Evaluación genética preliminar de poblaciones in situ del Caimán Llanero (Crocodylus intermedius) en la Orinoquía colombiana

ilustraciones, diagramas, mapas

Autores:: Castillo Rodríguez, Nicolás

Tipo de recurso:

Fecha de publicación:: 2023

Institución:: Universidad Nacional de Colombia

Repositorio:: Universidad Nacional de Colombia

Idioma:: eng

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network_acronym_str	UNACIONAL2
network_name_str	Universidad Nacional de Colombia
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv	Evaluación genética preliminar de poblaciones in situ del Caimán Llanero (Crocodylus intermedius) en la Orinoquía colombiana
dc.title.translated.eng.fl_str_mv	Preliminary genetic evaluation of in situ populations of the Orinoco Crocodile (Crocodylus intermedius) in the Colombian Orinoquía
title	Evaluación genética preliminar de poblaciones in situ del Caimán Llanero (Crocodylus intermedius) en la Orinoquía colombiana
spellingShingle	Evaluación genética preliminar de poblaciones in situ del Caimán Llanero (Crocodylus intermedius) en la Orinoquía colombiana 576 - Genética y evolución 597 - Vertebrados de sangre fría Crocodylus intermedius Conservación genética Neotrópico Microsatélites Región control de la mitocondria Conservation genetics Neotropics Microsatellites Mitochondrial control region Genética animal Evolución Animal genetics Evolution
title_short	Evaluación genética preliminar de poblaciones in situ del Caimán Llanero (Crocodylus intermedius) en la Orinoquía colombiana
title_full	Evaluación genética preliminar de poblaciones in situ del Caimán Llanero (Crocodylus intermedius) en la Orinoquía colombiana
title_fullStr	Evaluación genética preliminar de poblaciones in situ del Caimán Llanero (Crocodylus intermedius) en la Orinoquía colombiana
title_full_unstemmed	Evaluación genética preliminar de poblaciones in situ del Caimán Llanero (Crocodylus intermedius) en la Orinoquía colombiana
title_sort	Evaluación genética preliminar de poblaciones in situ del Caimán Llanero (Crocodylus intermedius) en la Orinoquía colombiana
dc.creator.fl_str_mv	Castillo Rodríguez, Nicolás
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv	Vargas Ramírez, Mario
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv	Castillo Rodríguez, Nicolás
dc.contributor.researchgroup.spa.fl_str_mv	Biodiversidad y Conservación Genética
dc.contributor.orcid.spa.fl_str_mv	Nicolás Castillo-Rodríguez [0000000346711687]
dc.subject.ddc.spa.fl_str_mv	576 - Genética y evolución 597 - Vertebrados de sangre fría
topic	576 - Genética y evolución 597 - Vertebrados de sangre fría Crocodylus intermedius Conservación genética Neotrópico Microsatélites Región control de la mitocondria Conservation genetics Neotropics Microsatellites Mitochondrial control region Genética animal Evolución Animal genetics Evolution
dc.subject.agrovoc.none.fl_str_mv	Crocodylus intermedius
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv	Conservación genética Neotrópico Microsatélites Región control de la mitocondria
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv	Conservation genetics Neotropics Microsatellites Mitochondrial control region
dc.subject.unesco.spa.fl_str_mv	Genética animal Evolución
dc.subject.unesco.eng.fl_str_mv	Animal genetics Evolution
description	ilustraciones, diagramas, mapas
publishDate	2023
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2023-07-27T19:19:08Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv	2023-07-27T19:19:08Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv	2023
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv	Trabajo de grado - Maestría
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv	Text
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv	http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TM
status_str	acceptedVersion
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv	https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/84327
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv	Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv	Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv	https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/
url	https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/84327 https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv	Universidad Nacional de Colombia Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv	eng
language	eng
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dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv	Universidad Nacional de Colombia
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institution	Universidad Nacional de Colombia
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spelling	Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacionalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Vargas Ramírez, Marioed5b1d0e018fc833079772b4f20c24d0Castillo Rodríguez, Nicolása5715b0887d14684d210d378e5049ff7Biodiversidad y Conservación GenéticaNicolás Castillo-Rodríguez [0000000346711687]2023-07-27T19:19:08Z2023-07-27T19:19:08Z2023https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/84327Universidad Nacional de ColombiaRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiahttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ilustraciones, diagramas, mapasEl Caimán Llanero o Cocodrilo del Orinoco (Crocodylus intermedius) se encuentra críticamente amenazado debido a la caza indiscriminada que sufrió durante el siglo pasado con el fin de satisfacer la empresa curtiembre estadounidense y europea. Por lo que hoy, la especie es representada por individuos aislados, pocas agrupaciones remanentes, y en gran medida, poblaciones ex situ establecidas con fines de conservación en Colombia y Venezuela. Se han desarrollado legislaciones y planes de conservación estatales, que, en el caso de Colombia, incluyen la importancia y urgente necesidad de evaluar su estado genético en vida silvestre, buscando conservar su potencial evolutivo. La presente investigación se desarrolló con el fin de empezar a llenar este vacío de información y proponer acciones concretas y efectivas para la conservación de la especie. En el primer capítulo, reevaluamos el planteamiento efectuado a partir de fragmentos de ADN mitocondrial que sugería el manejo de la especie como una única unidad genética. Para ello, usamos marcadores moleculares variables (microsatélites y la región control de la mitocondria). Como resultado, identificamos tres agrupaciones genéticas con correspondencia geográfica en la Orinoquía Colombiana: i) Cuenca Oriental del Río Meta, ii) Cuenca Occidental del Río Meta y Cuenca del Río Vichada, y iii) Cuenca del Río Guaviare. Estimamos aspectos sobre su flujo genético y planteamos hipótesis que puedan explicar esta estructuración. Así mismo, evaluamos la asignación de individuos decomisados y cuyo origen era desconocido. En el segundo capítulo, efectuamos la caracterización genética de la población que habita el sistema de ríos Cravo Norte-Ele-Lipa y del programa de rancheo de huevos que allí se desarrolla, con el objetivo de aportar herramientas para seguir con su conservación y manejo. Identificamos a la población como un valioso recurso para la conservación de la especie, e identificamos aspectos demográficos históricos y actuales, entre los que destaca su bajo tamaño efectivo poblacional. Finalmente, en cada capítulo se proponen acciones concretas para la conservación y manejo de esta especie en Colombia. (Texto tomado de la fuente)The Orinoco Crocodile (Crocodylus intermedius) is critically endangered due to the indiscriminate hunting it suffered during the last century to satisfy the American and European leather demand. Therefore, today it is represented by isolated individuals, few remaining groups, and to a large extent, ex situ populations established for conservation purposes in Colombia and Venezuela. Likewise, legislation and state conservation plans have been developed, which, in the case of Colombia, have suggested the evaluation of the in situ genetic status of the species, seeking to preserve its evolutionary potential. The present investigation was developed aiming baseline information to propose concrete and effective actions towards the species conservation. In the first chapter, we re-evaluated the approach made using mitochondrial DNA fragments that suggested managing the species as a single genetic unit. To do this, we used variable molecular markers (microsatellites and the control region of mitochondria). As a result, we identified three genetic groups with geographic correspondence in the Colombian Orinoquía: i) Eastern Meta River Basin, ii) Western Meta and Vichada River Basins, and iii) Guaviare River Basin. Furthermore, we estimated aspects such as gene flow, propose hypotheses that may explain its structure, and performed the assignment of seized individuals whose origin was unknown. In the second chapter, we achieved the genetic characterization of the population that inhabits the Cravo Norte-Ele-Lipa River System and the egg ranching program for conservation purposes that is being locally developed. We identified the population as a valuable resource for the conservation of the species and evaluated historical and present demographic aspects, among which its low effective population size stands out. Finally, in each chapter we propose concrete actions for the conservation and management of the species in Colombia.La Dirección de Investigación y Extensión Sede Bogotá por medio de la “Convocatoria nacional para el fomento de alianzas interdisciplinarias que articulen investigación, creación, extensión y formación en la Universidad Nacional de Colombia 2019-2021” financió el proyecto con código HERMES 47329 “Recuperación del caimán del Orinoco en Colombia. Evaluación genética de una población silvestres objeto de conservación del críticamente amenazado Caimán del Orinoco (Crocodylus intermedius): completando la historia para aumentar su supervivencia"MaestríaMagíster en Ciencias - BiologíaConservación genéticaxii, 90 páginasapplication/pdfengUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaBogotá - Ciencias - Maestría en Ciencias - BiologíaFacultad de CienciasBogotá, ColombiaUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá576 - Genética y evolución597 - Vertebrados de sangre fríaCrocodylus intermediusConservación genéticaNeotrópicoMicrosatélitesRegión control de la mitocondriaConservation geneticsNeotropicsMicrosatellitesMitochondrial control regionGenética animalEvoluciónAnimal geneticsEvolutionEvaluación genética preliminar de poblaciones in situ del Caimán Llanero (Crocodylus intermedius) en la Orinoquía colombianaPreliminary genetic evaluation of in situ populations of the Orinoco Crocodile (Crocodylus intermedius) in the Colombian OrinoquíaTrabajo de grado - Maestríainfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionTexthttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TMAllendorf, F. W., Luikart, G. H., & Aitken, S. N. (2012). Conservation and the Genetics of Populations. Wiley. https://books.google.com.co/books?id=VVploytG8jYCAmavet, P. S., Barban Zucoloto, R., Hrbek, T., & Farias Pires, I. (2021). Genetic diversity of new world crocodilians. In R. Barban Zucoloto, P. S. Amavet, L. Martins Verdade, & I. Farias Pires (Eds.), Conservation Genetics of New World Crocodilians (pp. 123–152). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56383-7Amavet, P. S., Rueda, E. C., Vilardi, J. C., Siroski, P., Larriera, A., & Saidman, B. O. (2017). The broad-snouted caiman population recovery in Argentina. A case of genetics conservation. Amphibia Reptilia, 38(4), 411–424. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00003123Antelo, R., Ayarzagüena, J., & Castroviejo, J. (2008). Biología del cocodrilo o caimán del Orinoco (Crocodylus intermedius) en la Estación Biológica El Frío, Estado Apure. Lozania, 336.Antelo, R., Vargas-Ramírez, M., Preciado, G., Saavedra-Rodríguez, C. 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Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt (IAvH), Deutsche Gessellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH.Campos, J. C., Mobaraki, A., Abtin, E., Godinho, R., & Brito, J. C. (2018). Preliminary assessment of genetic diversity and population connectivity of the Mugger Crocodile in Iran. Amphibia Reptilia, 39(1), 126–131. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685381-16000173Casal, A. C., Fornelino, M. M., Restrepo, M. F. G., Torres, M. A. C., & Velasco, F. G. (2013). Uso histórico y actual del caimán llanero (Crocodylus intermedius) en la Orinoquia (Colombia-Venezuela). Biota Colombiana, 14(1), 65–82.Castro, A., Merchán, M., Garcés, M., Cárdenas, M., & Gómez, F. (2012). New data on the Conservation Status of the Orinoco crocodile (Crocodylus intermedius) in Colombia. Proceedings of the 21th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN, January, 65–73.Castro, A., Merchán, M., Gómez, F., Garcés, M. F., & Cárdenas, M. A. (2011). 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23:03:56.311Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiarepositorio_nal@unal.edu.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

Evaluación genética preliminar de poblaciones in situ del Caimán Llanero (Crocodylus intermedius) en la Orinoquía colombiana

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