Extracción de elementos de tierras raras a partir de monacita mediante solventes eutécticos profundos y su comparación con solventes orgánicos convencionales
En esta tesis se obtuvo un concentrado de monacita [fosfato de elementos de tierras raras (ETRs)] a partir de residuos de la minería aluvial de oro, el cual es uno de los minerales más críticos del mundo, por ser fuente de ETRs. Los ETRs son de gran importancia en el desarrollo de materiales tecnoló...
- Autores:
-
Echeverry Vargas, Luver de Jesús
- Tipo de recurso:
- Doctoral thesis
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2022
- Institución:
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia
- Repositorio:
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia
- Idioma:
- spa
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/83360
- Palabra clave:
- 660 - Ingeniería química::669 - Metalurgia
Tierras raras
Preparación mecánica de minerales
Lixiviación
Dinámica molecular
Elementos de tierras raras
Monacita
Hidrometalurgia
Extracción con solventes
Solventes eutécticos profundos
Simulación dinámica molecular
Valorización de residuos
Valorización de residuos
Monazite
Hydrometallurgy
Solvent extraction
Deep eutectic solvents
Molecular dynamic simulation
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional
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| dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv |
Extracción de elementos de tierras raras a partir de monacita mediante solventes eutécticos profundos y su comparación con solventes orgánicos convencionales |
| dc.title.translated.eng.fl_str_mv |
Extraction of rare earth elements from monazite by deep eutectic solvents and comparison with conventional organic solvents |
| title |
Extracción de elementos de tierras raras a partir de monacita mediante solventes eutécticos profundos y su comparación con solventes orgánicos convencionales |
| spellingShingle |
Extracción de elementos de tierras raras a partir de monacita mediante solventes eutécticos profundos y su comparación con solventes orgánicos convencionales 660 - Ingeniería química::669 - Metalurgia Tierras raras Preparación mecánica de minerales Lixiviación Dinámica molecular Elementos de tierras raras Monacita Hidrometalurgia Extracción con solventes Solventes eutécticos profundos Simulación dinámica molecular Valorización de residuos Valorización de residuos Monazite Hydrometallurgy Solvent extraction Deep eutectic solvents Molecular dynamic simulation |
| title_short |
Extracción de elementos de tierras raras a partir de monacita mediante solventes eutécticos profundos y su comparación con solventes orgánicos convencionales |
| title_full |
Extracción de elementos de tierras raras a partir de monacita mediante solventes eutécticos profundos y su comparación con solventes orgánicos convencionales |
| title_fullStr |
Extracción de elementos de tierras raras a partir de monacita mediante solventes eutécticos profundos y su comparación con solventes orgánicos convencionales |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Extracción de elementos de tierras raras a partir de monacita mediante solventes eutécticos profundos y su comparación con solventes orgánicos convencionales |
| title_sort |
Extracción de elementos de tierras raras a partir de monacita mediante solventes eutécticos profundos y su comparación con solventes orgánicos convencionales |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Echeverry Vargas, Luver de Jesús |
| dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv |
Ocampo Carmona, Luz Marina Rojas Reyes, Néstor Ricardo |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Echeverry Vargas, Luver de Jesús |
| dc.contributor.researchgroup.spa.fl_str_mv |
Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales |
| dc.contributor.orcid.spa.fl_str_mv |
0000-0001-7365-4361 |
| dc.subject.ddc.spa.fl_str_mv |
660 - Ingeniería química::669 - Metalurgia |
| topic |
660 - Ingeniería química::669 - Metalurgia Tierras raras Preparación mecánica de minerales Lixiviación Dinámica molecular Elementos de tierras raras Monacita Hidrometalurgia Extracción con solventes Solventes eutécticos profundos Simulación dinámica molecular Valorización de residuos Valorización de residuos Monazite Hydrometallurgy Solvent extraction Deep eutectic solvents Molecular dynamic simulation |
| dc.subject.lemb.none.fl_str_mv |
Tierras raras Preparación mecánica de minerales Lixiviación Dinámica molecular |
| dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Elementos de tierras raras Monacita Hidrometalurgia Extracción con solventes Solventes eutécticos profundos Simulación dinámica molecular Valorización de residuos |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Valorización de residuos Monazite Hydrometallurgy Solvent extraction Deep eutectic solvents Molecular dynamic simulation |
| description |
En esta tesis se obtuvo un concentrado de monacita [fosfato de elementos de tierras raras (ETRs)] a partir de residuos de la minería aluvial de oro, el cual es uno de los minerales más críticos del mundo, por ser fuente de ETRs. Los ETRs son de gran importancia en el desarrollo de materiales tecnológicos. En esta tesis, el concentrado de monacita fue sometido a un proceso de desfosforación con hidróxido de sodio e hidróxido de potasio. Se investigo diferentes condiciones de lixiviación con HCl y H2SO4, que permitirán la máxima extracción de cerio, lantano y neodimio, se determinó que la mayor extracción de estos elementos se logra con H2SO4. Se estableció que la adición de 10 % (v/v) de H2O2 aumenta la disolución de tierras raras hasta en un 93 %. Los ETRs se pueden recuperar hasta valores de 100 % aproximadamente, mediante precipitación con ácido oxálico. Se investigó la extracción de Ce, La y Nd utilizando D2EHP y Cyanex 572 diluidos en n-heptano como extractantes. En todas las condiciones experimentales evaluadas el D2EHP presentó mejores tasas de extracción de los ETRs. Además, se sintetizaron dieciocho solventes eutécticos profundos (DES) de los cuales ocho presentaron capacidad de extracción de Ce, La y Nd y uno de los DES alcanzó extracciones superiores al 90 % de estos elementos. Para tener un mayor entendimiento de la estructura del DES de mayor extracción y su interacción con una solución acuosa acida de lantano, se realizaron una serie de simulaciones de dinámica molecular de los sistemas involucrados y se comprobaron sus propiedades estructurales calculando las funciones de distribución radial de las interacciones principales. (tomado de la fuente) |
| publishDate |
2022 |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-11-21 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-02-07T17:58:24Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-02-07T17:58:24Z |
| dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Trabajo de grado - Doctorado |
| dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_db06 |
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Text |
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http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TD |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_db06 |
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acceptedVersion |
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https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/83360 |
| dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv |
Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
| dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
| dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ |
| url |
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/83360 https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ |
| identifier_str_mv |
Universidad Nacional de Colombia Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
| dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv |
spa |
| language |
spa |
| dc.relation.indexed.spa.fl_str_mv |
LaReferencia |
| dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
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Oxidative precipitation of cerium in acidic chloride solutions: part I – Fundamentals and thermodynamics. Hydrometallurgy, 184(December 2018), 140–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2018.12.018 Narajanan, N. S., Thulasidoss, S., Ramachandran, T. V., Swaminathan, T. V., & Prasad, K. R. (1991). Processing of Monazite at the Rare Earths Division, Udyogamandal. Rare Earths-Applications and Technology, 30, 45–56. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.30.45 Orris, G. J., & Grauch, R. I. (2002). Rare earth element mines, deposits, and occurrences. In Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002–0189 (Issue January 2002). Pan, X., Li, L., Huang, H. H., Wu, J., Zhou, X., Yan, X., Jia, J., Yue, T., Chu, Y. H., & Yan, B. (2022). Biosafety-inspired structural optimization of triazolium ionic liquids based on structure-toxicity relationships. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 424(PC), 127521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127521 Parks, M. L., Lehoucq, R. B., Plimpton, S. J., & Silling, S. A. (2008). Implementing peridynamics within a molecular dynamics code. Computer Physics Communications, 179(11), 777–783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2008.06.011 Plimpton, S. (1993). Fast Parallel Algorithms for Short-Range Molecular Dynamics. Journal of Computational Physics, 117(6), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcph.1995.1039 Preston, J. S., Cole, P. M., Du Preez, A. C., Fox, M. H., & Fleming, A. M. (1996). The recovery of rare earth oxides from a phosphoric acid by-product. Part 2: The preparation of high-purity cerium dioxide and recovery of a heavy rare earth oxide concentrate. Hydrometallurgy, 41(1), 21–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-386X(95)00067-Q Shahbaz, K., Mjalli, F. S., Hashim, M. A., & AlNashef, I. M. (2011). Using deep eutectic solvents based on methyl triphenyl phosphunium bromide for the removal of glycerol from palm-oil-based biodiesel. Energy and Fuels, 25(6), 2671–2678. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef2004943 Smith, E. L., Abbott, A. P., & Ryder, K. S. (2014). Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) and Their Applications. Chemical Reviews, 114(21), 11060–11082. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr300162p Sun, X. Q., Peng, B., Chen, J., Li, D. Q., & Luo, F. (2008). An effective method for enhancing metal-ions’ selectivity of ionic liquid-based extraction system: Adding water-soluble complexing agent. Talanta, 74(4), 1071–1074. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2007.07.031 Tait, B. K. (1992). The extraction of some base metal ions by cyanex 301, cyanex 302 and their binary extractant mixtures with aliquat 336. Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, 10(5), 799–809. https://doi.org/10.1080/07366299208918136 Tunsu, C., Menard, Y., Eriksen, D. Ø., Ekberg, C., & Petranikova, M. (2019). Recovery of critical materials from mine tailings: A comparative study of the solvent extraction of rare earths using acidic, solvating and mixed extractant systems. 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Atribución-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacionalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Ocampo Carmona, Luz Marina2814d5b689cd61103eab38d6b7ac6721Rojas Reyes, Néstor Ricardo8b92cc66f06f7490f48736bf02b9e353600Echeverry Vargas, Luver de Jesús939c915bb86b2077f5b1267f0ff99f11Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales0000-0001-7365-43612023-02-07T17:58:24Z2023-02-07T17:58:24Z2022-11-21https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/83360Universidad Nacional de ColombiaRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiahttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/En esta tesis se obtuvo un concentrado de monacita [fosfato de elementos de tierras raras (ETRs)] a partir de residuos de la minería aluvial de oro, el cual es uno de los minerales más críticos del mundo, por ser fuente de ETRs. Los ETRs son de gran importancia en el desarrollo de materiales tecnológicos. En esta tesis, el concentrado de monacita fue sometido a un proceso de desfosforación con hidróxido de sodio e hidróxido de potasio. Se investigo diferentes condiciones de lixiviación con HCl y H2SO4, que permitirán la máxima extracción de cerio, lantano y neodimio, se determinó que la mayor extracción de estos elementos se logra con H2SO4. Se estableció que la adición de 10 % (v/v) de H2O2 aumenta la disolución de tierras raras hasta en un 93 %. Los ETRs se pueden recuperar hasta valores de 100 % aproximadamente, mediante precipitación con ácido oxálico. Se investigó la extracción de Ce, La y Nd utilizando D2EHP y Cyanex 572 diluidos en n-heptano como extractantes. En todas las condiciones experimentales evaluadas el D2EHP presentó mejores tasas de extracción de los ETRs. Además, se sintetizaron dieciocho solventes eutécticos profundos (DES) de los cuales ocho presentaron capacidad de extracción de Ce, La y Nd y uno de los DES alcanzó extracciones superiores al 90 % de estos elementos. Para tener un mayor entendimiento de la estructura del DES de mayor extracción y su interacción con una solución acuosa acida de lantano, se realizaron una serie de simulaciones de dinámica molecular de los sistemas involucrados y se comprobaron sus propiedades estructurales calculando las funciones de distribución radial de las interacciones principales. (tomado de la fuente)Monazite is a rare earth element phosphate (REE) and is one of the most critical minerals in the world as it serves as a major source of REE. In this thesis, a monazite concentrate was obtained from alluvial gold mining tailings. Subsequently, the monazite concentrate was subjected to a dephosphorization process. Different leaching conditions were investigated with HCl and H2SO4, which will allow the maximum extraction of cerium, lanthanum, and neodymium, it was found that the highest extraction of these elements is achieved with H2SO4. The addition of 10 % (v/v) H2O2 was found to increase rare earth dissolution by up to 93 %. ETRs can be recovered up to ~ 100 % by precipitation with oxalic acid. The extraction of Ce, La and Nd was investigated using D2EHP and Cyanex 572 diluted in nheptane as extractants, in all experimental conditions evaluated D2EHP presented better extraction rates of the ETRs. In addition, eighteen deep eutectic solvents (DES) were synthesized of which eight presented extraction capacity of Ce, La and Nd and one reaching extractions higher than 90 % of these elements. To have a better understanding of the structure of the most extractable DES and their interaction with an acidic aqueous lanthanum solution, a series of molecular dynamics simulations of the systems involved were performed and their structural properties were tested by calculating the radial distribution functions of the main interactions.DoctoradoDoctor en Ingeniería – Ciencia y Tecnología de MaterialesMetalurgia extractivaValorización de residuosQuímica verdeÁrea Curricular de Materiales y Nanotecnologíaxx, 210 páginasapplication/pdfspaUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaMedellín - Minas - Doctorado en Ingeniería - Ciencia y Tecnología de MaterialesFacultad de MinasMedellín, ColombiaUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Medellín660 - Ingeniería química::669 - MetalurgiaTierras rarasPreparación mecánica de mineralesLixiviaciónDinámica molecularElementos de tierras rarasMonacitaHidrometalurgiaExtracción con solventesSolventes eutécticos profundosSimulación dinámica molecularValorización de residuosValorización de residuosMonaziteHydrometallurgySolvent extractionDeep eutectic solventsMolecular dynamic simulationExtracción de elementos de tierras raras a partir de monacita mediante solventes eutécticos profundos y su comparación con solventes orgánicos convencionalesExtraction of rare earth elements from monazite by deep eutectic solvents and comparison with conventional organic solventsTrabajo de grado - Doctoradoinfo:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_db06Texthttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TDBagre (Antioquia)LaReferenciaAbaka-Wood, G. B., Addai-Mensah, J., & Skinner, W. (2016). Review of Flotation and Physical Separation of Rare Earth Element Minerals. 4th UMaT Biennial International Mining and Mineral Conference , 4(August), 55–62.Abbott, A. P., Capper, G., Davies, D. L., Rasheed, R., & Tambyrajah, V. (2002). International Patent WO 2002026381.Abbott, A. P., El Ttaib, K., Ryder, K. S., & Smith, E. L. (2008). Electrodeposition of nickel using eutectic based ionic liquids. Transactions of the Institute of Metal Finishing, 86(4), 234–240. https://doi.org/10.1179/174591908X327581Abbott, Andrew P., Al-Barzinjy, A. A., Abbott, P. D., Frisch, G., Harris, R. C., Hartley, J., & Ryder, K. S. (2014). Speciation, physical and electrolytic properties of eutectic mixtures based on CrCl3·6H2O and urea. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 16(19), 9047–9055. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4cp00057aAbbott, Andrew P., Barron, J. C., Frisch, G., Ryder, K. S., & Silva, A. F. (2011). The effect of additives on zinc electrodeposition from deep eutectic solvents. Electrochimica Acta, 56(14), 5272–5279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2011.02.095Abbott, Andrew P., Barron, J. C., Ryder, K. S., & Wilson, D. (2007). Eutectic-based ionic liquids with metal-containing anions and cations. Chemistry - A European Journal, 13(22), 6495–6501. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.200601738Abbott, Andrew P., Bell, T. J., Handa, S., & Stoddart, B. (2006). Cationic functionalisation of cellulose using a choline based ionic liquid analogue. Green Chemistry, 8(9), 784–786. https://doi.org/10.1039/b605258dAbbott, Andrew P., Boothby, D., Capper, G., Davies, D. L., & Rasheed, R. K. (2004). Deep Eutectic Solvents formed between choline chloride and carboxylic acids: Versatile alternatives to ionic liquids. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 126(29), 9142–9147. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja048266jAbbott, Andrew P., Capper, G., Davies, D. L., McKenzie, K. J., & Obi, S. U. (2006). Solubility of metal oxides in deep eutectic solvents based on choline chloride. Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, 51(4), 1280–1282. https://doi.org/10.1021/je060038cAbbott, Andrew P., Capper, G., Davies, D. L., Munro, H. L., Rasheed, R. K., & Tambyrajah, V. (2001). Preparation of novel, moisture-stable, lewis-acidic ionic liquids containing quaternary ammonium salts with functional side chains. Chemical Communications, 1(19), 2010–2011. https://doi.org/10.1039/b106357jAbbott, Andrew P., Capper, G., Davies, D. L., & Rasheed, R. K. (2004). Ionic liquid analogues formed from hydrated metal salts. Chemistry - A European Journal, 10(15), 3769–3774. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.200400127Abbott, Andrew P., Capper, G., Davies, D. L., Rasheed, R. K., & Tambyrajah, V. (2002). International Patent WO 2002026701.Abbott, Andrew P., Capper, G., Davies, D. L., Rasheed, R. K., & Tambyrajah, V. (2003). Novel solvent properties of choline chloride/urea mixtures. 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Journal of Rare Earths, 30(2), 155–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0721(12)60014-3Recuperación de elementos de tierras raras a partir de minerales presentes en arenas negras, residuos de minería de oro aluvial en El Bagre-AntioquiaMinisterio de Ciencia de ColombiaPúblico generalLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-85879https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/83360/3/license.txteb34b1cf90b7e1103fc9dfd26be24b4aMD53ORIGINAL71361814.2022pdf.pdf71361814.2022pdf.pdfTesis de Doctorado en Ingeniería - Ciencia y Tecnología de Materialesapplication/pdf7313206https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/83360/4/71361814.2022pdf.pdfa95c49f91840b0e95ed8ea85eda1e381MD54THUMBNAIL71361814.2022pdf.pdf.jpg71361814.2022pdf.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg4911https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/83360/5/71361814.2022pdf.pdf.jpg5788333e8a0de215169168599616a505MD55unal/83360oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/833602024-08-12 23:12:09.875Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiarepositorio_nal@unal.edu.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