Diseño de un perfil aerodinámico morfológicamente variable

ilustraciones, diagramas

Autores:
Sierra Daza, Carlos Arturo
Tipo de recurso:
Fecha de publicación:
2022
Institución:
Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Repositorio:
Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Idioma:
spa
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/82860
Acceso en línea:
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/82860
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/
Palabra clave:
620 - Ingeniería y operaciones afines::629 - Otras ramas de la ingeniería
Aerodynamics
Stability of airplanes
Aerodinámica
Estabilidad de los aviones
Morphology, compliant mechanisms, topology optimization, genetic algorithms
Morphology
Compliant mechanisms
Topology optimization
Genetic algorithms
Morfología
Mecanismos flexibles
Optimización topológica
Algoritmos genéticos
Rights
openAccess
License
Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional
id UNACIONAL2_1a22c42ec04b8f9f6ffe98cf2a596b93
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/82860
network_acronym_str UNACIONAL2
network_name_str Universidad Nacional de Colombia
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Diseño de un perfil aerodinámico morfológicamente variable
dc.title.translated.eng.fl_str_mv Design of a Variable Morphing Airfoil
title Diseño de un perfil aerodinámico morfológicamente variable
spellingShingle Diseño de un perfil aerodinámico morfológicamente variable
620 - Ingeniería y operaciones afines::629 - Otras ramas de la ingeniería
Aerodynamics
Stability of airplanes
Aerodinámica
Estabilidad de los aviones
Morphology, compliant mechanisms, topology optimization, genetic algorithms
Morphology
Compliant mechanisms
Topology optimization
Genetic algorithms
Morfología
Mecanismos flexibles
Optimización topológica
Algoritmos genéticos
title_short Diseño de un perfil aerodinámico morfológicamente variable
title_full Diseño de un perfil aerodinámico morfológicamente variable
title_fullStr Diseño de un perfil aerodinámico morfológicamente variable
title_full_unstemmed Diseño de un perfil aerodinámico morfológicamente variable
title_sort Diseño de un perfil aerodinámico morfológicamente variable
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Sierra Daza, Carlos Arturo
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv Arzola de la Peña, Nelson
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Sierra Daza, Carlos Arturo
dc.contributor.researchgroup.spa.fl_str_mv Diseño Óptimo Multidisciplinario
dc.subject.ddc.spa.fl_str_mv 620 - Ingeniería y operaciones afines::629 - Otras ramas de la ingeniería
topic 620 - Ingeniería y operaciones afines::629 - Otras ramas de la ingeniería
Aerodynamics
Stability of airplanes
Aerodinámica
Estabilidad de los aviones
Morphology, compliant mechanisms, topology optimization, genetic algorithms
Morphology
Compliant mechanisms
Topology optimization
Genetic algorithms
Morfología
Mecanismos flexibles
Optimización topológica
Algoritmos genéticos
dc.subject.lemb.eng.fl_str_mv Aerodynamics
Stability of airplanes
dc.subject.lemb.spa.fl_str_mv Aerodinámica
Estabilidad de los aviones
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv Morphology, compliant mechanisms, topology optimization, genetic algorithms
Morphology
Compliant mechanisms
Topology optimization
Genetic algorithms
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv Morfología
Mecanismos flexibles
Optimización topológica
Algoritmos genéticos
description ilustraciones, diagramas
publishDate 2022
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2022-12-13T16:42:43Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2022-12-13T16:42:43Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2022-12-12
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Trabajo de grado - Maestría
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv Image
Text
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TM
status_str acceptedVersion
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/82860
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/
url https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/82860
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv spa
language spa
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv Aguirrebeitia, J., Avilés, R., Fernández, I., & Abasolo, M. (2013). Kinematical synthesis of an inversion of the double linked fourbar for morphing wing applications. Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11465-013-0364-5
Anderson, J. D. (1984). Fundamentals of aerodynamics. https://doi.org/10.2514/152157
Anderson, W. K., & Venkatakrishnan, V. (1999). Aerodynamic design optimization on unstructured grids with a continuous adjoint formulation. Computers and Fluids. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-7930(98)00041-3
Antunes, A. P., & Azevedo, J. L. F. (2016). An aerodynamic optimization computational framework using genetic algorithms. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-015-0445-y
Arena, M., Concilio, A., & Pecora, R. (2019). Aero-servo-elastic design of a morphing wing trailing edge system for enhanced cruise performance. Aerospace Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2019.01.020
Barbarino, S., Bilgen, O., Ajaj, R. M., Friswell, M. I., & Inman, D. J. (2011). A review of morphing aircraft. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures. https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X11414084
Bartl, J., Sagmo, K. F., Bracchi, T., & Sætran, L. (2019). Performance of the NREL S826 airfoil at low to moderate Reynolds numbers—A reference experiment for CFD models. European Journal of Mechanics, B/Fluids. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euromechflu.2018.10.002
Bashir, M., Longtin-Martel, S., Botez, R. M., & Wong, T. (2021). Aerodynamic design optimization of a morphing leading edge and trailing edge airfoil–application on the uas-s45. Applied Sciences (Switzerland). https://doi.org/10.3390/app11041664
Bendsøe, M. P. (1989). Optimal shape design as a material distribution problem. Structural Optimization. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01650949
Blank, J., & Deb, K. (2020). Pymoo: Multi-Objective Optimization in Python. IEEE Access. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2990567
Boyd Rix, M. (2012). Cross-sectionally Morphing Airfoil. Retrieved from https://lens.org/118-159-656-815-741
Cakmakcioglu, S. C., Sert, I. O., Tugluk, O., & Sezer-Uzol, N. (2014). 2-D and 3-D CFD investigation of NREL S826 airfoil at low Reynolds numbers. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/524/1/012028
Campanile, L. F. (2008). Modal synthesis of flexible mechanisms for airfoil shape control. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures. https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X07080638
Campanile, L. F., & Sachau, D. (2000). Belt-rib concept: a structronic approach to variable camber. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures. https://doi.org/10.1106/6H4B-HBW3-VDJ8-NB8A
Coello, C. A. C., & Lamont, G. B. (2004). Applications of Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms. https://doi.org/10.1142/5712
Coutu, D., Brailovski, V., & Terriault, P. (2010). Optimized design of an active extrados structure for an experimental morphing laminar wing. Aerospace Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2010.01.009
de Castro, L. N. (2007). Fundamentals of natural computing: an overview. Physics of Life Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plrev.2006.10.002
De Gaspari, A., & Ricci, S. (2011). A two-level approach for the optimal design of morphing wings based on compliant structures. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures. https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X11409081
Deb, K., Pratap, A., Agarwal, S., & Meyarivan, T. (2002). A fast and elitist multiobjective genetic algorithm: NSGA-II. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation. https://doi.org/10.1109/4235.996017
Della Vecchia, P., Daniele, E., & D’Amato, E. (2014). An airfoil shape optimization technique coupling PARSEC parameterization and evolutionary algorithm. Aerospace Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2013.11.006
Du, S., & Ang, H. (2012). Design and Feasibility Analyses of Morphing Airfoil Used to Control Flight Attitude. Strojniski Vestnik, 58, 46–55. https://doi.org/10.5545/sv-jme.2011.189
Fincham, J. H. S., & Friswell, M. I. (2015). Aerodynamic optimisation of a camber morphing aerofoil. Aerospace Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2015.02.023
Flux, A. W., & Pareto, V. (1897). Cours d’Economie Politique. The Economic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2307/2956966
Fusi, F., Congedo, P. M., Guardone, A., & Quaranta, G. (2018). Shape optimization under uncertainty of morphing airfoils. Acta Mechanica. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00707-017-2049-3
Gamboa, P., Vale, J., Lau, F. J. P., & Suleman, A. (2009). Optimization of a Morphing Wing Based on Coupled Aerodynamic and Structural Constraints. AIAA Journal, 47(9), 2087–2104. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.39016
Gandhi, F. (2010). Variable Chord Morphing Helicopter Rotor. Retrieved from https://lens.org/167-124-962-862-746
Geuzaine, C.; Remacle, J. F. (2009). Gmsh: a Three-Dimensional Finite Element Mesh Generator with Built-in Pre- and Post-Processing. Facilities. Int. J. Numer. Meth. Eng.
Grip, R. E., Brown, J. J., Harrison, N. A., Rawdon, B. K., & Vassberg, J. C. (2017). Morphing Airfoil Leading Edge. Retrieved from https://lens.org/083-739-017-820-942
Haase, W., Aupoix, B., Bunge, U., & Schwamborn, D. (2006). FLOMANIA — A European Initiative on Flow Physics Modelling. In FLOMANIA — A European Initiative on Flow Physics Modelling. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-39507-2
Hassanalian, M., & Abdelkefi, A. (2017). Classifications, applications, and design challenges of drones: A review. Progress in Aerospace Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2017.04.003
Hetrick, J. A., Osborn, R. F., Kota, S., Flick, P. M., & Paul, D. B. (2007). Flight testing of Mission Adaptive Compliant Wing. Collection of Technical Papers - AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2007-1709
Hetrick, J., Ervin, G., & Kota, S. (2019). Compliant Structure Design For Varying Surface Contours. Retrieved from https://lens.org/016-903-804-131-910
Howell, L. L., Magleby, S. P., & Olsen, B. M. (2013). Handbook of Compliant Mechanisms. In Handbook of Compliant Mechanisms. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118516485
IATA. (2019). More Connectivity and Improved Efficiency - 2018 Airline Industry Statistics Released [Comunicado de prensa ]. Retrieved November 26, 2019, from https://www.iata.org/pressroom/pr/Pages/2019-07-31-01.aspx
Jaimes, A. L., & Coello, C. A. (2008). An introduction to multi-objective evolutionary algorithms and some of their potential uses in biology. Studies in Computational Intelligence. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-78534-7_4
Juan-Mauricio, P.-S. (2006). Wing, Particularly Airfoil Of An Aircraft, Having Changeable Profile. Retrieved from https://lens.org/022-862-582-261-697
Khurana, M. (2011). Development and application of an optimisation architecture with adaptive swarm algorithm for airfoil aerodynamic design
Kota, S., Ervin, G. F., Lo, J.-H., Lu, K.-J., Maric, D., Trost, M. R., & Tsang, R.-K. K. (2019). Edge Morphing Arrangement For An Airfoil. Retrieved from https://lens.org/018-081-077-068-857
Kudva, J. N. (2004). Overview of the DARPA smart wing project. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures. https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X04042796
Kulfan, B. M. (2008). Universal parametric geometry representation method. Journal of Aircraft. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.29958
Kumar, D., Ali, S. F., & Arockiarajan, A. (2018). Structural and Aerodynamics Studies on Various Wing Configurations for Morphing. IFAC-PapersOnLine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2018.05.084
Leschziner, M. A., & Drikakis, D. (2002). Turbulence modelling and turbulent-flow computation in aeronautics. Aeronautical Journal
Li, D., Zhao, S., Da Ronch, A., Xiang, J., Drofelnik, J., Li, Y., … Breuker, R. De. (2018). A review of modelling and analysis of morphing wings. Progress in Aerospace Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2018.06.002
Lu, K. J., & Kota, S. (2003). Design of compliant mechanisms for morphing structural shapes. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures. https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X03035563
Mark Drela. (2000). XFOIL Subsonic Airfoil Development System.
Matyushenko, A. A., Kotov, E. V., & Garbaruk, A. V. (2017). Calculations of flow around airfoils using two-dimensional RANS: an analysis of the reduction in accuracy. St. Petersburg Polytechnical University Journal: Physics and Mathematics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spjpm.2017.03.004
McGhee, R. J., Walker, B. S., & Millard, B. F. (1988). Experimental results for the Eppler 387 airfoil at low Reynolds numbers in the Langley Low-Turbulence Pressure Tunnel. NASA Technical Memorandum.
Meguid, S. A., Su, Y., & Wang, Y. (2017). Complete morphing wing design using flexible-rib system. International Journal of Mechanics and Materials in Design. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10999-015-9323-0
Menter, F R, Kuntz, M., & Langtry, R. (2003). Ten Years of Industrial Experience with the SST Turbulence Model Turbulence heat and mass transfer. Cfd.Spbstu.Ru.
Menter, Florian R., & Esch, T. (2001). Elements of Industrial Heat Transfer Predictions. 16th Brazilian Congress of Mechanical Engineering.
Molinari, G., Quack, M., Arrieta, A. F., Morari, M., & Ermanni, P. (2015). Design, realization and structural testing of a compliant adaptable wing. Smart Materials and Structures. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/24/10/105027
Monner, H. P. (2001). Realization of an optimized wing camber by using formvariable flap structures. Aerospace Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1270-9638(01)01118-X
Nie, R., Qiu, J., Ji, H., & Li, D. (2016). Aerodynamic characteristic of the active compliant trailing edge concept. International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series, 42, 1660173. https://doi.org/10.1142/S2010194516601733
Nygren, K. P., & Schulz, R. R. (1996). Breguet’s formulas for aircraft range & endurance an application of integral calculus. ASEE Annual Conference Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.18260/1-2--5901
Ohtake, T., Nakae, Y., & Motohashi, T. (2007). Nonlinearity of the Aerodynamic Characteristics of NACA0012 Aerofoil at Low Reynolds Numbers. JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY FOR AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES, 55(644), 439–445. https://doi.org/10.2322/jjsass.55.439
Oliver, J., Yago, D., Cante, J., & Lloberas-Valls, O. (2019). Variational approach to relaxed topological optimization: Closed form solutions for structural problems in a sequential pseudo-time framework. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2019.06.038
Osyczka, A. (1985). Multicriteria optimization for engineering design. In Design Optimization. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-280910-1.50012-x
Poonsong, P. (2004). Design and analysis of multi-section variable camber wing. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses.
Rodriguez, D. L., Aftosmis, M. J., Nemec, M., & Anderson, G. R. (2015). Optimized Off-Design Performance of Flexible Wings with Continuous Trailing-Edge Flaps. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2015-1409
Rogalsky, T., Derksen, R. W., & Kocabiyik, S. (1999). Differential Evolution in Aerodynamic Optimization.
Sakurai, S., Fox, S. J., Beyer, K. W., Lacy, D. S., Johnson, P. L., Wells, S. L., … Gronenthal, E. W. (2007). Multi-function Trailing Edge Devices And Associated Methods. Retrieved from https://lens.org/143-768-204-159-624
Sheldahl, R. E., & Klimas, P. C. (1981). Aerodynamic characteristics of seven symmetrical airfoil sections through 180-degree angle of attack for use in aerodynamic analysis of vertical axis wind turbines.
Smart Intelligent Aircraft Structures (SARISTU). (2016). In M. Papadopoulos & P. C. Wölcken (Eds.), Smart Intelligent Aircraft Structures (SARISTU). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22413-8
Sobieczky, H. (1999). Parametric Airfoils and Wings. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-89952-1_4
Sofla, A. Y. N., Meguid, S. A., Tan, K. T., & Yeo, W. K. (2010). Shape morphing of aircraft wing: Status and challenges. Materials and Design. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2009.09.011
Spirlet, G. B. (2015). Design of Morphing Leading and Trailing Edge Surfaces for Camber and Twist Control. University of Delft.
Sun, J., Scarpa, F., Liu, Y., & Leng, J. (2016). Morphing thickness in airfoils using pneumatic flexible tubes and Kirigami honeycomb. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures. https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X15580656
Tian, Y., Quan, J., Liu, P., Li, D., & Kong, C. (2018). Mechanism/structure/aerodynamic multidisciplinary optimization of flexible high-lift devices for transport aircraft. Aerospace Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2018.09.045
Ullman, G. (2020). The Mechanical Design Process Case Studies, 2nd Edition. Retrieved from https://books.google.com.co/books?id=7W-YzQEACAAJ
Urnes, J., & Nguyen, N. (2013). A Mission Adaptive Variable Camber Flap Control System to Optimize High Lift and Cruise Lift to Drag Ratios of Future N+3 Transport Aircraft. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2013-214
Van Dijk, N. P., Maute, K., Langelaar, M., & Van Keulen, F. (2013). Level-set methods for structural topology optimization: A review. Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00158-013-0912-y
Versteeg, H. K., & Malalasekera, W. (2007). An Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics. In Pearson Education Limited.
Wang, Y. (2015). Development of flexible rib morphing wing system. University of Toronto.
Weller, H. G., Tabor, G., Jasak, H., & Fureby, C. (1998). A tensorial approach to computational continuum mechanics using object-oriented techniques. Computers in Physics. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.168744
Woods, B. K., Bilgen, O., & Friswell, M. I. (2014). Wind tunnel testing of the fish bone active camber morphing concept. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures. https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X14521700
Woods, B. K. S., Parsons, L., Coles, A. B., Fincham, J. H. S., & Friswell, M. I. (2016). Morphing elastically lofted transition for active camber control surfaces. Aerospace Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2016.06.017
Xie, Y. M., & Steven, G. P. (1993). A simple evolutionary procedure for structural optimization. Computers and Structures. https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-7949(93)90035-C
Xinxing, T., Wenjie, G., Chao, S., & Xiaoyong, L. (2014). Topology optimization of compliant adaptive wing leading edge with composite materials. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cja.2014.10.015
Yago, D., Cante, J., Lloberas-Valls, O., & Oliver, J. (2021). Topology optimization using the unsmooth variational topology optimization (UNVARTOP) method: an educational implementation in MATLAB. Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00158-020-02722-0
Zhang, S., Li, H., & Abbasi, A. A. (2019). Design methodology using characteristic parameters control for low Reynolds number airfoils. Aerospace Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2019.01.003
Zhang, W., Yuan, J., Zhang, J., & Guo, X. (2016). A new topology optimization approach based on Moving Morphable Components (MMC) and the ersatz material model. Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00158-015-1372-3
Zhang, X., & Zhu, B. (2018). Topology Optimization of Compliant Mechanisms. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0432-3
Zhao, A., Zou, H., Jin, H., & Wen, D. (2019). Structural design and verification of an innovative whole adaptive variable camber wing. Aerospace Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2019.02.032
Zhao, L., Di, C., Li, K., Li, J., & Liu, J. (2018). Compliant mechanism design of multiphase material wing leading edge. Proceedings - 2017 10th International Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Design, ISCID 2017, 2, 437–440. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISCID.2017.189
Zitzler, E., Brockhoff, D., & Thiele, L. (2007). The hypervolume indicator revisited: On the design of pareto-compliant indicators via weighted integration. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Including Subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70928-2_64
dc.rights.coar.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
dc.rights.license.spa.fl_str_mv Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional
dc.rights.uri.spa.fl_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv xvii, 104 páginas
dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.publisher.program.spa.fl_str_mv Bogotá - Ingeniería - Maestría en Ingeniería - Ingeniería Mecánica
dc.publisher.faculty.spa.fl_str_mv Facultad de Ingeniería
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv Bogotá, Colombia
dc.publisher.branch.spa.fl_str_mv Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá
institution Universidad Nacional de Colombia
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/82860/1/license.txt
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/82860/2/1022404008.2022.pdf
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/82860/3/1022404008.2022.pdf.jpg
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv eb34b1cf90b7e1103fc9dfd26be24b4a
c5ceb6bf5a9cd6960a35fcdddf621872
ed35ad84e3db53e2cd28d82ed81ab5d9
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv MD5
MD5
MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
repository.mail.fl_str_mv repositorio_nal@unal.edu.co
_version_ 1814089672752627712
spelling Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacionalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Arzola de la Peña, Nelsonb5d6082c6e84ca0d646b37ed577a327cSierra Daza, Carlos Arturo3656f61dc8d4a7c933e87273dfd87659Diseño Óptimo Multidisciplinario2022-12-13T16:42:43Z2022-12-13T16:42:43Z2022-12-12https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/82860Universidad Nacional de ColombiaRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiahttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ilustraciones, diagramasEl concepto de morfología aplicado a las alas de aeronaves está relacionado con la habilidad de una estructura de cambiar su geometría, para adaptarse a diferentes condiciones de vuelo. Esto con el fin de incrementar el rendimiento, reduciendo la cantidad de combustible y aumentando su tiempo de operación. Este trabajo tiene como propósito describir los procedimientos llevados a cabo para la generación y posterior evaluación del diseño conceptual y detallado de un perfil aerodinámico de morfología variable. Se toma como punto de inicio diseños creados con anterioridad por diferentes autores y se procede a realizar el desarrollo de conceptos propios de diseño. Después de esto, se realiza un proceso de decisión, utilizando diferentes requerimientos de ingeniería, se determina el concepto global dominante; el cual está basado en un mecanismo flexible para deformar el borde de fuga del perfil aerodinámico, para su posterior análisis por medios numéricos. Se genera una metodología de optimización de dos niveles para el desarrollo del mecanismo flexible. En el primer nivel, la mejor forma del perfil aerodinámico es obtenida por medio de un proceso de optimización multiobjetivo. En el segundo nivel, la mejor configuración estructural es obtenida por medio de optimización topológica. Por último, se realizan varios análisis por medio de dinámica de fluidos computacional usando el software OpenFoam, donde se hace uso del modelo de turbulencia K-Omega SST. (Texto tomado de la fuente)The concept of morphology applied to the wing of an aircraft is related to the capacity of a structure to change its geometry according to different flight conditions. The morphology is used to increase the performance of the aircraft in both, reducing the fuel consumption or increasing the endurance of a mission profile. This work describes the methods to generate and evaluate the conceptual and detailed design of a morphing airfoil. From a bibliographic review of design concepts previously created by different authors, the development of design concepts is carried out. After that, a decision process takes place; using different engineering requirements, the dominant global concept is determined, which is based on a compliant mechanism to deform the trailing edge of the airfoil, for subsequent numerical analysis. Furthermore, a two-level optimization methodology is elaborated for the development of the compliant mechanism. At the first level, the best aerodynamic shape is obtained through a multi-objective optimization process. At the second level, the best structural configuration is obtained using topological optimization. Finally, several analyzes are performed by means of computational fluid dynamics using the software OpenFoam, where the K-Omega SST turbulence model is used.MaestríaMagíster en Ingeniería MecánicaDiseño de perfiles aerodinámicosxvii, 104 páginasapplication/pdfspaUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaBogotá - Ingeniería - Maestría en Ingeniería - Ingeniería MecánicaFacultad de IngenieríaBogotá, ColombiaUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá620 - Ingeniería y operaciones afines::629 - Otras ramas de la ingenieríaAerodynamicsStability of airplanesAerodinámicaEstabilidad de los avionesMorphology, compliant mechanisms, topology optimization, genetic algorithmsMorphologyCompliant mechanismsTopology optimizationGenetic algorithmsMorfologíaMecanismos flexiblesOptimización topológicaAlgoritmos genéticosDiseño de un perfil aerodinámico morfológicamente variableDesign of a Variable Morphing AirfoilTrabajo de grado - Maestríainfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionImageTexthttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TMAguirrebeitia, J., Avilés, R., Fernández, I., & Abasolo, M. (2013). Kinematical synthesis of an inversion of the double linked fourbar for morphing wing applications. Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11465-013-0364-5Anderson, J. D. (1984). Fundamentals of aerodynamics. https://doi.org/10.2514/152157Anderson, W. K., & Venkatakrishnan, V. (1999). Aerodynamic design optimization on unstructured grids with a continuous adjoint formulation. Computers and Fluids. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-7930(98)00041-3Antunes, A. P., & Azevedo, J. L. F. (2016). An aerodynamic optimization computational framework using genetic algorithms. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-015-0445-yArena, M., Concilio, A., & Pecora, R. (2019). Aero-servo-elastic design of a morphing wing trailing edge system for enhanced cruise performance. Aerospace Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2019.01.020Barbarino, S., Bilgen, O., Ajaj, R. M., Friswell, M. I., & Inman, D. J. (2011). A review of morphing aircraft. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures. https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X11414084Bartl, J., Sagmo, K. F., Bracchi, T., & Sætran, L. (2019). Performance of the NREL S826 airfoil at low to moderate Reynolds numbers—A reference experiment for CFD models. European Journal of Mechanics, B/Fluids. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euromechflu.2018.10.002Bashir, M., Longtin-Martel, S., Botez, R. M., & Wong, T. (2021). Aerodynamic design optimization of a morphing leading edge and trailing edge airfoil–application on the uas-s45. Applied Sciences (Switzerland). https://doi.org/10.3390/app11041664Bendsøe, M. P. (1989). Optimal shape design as a material distribution problem. Structural Optimization. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01650949Blank, J., & Deb, K. (2020). Pymoo: Multi-Objective Optimization in Python. IEEE Access. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2990567Boyd Rix, M. (2012). Cross-sectionally Morphing Airfoil. Retrieved from https://lens.org/118-159-656-815-741Cakmakcioglu, S. C., Sert, I. O., Tugluk, O., & Sezer-Uzol, N. (2014). 2-D and 3-D CFD investigation of NREL S826 airfoil at low Reynolds numbers. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/524/1/012028Campanile, L. F. (2008). Modal synthesis of flexible mechanisms for airfoil shape control. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures. https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X07080638Campanile, L. F., & Sachau, D. (2000). Belt-rib concept: a structronic approach to variable camber. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures. https://doi.org/10.1106/6H4B-HBW3-VDJ8-NB8ACoello, C. A. C., & Lamont, G. B. (2004). Applications of Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms. https://doi.org/10.1142/5712Coutu, D., Brailovski, V., & Terriault, P. (2010). Optimized design of an active extrados structure for an experimental morphing laminar wing. Aerospace Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2010.01.009de Castro, L. N. (2007). Fundamentals of natural computing: an overview. Physics of Life Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plrev.2006.10.002De Gaspari, A., & Ricci, S. (2011). A two-level approach for the optimal design of morphing wings based on compliant structures. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures. https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X11409081Deb, K., Pratap, A., Agarwal, S., & Meyarivan, T. (2002). A fast and elitist multiobjective genetic algorithm: NSGA-II. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation. https://doi.org/10.1109/4235.996017Della Vecchia, P., Daniele, E., & D’Amato, E. (2014). An airfoil shape optimization technique coupling PARSEC parameterization and evolutionary algorithm. Aerospace Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2013.11.006Du, S., & Ang, H. (2012). Design and Feasibility Analyses of Morphing Airfoil Used to Control Flight Attitude. Strojniski Vestnik, 58, 46–55. https://doi.org/10.5545/sv-jme.2011.189Fincham, J. H. S., & Friswell, M. I. (2015). Aerodynamic optimisation of a camber morphing aerofoil. Aerospace Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2015.02.023Flux, A. W., & Pareto, V. (1897). Cours d’Economie Politique. The Economic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2307/2956966Fusi, F., Congedo, P. M., Guardone, A., & Quaranta, G. (2018). Shape optimization under uncertainty of morphing airfoils. Acta Mechanica. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00707-017-2049-3Gamboa, P., Vale, J., Lau, F. J. P., & Suleman, A. (2009). Optimization of a Morphing Wing Based on Coupled Aerodynamic and Structural Constraints. AIAA Journal, 47(9), 2087–2104. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.39016Gandhi, F. (2010). Variable Chord Morphing Helicopter Rotor. Retrieved from https://lens.org/167-124-962-862-746Geuzaine, C.; Remacle, J. F. (2009). Gmsh: a Three-Dimensional Finite Element Mesh Generator with Built-in Pre- and Post-Processing. Facilities. Int. J. Numer. Meth. Eng.Grip, R. E., Brown, J. J., Harrison, N. A., Rawdon, B. K., & Vassberg, J. C. (2017). Morphing Airfoil Leading Edge. Retrieved from https://lens.org/083-739-017-820-942Haase, W., Aupoix, B., Bunge, U., & Schwamborn, D. (2006). FLOMANIA — A European Initiative on Flow Physics Modelling. In FLOMANIA — A European Initiative on Flow Physics Modelling. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-39507-2Hassanalian, M., & Abdelkefi, A. (2017). Classifications, applications, and design challenges of drones: A review. Progress in Aerospace Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2017.04.003Hetrick, J. A., Osborn, R. F., Kota, S., Flick, P. M., & Paul, D. B. (2007). Flight testing of Mission Adaptive Compliant Wing. Collection of Technical Papers - AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2007-1709Hetrick, J., Ervin, G., & Kota, S. (2019). Compliant Structure Design For Varying Surface Contours. Retrieved from https://lens.org/016-903-804-131-910Howell, L. L., Magleby, S. P., & Olsen, B. M. (2013). Handbook of Compliant Mechanisms. In Handbook of Compliant Mechanisms. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118516485IATA. (2019). More Connectivity and Improved Efficiency - 2018 Airline Industry Statistics Released [Comunicado de prensa ]. Retrieved November 26, 2019, from https://www.iata.org/pressroom/pr/Pages/2019-07-31-01.aspxJaimes, A. L., & Coello, C. A. (2008). An introduction to multi-objective evolutionary algorithms and some of their potential uses in biology. Studies in Computational Intelligence. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-78534-7_4Juan-Mauricio, P.-S. (2006). Wing, Particularly Airfoil Of An Aircraft, Having Changeable Profile. Retrieved from https://lens.org/022-862-582-261-697Khurana, M. (2011). Development and application of an optimisation architecture with adaptive swarm algorithm for airfoil aerodynamic designKota, S., Ervin, G. F., Lo, J.-H., Lu, K.-J., Maric, D., Trost, M. R., & Tsang, R.-K. K. (2019). Edge Morphing Arrangement For An Airfoil. Retrieved from https://lens.org/018-081-077-068-857Kudva, J. N. (2004). Overview of the DARPA smart wing project. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures. https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X04042796Kulfan, B. M. (2008). Universal parametric geometry representation method. Journal of Aircraft. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.29958Kumar, D., Ali, S. F., & Arockiarajan, A. (2018). Structural and Aerodynamics Studies on Various Wing Configurations for Morphing. IFAC-PapersOnLine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2018.05.084Leschziner, M. A., & Drikakis, D. (2002). Turbulence modelling and turbulent-flow computation in aeronautics. Aeronautical JournalLi, D., Zhao, S., Da Ronch, A., Xiang, J., Drofelnik, J., Li, Y., … Breuker, R. De. (2018). A review of modelling and analysis of morphing wings. Progress in Aerospace Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2018.06.002Lu, K. J., & Kota, S. (2003). Design of compliant mechanisms for morphing structural shapes. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures. https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X03035563Mark Drela. (2000). XFOIL Subsonic Airfoil Development System.Matyushenko, A. A., Kotov, E. V., & Garbaruk, A. V. (2017). Calculations of flow around airfoils using two-dimensional RANS: an analysis of the reduction in accuracy. St. Petersburg Polytechnical University Journal: Physics and Mathematics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spjpm.2017.03.004McGhee, R. J., Walker, B. S., & Millard, B. F. (1988). Experimental results for the Eppler 387 airfoil at low Reynolds numbers in the Langley Low-Turbulence Pressure Tunnel. NASA Technical Memorandum.Meguid, S. A., Su, Y., & Wang, Y. (2017). Complete morphing wing design using flexible-rib system. International Journal of Mechanics and Materials in Design. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10999-015-9323-0Menter, F R, Kuntz, M., & Langtry, R. (2003). Ten Years of Industrial Experience with the SST Turbulence Model Turbulence heat and mass transfer. Cfd.Spbstu.Ru.Menter, Florian R., & Esch, T. (2001). Elements of Industrial Heat Transfer Predictions. 16th Brazilian Congress of Mechanical Engineering.Molinari, G., Quack, M., Arrieta, A. F., Morari, M., & Ermanni, P. (2015). Design, realization and structural testing of a compliant adaptable wing. Smart Materials and Structures. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/24/10/105027Monner, H. P. (2001). Realization of an optimized wing camber by using formvariable flap structures. Aerospace Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1270-9638(01)01118-XNie, R., Qiu, J., Ji, H., & Li, D. (2016). Aerodynamic characteristic of the active compliant trailing edge concept. International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series, 42, 1660173. https://doi.org/10.1142/S2010194516601733Nygren, K. P., & Schulz, R. R. (1996). Breguet’s formulas for aircraft range & endurance an application of integral calculus. ASEE Annual Conference Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.18260/1-2--5901Ohtake, T., Nakae, Y., & Motohashi, T. (2007). Nonlinearity of the Aerodynamic Characteristics of NACA0012 Aerofoil at Low Reynolds Numbers. JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY FOR AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES, 55(644), 439–445. https://doi.org/10.2322/jjsass.55.439Oliver, J., Yago, D., Cante, J., & Lloberas-Valls, O. (2019). Variational approach to relaxed topological optimization: Closed form solutions for structural problems in a sequential pseudo-time framework. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2019.06.038Osyczka, A. (1985). Multicriteria optimization for engineering design. In Design Optimization. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-280910-1.50012-xPoonsong, P. (2004). Design and analysis of multi-section variable camber wing. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses.Rodriguez, D. L., Aftosmis, M. J., Nemec, M., & Anderson, G. R. (2015). Optimized Off-Design Performance of Flexible Wings with Continuous Trailing-Edge Flaps. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2015-1409Rogalsky, T., Derksen, R. W., & Kocabiyik, S. (1999). Differential Evolution in Aerodynamic Optimization.Sakurai, S., Fox, S. J., Beyer, K. W., Lacy, D. S., Johnson, P. L., Wells, S. L., … Gronenthal, E. W. (2007). Multi-function Trailing Edge Devices And Associated Methods. Retrieved from https://lens.org/143-768-204-159-624Sheldahl, R. E., & Klimas, P. C. (1981). Aerodynamic characteristics of seven symmetrical airfoil sections through 180-degree angle of attack for use in aerodynamic analysis of vertical axis wind turbines.Smart Intelligent Aircraft Structures (SARISTU). (2016). In M. Papadopoulos & P. C. Wölcken (Eds.), Smart Intelligent Aircraft Structures (SARISTU). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22413-8Sobieczky, H. (1999). Parametric Airfoils and Wings. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-89952-1_4Sofla, A. Y. N., Meguid, S. A., Tan, K. T., & Yeo, W. K. (2010). Shape morphing of aircraft wing: Status and challenges. Materials and Design. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2009.09.011Spirlet, G. B. (2015). Design of Morphing Leading and Trailing Edge Surfaces for Camber and Twist Control. University of Delft.Sun, J., Scarpa, F., Liu, Y., & Leng, J. (2016). Morphing thickness in airfoils using pneumatic flexible tubes and Kirigami honeycomb. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures. https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X15580656Tian, Y., Quan, J., Liu, P., Li, D., & Kong, C. (2018). Mechanism/structure/aerodynamic multidisciplinary optimization of flexible high-lift devices for transport aircraft. Aerospace Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2018.09.045Ullman, G. (2020). The Mechanical Design Process Case Studies, 2nd Edition. Retrieved from https://books.google.com.co/books?id=7W-YzQEACAAJUrnes, J., & Nguyen, N. (2013). A Mission Adaptive Variable Camber Flap Control System to Optimize High Lift and Cruise Lift to Drag Ratios of Future N+3 Transport Aircraft. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2013-214Van Dijk, N. P., Maute, K., Langelaar, M., & Van Keulen, F. (2013). Level-set methods for structural topology optimization: A review. Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00158-013-0912-yVersteeg, H. K., & Malalasekera, W. (2007). An Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics. In Pearson Education Limited.Wang, Y. (2015). Development of flexible rib morphing wing system. University of Toronto.Weller, H. G., Tabor, G., Jasak, H., & Fureby, C. (1998). A tensorial approach to computational continuum mechanics using object-oriented techniques. Computers in Physics. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.168744Woods, B. K., Bilgen, O., & Friswell, M. I. (2014). Wind tunnel testing of the fish bone active camber morphing concept. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures. https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X14521700Woods, B. K. S., Parsons, L., Coles, A. B., Fincham, J. H. S., & Friswell, M. I. (2016). Morphing elastically lofted transition for active camber control surfaces. Aerospace Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2016.06.017Xie, Y. M., & Steven, G. P. (1993). A simple evolutionary procedure for structural optimization. Computers and Structures. https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-7949(93)90035-CXinxing, T., Wenjie, G., Chao, S., & Xiaoyong, L. (2014). Topology optimization of compliant adaptive wing leading edge with composite materials. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cja.2014.10.015Yago, D., Cante, J., Lloberas-Valls, O., & Oliver, J. (2021). Topology optimization using the unsmooth variational topology optimization (UNVARTOP) method: an educational implementation in MATLAB. Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00158-020-02722-0Zhang, S., Li, H., & Abbasi, A. A. (2019). Design methodology using characteristic parameters control for low Reynolds number airfoils. Aerospace Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2019.01.003Zhang, W., Yuan, J., Zhang, J., & Guo, X. (2016). A new topology optimization approach based on Moving Morphable Components (MMC) and the ersatz material model. Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00158-015-1372-3Zhang, X., & Zhu, B. (2018). Topology Optimization of Compliant Mechanisms. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0432-3Zhao, A., Zou, H., Jin, H., & Wen, D. (2019). Structural design and verification of an innovative whole adaptive variable camber wing. Aerospace Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2019.02.032Zhao, L., Di, C., Li, K., Li, J., & Liu, J. (2018). Compliant mechanism design of multiphase material wing leading edge. Proceedings - 2017 10th International Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Design, ISCID 2017, 2, 437–440. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISCID.2017.189Zitzler, E., Brockhoff, D., & Thiele, L. (2007). The hypervolume indicator revisited: On the design of pareto-compliant indicators via weighted integration. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Including Subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70928-2_64Diseño de un Perfil Aerodinámico Morfológicamente VariableEstudiantesInvestigadoresLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-85879https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/82860/1/license.txteb34b1cf90b7e1103fc9dfd26be24b4aMD51ORIGINAL1022404008.2022.pdf1022404008.2022.pdfTesis de Maestría en Ingeniería Mecánicaapplication/pdf2672611https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/82860/2/1022404008.2022.pdfc5ceb6bf5a9cd6960a35fcdddf621872MD52THUMBNAIL1022404008.2022.pdf.jpg1022404008.2022.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg4629https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/82860/3/1022404008.2022.pdf.jpged35ad84e3db53e2cd28d82ed81ab5d9MD53unal/82860oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/828602023-08-11 23:04:42.061Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiarepositorio_nal@unal.edu.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