.subject.lemb.spa.fl_str_mv Infecciones
Infección mixta
dc.subject.lemb.eng.fl_str_mv Infection
Mixed infection
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv Leptospirosis
SIVIGILA
precipitación
temperatura
brillo solar
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv Leptospirosis
rainfall
temperature
description ilustraciones
publishDate 2022
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2022
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2023-01-18T16:53:40Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2023-01-18T16:53:40Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Trabajo de grado - Maestría
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv DataPaper
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TM
status_str acceptedVersion
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/83012
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/
url https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/83012
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv spa
language spa
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv Chadsuthi S, Modchang C, Lenbury Y, Iamsirithaworn S, y Triampo W. Modeling seasonal leptospirosis transmission and its association with rainfall and temperature in Thailand using time–series and ARIMAX analyses. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine [Internet] 2012; 5 (7): 539-546. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1995- 7645(12)60095-9 doi: 10.1016/S1995-7645(12)60095-9
Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) (2003) Leptospirosis humana: guía para el diagnóstico, vigilancia y control. Traducción del Centro Panamericano de Fiebre Aftosa. [Internet]. Rio de Janeiro: Centro Panamericano de Fiebre Aftosa – VP/OPS/OMS. Serie de Manuales Técnicos, 12. Recuperado de: https://www.paho.org/es/documentos/leptospirosis-humana-guia-para-diagnostico- vigilancia-control
Bello S, Rodríguez M, Paredes A, Mendivelso F, Walteros D, Rodríguez F, Realpe ME. Comportamiento de la vigilancia epidemiológica de la leptospirosis humana en Colombia, 2007-2011. Biomedica. 2013. 153-160.
Salas Botero D. Informe de evento de Leptospirosis. [Internet]. Colombia: Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS) Colombia; 2017. Recuperado de: http://www.ins.gov.co/buscador- eventos/Informesdeevento/LEPTOSPIROSIS%202017.pdf
Adler B, De la Peña Moctezuma A. Leptospira and leptospirosis. Vet Microbiol. [Internet] 2010; 140(3-4):287-96. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.03.012 doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.03.012
Radl C, Müller M, Revilla-Fernandez S, Karner-Zuser S, De Martin A, Schauer U, et al. Outbreak of leptospirosis among triathlon participants in Langau, Austria, 2010. Wien Klin Wochenschr [Internet] 2011; 123(23-24):751-5. Recuperado de: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00508-011-0100-2.pdf?pdf=button doi: 10.1007/s00508-011-0100-2.
Priya, CG; Hoogendijk, KT; Berg, M; Rathinam, SR; Ahmed, A; Muthukkaruppan, VR; Hartskeerl, RA. Field rats form a major infection source of leptospirosis in and around Madurai, India. J Postgrad Med. [Internet] 2007; 53(4): 236-240. Recuperado de: https://www.jpgmonline.com/article.asp?issn=0022- 3859;year=2007;volume=53;issue=4;spage=236;epage=240;aulast=Priya;type=0 doi: 10.4103/0022-3859.37511
Romero EC, Da Motta CC, Yasuda PH. Human leptospirosis: a twenty-nine-year serological study in São Paulo, Brazil. Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. São Paulo. [Internet] 2003; 45(5):245-248. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0036- 46652003000500002 doi: 10.1590/S0036-46652003000500002
Sevjar J, Bancroft E, Winthrop KL, Bettinger J. Leptospirosis in “Eco-Challenge” Athletes, Malaysian Borneo, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis. [Internet] 2003; 9(6): 702–707. Recuperado de: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3000150/pdf/02- 0751.pdf doi: 10.3201/eid0906.020751
Desvars A, Jégo S, Chiroleu F, Bourhy P, Cardinale E, et al. Seasonality of Human Leptospirosis in Reunion Island (Indian Ocean) and Its Association with Meteorological Data. PLoS One [Internet] 2011; 6(5): e20377. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020377 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020377
Sebek K, Sixl W, Valova M, Marth E, Köck M, Reinthaler FF. Serological investigations for leptospirosis in humans in Columbia. Geogr Med Suppl. [Internet] 1989; 3:51-60. Recuperado de: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2583505/
Sumi A, Telan EF, Chagan-Yasutan H, Piolo MB, Hattori T, Kobayashi N. Effect of temperature, relative humidity and rainfall on dengue fever and leptospirosis infections in Manila, the Philippines. Epidemiol. infect. [Internet] 2017; 145 (1): 78- 86. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1017/S095026881600203X doi: 10.1017/S095026881600203X
Joshi YP, Kim EH y Cheong HK. The influence of climatic factors on the development of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and leptospirosis during the peak season in Korea: an ecologic study. BMC Infect Dis [Internet] 2017; 17(406): 2-11. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-017-2506 doi: 10.1186/s12879-017-2506
Hagan JE, Moraga P, Costa F, Capian N, Ribeiro GS, Wunder EA, et al. Spatiotemporal Determinants of Urban Leptospirosis Transmission: Four-Year Prospective Cohort Study of Slum Residents in Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis [Internet] 2016; 10(1): e0004275. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004275 doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004275
Romero-Vivas CM, Thiry D, Rodríguez V, Calderón A, Arrieta G, Máttar S, Falconar AK. Molecular serovar characterization of leptospira isolates from animals and water in Colombia. Biomedica [Internet] 2010; 33(Suppl 1):179-84. Recuperado de: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260998406_Molecular_serovar_characte rization_of_Leptospira_isolates_from_animals_and_water_in_Colombia doi: 10.7705/biomedica.v33i0.731
Dechner A. Regional Review: A retrospective analysis of the leptospirosis research in Colombia. J Infect Dev Ctries [Internet] 2014; 13;8(3):258-64. Recuperado de: https://jidc.org/index.php/journal/article/view/24619254 doi: 10.3855/jidc.3123
Agudelo-Flórez P, Restrepo-Jaramillo BN, Arboleda-Naranjo M. Situación de la leptospirosis en el Urabá antioqueño colombiano: estudio seroepidemiológico y factores de riesgo en población general urbana [Leptospirosis in Uraba, Antioquia, Colombia: a seroepidemiological and risk factor survey in the urban population]. Cad Saude Publica. [Internet] 2007; 23(9):2094-102. Recuperado de: https://www.scielo.br/j/csp/a/tq5LmrDnZH3jVBdgCpwwCNs/citation/?lang=es doi: 10.1590/s0102-311x2007000900017
Lau CL, Smythe LD, Craig SB, Weinstein P. Climate change, flooding, urbanisation and leptospirosis: fuelling the fire? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. [Internet] 2010; 104(10):631-8. Recuperado de: https://academic.oup.com/trstmh/article- abstract/104/10/631/1905844?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=true doi: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2010.07.002
Costa F, Hagan JE, Calcagno J, Kane M, Torgerson P, Martinez-Silveira MS, et al. Global Morbidity and Mortality of Leptospirosis: A Systematic Review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis [Internet] 2015; 9(9):e0003898. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003898 doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003898
Pulido-Villamarín A, Carreño-Beltrán G, Mercado-Reyes M y Ramírez-Bulla P. Situación epidemiológica de la leptospirosis humana en Centroamérica, Suramérica y el Caribe. Univ. Sci. [Internet] 2014; 19 (3): 247-264. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.SC19-3.selh doi: 10.11144/Javeriana.SC19- 3.selh
Petrakovsky J, Bianchi A, Fisun H, Najera-Aguilar P y Pereira M. (2014). Animal Leptospirosis in Latin America and the Caribbean Countries: Reported Outbreaks and Literature Review (2002-2014). Int J Environ Res Public Health. [Internet] 2021; 11: 10770-10789. Recuperado de: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/11/10/10770 doi: 10.3390/ijerph111010770
Carreño Buitrago LA, Salas Botero D, Beltrán Rios KB. Prevalencia de leptospirosis en Colombia: revisión sistemática de literatura. Rev. salud pública [Internet] 2017; 19(2):204-9. Recuperado de: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/revsaludpublica/article/view/54235
Carrada-Bravo T. Leptospirosis humana. Historia natural, diagnóstico y tratamiento. Rev Mex Patol Clin Med Lab. [Internet] 2005; 52(4):246-256. Recuperado de: https://www.medigraphic.com/cgi-bin/new/resumen.cgi?IDARTICULO=4405
Gil AD, Samartino L. Zoonosis en los sistemas de producción animal de las áreas urbanas y periurbanas de América Latina [Internet] El Salvador: Food and Agriculture Organization Livestock Information and Policy Branch, AGAL; 2001. Recuperado de: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237340703_Zoonoses_en_los_sistemas _de_produccion_animal_de_las_areas_urbanas_y_periurbanas_de_America_Lati na
Hernández-Rodríguez P, Gómez-Ramírez A. Leptospirosis: una zoonosis que afecta a la salud pública y la producción pecuaria. Revista Ciencia Animal [Internet] 2011;4(2):15-23. Recuperado de: https://ciencia.lasalle.edu.co/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1032&context=ca
Mejía LM. Los Determinantes Sociales de la Salud: base teórica de la salud pública. Rev. Fac. Nac. Salud Pública [Internet] 2013; 31(supl 1): S28-S36. Recuperado de: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=12028727003
Benacer D, Thong KL, Min NC, Bin Verasahib K, Galloway RL, Hartskeerl RA, Souris M, Mohd Zain SN. Epidemiology of human leptospirosis in Malaysia, 2004- 2012. Acta Trop. [Internet] 2016; 157:162-8. Recuperado de: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001706X16300419?via%3Dih ub doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.01.031.
WHO. Leptospirosis. [Internet] Western Pacific. World Health Organization; 2019. Recuperado de: https://www.who.int/zoonoses/diseases/leptospirosis/en/
Levett PN. Leptospirosis. Clin Microbiol Rev. [Internet] 2001; 14(2):296-326. Recuperado de: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11292640/ doi: 10.1128/CMR.14.2.296-326.2001
Himsworth CG, Bidulka J, Parsons KL, Feng AYT, Tang P, et al. Ecology of Leptospira interrogans in Norway Rats (Rattus norvegicus) in an Inner-City Neighborhood of Vancouver, Canada. PLoS Negl Trop Dis [Internet] 2013; 7(6): e2270. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002270 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002270
Hartskeerl RA, Collares-Pereira M, Ellis WA. Emergence, control and re-emerging leptospirosis: dynamics of infection in the changing world. Clin Microbiol Infect [Internet] 2011; 17: 494-501. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469- 0691.2011.03474.x doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x
Tamayo-Uria I, Mateu-Mahiques J, Mughini-Gras L. Temporal distribution and weather correlates of Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) infestations in the city of Madrid, Spain. Ecohealth [Internet] 2013; 10(2):137-44. Recuperado de: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10393-013-0829-3 doi: 10.1007/s10393- 013-0829-3
Alderman K, Turner LR, Tong S. Floods and human health: a systematic review. Environ Int. [Internet] 2012; 15;47:37-47. Recuperado de: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412012001237?via%3Dihu b doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.06.003
Batchelor T, Stephenson T, Brown P, Amarakoon D, Taylor M. Influence of climate variability on human leptospirosis cases in Jamaica. Climate research. [Internet] 2012; 55(1):79-90 Recuperado de: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271253547_Influence_of_climate_variabi lity_on_human_leptospirosis_cases_in_Jamaica doi:10.3354/cr01120
Ahern M, Kovats RS, Wilkinson P, Few R, Matthies F. Global health impacts of floods: epidemiologic evidence. Epidemiol Rev. [Internet] 2005; 27:36-46. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxi004 doi: 10.1093/epirev/mxi004
Abela-Ridder B, Sikkema R, Hartskeerl RA. Estimating the burden of human leptospirosis. Int J Antimicrob Agents. [Internet] 2010; 36 Suppl 1:S5-7. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2010.06.012 doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2010.06.012
Gracie R, Barcellos C, Magalhães M, Souza-Santos R y Barrocas PRG. Geographical scale effects on the analysis of leptospirosis determinants. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet] 2014; 11(10), 10366-83. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111010366 doi: 10.3390/ijerph111010366
Rodríguez-Villamarín FR, Prieto-Suárez E, Escandón PL y De la Hoz Restrepo F. Proporción de leptospirosis y factores relacionados en pacientes con diagnóstico presuntivo de dengue, 2010-2012. Rev Salud Publica (Bogota). [Internet] 2014; 16 (4): 597-609. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.15446/rsap.v16n4.46259 Doi: 10.15446/rsap.v16n4.46259
Céspedes Manuel, Tapia Rafael, Balda Lourdes, Gonzalez Dana, Glenny Martha, M Vinetz Joseph. Brote de leptospirosis asociado a la natación en una fuente de agua subterránea en una zona costera, Lima - Perú. Rev. perú. med. exp. salud publica [Internet]. 2009; 26(4):441-448. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.pe/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1726- 46342009000400005&lng=es
Musso D y La Scola B. Laboratory diagnosis of leptospirosis: A challenge. Journal of microbiology, immunology, and infection. J Microbiol Immunol Infect [Internet] 2013; 46. Disponible en: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236613461_Laboratory_diagnosis_of_le ptospirosis_A_challenge doi: 10.1016/j.jmii.2013.03.001
Walteros-Acero DM y Rodriguez-Bedoya IM. Protocolo de Vigilancia en Salud Pública de Leptospirosis [Internet]. Colombia: Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS) Colombia; 2022. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.33610/infoeventos.48
Guerra MA. Leptospirosis: public health perspectives. Biologicals. [Internet]. 2013; 41(5):295-7. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biologicals.2013.06.010 doi: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2013.06.010
Mwachui MA, Crump L, Hartskeerl R, Zinsstag J, Hattendorf J. Environmental and Behavioural Determinants of Leptospirosis Transmission: A Systematic Review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis [Internet] 2015; 9(9): e0003843. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003843 doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003843
Triampo WB, Duangkamon T, I-Ming, Nuttavut N, Wong-ekkabut J y Doungchawee G. A Simple Deterministic Model for the Spread of Leptospirosis in Thailand. Int J Biomed Sci [Internet] 2007; 2(1). Recuperado de: https://pirun.ku.ac.th/~fscijsw/publications/Triampo2007_inter_j_biomed.pdf
Holt J., Davis S., Leirs H. A model of Leptospirosis infection in an African rodent to determine risk to humans: Seasonal fluctuations and the impact of rodent control. Acta Trop [Internet] 2006; 99: 218–225. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2006.08.003 doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2006.08.003
Berlioz-Arthaud A, Kiedrzynski T, Singh N, Yvon JF, Roualen G, Coudert C, Uluiviti V. Multicentre survey of incidence and public health impact of leptospirosis in the Western Pacific. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. [Internet] 2007; 101(7):714-21. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.02.022 doi: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.02.022
Brethes B, Puech PL, Fraisse A, Dubois P, Domenech J, Bourdin P, et al. [Epidemiological study of leptospirosis in New Caledonia]. Bull Soc Path Exot. [Internet] 1988; 81(2):189–97. Recuperado de: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3416406/
Slack AT, Symonds ML, Dohnt MF. Identification of pathogenic Leptospira species by conventional or real-time PCR and sequencing of the DNA gyrase subunit B encoding gene. BMC Microbiol [Internet] 2006; 6:95. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-6-95
Hurtado-Montoya AF, Mesa-Sánchez, ÓJ. Cambio climático y variabilidad espacio – temporal de la precipitación en Colombia. Revista EIA [Internet] 2015; 12(24): 131-150. Recuperado de: http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1794- 12372015000200009&lng=en&tlng=es
Hurtado-Montoya AF y Mesa-Sánchez OJ. Reconstrucción de los campos de precipitación mensual en Colombia. DYNA [Internet] 2014; 81 (186): 251-258. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v81n186.40419 doi: 10.15446/dyna.v81n186.40419
Mejía F, Mesa O, Poveda G, Vélez J, Hoyos C, Mantilla R, Barco J, Cuartas A, Montoya M, y Botero B. Distribución espacial y ciclos anual y semianual de la precipitación en Colombia. Rev Fac Cienc [Internet] 1999; 127:7-26. Recuperado de: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233971366
Sociedad Geográfica De Colombia. Climatología Colombiana. Boletín de la Sociedad Geográfica de Colombia. [Internet] 1965; 87-88(23):1-25. Recuperado de: https://www.sogeocol.edu.co/documentos/088_climat_colom.pdf
Samsudin S, Norbaya Masri S, Jamaluddin TZMT, Sakinah Saudi SN, Ariffin UK, Amran F, y Osman M. Seroprevalence of Leptospiral Antibodies among Healthy Municipal Service Workers in Selangor. Adv Public Health. [Internet] 2014; Article ID 208145. Recuperado de: http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/208145 Doi: 10.1155/2015/208145
Schneider M, Velasco-Hernandez J, Min K, Galan LD, Baca-Carrasco D, Gompper M, Hartskeerl R y Munoz-Zanzi C. The Use of Chemoprophylaxis after Floods to Reduce the Occurrence and Impact of Leptospirosis Outbreaks. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. [Internet] 2017; 14(6):594. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci2020029 doi: 10.3390/urbansci2020029
Marquez A, Ulivieri T, Benoit E, Kodjo A, y Lattard V. House Mice as a Real Sanitary Threat of Human and Animal Leptospirosis: Proposal for Integrated Management. Hindawi BioMed Research International [Internet] 2019; Volume 2019, Article ID 3794876. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3794876 doi: 10.1155/2019/3794876
Ryu S, Lau CL y Chun BC. The impact of Livestock Manure Control Policy on human leptospirosis in Republic of Korea using interrupted time series analysis. Epidemiol. Infect. [Internet] 2017; 145: 1320–1325. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268817000218 doi: 10.1017/S0950268817000218
Calvopiña M, Va ́sconez E, Coral-Almeida M, Romero-Alvarez D, Garcia- Bereguiain MA, Orlando A. Leptospirosis: Morbidity, mortality, and spatial distribution of hospitalized cases in Ecuador. A nationwide study 2000-2020. PLoS Negl Trop Dis [Internet] 2022;16(5):e0010430. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010430 doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010430
Arent ZJ, Andrews ZJ, Adamama-Moraitou K, Gilmore C, Pardali D y Ellis WA. Emergence of novel Leptospira serovars: a need for adjusting vaccination policies for dogs? Epidemiol. Infect [Internet] 2013; 141:1148–1153. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268812002087 doi:10.1017/S0950268812002087
Arbiol J, Yabe M, Nomura H, Borja M, Gloriani N, y Yoshida S. Using discrete choice modeling to evaluate the preferences and willingness to pay for leptospirosis vaccine. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics [Internet] 2015; 11(4): 1046-1056. Recuperado de: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2015.1010901 doi:10.1080/21645515.2015.1010901
Duarte J, Giatti L. Leptospirosis incidence in a state capital in the Western Brazilian Amazon and its relationship with climate and environmental variability, 2008-2013. Epidemiol. Serv. Saude, Brasília [Internet] 2019; 28 (1): e2017224. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.5123/S1679-49742019000100009 doi: 10.5123/S1679- 49742019000100009
oelho M, Massad E. The impact of climate on Leptospirosis in São Paulo, Brazil. Int J Biometeorol. [Internet] 2012; 56:233–241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-011-0419-4 doi: 10.1007/s00484-011-0419-4.
Chadsuthi S, Chalvet‐Monfray K, Geawduanglek S, Wongnak P y Cappelle J. Spatial–temporal patterns and risk factors for human leptospirosis in Thailand, 2012–2018. Sci Rep. [Internet] 2022; 12:5066. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022- 09079-y doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-09079-y
Dhewantara PW, Riandi MU, Wahono T. (2022) Effect of climate change on the geographical distribution of leptospirosis risk in western Java, Indonesia. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science. [Internet] 2022; 1089 (012074). Recuperado de: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755- 1315/1089/1/012074 doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/1089/1/012074
Out A, Effa E, Meseko C, Cadmus S, Ochu C, Athingo R, Namisango E, Ogoina D, Okonofua F y Ebenso B. Africa needs to prioritize One Health approaches that focus on the environment, animal health and human health. Nat Med. [Internet] 2021; 27: 940–948. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01375-w doi: 10.1038/s41591-021-01375-w
Narkkul U, Thaipadungpanit J, Srisawat-Rudge J, Thongdee M, Pawarana R, y Pan‐ ngum W. Human, animal, water source interactions and leptospirosis in Thailand. Scientific Reports [Internet] 2021; 11:3215. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-82290-5 doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-82290-5
Allan KJ, Biggs HM, Halliday JEB, Kazwala RR, Maro VP, Cleaveland S, et al. Epidemiology of Leptospirosis in Africa: A Systematic Review of a Neglected Zoonosis and a Paradigm for ‘One Health’ in Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis [Internet] 2015; 9 (9): e0003899. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003899 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003899
Hamond C., Springer Browne A., de Wilde L., Hornsby R., LeCount K., Anderson T. Assessing rodents as carriers of pathogenic Leptospira species in the U.S. Virgin Islands and their risk to animal and public health. Sci Rep [Internet] 2022; 12: 1132. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-04846-3 doi: 10.1038/s41598- 022-04846-3
López-Robles G, Córdova-Robles F, y Sandoval-Petris E. Leptospirosis at human- animal-environment interfaces in Latin-America: drivers, prevention, and control measures. Biotecnia [Internet] 2021; 23 (3): 89-100. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.18633/biotecnia.v23i3.1442 doi: 10.18633/biotecnia.v23i3.1442
Phosri A. Effects of rainfall on human leptospirosis in Thailand: evidence of multi- province study using distributed lag non-linear model. Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess. [Internet] 2022; 36: 4119–4132. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-022-02250-x(0123456789().,- volV)(0123456789().,-volV) doi: 10.3390/ijerph111010770
Matsushita N, Sheng CF, Kim Y, Suzuki M, Saito N, Ariyoshi K, Hashizume M. The non-linear and lagged short-term relationship between rainfall and leptospirosis and the intermediate role of floods in the philippines. PLoS Negl Trop Di. [Internet] 2018; 12(4): e0006331. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006331 doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006331
Svarch AE, Arce-Salinas CA y Amaya JL. Leptospirosis in Mesoamérica. Curr Trop Med Rep. [Internet] 2017; 4: 83-88. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40475- 017-0105-7 doi: 10.1007/s40475-017-0105-7
Zhao J, Liao J, Huang X. et al. Mapping risk of leptospirosis in China using environmental and socioeconomic data. BMC Infect Dis [Internet] 2016; 16: 343. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-016-1653-5 doi: 10.1186/s12879- 016-1653-5
dc.rights.coar.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
dc.rights.license.spa.fl_str_mv Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional
dc.rights.uri.spa.fl_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv 113 páginas
dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.coverage.temporal.spa.fl_str_mv 2007 - 2017
dc.coverage.country.none.fl_str_mv Colombia
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.publisher.program.spa.fl_str_mv Bogotá - Medicina - Maestría en Salud Pública
dc.publisher.faculty.spa.fl_str_mv Facultad de Medicina
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv Bogotá, Colombia
dc.publisher.branch.spa.fl_str_mv Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá
institution Universidad Nacional de Colombia
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/83012/1/license.txt
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/83012/2/1016023128.2022.pdf
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/83012/3/1016023128.2022.pdf.jpg
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv eb34b1cf90b7e1103fc9dfd26be24b4a
5f7b1431e0cfa3981c98d4cdff46fc9f
79d1c663ccd2766ab3aa29f1bf410210
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv MD5
MD5
MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
repository.mail.fl_str_mv repositorio_nal@unal.edu.co
_version_ 1814090051662905344
spelling Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacionalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Prieto Suárez, Edgar57bc5e2dd3b0c0d08b118acb650e0d21Serrano Contreras, Ana Milena657adcd4c79de06888de8e02fa19c231Epidemiologia y Evaluación en Salud PublicaAna Milena SerranoAna Milena Serrano Contreras2007 - 2017Colombia2023-01-18T16:53:40Z2023-01-18T16:53:40Z2022https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/83012Universidad Nacional de ColombiaRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiahttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ilustracionesLa leptospirosis es una enfermedad que ocurre a nivel mundial pero particularmente afecta las regiones tropicales. La transmisión de la enfermedad es dependiente de su excreción por los reservorios animales y la presencia de un ambiente de humedad lo que permite la supervivencia de la bacteria. Se llevó a cabo un estudio retrospectivo para describir los patrones sociodemográficos y meteorológicos de los casos de leptospirosis humana reportados al Instituto Nacional de Salud entre los años 2007 y 2017 a través del SIVIGILA, para determinar si hay una posible asociación entre la ocurrencia de los casos confirmados por laboratorio de leptospirosis y factores meteorológicos como lluvia, temperatura y radiación solar. Los datos meteorológicos fueron recolectados de las bases de datos del Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales (IDEAM). El análisis de las variables sociodemográficas y meteorológicas se realizó mediante estadística descriptiva y pruebas de correlación de Pearson en Excel. Durante el período de estudio se notificaron 9928 casos sospechosos de leptospirosis al Sistema de Vigilancia en Salud Pública (SIVIGILA), de los cuales 4133 casos fueron confirmados por laboratorio. De igual forma, se identificaron factores sociodemográficos de presentación de la leptospirosis similares a los descritos en la literatura y se determinó una correlación significativa entre el número de casos en un mes determinado y el promedio de lluvia acumulada, promedio de temperatura y brillo solar correspondiente al período del estudio. Finalmente se estableció que la leptospirosis tiene una distribución estacionaria determinado como período seco y de lluvias influenciado por dichos factores meteorológicos. Por esto se hace más sentida la necesidad de reforzar una las medidas de vigilancia y control en las que no solo se incluyan los muy bien conocidos factores de riesgo epidemiológicos sino en las que se pueda incluir posibles escenarios y herramientas predictivas de variables meteorológicas. Finalmente, se recomienda realizar estudios prospectivos en donde se incluyan la elaboración de modelos estadísticos predictivos, que contribuyan desarrollo de un sistema de alerta temprana en las regiones de Colombia desde un enfoque de Una Salud centrado en el ambiente, la salud animal y la salud humana, como un marco que pueda guiar la incorporación de las prácticas relacionadas a esta estrategia en las comunidades con mayor riesgo de contraer leptospirosis en el territorio nacional y otras infecciones zoonóticas reemergentes. (Texto tomado de la fuente)Leptospirosis is a worldwide disease that occurs but particularly affects tropical regions. The transmission of the disease is dependent on its excretion by animal reservoirs and the presence of a humid environment, which allows the survival of the bacteria. A retrospective study was carried out to describe the sociodemographic and meteorological patterns of human leptospirosis cases reported to the National Institute of Health between 2007 and 2017 through SIVIGILA, to determine if there is a possible association between the occurrence of cases laboratory-confirmed leptospirosis and meteorological factors such as rain, temperature and solar radiation. Meteorological data were collected from the databases of the Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies (IDEAM). The analysis of the socio-demographic and meteorological variables was carried out using descriptive statistics and Pearson's correlation tests in Excel. During the study period, 9,928 suspected cases of leptospirosis were reported to the Public Health Surveillance System (SIVIGILA), of which 4,133 cases were laboratory confirmed. Similarly, sociodemographic factors of presentation of leptospirosis similar to those described in the literature were identified and a significant correlation was determined between the number of cases in a given month and the average accumulated rainfall, average temperature and solar radiation corresponding to the month of the study period. Finally, it was established that leptospirosis has a stationary distribution determined as a dry and rainy period influenced by these meteorological factors. For this reason, the need to reinforce surveillance and control measures that not only include the well-known epidemiological risk factors but also those that can include possible scenarios and predictive tools for meteorological variables. Finally, it is recommended to perform prospective studies that include the elaboration of predictive statistical models, which contribute to the development of an early warning system in the regions of Colombia from a One Health approach focused on the environment, human and animal health, as a framework that can guide the incorporation of practices related to this strategy in communities with the highest risk of contracting leptospirosis in the national territory and other re-emerging zoonotic infections.MaestríaMagíster en Salud PúblicaEste estudio es una revisión retrospectiva que cubrió los años 2007- 2017 de los casos de leptospirosis confirmados por laboratorio notificados en Colombia al SIVIGILA de acuerdo con los lineamientos definidos por el INS como casos confirmados por laboratorio en el protocolo para la vigilancia de dicho evento de interés en salud pública en Colombia. En primer lugar, se hizo un análisis descriptivo de las variables sociodemográficas incluidas en la ficha de notificación del evento y de las variables meteorológicas registradas por el Ideam. Posteriormente se hizo un análisis estadístico en Excel® para determinar una posible asociación entre los casos confirmados por laboratorio de leptospirosis, las variables sociodemográficas y meteorológicas.Epidemiología113 páginasapplication/pdfspaUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaBogotá - Medicina - Maestría en Salud PúblicaFacultad de MedicinaBogotá, ColombiaUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá610 - Medicina y saludInfeccionesInfección mixtaInfectionMixed infectionLeptospirosisSIVIGILAprecipitacióntemperaturabrillo solarLeptospirosisrainfalltemperatureInfluencia de la distribución espacial y temporal de los ciclos de precipitación y otros factores ambientales sobre la morbilidad y mortalidad leptospirosis humana en Colombia, 2007 – 2017Influence of the spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation cycles and other environmental factors on human leptospirosis morbidity and mortality in Colombia, 2007 – 2017Trabajo de grado - Maestríainfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionDataPaperhttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TMChadsuthi S, Modchang C, Lenbury Y, Iamsirithaworn S, y Triampo W. Modeling seasonal leptospirosis transmission and its association with rainfall and temperature in Thailand using time–series and ARIMAX analyses. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine [Internet] 2012; 5 (7): 539-546. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1995- 7645(12)60095-9 doi: 10.1016/S1995-7645(12)60095-9Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) (2003) Leptospirosis humana: guía para el diagnóstico, vigilancia y control. Traducción del Centro Panamericano de Fiebre Aftosa. [Internet]. Rio de Janeiro: Centro Panamericano de Fiebre Aftosa – VP/OPS/OMS. Serie de Manuales Técnicos, 12. Recuperado de: https://www.paho.org/es/documentos/leptospirosis-humana-guia-para-diagnostico- vigilancia-controlBello S, Rodríguez M, Paredes A, Mendivelso F, Walteros D, Rodríguez F, Realpe ME. Comportamiento de la vigilancia epidemiológica de la leptospirosis humana en Colombia, 2007-2011. Biomedica. 2013. 153-160.Salas Botero D. Informe de evento de Leptospirosis. [Internet]. Colombia: Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS) Colombia; 2017. Recuperado de: http://www.ins.gov.co/buscador- eventos/Informesdeevento/LEPTOSPIROSIS%202017.pdfAdler B, De la Peña Moctezuma A. Leptospira and leptospirosis. Vet Microbiol. [Internet] 2010; 140(3-4):287-96. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.03.012 doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.03.012Radl C, Müller M, Revilla-Fernandez S, Karner-Zuser S, De Martin A, Schauer U, et al. Outbreak of leptospirosis among triathlon participants in Langau, Austria, 2010. Wien Klin Wochenschr [Internet] 2011; 123(23-24):751-5. Recuperado de: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00508-011-0100-2.pdf?pdf=button doi: 10.1007/s00508-011-0100-2.Priya, CG; Hoogendijk, KT; Berg, M; Rathinam, SR; Ahmed, A; Muthukkaruppan, VR; Hartskeerl, RA. Field rats form a major infection source of leptospirosis in and around Madurai, India. J Postgrad Med. [Internet] 2007; 53(4): 236-240. Recuperado de: https://www.jpgmonline.com/article.asp?issn=0022- 3859;year=2007;volume=53;issue=4;spage=236;epage=240;aulast=Priya;type=0 doi: 10.4103/0022-3859.37511Romero EC, Da Motta CC, Yasuda PH. Human leptospirosis: a twenty-nine-year serological study in São Paulo, Brazil. Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. São Paulo. [Internet] 2003; 45(5):245-248. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0036- 46652003000500002 doi: 10.1590/S0036-46652003000500002Sevjar J, Bancroft E, Winthrop KL, Bettinger J. Leptospirosis in “Eco-Challenge” Athletes, Malaysian Borneo, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis. [Internet] 2003; 9(6): 702–707. Recuperado de: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3000150/pdf/02- 0751.pdf doi: 10.3201/eid0906.020751Desvars A, Jégo S, Chiroleu F, Bourhy P, Cardinale E, et al. Seasonality of Human Leptospirosis in Reunion Island (Indian Ocean) and Its Association with Meteorological Data. PLoS One [Internet] 2011; 6(5): e20377. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020377 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020377Sebek K, Sixl W, Valova M, Marth E, Köck M, Reinthaler FF. Serological investigations for leptospirosis in humans in Columbia. Geogr Med Suppl. [Internet] 1989; 3:51-60. Recuperado de: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2583505/Sumi A, Telan EF, Chagan-Yasutan H, Piolo MB, Hattori T, Kobayashi N. Effect of temperature, relative humidity and rainfall on dengue fever and leptospirosis infections in Manila, the Philippines. Epidemiol. infect. [Internet] 2017; 145 (1): 78- 86. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1017/S095026881600203X doi: 10.1017/S095026881600203XJoshi YP, Kim EH y Cheong HK. The influence of climatic factors on the development of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and leptospirosis during the peak season in Korea: an ecologic study. BMC Infect Dis [Internet] 2017; 17(406): 2-11. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-017-2506 doi: 10.1186/s12879-017-2506Hagan JE, Moraga P, Costa F, Capian N, Ribeiro GS, Wunder EA, et al. Spatiotemporal Determinants of Urban Leptospirosis Transmission: Four-Year Prospective Cohort Study of Slum Residents in Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis [Internet] 2016; 10(1): e0004275. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004275 doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004275Romero-Vivas CM, Thiry D, Rodríguez V, Calderón A, Arrieta G, Máttar S, Falconar AK. Molecular serovar characterization of leptospira isolates from animals and water in Colombia. Biomedica [Internet] 2010; 33(Suppl 1):179-84. Recuperado de: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260998406_Molecular_serovar_characte rization_of_Leptospira_isolates_from_animals_and_water_in_Colombia doi: 10.7705/biomedica.v33i0.731Dechner A. Regional Review: A retrospective analysis of the leptospirosis research in Colombia. J Infect Dev Ctries [Internet] 2014; 13;8(3):258-64. Recuperado de: https://jidc.org/index.php/journal/article/view/24619254 doi: 10.3855/jidc.3123Agudelo-Flórez P, Restrepo-Jaramillo BN, Arboleda-Naranjo M. Situación de la leptospirosis en el Urabá antioqueño colombiano: estudio seroepidemiológico y factores de riesgo en población general urbana [Leptospirosis in Uraba, Antioquia, Colombia: a seroepidemiological and risk factor survey in the urban population]. Cad Saude Publica. [Internet] 2007; 23(9):2094-102. Recuperado de: https://www.scielo.br/j/csp/a/tq5LmrDnZH3jVBdgCpwwCNs/citation/?lang=es doi: 10.1590/s0102-311x2007000900017Lau CL, Smythe LD, Craig SB, Weinstein P. Climate change, flooding, urbanisation and leptospirosis: fuelling the fire? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. [Internet] 2010; 104(10):631-8. Recuperado de: https://academic.oup.com/trstmh/article- abstract/104/10/631/1905844?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=true doi: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2010.07.002Costa F, Hagan JE, Calcagno J, Kane M, Torgerson P, Martinez-Silveira MS, et al. Global Morbidity and Mortality of Leptospirosis: A Systematic Review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis [Internet] 2015; 9(9):e0003898. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003898 doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003898Pulido-Villamarín A, Carreño-Beltrán G, Mercado-Reyes M y Ramírez-Bulla P. Situación epidemiológica de la leptospirosis humana en Centroamérica, Suramérica y el Caribe. Univ. Sci. [Internet] 2014; 19 (3): 247-264. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.SC19-3.selh doi: 10.11144/Javeriana.SC19- 3.selhPetrakovsky J, Bianchi A, Fisun H, Najera-Aguilar P y Pereira M. (2014). Animal Leptospirosis in Latin America and the Caribbean Countries: Reported Outbreaks and Literature Review (2002-2014). Int J Environ Res Public Health. [Internet] 2021; 11: 10770-10789. Recuperado de: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/11/10/10770 doi: 10.3390/ijerph111010770Carreño Buitrago LA, Salas Botero D, Beltrán Rios KB. Prevalencia de leptospirosis en Colombia: revisión sistemática de literatura. Rev. salud pública [Internet] 2017; 19(2):204-9. Recuperado de: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/revsaludpublica/article/view/54235Carrada-Bravo T. Leptospirosis humana. Historia natural, diagnóstico y tratamiento. Rev Mex Patol Clin Med Lab. [Internet] 2005; 52(4):246-256. Recuperado de: https://www.medigraphic.com/cgi-bin/new/resumen.cgi?IDARTICULO=4405Gil AD, Samartino L. Zoonosis en los sistemas de producción animal de las áreas urbanas y periurbanas de América Latina [Internet] El Salvador: Food and Agriculture Organization Livestock Information and Policy Branch, AGAL; 2001. Recuperado de: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237340703_Zoonoses_en_los_sistemas _de_produccion_animal_de_las_areas_urbanas_y_periurbanas_de_America_Lati naHernández-Rodríguez P, Gómez-Ramírez A. Leptospirosis: una zoonosis que afecta a la salud pública y la producción pecuaria. Revista Ciencia Animal [Internet] 2011;4(2):15-23. Recuperado de: https://ciencia.lasalle.edu.co/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1032&context=caMejía LM. Los Determinantes Sociales de la Salud: base teórica de la salud pública. Rev. Fac. Nac. Salud Pública [Internet] 2013; 31(supl 1): S28-S36. Recuperado de: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=12028727003Benacer D, Thong KL, Min NC, Bin Verasahib K, Galloway RL, Hartskeerl RA, Souris M, Mohd Zain SN. Epidemiology of human leptospirosis in Malaysia, 2004- 2012. Acta Trop. [Internet] 2016; 157:162-8. Recuperado de: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001706X16300419?via%3Dih ub doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.01.031.WHO. Leptospirosis. [Internet] Western Pacific. World Health Organization; 2019. Recuperado de: https://www.who.int/zoonoses/diseases/leptospirosis/en/Levett PN. Leptospirosis. Clin Microbiol Rev. [Internet] 2001; 14(2):296-326. Recuperado de: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11292640/ doi: 10.1128/CMR.14.2.296-326.2001Himsworth CG, Bidulka J, Parsons KL, Feng AYT, Tang P, et al. Ecology of Leptospira interrogans in Norway Rats (Rattus norvegicus) in an Inner-City Neighborhood of Vancouver, Canada. PLoS Negl Trop Dis [Internet] 2013; 7(6): e2270. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002270 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002270Hartskeerl RA, Collares-Pereira M, Ellis WA. Emergence, control and re-emerging leptospirosis: dynamics of infection in the changing world. Clin Microbiol Infect [Internet] 2011; 17: 494-501. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469- 0691.2011.03474.x doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.xTamayo-Uria I, Mateu-Mahiques J, Mughini-Gras L. Temporal distribution and weather correlates of Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) infestations in the city of Madrid, Spain. Ecohealth [Internet] 2013; 10(2):137-44. Recuperado de: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10393-013-0829-3 doi: 10.1007/s10393- 013-0829-3Alderman K, Turner LR, Tong S. Floods and human health: a systematic review. Environ Int. [Internet] 2012; 15;47:37-47. Recuperado de: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412012001237?via%3Dihu b doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.06.003Batchelor T, Stephenson T, Brown P, Amarakoon D, Taylor M. Influence of climate variability on human leptospirosis cases in Jamaica. Climate research. [Internet] 2012; 55(1):79-90 Recuperado de: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271253547_Influence_of_climate_variabi lity_on_human_leptospirosis_cases_in_Jamaica doi:10.3354/cr01120Ahern M, Kovats RS, Wilkinson P, Few R, Matthies F. Global health impacts of floods: epidemiologic evidence. Epidemiol Rev. [Internet] 2005; 27:36-46. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxi004 doi: 10.1093/epirev/mxi004Abela-Ridder B, Sikkema R, Hartskeerl RA. Estimating the burden of human leptospirosis. Int J Antimicrob Agents. [Internet] 2010; 36 Suppl 1:S5-7. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2010.06.012 doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2010.06.012Gracie R, Barcellos C, Magalhães M, Souza-Santos R y Barrocas PRG. Geographical scale effects on the analysis of leptospirosis determinants. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet] 2014; 11(10), 10366-83. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111010366 doi: 10.3390/ijerph111010366Rodríguez-Villamarín FR, Prieto-Suárez E, Escandón PL y De la Hoz Restrepo F. Proporción de leptospirosis y factores relacionados en pacientes con diagnóstico presuntivo de dengue, 2010-2012. Rev Salud Publica (Bogota). [Internet] 2014; 16 (4): 597-609. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.15446/rsap.v16n4.46259 Doi: 10.15446/rsap.v16n4.46259Céspedes Manuel, Tapia Rafael, Balda Lourdes, Gonzalez Dana, Glenny Martha, M Vinetz Joseph. Brote de leptospirosis asociado a la natación en una fuente de agua subterránea en una zona costera, Lima - Perú. Rev. perú. med. exp. salud publica [Internet]. 2009; 26(4):441-448. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.pe/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1726- 46342009000400005&lng=esMusso D y La Scola B. Laboratory diagnosis of leptospirosis: A challenge. Journal of microbiology, immunology, and infection. J Microbiol Immunol Infect [Internet] 2013; 46. Disponible en: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236613461_Laboratory_diagnosis_of_le ptospirosis_A_challenge doi: 10.1016/j.jmii.2013.03.001Walteros-Acero DM y Rodriguez-Bedoya IM. Protocolo de Vigilancia en Salud Pública de Leptospirosis [Internet]. Colombia: Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS) Colombia; 2022. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.33610/infoeventos.48Guerra MA. Leptospirosis: public health perspectives. Biologicals. [Internet]. 2013; 41(5):295-7. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biologicals.2013.06.010 doi: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2013.06.010Mwachui MA, Crump L, Hartskeerl R, Zinsstag J, Hattendorf J. Environmental and Behavioural Determinants of Leptospirosis Transmission: A Systematic Review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis [Internet] 2015; 9(9): e0003843. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003843 doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003843Triampo WB, Duangkamon T, I-Ming, Nuttavut N, Wong-ekkabut J y Doungchawee G. A Simple Deterministic Model for the Spread of Leptospirosis in Thailand. Int J Biomed Sci [Internet] 2007; 2(1). Recuperado de: https://pirun.ku.ac.th/~fscijsw/publications/Triampo2007_inter_j_biomed.pdfHolt J., Davis S., Leirs H. A model of Leptospirosis infection in an African rodent to determine risk to humans: Seasonal fluctuations and the impact of rodent control. Acta Trop [Internet] 2006; 99: 218–225. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2006.08.003 doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2006.08.003Berlioz-Arthaud A, Kiedrzynski T, Singh N, Yvon JF, Roualen G, Coudert C, Uluiviti V. Multicentre survey of incidence and public health impact of leptospirosis in the Western Pacific. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. [Internet] 2007; 101(7):714-21. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.02.022 doi: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.02.022Brethes B, Puech PL, Fraisse A, Dubois P, Domenech J, Bourdin P, et al. [Epidemiological study of leptospirosis in New Caledonia]. Bull Soc Path Exot. [Internet] 1988; 81(2):189–97. Recuperado de: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3416406/Slack AT, Symonds ML, Dohnt MF. Identification of pathogenic Leptospira species by conventional or real-time PCR and sequencing of the DNA gyrase subunit B encoding gene. BMC Microbiol [Internet] 2006; 6:95. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-6-95Hurtado-Montoya AF, Mesa-Sánchez, ÓJ. Cambio climático y variabilidad espacio – temporal de la precipitación en Colombia. Revista EIA [Internet] 2015; 12(24): 131-150. Recuperado de: http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1794- 12372015000200009&lng=en&tlng=esHurtado-Montoya AF y Mesa-Sánchez OJ. Reconstrucción de los campos de precipitación mensual en Colombia. DYNA [Internet] 2014; 81 (186): 251-258. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v81n186.40419 doi: 10.15446/dyna.v81n186.40419Mejía F, Mesa O, Poveda G, Vélez J, Hoyos C, Mantilla R, Barco J, Cuartas A, Montoya M, y Botero B. Distribución espacial y ciclos anual y semianual de la precipitación en Colombia. Rev Fac Cienc [Internet] 1999; 127:7-26. Recuperado de: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233971366Sociedad Geográfica De Colombia. Climatología Colombiana. Boletín de la Sociedad Geográfica de Colombia. [Internet] 1965; 87-88(23):1-25. Recuperado de: https://www.sogeocol.edu.co/documentos/088_climat_colom.pdfSamsudin S, Norbaya Masri S, Jamaluddin TZMT, Sakinah Saudi SN, Ariffin UK, Amran F, y Osman M. Seroprevalence of Leptospiral Antibodies among Healthy Municipal Service Workers in Selangor. Adv Public Health. [Internet] 2014; Article ID 208145. Recuperado de: http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/208145 Doi: 10.1155/2015/208145Schneider M, Velasco-Hernandez J, Min K, Galan LD, Baca-Carrasco D, Gompper M, Hartskeerl R y Munoz-Zanzi C. The Use of Chemoprophylaxis after Floods to Reduce the Occurrence and Impact of Leptospirosis Outbreaks. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. [Internet] 2017; 14(6):594. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci2020029 doi: 10.3390/urbansci2020029Marquez A, Ulivieri T, Benoit E, Kodjo A, y Lattard V. House Mice as a Real Sanitary Threat of Human and Animal Leptospirosis: Proposal for Integrated Management. Hindawi BioMed Research International [Internet] 2019; Volume 2019, Article ID 3794876. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3794876 doi: 10.1155/2019/3794876Ryu S, Lau CL y Chun BC. The impact of Livestock Manure Control Policy on human leptospirosis in Republic of Korea using interrupted time series analysis. Epidemiol. Infect. [Internet] 2017; 145: 1320–1325. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268817000218 doi: 10.1017/S0950268817000218Calvopiña M, Va ́sconez E, Coral-Almeida M, Romero-Alvarez D, Garcia- Bereguiain MA, Orlando A. Leptospirosis: Morbidity, mortality, and spatial distribution of hospitalized cases in Ecuador. A nationwide study 2000-2020. PLoS Negl Trop Dis [Internet] 2022;16(5):e0010430. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010430 doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010430Arent ZJ, Andrews ZJ, Adamama-Moraitou K, Gilmore C, Pardali D y Ellis WA. Emergence of novel Leptospira serovars: a need for adjusting vaccination policies for dogs? Epidemiol. Infect [Internet] 2013; 141:1148–1153. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268812002087 doi:10.1017/S0950268812002087Arbiol J, Yabe M, Nomura H, Borja M, Gloriani N, y Yoshida S. Using discrete choice modeling to evaluate the preferences and willingness to pay for leptospirosis vaccine. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics [Internet] 2015; 11(4): 1046-1056. Recuperado de: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2015.1010901 doi:10.1080/21645515.2015.1010901Duarte J, Giatti L. Leptospirosis incidence in a state capital in the Western Brazilian Amazon and its relationship with climate and environmental variability, 2008-2013. Epidemiol. Serv. Saude, Brasília [Internet] 2019; 28 (1): e2017224. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.5123/S1679-49742019000100009 doi: 10.5123/S1679- 49742019000100009oelho M, Massad E. The impact of climate on Leptospirosis in São Paulo, Brazil. Int J Biometeorol. [Internet] 2012; 56:233–241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-011-0419-4 doi: 10.1007/s00484-011-0419-4.Chadsuthi S, Chalvet‐Monfray K, Geawduanglek S, Wongnak P y Cappelle J. Spatial–temporal patterns and risk factors for human leptospirosis in Thailand, 2012–2018. Sci Rep. [Internet] 2022; 12:5066. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022- 09079-y doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-09079-yDhewantara PW, Riandi MU, Wahono T. (2022) Effect of climate change on the geographical distribution of leptospirosis risk in western Java, Indonesia. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science. [Internet] 2022; 1089 (012074). Recuperado de: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755- 1315/1089/1/012074 doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/1089/1/012074Out A, Effa E, Meseko C, Cadmus S, Ochu C, Athingo R, Namisango E, Ogoina D, Okonofua F y Ebenso B. Africa needs to prioritize One Health approaches that focus on the environment, animal health and human health. Nat Med. [Internet] 2021; 27: 940–948. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01375-w doi: 10.1038/s41591-021-01375-wNarkkul U, Thaipadungpanit J, Srisawat-Rudge J, Thongdee M, Pawarana R, y Pan‐ ngum W. Human, animal, water source interactions and leptospirosis in Thailand. Scientific Reports [Internet] 2021; 11:3215. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-82290-5 doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-82290-5Allan KJ, Biggs HM, Halliday JEB, Kazwala RR, Maro VP, Cleaveland S, et al. Epidemiology of Leptospirosis in Africa: A Systematic Review of a Neglected Zoonosis and a Paradigm for ‘One Health’ in Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis [Internet] 2015; 9 (9): e0003899. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003899 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003899Hamond C., Springer Browne A., de Wilde L., Hornsby R., LeCount K., Anderson T. Assessing rodents as carriers of pathogenic Leptospira species in the U.S. Virgin Islands and their risk to animal and public health. Sci Rep [Internet] 2022; 12: 1132. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-04846-3 doi: 10.1038/s41598- 022-04846-3López-Robles G, Córdova-Robles F, y Sandoval-Petris E. Leptospirosis at human- animal-environment interfaces in Latin-America: drivers, prevention, and control measures. Biotecnia [Internet] 2021; 23 (3): 89-100. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.18633/biotecnia.v23i3.1442 doi: 10.18633/biotecnia.v23i3.1442Phosri A. Effects of rainfall on human leptospirosis in Thailand: evidence of multi- province study using distributed lag non-linear model. Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess. [Internet] 2022; 36: 4119–4132. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-022-02250-x(0123456789().,- volV)(0123456789().,-volV) doi: 10.3390/ijerph111010770Matsushita N, Sheng CF, Kim Y, Suzuki M, Saito N, Ariyoshi K, Hashizume M. The non-linear and lagged short-term relationship between rainfall and leptospirosis and the intermediate role of floods in the philippines. PLoS Negl Trop Di. [Internet] 2018; 12(4): e0006331. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006331 doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006331Svarch AE, Arce-Salinas CA y Amaya JL. Leptospirosis in Mesoamérica. Curr Trop Med Rep. [Internet] 2017; 4: 83-88. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40475- 017-0105-7 doi: 10.1007/s40475-017-0105-7Zhao J, Liao J, Huang X. et al. Mapping risk of leptospirosis in China using environmental and socioeconomic data. BMC Infect Dis [Internet] 2016; 16: 343. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-016-1653-5 doi: 10.1186/s12879- 016-1653-5EstudiantesLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-85879https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/83012/1/license.txteb34b1cf90b7e1103fc9dfd26be24b4aMD51ORIGINAL1016023128.2022.pdf1016023128.2022.pdfTesis Maestría Salud Públicaapplication/pdf1269249https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/83012/2/1016023128.2022.pdf5f7b1431e0cfa3981c98d4cdff46fc9fMD52THUMBNAIL1016023128.2022.pdf.jpg1016023128.2022.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg5984https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/83012/3/1016023128.2022.pdf.jpg79d1c663ccd2766ab3aa29f1bf410210MD53unal/83012oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/830122023-08-13 23:05:25.378Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiarepositorio_nal@unal.edu.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

Publicaciones similares