Identificación de hemoparásitos presentes en la herpetofauna de diferentes departamentos de Colombia
Colombia es un país altamente diverso en flora y fauna, siendo el 4to país con mayor biodiversidad de reptiles en el mundo. Sin embargo, los estudios relacionados con parásitos sanguíneos que infectan animales en vida silvestre son limitados. Apicomplexa es un phylum de protozoarios que agrupa parás...
- Autores:
-
González Camacho, Leydy Paola
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of journal
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2019
- Institución:
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia
- Repositorio:
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia
- Idioma:
- spa
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/75766
- Acceso en línea:
- https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/75766
- Palabra clave:
- Microbiología
Turtle, tortoise, Apicomplexa, Cytochrome b, 18S rRNA
Tortugas, Apicomplexa, citocromo b, 18S rRNA.
- Rights
- embargoedAccess
- License
- Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional
| id |
UNACIONAL2_15ccbdc6ef4ce5232dde09177a8d1a2b |
|---|---|
| oai_identifier_str |
oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/75766 |
| network_acronym_str |
UNACIONAL2 |
| network_name_str |
Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
| repository_id_str |
|
| dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv |
Identificación de hemoparásitos presentes en la herpetofauna de diferentes departamentos de Colombia |
| dc.title.alternative.spa.fl_str_mv |
IDENTIFICATION OF PRESENT HEMOPARASITES IN THE HERPETOFAUNA OF DIFFERENT DEPARTMENTS OF COLOMBIA. |
| title |
Identificación de hemoparásitos presentes en la herpetofauna de diferentes departamentos de Colombia |
| spellingShingle |
Identificación de hemoparásitos presentes en la herpetofauna de diferentes departamentos de Colombia Microbiología Turtle, tortoise, Apicomplexa, Cytochrome b, 18S rRNA Tortugas, Apicomplexa, citocromo b, 18S rRNA. |
| title_short |
Identificación de hemoparásitos presentes en la herpetofauna de diferentes departamentos de Colombia |
| title_full |
Identificación de hemoparásitos presentes en la herpetofauna de diferentes departamentos de Colombia |
| title_fullStr |
Identificación de hemoparásitos presentes en la herpetofauna de diferentes departamentos de Colombia |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Identificación de hemoparásitos presentes en la herpetofauna de diferentes departamentos de Colombia |
| title_sort |
Identificación de hemoparásitos presentes en la herpetofauna de diferentes departamentos de Colombia |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
González Camacho, Leydy Paola |
| dc.contributor.advisor.spa.fl_str_mv |
Matta Camacho, Nubia Estela Vargas-Ramirez, Mario |
| dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv |
González Camacho, Leydy Paola |
| dc.contributor.corporatename.spa.fl_str_mv |
Gonzalez Camacho, Leydy Paola |
| dc.contributor.researchgroup.spa.fl_str_mv |
Caracterización genética e inmunología |
| dc.subject.ddc.spa.fl_str_mv |
Microbiología |
| topic |
Microbiología Turtle, tortoise, Apicomplexa, Cytochrome b, 18S rRNA Tortugas, Apicomplexa, citocromo b, 18S rRNA. |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Turtle, tortoise, Apicomplexa, Cytochrome b, 18S rRNA |
| dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Tortugas, Apicomplexa, citocromo b, 18S rRNA. |
| description |
Colombia es un país altamente diverso en flora y fauna, siendo el 4to país con mayor biodiversidad de reptiles en el mundo. Sin embargo, los estudios relacionados con parásitos sanguíneos que infectan animales en vida silvestre son limitados. Apicomplexa es un phylum de protozoarios que agrupa parásitos obligados, como los hemoparásitos que infectan mamíferos, aves y reptiles. Este estudio evaluó la diversidad de hemoparásitos presentes en reptiles de diferentes departamentos, utilizando la determinación morfológica e información del marcador molecular citocromo b, para los géneros Plasmodium y Haemocystidum, y del fragmento de 18S rRNA, para el género Haemogregarinas. Se analizaron 225 individuos, encontrando 148 infectados con Haemogregarinas spp, cuatro con Plasmodium spp., y tres con Haemocystidium spp. Para Plasmodium kentropyxi y Plasmodium carmelinoi, encontrados en Cnemidophorus cf. gramivagus y Ameiva ameiva, respectivamente, se reportó por primera vez linajes de cytb que puden ser usados como BarCode (Capítulo 1). Se reporta la presencia de Haemocystidium sp en Podocnemis vogli (Capítulo 2). Se identificaron 14 secuencias de 18S rRNA asociados a dos morfotipos de Haemogregarinas spp. en Podocnemis vogli, y una secuencia asociada al único morfotipo en Podocnemis unifilis (Capítulo 3). El marcador citocromo b es útil para usarse como BarCode para identificar especies de haemosporidos; en el caso de las Haemogregarinas, la información obtenida con el marcador 18S rRNA, debe complementarse, por lo que sugiere la búsqueda de nuevos marcadores, que contribuyan a mejorar la resolución de las relaciones filogenéticas y la diferenciación entre e intra especies del suborden Adeleorina. |
| publishDate |
2019 |
| dc.date.issued.spa.fl_str_mv |
2019-11-14 |
| dc.date.accessioned.spa.fl_str_mv |
2020-02-26T19:27:47Z |
| dc.date.available.spa.fl_str_mv |
2020-02-26T19:27:47Z 2022-12-31 |
| dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Artículo de revista |
| dc.type.coar.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
| dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
| dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion |
| dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 |
| dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv |
Text |
| dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART |
| format |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 |
| status_str |
acceptedVersion |
| dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/75766 |
| url |
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/75766 |
| dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv |
spa |
| language |
spa |
| dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
Adl, S. M., Leander, B. S., Simpson, A. G., Archibald, J. M., Anderson, O. R., Bass, D., ... & Kolisko, M. (2007). Diversity, nomenclature, and taxonomy of protists. Systematic Biology, 56(4), 684-689. Adl, S.M., Simpson, A.G.B., Lane, C.E., Lukeš, J., Bass, D., Bowser, S.S., Brown, M.W., Burki, F., Dunthorn, M., Hampl, V., Heiss, A., Hoppenrath, M., Lara, E., le Gall, L., Lynn, D.H., McManus, H., Mitchell, E.A.D., Mozley-Stanridge, S.E., Parfrey, L.W., Pawlowski, J., Rueckert, S., Shadwick, L., Schoch, C.L., Smirnov, A., Spiegel, F.W., 2012. The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59, 429–514. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x Adl, S.M., Bass, D., Lane, C.E., Lukeš, J., Schoch, C.L., Smirnov, A., Agatha, S., Berney, C., Brown, M.W., Burki, F., Cárdenas, P., Čepička, I., Chistyakova, L., del Campo, J., Dunthorn, M., Edvardsen, B., Eglit, Y., Guillou, L., Hampl, V., Heiss, A.A., Hoppenrath, M., James, T.Y., Karpov, S., Kim, E., Kolisko, M., Kudryavtsev, A., Lahr, D.J.G., Lara, E., Le Gall, L., Lynn, D.H., Mann, D.G., Massana i Molera, R., Mitchell, E.A.D., Morrow, C., Park, J.S., Pawlowski, J.W., Powell, M.J., Richter, D.J., Rueckert, S., Shadwick, L., Shimano, S., Spiegel, F.W., Torruella i Cortes, G., Youssef, N., Zlatogursky, V., Zhang, Q., 2019. Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12691 Allen KE, Yabsley MJ, Johnson EM, et al (2011) Novel Hepatozoon in VertebratesFrom the Southern United States. Journal of Parasitology 97:648–653. doi: 10.1645/GE- 2672.1 Alley M, Hale K, Cash W, et al. (2010) Concurrent avian malaria and avipox virus infection in translocated South Island saddlebacks (Philesturnus carunculatus carunculatus). N Z Vet J 58:218–223. doi: 10.1080/00480169.2010.68868 Altschul, S.F., Madden, T.L., Schäffer, A.A., Zhang, J., Zhang, Z., Miller, W., Lipman, D.J., 1997. Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Res. 25, 3389–3402. Andrade C MG (2011) Estado del conocimiento de la biodiversidad en Colombia y sus amenazas. Consideraciones para fortalecer la interacción ambiente-política. Rev Acad Colomb Cienc 35:491–507 Ayala S.C (1970) Plasmodium mexicanum in California: natural history and development in Phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae). J Parasitol 56:13 Ayala SC (1975) Malaria and hemogregarines from lizards of the Western Caribbean Islands of San Andrés and Providencia. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 17:218 –224 Ayala S.C, D’Alessandro A, Mackenzie R., Angel D (1973) Hemoparasite Infections in 830 Wild Animals from the Eastern Llanos of Colombia. The Journal of Parasitology 59:52–59. doi: 10.2307/3278571 Ayala S.C, Spain JL (1976) A population of Plasmodium colombiense sp. n. in the iguanid lizard, Anolis Auratus. J Parasitol 62:177 –189 Ayala SC (1978) Checklist, Host Index, and Annotated Bibliography of Plasmodium from Reptiles. J Protozool 25:87–100. doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1978.tb03874.x Ayala SC, Hertz PE (1981) Malaria infection in Anolis lizards on Martinique, Lesser Antilles. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 23:12–17 Avila-Pires TC. (1995) Lizard of Brazilian Amazonia (Reptilia: Squamata) Ayala SC (1975) Malaria and hemogregarines from lizards of the Western Caribbean Islands of San Andrés and Providencia. Rev Inst Med Trop São Paulo 17:218–224 Batalla L. L, Casas A. E, Julca R, et al (2015) Presencia de Hemoparásitos en Tortugas Motelo (Chelonoides denticulata) (Linnaeus, 1766) Comercializadas en el Mercado de Belén, Iquitos, Perú. Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú 26:489. doi: 10.15381/rivep.v26i3.11168 Barta JR (1991) The Dactylosomatidae. In: Advances in Parasitology. Elsevier, pp 1–37 Bensch S, Pérez-Tris J, Waldenström J, Hellgren O (2004) Linkage between nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences in avian malaria parasites: multiple cases of cryptic speciation? Evol Int J Org Evol 58:1617–1621 Bensch, S., Stjernman, M., Hasselquist, D., Ostman, O., Hansson, B., Westerdahl, H., Pinheiro, R., 2000. Host specificity in avian blood parasites: a estudy of Plasmodium and Haemoproteus mitochondrial DNA amplifield from birds. Proc Biol Sci 267, 1583– 1589. Benson, D.A., Karsch-Mizrachi, I., Clark, K., Lipman, D.J., Ostell, J., Sayers, E.W., 2012. GenBank. Nucleic Acids Research 40, D48–D53. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkr1202 Bonorris JS, Ball GH (1955) Schellackia occidentalis n.sp., a Blood-inhabiting Coccidian Found in Lizards in Southern California. J Protozool 2:31–34. doi: 10.1111/j.1550- 7408.1955.tb02393.x Bouet, J., 1909. Sur deux hë mocytozaires pigmentë s des reptiles. C.R. Së anc. Soc. Biol. 66, 43–45. Boundenga, L., Makanga, B., Ollomo, B., Gilabert, A., Rougeron, V., Mve-Ondo, B., Arnathau, C., Durand, P., Moukodoum, N.D., Okouga, A.-P., Delicat-Loembet, L., Yacka-Mouele, L., Rahola, N., Leroy, E., Ba, C.T., Renaud, F., Prugnolle, F., Paupy, C., 2016. Haemosporidian Parasites of Antelopes and Other Vertebrates from Gabon, Central Africa. PLOS ONE 11, e0148958. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148958 Boundenga, L., Perkins, S.L., Ollomo, B., Rougeron, V., Leroy, E.M., Renaud, F., Prugnolle, F., 2017. Haemosporidian Parasites of Reptiles and Birds from Gabon, Central Africa. Journal of Parasitology 103, 330–337. https://doi.org/10.1645/16-118 Bouma MJ, Smallridge CJ, Bull CM, Komdeur J (2007) Susceptibility to infection by a haemogregarine parasite and the impact of infection in the Australian sleepy lizard Tiliqua rugosa. Parasitology Research 100:949–954. doi: 10.1007/s00436-006-0379- 5 Brown GP, Shilton CM, Shine R (2006) Do parasites matter? Assessing the fitness consequences of haemogregarine infection in snakes. Can J Zool 84:668 –676. doi: 10.1139/z06-044 Buckley JJC (1969) On a Remarkable Oxyurid Nematode, Orientatractis leiperi n. sp., (Atractidae) from a South American Tortoise, Podocnemis vogli. J Helminthol 43:281– 286. doi: 10.1017/S0022149X0000482X Castaño-Mora, 2002. Libro rojo de reptiles de Colombia. La serie Libros rojos de especies amenazadas. Castellani, A., Willey, A., 1904. Observations on the haematozoa of vertebrates in Ceylon. Spolia Zeylonic 2, 78–92. Caudell JN, Whittier J, Conovera MR (2002) The effects of haemogregarine-like parasites on brown tree snakes (Boiga irregularis) and slatey-grey snakes (Stegonotus cucullatus) in Queensland, Australia. In: International biodeterioration & biodegradation. Elsevier, pp 113–119 Craig TM, Smallwood JE, Knauer KW, McGrath JP (1978) Hepatozoon canis infection in dogs: clinical, radiographic, and hematologic findings. J Am Vet Med Assoc 173:967– 972 Cohen SC, Justo MCN, Kohn A (2013) South American Monogenoidea parasites of fishes, amphibians and reptiles. South American Monogenoidea parasites of fishes, amphibians and reptiles Cook, C.A., Smit, N.J., Davies, A.J., 2010. Hemoproteids (Apicomplexa: Haemoproteidae) from South African Tortoises (Cryptodira: Testudinidae). Journal of Parasitology 96, 1168–1172. https://doi.org/10.1645/GE-2527.1 Cook CA, Lawton SP, Davies AJ, Smit NJ (2014) Reassignment of the land tortoise haemogregarine Haemogregarina fitzsimonsi Dias 1953 (Adeleorina: Haemogregarinidae) to the genus Hepatozoon Miller 1908 (Adeleorina: Hepatozoidae) based on parasite morphology, life cycle and phylogenetic analysis of 18S rDNA sequence fragments. Parasitology 141:1611 –1620. doi: 10.1017/S003118201400081X Cook CA, Netherlands EC, Smit NJ (2015) First Hemolivia from southern Africa: reassigning chelonian Haemogregarina parvula Dias, 1953 (Adeleorina: Haemogregarinidae) to Hemolivia (Adeleorina: Karyolysidae). African Zoology 50:165–173. doi: 10.1080/15627020.2015.1044467 Cook CA, Netherlands EC, Smit NJ (2016) Redescription, molecular characterisation and taxonomic re-evaluation of a unique African monitor lizard haemogregarine Karyolysus paradoxa (Dias, 1954) n. comb. (Karyolysidae). Parasites & Vectors 9:. doi: 10.1186/s13071-016-1600-8 Corredor V, Enea V (1994) The small ribosomal subunit RNA isoforms in Plasmodium cynomolgi. Genetics 136:857–865 Dalrymple BP (1990) Cloning and characterization of the rRNA genes and flanking regions from Babesia bovis: use of the genes as strain discriminating probes. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 43:117–124. doi: 10.1016/0166-6851(90)90136-A Damas-Moreira I, Harris DJ, Rosado D, et al (2014) Consequences of haemogregarine infection on the escape distance in the lacertid l izard, Podarcis vaucheri. Acta Herpetologica Vol 9:119-123 Pages. doi: 10.13128/acta_herpetol-13740 Darriba D, Taboada GL, Doallo R, Posada D (2012) jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing. Nat Methods 9:772–772. doi: 10.1038/nmeth.2109 Davies AJ, Johnston MRL (2000) The biology of some intraerythrocytic parasites of fishes, amphibia and reptiles. In: Parasitology B-A in (ed). Academic Press, pp 1–107 DeGiusti, D.L., Sterling, C.R., Dobrzechowski, D., 1973. Transmission of the Chelonian Haemoproteid Haemoproteus metchnikovi by a Tabanid Fly Chrysops callidus. Nature 242, 50–51. https://doi.org/10.1038/242050a0 Davis AK, Sterrett SC (2011) Prevalence of Haemogregarine Parasites in Three Freshwater Turtle Species in a Population in Northeast Georgia, USA. International J of Zoological Research 7:156–163. doi: 10.3923/ijzr.2011.156.163 Dantas FT, Oliveira EFF, Soares FÂM, et al (2008) Ticks infesting amphibians and reptiles in Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Parasi tologia Veterinária 17:218–221. doi: 10.1590/S1984-29612008000400009 Daszak P (2000) Emerging Infectious Diseases of Wildlife-- Threats to Biodiversity and Human Health. Science 287:443–449. doi: 10.1126/science.287.5452.443 Davis AK, Sterrett SC (2011) Prevalence of Haemogregarine Parasites in Three Freshwater Turtle Species in a Population in Northeast Georgia, USA. International J of Zoological Research 7:156–163. doi: 10.3923/ijzr.2011.156.163 DeGiusti, D.L., Sterling, C.R., Dobrzechowski, D., 1973. Transmission of the Chelonian Haemoproteid Haemoproteus metchnikovi by a Tabanid Fly Chrysops callidus. Nature 242, 50–51. https://doi.org/10.1038/242050a0 de Oliveira JP, André MR, Alves Júnior JR, et al (2018) Molecular detection of hemogregarines and haemosporidians in Brazilian free-living testudines. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 7:75 –84. doi: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2018.01.008 Desser SS, Siddal ME, Batra JR (1990) Ultrastructural observations on the developmental stages of Lankesterella minima (Apicomplexa) in experimentally infected Rana catesbeiana tadpoles. Journal of Parasitology 76:997–103 Donato-Rondon JCh, González-Trujillo JD, Romero B, Castro-Rebolledo MI (2018) Diatom assemblages associated with turtle carapaces in the Neotropical region. RBT 66:1362. doi: 10.15517/rbt.v66i4.31396 DvořáKová N, KvičErová J, Hostovský M, šIroký P (2015) Haemogregarines of freshwater turtles from Southeast Asia with a description of Haemogregarina sacaliae sp. n. and a redescription of Haemogregarina pellegrini Laveran and Pettit, 1910. Parasitology 142:816–826. doi: 10.1017/S0031182014001930 DvořáKová N, KvičErová J, PapoušEk I, et al (2014) Haemogregarines from western Palaearctic freshwater turtles (genera Emys, Mauremys) are conspecific with Haemogregarina stepanowi Danilewsky, 1885. Parasitology 141:522–530. doi: 10.1017/S0031182013001820 Drummond AJ, Ho SYW, Phillips MJ, Rambaut A (2006) Relaxed Phylogenetics and Dating with Confidence. PLoS Biol 4:e88 . doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040088 Dunlap KD, Schall JJ (1995) Hormonal alterations and reproductive inhibition in male fence lizards (Sceloporus occidentalis) infected with the malarial parasite Plasmodium mexicanum . Physiological Zoology 608–621 Earle RA, Bastianello SS, Bennett GF, Krecek RC (1993) Histopathology and morphology of the tissue stages of Haemoproteus columbae causing mortality in Columbiformes. Avian Pathology 22:67–80. doi: 10.1080/03079459308418901 Edgar RC (2004) MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Nucleic Acids Res 32:1792–1797 doi: 10.1093/nar/gkh340 Escalante, A.A., Freeland, D.E., Collins, W.E., Lal, A.A., 1998. The evolution of primate malaria parasites based on the gene encoding cytochrome b from the linear mitochondrial genome. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 8124–8129. Escobar S. F (2000) Diversidad de coleopteros coprofagos (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) en un mosaico de habitats en la reserva natural Nukak, Guaviare, Colombia. Acta Zool Mex 103–121 Falk BG, Luke Mahler D, Perkins S (2011) Tree-based delimitation of morphologically ambiguous taxa: A study of the lizard malaria parasites on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola. Int J Parasitol 41:967–980. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2011.05.004 Falk BG, Glor RE, Perkins SL (2015) Clonal reproduction shapes evolution in the lizard malaria parasite Plasmodium floridense. Evolution 69:1584–1596. doi: 10.1111/evo.12683 Fernandes BMM, Kohn A (2014) South American trematodes parasites of amphibians and reptiles. South American trematodes parasites of amphibians and reptiles Forero-Medina G, Yusti-Muñoz AP, Castaño-Mora OV (2014) Geographic Distribution of the Tortoises and Freshwater Turtles of Colombia and their Representation in the Protected Area Network. Acta Biológica Colombiana 19:415. doi: 10.15446/abc.v19n3.42219 Fox GE, Woese CR (1975) The architecture of 5S rRNA and its relation to function. J Mol Evol 6:61–76 Gaffney, E.S., Meylan, P.A., Wood, R.C., Simons, E., De Almeida Campos, D., 2011. Evolution of the side-necked turtles: the family Podocnemididae. Bulletin of the American Museum of natural History. Garnham PCC (1966) Malaria Parasites and other Haemosporidia. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, U. K Garcés-Restrepo MF, Giraldo A, Carr JL, Brown LD (2013) Turtle ectoparasites from the Pacific coastal region of Colombia. Biota Neotrop 13:74–79. doi: 10.1590/S1676- 06032013000300009 García-Longoria L, Møller AP, Balbontín J, et al (2015) Do malaria parasites manipulate the escape behaviour of their avian hosts? An experimental study. Parasitol Res 114:4493–4501. doi: 10.1007/s00436-015-4693-7 Gibbons LM, Khalil LF, Marinkelle CJ (1995) A new nematode genus, Podocnematractis, for Atractis ortleppi Thapar, 1925 (Cosmocercoidea: Atractidae) and the description of another new species, P. colombiaensis from turtles Podocnemis spp. in Colombia. Syst Parasitol 30:47–56. doi: 10.1007/BF00009244 Goes VC, Brito ES, Valadao RM, et al (2018) Haemogregarine (Apicomplexa: Adeleorina) infection in Vanderhaege’s toad -headed turtle, Mesoclemmys vanderhaegei (Chelidae), from a Brazilian Neotropical sav anna region. FOLIA PARASIT 65:. doi: 10.14411/fp.2018.012 Gomides SC, Maturano R, Daemon E, et al. (2015) New reports of Acari ectoparasites on lizards of the genus Plica (Squamata: Tropiduridae) and a list of parasites known from this genus. Deutsche Gesellschaft Herpetologie Terrarienkunde ev c/o Jorn Kohler, Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt, Friedensplatz 1, Darmstadt, 64283, Germany Gouy M, Guindon S, Gascuel O (2010) SeaView Version 4: A Multiplatform Graphical User Interface for Sequence Alignment and Phylogenetic Tree Building. Mol Biol Evol 27:221–224 . doi: 10.1093/molbev/msp259 Guay J.-M, Huot A., Gagnon S, Tremblay A., Levesque R.C. Physical and genetic mapping of cloned ribosomal DNA from Toxoplasma gondii: primary and secondary structure of the 5S gene Gene, 114 (1992), pp. 165-171 Gutell RR, Larsen N, Woese CR (1994) Lessons from an evolving rRNA: 16S and 23S rRNA structures from a comparative perspective. Microbiol Rev 58:10–26 Gutierrez G (2016) PARÁSITOS SANGUÍNEOS EN ALGUNOS REPTILES DE LA LOCALIDAD DE YONDÓ, ANTIOQUIA, COLOMBIA. Universidad Nacional de Colombia Hellgren, O., Križanauskiene, A., Valkiūnas, G., Bensch, S., 2007. Diversity and phylogeny of mitochondrial cytochrome b lineages from six morphospecies of avian Haemoproteus (Haemosporida: Haemoproteidae). Journal of Parasitology 93, 889– 896. https://doi.org/10.1645/GE-1051R1.1 Hellgren O, Waldeström J, Bensch S (2004) A new PCR assay for simultaneous studies of Leucocytozoon, Plasmodium, and Haemoproteus from avian blood. J Parasitol 90:797–802 Herrera, J.R., 2008. Estudio patológico retrospectivo de mortalidad en reptiles del zoológico Jaime Duque entre el año 1991 y el 2006. Universidad de la Salle, Bogotá, D.C. Haklová B, Majláthová V (2014) Phylogenetic relationship of Hepatozoon blood parasites found in snakes from Africa, America and Asia. Parasitology 141:389–398. doi: 10.1017/S0031182013001765 Hoffman (1999) Parasites of North American freshwater fishes. University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London Hoffmann M, Hilton-Taylor C, Angulo A, et al (2010) The Impact of Conservation on the Status of the World’s Vertebrates. Science 330:1503–1509. doi: 10.1126/science.1194442 Ilgūnas M, Bukauskaitė D, Palinauskas V, et al (2016) Mortality and pathology in birds due to Plasmodium (Giovannolaia) homocircumflexum infection, with emphasis on the exoerythrocytic development of avian malaria parasites. Malar J 15:256. doi: 10.1186/s12936-016-1310-x Jakes, K.A., O’Donoghue, P., Munro, M., Adlard, R., 2001. Hemoprotozoa of freshwater turtles in Queensland. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 37, 12 –19. https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-37.1.12 Jarvi, S.I., Schultz, J.J., Atkinson, C.T., 2002. PCR diagnostics underestimate the prevalence of avian malaria (Plasmodium relictum) in experimentally-infected passerines. Journal of Parasitology 88, 153–158. https://doi.org/10.1645/0022- 3395(2002)088[0153:PDUTPO]2.0.CO;2 Javanbakht, H., Kvičerová, J., Dvořáková, N., Mikulíček, P., Sharifi, M., Kautman, M., Maršíková, A., Široký, P., 2015. Phylogeny, Diversity, Distribution, and Host Specificity of Haemoproteus spp. (Apicomplexa: Haemosporida: Haemoproteidae) of Palaearctic Tortoises. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 62, 670–678. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12227 Johnston, T.H., Cleland, J.B., 1909. On a new melanin- producing haematozoon from an Australian tortoise. J. Proc. R. Soc. NSW 43, 97–103. Kauffman KL, Sparkman A, Bronikowski AM, Palacios MG (2017) Vertical Transmission of Hepatozoon in the Garter Snake Thamnophis elegans. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 53:121–125. doi: 10.7589/2016-03-056 Kibe, M. K., Nene, V., Khan, B., Allsopp, B. A., Collins, N. E., Morzaria, S. P., ... & Bishop, R. P. (1994). Evidence for two single copy units in Theileria parva ribosomal RNA genes. Molecular and biochemical parasitology, 66(2), 249-259. Krasilnikov, E.N., 1965. Parazity krovy cherepakh yugo- vostochnoi Gruzii (Blood parasites of turtles of southeast Georgia). Zool. Zh. 44, 1454–1459. Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Tamura, K., 2016. MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 7.0 for Bigger Datasets. Molecular Biology and Evolution 33, 1870– 1874. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw054 Lainson R, Landau I, Shaw JJ (1971) On a new family of non-pigmented parasites in the blood of reptiles: Garniidae fam. nov., (Coccidiida: Haemosporidiidea). Some species of the new genus Garnia . International Journal for Parasitology 1:241–250. doi: 10.1016/0020-7519(71)90027-0 Lainson R, Landau I, Shaw JJ (1974) Observations on non-pigmented haemosporidia of Brazilian lizards, including a new species of Saurocytozoon in Mabuya mabouya (Scincidae). Parasitology 69:215–223 Lainson R, Shaw JJ, Landau I (1975) Some blood parasites of the Brazilian lizards Plica umbra and Uranoscodon superciliosa (Iguanidae). Parasitology 70:119–141. doi: 10.1017/S0031182000048927 Lainson, R., Naiff, R.D., 1998. Haemoproteus (Apicomplexa: Haemoproteidae) of Tortoises and Turtles. Proceedings: Biological Sciences 265, 941–949. Lainson R, Landau I, Paperna I (2001) Plasmodium kentropyxi n.sp. (Apicomplexa: Haemosporina: Plasmodiidae) and a Plasmodium tropiduri-like parasite in the lizard Kentropyx calcarata (Lacertilia: Teiidae) in north Brazil. Parasite Paris Fr 8:107–113 Lainson R, Souza MC de, Franco CM (2003) Haematozoan parasites of the lizard Ameiva ameiva (Teiidae) from Amazonian Brazil: a preliminary note. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 98:1067–1070. doi: 10.1590/S0074-02762003000800016 Lainson R, Franco CM, da Matta R (2010) Plasmodium carmelinoi n. sp. (Haemosporida: Plasmodiidae) of the lizard Ameiva ameiva (Squamata: Teiidae) in Amazonian Brazil. Parasite 17:129–132. doi: 10.1051/parasite/2010172129 Lainson R (2012) Atlas of protozoan parasites of the amazonian fauna of Brazil. Vol. 1. Haemosporida of reptiles. Laird M (1950) Haemogregarina tuatarae sp. n., from the New Zealand Rhynchocephalian Sphenodon punctatus (Gray). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 120:529–533. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1950.tb00662.x Larkin MA, Blackshields G, Brown NP, et al (2007) Clustal W and Clustal X version 2.0. Bioinformatics 23:2947–2948. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btm404 Laverna, 1905. Sur une hë mamibe nouvelle de Testudo pardalis. C. R. Soc. Së anc. Biol. 59, 176-178}. Leica Microsystems Suiza Limited (2012) Leica Microsystems Suiza Limited. In: Leica Microsyst. http://www.leica-microsystems.com/products/microscope software/software-for-materials-sciences/details/product/leica-application-suite/. Accessed 7 Jul 2015 Le Blancq, S. M., Khramtsov, N. V., Zamani, F., Upton, S. J., & Wu, T. W. (1997). Ribosomal RNA gene organization in Cryptosporidium parvum. Molecular and biochemical parasitology, 90(2), 463-478. Leveille, A. N., Ogedengbe, M. E., Hafeez, M. A., Tu, H. H. A., & Barta, J. R. (2014). The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Hepatozoon catesbianae (Apicomplexa: Coccidia: Adeleorina), a blood parasite of the green frog, Lithobates (formerly Rana) clamitans. Journal of Parasitology, 100(5), 651-656. Levine ND (1970) Taxonomy of the sporozoa. J Parasitol 56:208–209 Levine, ND (1988) The protozoan phylum Apicomplex. p. 118-133. 1988. CRC Press, INC, Boca Raton, Florida Levine, N.D., 1988. The protozoan phylum Apicomplex. p. 118-133. 1988. CRC Press, INC, Boca Raton, Florida. Levine, N.D., 1970. Taxonomy of the sporozoa. J. Parasitol. 56, 208–209. Lotta IA, Valkiūnas G, Pacheco MA, et al (2019) Disentangling Leucocytozoon parasite diversity in the neotropics: Descriptions of two new species and shortcomings of molecular diagnostics for leucocytozoids. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 9:159–173. doi: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.05.002 Lotta, I.A., Pacheco, M.A., Escalante, A.A., González, A.D., Mantilla, J.S., Moncada, L.I., Adler, P.H., Matta, N.E., 2016. Leucocytozoon Diversity and Possible Vectors in the Neotropical highlands of Colombia. Protist 167, 185–204. Mackerras, M., 1961. The Haematozoa of Australian Reptiles. Australian Journal of Zoology 9, 61. https://doi.org/10.1071/ZO9610061 Maia JP (2015) Diversity, infection patterns and hostparasite associations of apicomplexan parasites in reptiles. (Doctoral dissertation, Ph. D. Thesis. Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal). Maia, D. JamesHarris, Salvador Carranza (2016) Reconstruction of the evolutionary history of Haemosporida (Apicomplexa) based on the cyt b gene with characterization of Haemocystidium in geckos (Squamata: Gekkota) from Oman. Parasitology international, 65:5–11 Mantilla JS, González AD, Valkiūnas G, et al. (2013) Description and molecular characterization of Plasmodium (Novyella) unalis sp. nov. from the Great Thrush (Turdus fuscater) in highland of Colombia. Parasitol Res 112:4193–4204 Mantilla, J.S., Matta, N.E., Pacheco, M.A., Escalante, A.A., González, A.D., Moncada, L.I., 2013. Identification of Plasmodium (Haemamoeba) lutzi (Lucena, 1939) from Turdus fuscater (great thrush) in Colombia. The Journal of parasitology 99, 662 –668. Martinsen ES, Paperna I, Schall JJ (2006) Morphological versus molecular identification of avian Haemosporidia: an exploration of three species concepts. Parasitology 133:279 . doi: 10.1017/S0031182006000424 Martinsen ES, Waite JL, Schall JJ (2007) Morphologically defined subgenera of Plasmodium from avian hosts: test of monophyly by phylogenetic analysis of two mitochondrial genes. Parasitology 134:483. doi: 10.1017/S0031182006001922 Matta, N.E., Pacheco, M.A., Escalante, A.A., Valkiūnas, G., Ayerbe-Quiñones, F., Acevedo-Cendales, L.D., 2014. Description and molecular characterization of Haemoproteus macrovacuolatus n. sp. (Haemosporida, Haemoproteidae), a morphologically unique blood parasite of black-bellied whistling duck (Dendrocygna autumnalis) from South America. Parasitology research 113, 2991–3000. Matta NE, González LP, Pacheco MA, et al (2018) Plasmodium parasites in reptiles from the Colombia Orinoco-Amazon basin: a re-description of Plasmodium kentropyxi Lainson R, Landau I, Paperna I, 2001 and Plasmodium carmelinoi Lainson R, Franco CM, da Matta R, 2010. Parasitology Research 117:1357–1370. doi: 10.1007/s00436- 018-5815-9 Martinele, I., Tostes, R., Castro, R., D’Agosto, M., 2016. Prevalence of Haemoproteus spp. (Apicomplexa: Haemoproteidae) in tortoises in Brazil and its mole cular phylogeny. Parasitology Research 115, 249–254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-015-4741-3 McCutchan, T. F., Li, J., McConkey, G. A., Rogers, M. J., & Waters, A. P. (1995). The cytoplasmic ribosomal RNAs of Plasmodium Spp. Parasitology Today, 11(4), 13 4- 138. Medina-Rangel GF, Méndez-Galeano MA, Calderón Espinosa ML (2019) Herpetofauna of San José del Guaviare, Guaviare, Colombia. Biota Colombiana 20:75–90. doi: 10.21068/c2019.v20n01a05 Mercereau-Puijalon, O., Barale, J. C., & Bischoff, E. (2002). Three multigene families in Plasmodium parasites: facts and questions. International journal for parasitology, 32(11), 1323-1344. Merino, Martínez J (2014) First Molecular Characterization of a Hepatozoon Species (Apicomplexa: Hepatozoidae) Infecting Birds and D escription of a New Species Infecting Storm Petrels (Aves: Hydrobatidae). The Journal of parasitology 100: doi: 10.1645/13-325.1 Misra, K.K., Choudhury, A., 1977. Haemoproteus trionyxii n.sp. from a river turtle, Trionyx gangeticus Cuvier. Arch. Protistenkd. 119, 395–400. Moore, R. B, Oborník, M, Janouškovec, J, et al (2008) A photosynthetic alveolate closely related to apicomplexan parasites. Nature 451:959 Morand S, Krasnov BR, Littlewood DTJ (eds) (2015) Parasite Diversity and Diversification: Evolutionary Ecology Meets Phylogenetics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Moreno A, González L, Barreto D (2015) CARACTERIZACIÓN MORFOLÓGICA DE HEMOPARÁSITOS PRESENTES EN ALGUNOS REPTILES Y ANFIBIOS DE GUAVIARE, COLOMBIA. Universidad Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca Moreno LA, Andradre GI, Ruíz-Contreras LF, (Eds.) (2016) Biodiversidad 2016. Estado y tendencia de la biodiversidad de Colombia. Morrison, D.A., 2009. Evolution of the Apicomplexa: where are we now? Trends in Parasitology 25, 375–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2009.05.010 Motta ROC, Cunha LM, Leite RC, et al (2011) Hepatozoon spp. (Apicomplexa: Hepatozoidae) infection and selected hematological values of the neotropical rattlesnake, Crotalus durissus collilineatus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Serpentes: Viperid ae), from Brazil. J Zoo Wildl Med 42:399–407 Motz VL, Lewis WD, Vardo-Zalik AM (2014) Leukocyte Profiles for Western Fence Lizards, Sceloporus occidentalis, Naturally Infected by the Malaria Parasite Plasmodium mexicanum. J Parasitol 100:592–597. doi: 10.1645/13-371.1 Muehlenbein, M.P., Pacheco, M.A., Taylor, J.E., Prall, S.P., Ambu, L., Nathan, S., Alsisto, S., Ramirez, D., Escalante, A.A., 2015. Accelerated Diversification of Nonhuman Primate Malarias in Southeast Asia: Adaptive Radiation or Geographic Speciation? Molecular Biology and Evolution 32, 422–439. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msu310 Murata T, Inoue M, Tateyama S, et al (1993) Vertical transmission of Hepatozoon canis in dogs. J Vet Med Sci 55:867–868 Murphy J, Jowers M (2013) Treerunners, cryptic lizards of the Plica plica group (Squamata, Sauria, Tropiduridae) of northern South America. ZooKeys 355:49–77. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.355.5868 Merino S, Moreno J, José Sanz J, Arriero E (2000) Are avian blood parasites pathogenic in the wild? A medication experiment in blue tits (Parus caeruleus ). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences 267:2507 –2510. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2000.1312 Morales-Betancourt MA, Lasso CA, Páez VP, Bock BC (2015) Libro rojo de reptiles de Colombia. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander Von Humboldt, Colombia Morand S, Krasnov BR, Littlewood DTJ (eds) (2015) Parasite diversity and diversification: evolutionary ecology meets phylogenetics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom Morrison DA (2009) Evolution of the Apicomplexa: where are we now? Trends in Parasitology 25:375–382. doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2009.05.010 Netherlands EC, Cook CA, Smit NJ (2014) Hepatozoon species (Adeleorina: Hepatozoidae) of African bufonids, with morphological description and molecular diagnosis of Hepatozoon ixoxo sp. nov. parasitising three Amietophrynus species (Anura: Bufonidae). Parasites & Vectors 7:. doi: 10.1186/s13071 -014-0552-0 Nadler SA, De León GP (2011) Integrating molecular and morphological approaches for characterizing parasite cryptic species: implications for parasitology. Parasitology 138:1688-1709. doi: 10.1017/S003118201000168X. Netherlands EC, Cook CA, Kruger DJD, et al (2015) Biodiversity of frog haemoparasites from sub-tropical northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 4:135–141. doi: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.01.003 O’Dwyer LH, Moço TC, Paduan K dos S, et al (2013) Description of three new species of Hepatozoon (Apicomplexa, Hepatozoidae) from Rattlesnakes (Crotalus durissus terrificus) based on molecular, morphometric and morphologic characters. Experimental Parasitology 135:200–207. doi: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.06.019 Oppliger A, Célérier ML, Clobert J (1996) Physiological and behaviour changes in co |
| dc.rights.spa.fl_str_mv |
Derechos reservados - Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
| dc.rights.coar.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_f1cf |
| dc.rights.license.spa.fl_str_mv |
Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional |
| dc.rights.spa.spa.fl_str_mv |
Acceso con embargo |
| dc.rights.uri.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ |
| dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/embargoedAccess |
| rights_invalid_str_mv |
Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional Derechos reservados - Universidad Nacional de Colombia Acceso con embargo http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_f1cf |
| eu_rights_str_mv |
embargoedAccess |
| dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv |
187 |
| dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
| dc.publisher.department.spa.fl_str_mv |
Instituto de Biotecnología |
| dc.publisher.branch.spa.fl_str_mv |
Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá |
| institution |
Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
| bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/75766/1/Identificaci%c3%b3n%20de%20hemopar%c3%a1sitos%20presentes%20en%20la%20herpetofauna%20de%20diferentes%20departamentos%20de%20Colombia.%2014112019.pdf https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/75766/3/license_rdf https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/75766/2/license.txt https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/75766/4/Identificaci%c3%b3n%20de%20hemopar%c3%a1sitos%20presentes%20en%20la%20herpetofauna%20de%20diferentes%20departamentos%20de%20Colombia.%2014112019.pdf.jpg |
| bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
287a1f55b91b8442282636d754c005a3 217700a34da79ed616c2feb68d4c5e06 6f3f13b02594d02ad110b3ad534cd5df d1795e04ab843bf8432d270c6300fa93 |
| bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 |
| repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
| repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
repositorio_nal@unal.edu.co |
| _version_ |
1814089548681969664 |
| spelling |
Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 InternacionalDerechos reservados - Universidad Nacional de ColombiaAcceso con embargohttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/embargoedAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_f1cfMatta Camacho, Nubia Estela75edbe4d-96d7-4646-8a9a-44436c7fbbdaVargas-Ramirez, Mario90426062-be64-47b8-80e3-15419cec5ef1González Camacho, Leydy Paola9f21a64e-deef-4a82-9091-4d3bed2c4869Gonzalez Camacho, Leydy PaolaCaracterización genética e inmunología2020-02-26T19:27:47Z2020-02-26T19:27:47Z2022-12-312019-11-14https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/75766Colombia es un país altamente diverso en flora y fauna, siendo el 4to país con mayor biodiversidad de reptiles en el mundo. Sin embargo, los estudios relacionados con parásitos sanguíneos que infectan animales en vida silvestre son limitados. Apicomplexa es un phylum de protozoarios que agrupa parásitos obligados, como los hemoparásitos que infectan mamíferos, aves y reptiles. Este estudio evaluó la diversidad de hemoparásitos presentes en reptiles de diferentes departamentos, utilizando la determinación morfológica e información del marcador molecular citocromo b, para los géneros Plasmodium y Haemocystidum, y del fragmento de 18S rRNA, para el género Haemogregarinas. Se analizaron 225 individuos, encontrando 148 infectados con Haemogregarinas spp, cuatro con Plasmodium spp., y tres con Haemocystidium spp. Para Plasmodium kentropyxi y Plasmodium carmelinoi, encontrados en Cnemidophorus cf. gramivagus y Ameiva ameiva, respectivamente, se reportó por primera vez linajes de cytb que puden ser usados como BarCode (Capítulo 1). Se reporta la presencia de Haemocystidium sp en Podocnemis vogli (Capítulo 2). Se identificaron 14 secuencias de 18S rRNA asociados a dos morfotipos de Haemogregarinas spp. en Podocnemis vogli, y una secuencia asociada al único morfotipo en Podocnemis unifilis (Capítulo 3). El marcador citocromo b es útil para usarse como BarCode para identificar especies de haemosporidos; en el caso de las Haemogregarinas, la información obtenida con el marcador 18S rRNA, debe complementarse, por lo que sugiere la búsqueda de nuevos marcadores, que contribuyan a mejorar la resolución de las relaciones filogenéticas y la diferenciación entre e intra especies del suborden Adeleorina.Colombia is a highly diverse country in flora and fauna, being the fourth country with the greatest reptile biodiversity in the world. Nonetheless, the studies related to blood parasites that infect wildlife animals are limited. Apicomplexa is a protozoan’s phylum that groups obligate parasites, comprising hemoparasites infecting mammals, birds, and reptiles. In this study, the diversity of hemoparasites present in reptiles of different departments were evaluated by using morphological determination and molecular information of Cytochrome b molecular marker for Plasmodium and Haemocystidium genera, and a fragment of 18S rRNA for the Haemogregarina genus. 225 individuals were analyzed, 147 of them were positive for Haemogregarinas spp. infection, four for Plasmodium spp. and three for Haemocystidium spp. For Plasmodium kentropyxi y Plasmodium carmelinoi, found in Cnemidophorus cf. gramivagus y Ameiva ameiva, respectively, cytb linages that could be used as BarCode were reported for the first time (Chapter one). The Haemocystidium sp. was reported in Podocnemis vogli (Chapter two). 14 sequences of 18S rRNA were identified and associated with two morphotypes of Haemogregarinas spp. in Podocnemis vogli and one sequence was associated with a unique morphotype in Podocnemis unifilis (Chapter 3). Cytochrome b is a useful molecular marker as BarCode for haemosporidian species identification; the information obtained with 18S rRNA molecular marker was not sufficient for species identification for Haemogregarinas, therefore, we suggest to seek new markers that contribute to the resolution of phylogenetic relationships and the differentiation between and within species of Adelorina suborder.ColcienciasHemoparásitos asociados a la herpetofauna colombiana: Aspectos relevantes para su conservaciónMaestría187application/pdfspaMicrobiologíaTurtle, tortoise, Apicomplexa, Cytochrome b, 18S rRNATortugas, Apicomplexa, citocromo b, 18S rRNA.Identificación de hemoparásitos presentes en la herpetofauna de diferentes departamentos de ColombiaIDENTIFICATION OF PRESENT HEMOPARASITES IN THE HERPETOFAUNA OF DIFFERENT DEPARTMENTS OF COLOMBIA.Artículo de revistainfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Texthttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTInstituto de BiotecnologíaUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede BogotáAdl, S. M., Leander, B. S., Simpson, A. G., Archibald, J. M., Anderson, O. R., Bass, D., ... & Kolisko, M. (2007). Diversity, nomenclature, and taxonomy of protists. Systematic Biology, 56(4), 684-689. Adl, S.M., Simpson, A.G.B., Lane, C.E., Lukeš, J., Bass, D., Bowser, S.S., Brown, M.W., Burki, F., Dunthorn, M., Hampl, V., Heiss, A., Hoppenrath, M., Lara, E., le Gall, L., Lynn, D.H., McManus, H., Mitchell, E.A.D., Mozley-Stanridge, S.E., Parfrey, L.W., Pawlowski, J., Rueckert, S., Shadwick, L., Schoch, C.L., Smirnov, A., Spiegel, F.W., 2012. The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59, 429–514. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x Adl, S.M., Bass, D., Lane, C.E., Lukeš, J., Schoch, C.L., Smirnov, A., Agatha, S., Berney, C., Brown, M.W., Burki, F., Cárdenas, P., Čepička, I., Chistyakova, L., del Campo, J., Dunthorn, M., Edvardsen, B., Eglit, Y., Guillou, L., Hampl, V., Heiss, A.A., Hoppenrath, M., James, T.Y., Karpov, S., Kim, E., Kolisko, M., Kudryavtsev, A., Lahr, D.J.G., Lara, E., Le Gall, L., Lynn, D.H., Mann, D.G., Massana i Molera, R., Mitchell, E.A.D., Morrow, C., Park, J.S., Pawlowski, J.W., Powell, M.J., Richter, D.J., Rueckert, S., Shadwick, L., Shimano, S., Spiegel, F.W., Torruella i Cortes, G., Youssef, N., Zlatogursky, V., Zhang, Q., 2019. Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12691 Allen KE, Yabsley MJ, Johnson EM, et al (2011) Novel Hepatozoon in VertebratesFrom the Southern United States. Journal of Parasitology 97:648–653. doi: 10.1645/GE- 2672.1 Alley M, Hale K, Cash W, et al. (2010) Concurrent avian malaria and avipox virus infection in translocated South Island saddlebacks (Philesturnus carunculatus carunculatus). N Z Vet J 58:218–223. doi: 10.1080/00480169.2010.68868 Altschul, S.F., Madden, T.L., Schäffer, A.A., Zhang, J., Zhang, Z., Miller, W., Lipman, D.J., 1997. Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Res. 25, 3389–3402. Andrade C MG (2011) Estado del conocimiento de la biodiversidad en Colombia y sus amenazas. Consideraciones para fortalecer la interacción ambiente-política. Rev Acad Colomb Cienc 35:491–507 Ayala S.C (1970) Plasmodium mexicanum in California: natural history and development in Phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae). J Parasitol 56:13 Ayala SC (1975) Malaria and hemogregarines from lizards of the Western Caribbean Islands of San Andrés and Providencia. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 17:218 –224 Ayala S.C, D’Alessandro A, Mackenzie R., Angel D (1973) Hemoparasite Infections in 830 Wild Animals from the Eastern Llanos of Colombia. The Journal of Parasitology 59:52–59. doi: 10.2307/3278571 Ayala S.C, Spain JL (1976) A population of Plasmodium colombiense sp. n. in the iguanid lizard, Anolis Auratus. J Parasitol 62:177 –189 Ayala SC (1978) Checklist, Host Index, and Annotated Bibliography of Plasmodium from Reptiles. J Protozool 25:87–100. doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1978.tb03874.x Ayala SC, Hertz PE (1981) Malaria infection in Anolis lizards on Martinique, Lesser Antilles. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 23:12–17 Avila-Pires TC. (1995) Lizard of Brazilian Amazonia (Reptilia: Squamata) Ayala SC (1975) Malaria and hemogregarines from lizards of the Western Caribbean Islands of San Andrés and Providencia. Rev Inst Med Trop São Paulo 17:218–224 Batalla L. L, Casas A. E, Julca R, et al (2015) Presencia de Hemoparásitos en Tortugas Motelo (Chelonoides denticulata) (Linnaeus, 1766) Comercializadas en el Mercado de Belén, Iquitos, Perú. Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú 26:489. doi: 10.15381/rivep.v26i3.11168 Barta JR (1991) The Dactylosomatidae. In: Advances in Parasitology. Elsevier, pp 1–37 Bensch S, Pérez-Tris J, Waldenström J, Hellgren O (2004) Linkage between nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences in avian malaria parasites: multiple cases of cryptic speciation? Evol Int J Org Evol 58:1617–1621 Bensch, S., Stjernman, M., Hasselquist, D., Ostman, O., Hansson, B., Westerdahl, H., Pinheiro, R., 2000. Host specificity in avian blood parasites: a estudy of Plasmodium and Haemoproteus mitochondrial DNA amplifield from birds. Proc Biol Sci 267, 1583– 1589. Benson, D.A., Karsch-Mizrachi, I., Clark, K., Lipman, D.J., Ostell, J., Sayers, E.W., 2012. GenBank. Nucleic Acids Research 40, D48–D53. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkr1202 Bonorris JS, Ball GH (1955) Schellackia occidentalis n.sp., a Blood-inhabiting Coccidian Found in Lizards in Southern California. J Protozool 2:31–34. doi: 10.1111/j.1550- 7408.1955.tb02393.x Bouet, J., 1909. Sur deux hë mocytozaires pigmentë s des reptiles. C.R. Së anc. Soc. Biol. 66, 43–45. Boundenga, L., Makanga, B., Ollomo, B., Gilabert, A., Rougeron, V., Mve-Ondo, B., Arnathau, C., Durand, P., Moukodoum, N.D., Okouga, A.-P., Delicat-Loembet, L., Yacka-Mouele, L., Rahola, N., Leroy, E., Ba, C.T., Renaud, F., Prugnolle, F., Paupy, C., 2016. Haemosporidian Parasites of Antelopes and Other Vertebrates from Gabon, Central Africa. PLOS ONE 11, e0148958. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148958 Boundenga, L., Perkins, S.L., Ollomo, B., Rougeron, V., Leroy, E.M., Renaud, F., Prugnolle, F., 2017. Haemosporidian Parasites of Reptiles and Birds from Gabon, Central Africa. Journal of Parasitology 103, 330–337. https://doi.org/10.1645/16-118 Bouma MJ, Smallridge CJ, Bull CM, Komdeur J (2007) Susceptibility to infection by a haemogregarine parasite and the impact of infection in the Australian sleepy lizard Tiliqua rugosa. Parasitology Research 100:949–954. doi: 10.1007/s00436-006-0379- 5 Brown GP, Shilton CM, Shine R (2006) Do parasites matter? Assessing the fitness consequences of haemogregarine infection in snakes. Can J Zool 84:668 –676. doi: 10.1139/z06-044 Buckley JJC (1969) On a Remarkable Oxyurid Nematode, Orientatractis leiperi n. sp., (Atractidae) from a South American Tortoise, Podocnemis vogli. J Helminthol 43:281– 286. doi: 10.1017/S0022149X0000482X Castaño-Mora, 2002. Libro rojo de reptiles de Colombia. La serie Libros rojos de especies amenazadas. Castellani, A., Willey, A., 1904. Observations on the haematozoa of vertebrates in Ceylon. Spolia Zeylonic 2, 78–92. Caudell JN, Whittier J, Conovera MR (2002) The effects of haemogregarine-like parasites on brown tree snakes (Boiga irregularis) and slatey-grey snakes (Stegonotus cucullatus) in Queensland, Australia. In: International biodeterioration & biodegradation. Elsevier, pp 113–119 Craig TM, Smallwood JE, Knauer KW, McGrath JP (1978) Hepatozoon canis infection in dogs: clinical, radiographic, and hematologic findings. J Am Vet Med Assoc 173:967– 972 Cohen SC, Justo MCN, Kohn A (2013) South American Monogenoidea parasites of fishes, amphibians and reptiles. South American Monogenoidea parasites of fishes, amphibians and reptiles Cook, C.A., Smit, N.J., Davies, A.J., 2010. Hemoproteids (Apicomplexa: Haemoproteidae) from South African Tortoises (Cryptodira: Testudinidae). Journal of Parasitology 96, 1168–1172. https://doi.org/10.1645/GE-2527.1 Cook CA, Lawton SP, Davies AJ, Smit NJ (2014) Reassignment of the land tortoise haemogregarine Haemogregarina fitzsimonsi Dias 1953 (Adeleorina: Haemogregarinidae) to the genus Hepatozoon Miller 1908 (Adeleorina: Hepatozoidae) based on parasite morphology, life cycle and phylogenetic analysis of 18S rDNA sequence fragments. Parasitology 141:1611 –1620. doi: 10.1017/S003118201400081X Cook CA, Netherlands EC, Smit NJ (2015) First Hemolivia from southern Africa: reassigning chelonian Haemogregarina parvula Dias, 1953 (Adeleorina: Haemogregarinidae) to Hemolivia (Adeleorina: Karyolysidae). African Zoology 50:165–173. doi: 10.1080/15627020.2015.1044467 Cook CA, Netherlands EC, Smit NJ (2016) Redescription, molecular characterisation and taxonomic re-evaluation of a unique African monitor lizard haemogregarine Karyolysus paradoxa (Dias, 1954) n. comb. (Karyolysidae). Parasites & Vectors 9:. doi: 10.1186/s13071-016-1600-8 Corredor V, Enea V (1994) The small ribosomal subunit RNA isoforms in Plasmodium cynomolgi. Genetics 136:857–865 Dalrymple BP (1990) Cloning and characterization of the rRNA genes and flanking regions from Babesia bovis: use of the genes as strain discriminating probes. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 43:117–124. doi: 10.1016/0166-6851(90)90136-A Damas-Moreira I, Harris DJ, Rosado D, et al (2014) Consequences of haemogregarine infection on the escape distance in the lacertid l izard, Podarcis vaucheri. Acta Herpetologica Vol 9:119-123 Pages. doi: 10.13128/acta_herpetol-13740 Darriba D, Taboada GL, Doallo R, Posada D (2012) jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing. Nat Methods 9:772–772. doi: 10.1038/nmeth.2109 Davies AJ, Johnston MRL (2000) The biology of some intraerythrocytic parasites of fishes, amphibia and reptiles. In: Parasitology B-A in (ed). Academic Press, pp 1–107 DeGiusti, D.L., Sterling, C.R., Dobrzechowski, D., 1973. Transmission of the Chelonian Haemoproteid Haemoproteus metchnikovi by a Tabanid Fly Chrysops callidus. Nature 242, 50–51. https://doi.org/10.1038/242050a0 Davis AK, Sterrett SC (2011) Prevalence of Haemogregarine Parasites in Three Freshwater Turtle Species in a Population in Northeast Georgia, USA. International J of Zoological Research 7:156–163. doi: 10.3923/ijzr.2011.156.163 Dantas FT, Oliveira EFF, Soares FÂM, et al (2008) Ticks infesting amphibians and reptiles in Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Parasi tologia Veterinária 17:218–221. doi: 10.1590/S1984-29612008000400009 Daszak P (2000) Emerging Infectious Diseases of Wildlife-- Threats to Biodiversity and Human Health. Science 287:443–449. doi: 10.1126/science.287.5452.443 Davis AK, Sterrett SC (2011) Prevalence of Haemogregarine Parasites in Three Freshwater Turtle Species in a Population in Northeast Georgia, USA. International J of Zoological Research 7:156–163. doi: 10.3923/ijzr.2011.156.163 DeGiusti, D.L., Sterling, C.R., Dobrzechowski, D., 1973. Transmission of the Chelonian Haemoproteid Haemoproteus metchnikovi by a Tabanid Fly Chrysops callidus. Nature 242, 50–51. https://doi.org/10.1038/242050a0 de Oliveira JP, André MR, Alves Júnior JR, et al (2018) Molecular detection of hemogregarines and haemosporidians in Brazilian free-living testudines. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 7:75 –84. doi: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2018.01.008 Desser SS, Siddal ME, Batra JR (1990) Ultrastructural observations on the developmental stages of Lankesterella minima (Apicomplexa) in experimentally infected Rana catesbeiana tadpoles. Journal of Parasitology 76:997–103 Donato-Rondon JCh, González-Trujillo JD, Romero B, Castro-Rebolledo MI (2018) Diatom assemblages associated with turtle carapaces in the Neotropical region. RBT 66:1362. doi: 10.15517/rbt.v66i4.31396 DvořáKová N, KvičErová J, Hostovský M, šIroký P (2015) Haemogregarines of freshwater turtles from Southeast Asia with a description of Haemogregarina sacaliae sp. n. and a redescription of Haemogregarina pellegrini Laveran and Pettit, 1910. Parasitology 142:816–826. doi: 10.1017/S0031182014001930 DvořáKová N, KvičErová J, PapoušEk I, et al (2014) Haemogregarines from western Palaearctic freshwater turtles (genera Emys, Mauremys) are conspecific with Haemogregarina stepanowi Danilewsky, 1885. Parasitology 141:522–530. doi: 10.1017/S0031182013001820 Drummond AJ, Ho SYW, Phillips MJ, Rambaut A (2006) Relaxed Phylogenetics and Dating with Confidence. PLoS Biol 4:e88 . doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040088 Dunlap KD, Schall JJ (1995) Hormonal alterations and reproductive inhibition in male fence lizards (Sceloporus occidentalis) infected with the malarial parasite Plasmodium mexicanum . Physiological Zoology 608–621 Earle RA, Bastianello SS, Bennett GF, Krecek RC (1993) Histopathology and morphology of the tissue stages of Haemoproteus columbae causing mortality in Columbiformes. Avian Pathology 22:67–80. doi: 10.1080/03079459308418901 Edgar RC (2004) MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Nucleic Acids Res 32:1792–1797 doi: 10.1093/nar/gkh340 Escalante, A.A., Freeland, D.E., Collins, W.E., Lal, A.A., 1998. The evolution of primate malaria parasites based on the gene encoding cytochrome b from the linear mitochondrial genome. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 8124–8129. Escobar S. F (2000) Diversidad de coleopteros coprofagos (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) en un mosaico de habitats en la reserva natural Nukak, Guaviare, Colombia. Acta Zool Mex 103–121 Falk BG, Luke Mahler D, Perkins S (2011) Tree-based delimitation of morphologically ambiguous taxa: A study of the lizard malaria parasites on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola. Int J Parasitol 41:967–980. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2011.05.004 Falk BG, Glor RE, Perkins SL (2015) Clonal reproduction shapes evolution in the lizard malaria parasite Plasmodium floridense. Evolution 69:1584–1596. doi: 10.1111/evo.12683 Fernandes BMM, Kohn A (2014) South American trematodes parasites of amphibians and reptiles. South American trematodes parasites of amphibians and reptiles Forero-Medina G, Yusti-Muñoz AP, Castaño-Mora OV (2014) Geographic Distribution of the Tortoises and Freshwater Turtles of Colombia and their Representation in the Protected Area Network. Acta Biológica Colombiana 19:415. doi: 10.15446/abc.v19n3.42219 Fox GE, Woese CR (1975) The architecture of 5S rRNA and its relation to function. J Mol Evol 6:61–76 Gaffney, E.S., Meylan, P.A., Wood, R.C., Simons, E., De Almeida Campos, D., 2011. Evolution of the side-necked turtles: the family Podocnemididae. Bulletin of the American Museum of natural History. Garnham PCC (1966) Malaria Parasites and other Haemosporidia. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, U. K Garcés-Restrepo MF, Giraldo A, Carr JL, Brown LD (2013) Turtle ectoparasites from the Pacific coastal region of Colombia. Biota Neotrop 13:74–79. doi: 10.1590/S1676- 06032013000300009 García-Longoria L, Møller AP, Balbontín J, et al (2015) Do malaria parasites manipulate the escape behaviour of their avian hosts? An experimental study. Parasitol Res 114:4493–4501. doi: 10.1007/s00436-015-4693-7 Gibbons LM, Khalil LF, Marinkelle CJ (1995) A new nematode genus, Podocnematractis, for Atractis ortleppi Thapar, 1925 (Cosmocercoidea: Atractidae) and the description of another new species, P. colombiaensis from turtles Podocnemis spp. in Colombia. Syst Parasitol 30:47–56. doi: 10.1007/BF00009244 Goes VC, Brito ES, Valadao RM, et al (2018) Haemogregarine (Apicomplexa: Adeleorina) infection in Vanderhaege’s toad -headed turtle, Mesoclemmys vanderhaegei (Chelidae), from a Brazilian Neotropical sav anna region. FOLIA PARASIT 65:. doi: 10.14411/fp.2018.012 Gomides SC, Maturano R, Daemon E, et al. (2015) New reports of Acari ectoparasites on lizards of the genus Plica (Squamata: Tropiduridae) and a list of parasites known from this genus. Deutsche Gesellschaft Herpetologie Terrarienkunde ev c/o Jorn Kohler, Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt, Friedensplatz 1, Darmstadt, 64283, Germany Gouy M, Guindon S, Gascuel O (2010) SeaView Version 4: A Multiplatform Graphical User Interface for Sequence Alignment and Phylogenetic Tree Building. Mol Biol Evol 27:221–224 . doi: 10.1093/molbev/msp259 Guay J.-M, Huot A., Gagnon S, Tremblay A., Levesque R.C. Physical and genetic mapping of cloned ribosomal DNA from Toxoplasma gondii: primary and secondary structure of the 5S gene Gene, 114 (1992), pp. 165-171 Gutell RR, Larsen N, Woese CR (1994) Lessons from an evolving rRNA: 16S and 23S rRNA structures from a comparative perspective. Microbiol Rev 58:10–26 Gutierrez G (2016) PARÁSITOS SANGUÍNEOS EN ALGUNOS REPTILES DE LA LOCALIDAD DE YONDÓ, ANTIOQUIA, COLOMBIA. Universidad Nacional de Colombia Hellgren, O., Križanauskiene, A., Valkiūnas, G., Bensch, S., 2007. Diversity and phylogeny of mitochondrial cytochrome b lineages from six morphospecies of avian Haemoproteus (Haemosporida: Haemoproteidae). Journal of Parasitology 93, 889– 896. https://doi.org/10.1645/GE-1051R1.1 Hellgren O, Waldeström J, Bensch S (2004) A new PCR assay for simultaneous studies of Leucocytozoon, Plasmodium, and Haemoproteus from avian blood. J Parasitol 90:797–802 Herrera, J.R., 2008. Estudio patológico retrospectivo de mortalidad en reptiles del zoológico Jaime Duque entre el año 1991 y el 2006. Universidad de la Salle, Bogotá, D.C. Haklová B, Majláthová V (2014) Phylogenetic relationship of Hepatozoon blood parasites found in snakes from Africa, America and Asia. Parasitology 141:389–398. doi: 10.1017/S0031182013001765 Hoffman (1999) Parasites of North American freshwater fishes. University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London Hoffmann M, Hilton-Taylor C, Angulo A, et al (2010) The Impact of Conservation on the Status of the World’s Vertebrates. Science 330:1503–1509. doi: 10.1126/science.1194442 Ilgūnas M, Bukauskaitė D, Palinauskas V, et al (2016) Mortality and pathology in birds due to Plasmodium (Giovannolaia) homocircumflexum infection, with emphasis on the exoerythrocytic development of avian malaria parasites. Malar J 15:256. doi: 10.1186/s12936-016-1310-x Jakes, K.A., O’Donoghue, P., Munro, M., Adlard, R., 2001. Hemoprotozoa of freshwater turtles in Queensland. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 37, 12 –19. https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-37.1.12 Jarvi, S.I., Schultz, J.J., Atkinson, C.T., 2002. PCR diagnostics underestimate the prevalence of avian malaria (Plasmodium relictum) in experimentally-infected passerines. Journal of Parasitology 88, 153–158. https://doi.org/10.1645/0022- 3395(2002)088[0153:PDUTPO]2.0.CO;2 Javanbakht, H., Kvičerová, J., Dvořáková, N., Mikulíček, P., Sharifi, M., Kautman, M., Maršíková, A., Široký, P., 2015. Phylogeny, Diversity, Distribution, and Host Specificity of Haemoproteus spp. (Apicomplexa: Haemosporida: Haemoproteidae) of Palaearctic Tortoises. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 62, 670–678. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12227 Johnston, T.H., Cleland, J.B., 1909. On a new melanin- producing haematozoon from an Australian tortoise. J. Proc. R. Soc. NSW 43, 97–103. Kauffman KL, Sparkman A, Bronikowski AM, Palacios MG (2017) Vertical Transmission of Hepatozoon in the Garter Snake Thamnophis elegans. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 53:121–125. doi: 10.7589/2016-03-056 Kibe, M. K., Nene, V., Khan, B., Allsopp, B. A., Collins, N. E., Morzaria, S. P., ... & Bishop, R. P. (1994). Evidence for two single copy units in Theileria parva ribosomal RNA genes. Molecular and biochemical parasitology, 66(2), 249-259. Krasilnikov, E.N., 1965. Parazity krovy cherepakh yugo- vostochnoi Gruzii (Blood parasites of turtles of southeast Georgia). Zool. Zh. 44, 1454–1459. Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Tamura, K., 2016. MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 7.0 for Bigger Datasets. Molecular Biology and Evolution 33, 1870– 1874. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw054 Lainson R, Landau I, Shaw JJ (1971) On a new family of non-pigmented parasites in the blood of reptiles: Garniidae fam. nov., (Coccidiida: Haemosporidiidea). Some species of the new genus Garnia . International Journal for Parasitology 1:241–250. doi: 10.1016/0020-7519(71)90027-0 Lainson R, Landau I, Shaw JJ (1974) Observations on non-pigmented haemosporidia of Brazilian lizards, including a new species of Saurocytozoon in Mabuya mabouya (Scincidae). Parasitology 69:215–223 Lainson R, Shaw JJ, Landau I (1975) Some blood parasites of the Brazilian lizards Plica umbra and Uranoscodon superciliosa (Iguanidae). Parasitology 70:119–141. doi: 10.1017/S0031182000048927 Lainson, R., Naiff, R.D., 1998. Haemoproteus (Apicomplexa: Haemoproteidae) of Tortoises and Turtles. Proceedings: Biological Sciences 265, 941–949. Lainson R, Landau I, Paperna I (2001) Plasmodium kentropyxi n.sp. (Apicomplexa: Haemosporina: Plasmodiidae) and a Plasmodium tropiduri-like parasite in the lizard Kentropyx calcarata (Lacertilia: Teiidae) in north Brazil. Parasite Paris Fr 8:107–113 Lainson R, Souza MC de, Franco CM (2003) Haematozoan parasites of the lizard Ameiva ameiva (Teiidae) from Amazonian Brazil: a preliminary note. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 98:1067–1070. doi: 10.1590/S0074-02762003000800016 Lainson R, Franco CM, da Matta R (2010) Plasmodium carmelinoi n. sp. (Haemosporida: Plasmodiidae) of the lizard Ameiva ameiva (Squamata: Teiidae) in Amazonian Brazil. Parasite 17:129–132. doi: 10.1051/parasite/2010172129 Lainson R (2012) Atlas of protozoan parasites of the amazonian fauna of Brazil. Vol. 1. Haemosporida of reptiles. Laird M (1950) Haemogregarina tuatarae sp. n., from the New Zealand Rhynchocephalian Sphenodon punctatus (Gray). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 120:529–533. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1950.tb00662.x Larkin MA, Blackshields G, Brown NP, et al (2007) Clustal W and Clustal X version 2.0. Bioinformatics 23:2947–2948. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btm404 Laverna, 1905. Sur une hë mamibe nouvelle de Testudo pardalis. C. R. Soc. Së anc. Biol. 59, 176-178}. Leica Microsystems Suiza Limited (2012) Leica Microsystems Suiza Limited. In: Leica Microsyst. http://www.leica-microsystems.com/products/microscope software/software-for-materials-sciences/details/product/leica-application-suite/. Accessed 7 Jul 2015 Le Blancq, S. M., Khramtsov, N. V., Zamani, F., Upton, S. J., & Wu, T. W. (1997). Ribosomal RNA gene organization in Cryptosporidium parvum. Molecular and biochemical parasitology, 90(2), 463-478. Leveille, A. N., Ogedengbe, M. E., Hafeez, M. A., Tu, H. H. A., & Barta, J. R. (2014). The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Hepatozoon catesbianae (Apicomplexa: Coccidia: Adeleorina), a blood parasite of the green frog, Lithobates (formerly Rana) clamitans. Journal of Parasitology, 100(5), 651-656. Levine ND (1970) Taxonomy of the sporozoa. J Parasitol 56:208–209 Levine, ND (1988) The protozoan phylum Apicomplex. p. 118-133. 1988. CRC Press, INC, Boca Raton, Florida Levine, N.D., 1988. The protozoan phylum Apicomplex. p. 118-133. 1988. CRC Press, INC, Boca Raton, Florida. Levine, N.D., 1970. Taxonomy of the sporozoa. J. Parasitol. 56, 208–209. Lotta IA, Valkiūnas G, Pacheco MA, et al (2019) Disentangling Leucocytozoon parasite diversity in the neotropics: Descriptions of two new species and shortcomings of molecular diagnostics for leucocytozoids. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 9:159–173. doi: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.05.002 Lotta, I.A., Pacheco, M.A., Escalante, A.A., González, A.D., Mantilla, J.S., Moncada, L.I., Adler, P.H., Matta, N.E., 2016. Leucocytozoon Diversity and Possible Vectors in the Neotropical highlands of Colombia. Protist 167, 185–204. Mackerras, M., 1961. The Haematozoa of Australian Reptiles. Australian Journal of Zoology 9, 61. https://doi.org/10.1071/ZO9610061 Maia JP (2015) Diversity, infection patterns and hostparasite associations of apicomplexan parasites in reptiles. (Doctoral dissertation, Ph. D. Thesis. Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal). Maia, D. JamesHarris, Salvador Carranza (2016) Reconstruction of the evolutionary history of Haemosporida (Apicomplexa) based on the cyt b gene with characterization of Haemocystidium in geckos (Squamata: Gekkota) from Oman. Parasitology international, 65:5–11 Mantilla JS, González AD, Valkiūnas G, et al. (2013) Description and molecular characterization of Plasmodium (Novyella) unalis sp. nov. from the Great Thrush (Turdus fuscater) in highland of Colombia. Parasitol Res 112:4193–4204 Mantilla, J.S., Matta, N.E., Pacheco, M.A., Escalante, A.A., González, A.D., Moncada, L.I., 2013. Identification of Plasmodium (Haemamoeba) lutzi (Lucena, 1939) from Turdus fuscater (great thrush) in Colombia. The Journal of parasitology 99, 662 –668. Martinsen ES, Paperna I, Schall JJ (2006) Morphological versus molecular identification of avian Haemosporidia: an exploration of three species concepts. Parasitology 133:279 . doi: 10.1017/S0031182006000424 Martinsen ES, Waite JL, Schall JJ (2007) Morphologically defined subgenera of Plasmodium from avian hosts: test of monophyly by phylogenetic analysis of two mitochondrial genes. Parasitology 134:483. doi: 10.1017/S0031182006001922 Matta, N.E., Pacheco, M.A., Escalante, A.A., Valkiūnas, G., Ayerbe-Quiñones, F., Acevedo-Cendales, L.D., 2014. Description and molecular characterization of Haemoproteus macrovacuolatus n. sp. (Haemosporida, Haemoproteidae), a morphologically unique blood parasite of black-bellied whistling duck (Dendrocygna autumnalis) from South America. Parasitology research 113, 2991–3000. Matta NE, González LP, Pacheco MA, et al (2018) Plasmodium parasites in reptiles from the Colombia Orinoco-Amazon basin: a re-description of Plasmodium kentropyxi Lainson R, Landau I, Paperna I, 2001 and Plasmodium carmelinoi Lainson R, Franco CM, da Matta R, 2010. Parasitology Research 117:1357–1370. doi: 10.1007/s00436- 018-5815-9 Martinele, I., Tostes, R., Castro, R., D’Agosto, M., 2016. Prevalence of Haemoproteus spp. (Apicomplexa: Haemoproteidae) in tortoises in Brazil and its mole cular phylogeny. Parasitology Research 115, 249–254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-015-4741-3 McCutchan, T. F., Li, J., McConkey, G. A., Rogers, M. J., & Waters, A. P. (1995). The cytoplasmic ribosomal RNAs of Plasmodium Spp. Parasitology Today, 11(4), 13 4- 138. Medina-Rangel GF, Méndez-Galeano MA, Calderón Espinosa ML (2019) Herpetofauna of San José del Guaviare, Guaviare, Colombia. Biota Colombiana 20:75–90. doi: 10.21068/c2019.v20n01a05 Mercereau-Puijalon, O., Barale, J. C., & Bischoff, E. (2002). Three multigene families in Plasmodium parasites: facts and questions. International journal for parasitology, 32(11), 1323-1344. Merino, Martínez J (2014) First Molecular Characterization of a Hepatozoon Species (Apicomplexa: Hepatozoidae) Infecting Birds and D escription of a New Species Infecting Storm Petrels (Aves: Hydrobatidae). The Journal of parasitology 100: doi: 10.1645/13-325.1 Misra, K.K., Choudhury, A., 1977. Haemoproteus trionyxii n.sp. from a river turtle, Trionyx gangeticus Cuvier. Arch. Protistenkd. 119, 395–400. Moore, R. B, Oborník, M, Janouškovec, J, et al (2008) A photosynthetic alveolate closely related to apicomplexan parasites. Nature 451:959 Morand S, Krasnov BR, Littlewood DTJ (eds) (2015) Parasite Diversity and Diversification: Evolutionary Ecology Meets Phylogenetics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Moreno A, González L, Barreto D (2015) CARACTERIZACIÓN MORFOLÓGICA DE HEMOPARÁSITOS PRESENTES EN ALGUNOS REPTILES Y ANFIBIOS DE GUAVIARE, COLOMBIA. Universidad Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca Moreno LA, Andradre GI, Ruíz-Contreras LF, (Eds.) (2016) Biodiversidad 2016. Estado y tendencia de la biodiversidad de Colombia. Morrison, D.A., 2009. Evolution of the Apicomplexa: where are we now? Trends in Parasitology 25, 375–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2009.05.010 Motta ROC, Cunha LM, Leite RC, et al (2011) Hepatozoon spp. (Apicomplexa: Hepatozoidae) infection and selected hematological values of the neotropical rattlesnake, Crotalus durissus collilineatus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Serpentes: Viperid ae), from Brazil. J Zoo Wildl Med 42:399–407 Motz VL, Lewis WD, Vardo-Zalik AM (2014) Leukocyte Profiles for Western Fence Lizards, Sceloporus occidentalis, Naturally Infected by the Malaria Parasite Plasmodium mexicanum. J Parasitol 100:592–597. doi: 10.1645/13-371.1 Muehlenbein, M.P., Pacheco, M.A., Taylor, J.E., Prall, S.P., Ambu, L., Nathan, S., Alsisto, S., Ramirez, D., Escalante, A.A., 2015. Accelerated Diversification of Nonhuman Primate Malarias in Southeast Asia: Adaptive Radiation or Geographic Speciation? Molecular Biology and Evolution 32, 422–439. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msu310 Murata T, Inoue M, Tateyama S, et al (1993) Vertical transmission of Hepatozoon canis in dogs. J Vet Med Sci 55:867–868 Murphy J, Jowers M (2013) Treerunners, cryptic lizards of the Plica plica group (Squamata, Sauria, Tropiduridae) of northern South America. ZooKeys 355:49–77. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.355.5868 Merino S, Moreno J, José Sanz J, Arriero E (2000) Are avian blood parasites pathogenic in the wild? A medication experiment in blue tits (Parus caeruleus ). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences 267:2507 –2510. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2000.1312 Morales-Betancourt MA, Lasso CA, Páez VP, Bock BC (2015) Libro rojo de reptiles de Colombia. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander Von Humboldt, Colombia Morand S, Krasnov BR, Littlewood DTJ (eds) (2015) Parasite diversity and diversification: evolutionary ecology meets phylogenetics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom Morrison DA (2009) Evolution of the Apicomplexa: where are we now? Trends in Parasitology 25:375–382. doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2009.05.010 Netherlands EC, Cook CA, Smit NJ (2014) Hepatozoon species (Adeleorina: Hepatozoidae) of African bufonids, with morphological description and molecular diagnosis of Hepatozoon ixoxo sp. nov. parasitising three Amietophrynus species (Anura: Bufonidae). Parasites & Vectors 7:. doi: 10.1186/s13071 -014-0552-0 Nadler SA, De León GP (2011) Integrating molecular and morphological approaches for characterizing parasite cryptic species: implications for parasitology. Parasitology 138:1688-1709. doi: 10.1017/S003118201000168X. Netherlands EC, Cook CA, Kruger DJD, et al (2015) Biodiversity of frog haemoparasites from sub-tropical northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 4:135–141. doi: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.01.003 O’Dwyer LH, Moço TC, Paduan K dos S, et al (2013) Description of three new species of Hepatozoon (Apicomplexa, Hepatozoidae) from Rattlesnakes (Crotalus durissus terrificus) based on molecular, morphometric and morphologic characters. Experimental Parasitology 135:200–207. doi: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.06.019 Oppliger A, Célérier ML, Clobert J (1996) Physiological and behaviour changes in common lizards parasitized by haemogregarines. Parasitology 113:433 –438. doi: 10.1017/S003118200008149X Orkun, Ö., Güven, E., 2013. A New Species of Haemoproteus from a Tortoise (Testudo graeca ) in Turkey, with Remarks on Molecular Phylogenetic and Morphological Analysis. Journal of Parasitology 99, 112–117. https://doi.org/10.1645/GE-3100.1 Outlaw, D.C., Ricklefs, R.E., 2014. Species limits in avian malaria parasites (Haemosporida): how to move forward in the molecular era. Parasitology 141, 1223– 1232. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182014000560 Ortiz-Catedral L, Brunton D, Stidworthy MF, et al (2019) Haemoproteus minutus is highly virulent for Australasian and South American parrots. Parasites Vectors 12:40. doi: 10.1186/s13071-018-3255-0 Ortiz-Moreno ML, Rodríguez-Pulido JA (2017) Estado del conocimiento y amenazas de la tortuga sabanera (Podocnemis vogli, Podocnemididae) en Colombia. Orinoquia 21:26. doi: 10.22579/20112629.391 Pachón, D.A., 2009. Aislamiento, identificación y serotipificación de enterobacterias del género Salmonella en una población Crocodylus intermedius y testudinos mantenidos en cautiverio en la estación Biológica Roberto Franco E.B.T.R.B de la Facultad de Ciencias- Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, D.C. Pacheco, M., Cranfield, M., Cameron, K., Escalante, A.A., 2013. Malarial parasite diversity in chimpanzees: the value of comparative approaches to ascertain the evolution of Plasmodium falciparum antigens. Malaria Journal 12, 328. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-12-328 Pacheco, M.A., Cepeda, A.S., Bernotienė, R., Lotta, I.A., Matta, N.E., Valkiūnas, G., Escalante, A.A., 2018. Primers targeting mitochondrial genes of avian haemosporidians: PCR detection and differential DNA amplification of parasites belonging to different genera. International Journal for Parasitology 48, 657–670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.02.003 Pacheco, M.A., Matta, N.E., Valkiunas, G., Parker, P.G., Mello, B., Stanley, C.E., Lentino, M., Garcia-Amado, M.A., Cranfield, M., Kosakovsky Pond, S.L., Escalante, A.A., 2018. Mode and Rate of Evolution of Haemosporidian Mitochondrial Genomes: Timing the Radiation of Avian Parasites. Mol. Biol. Evol. 35, 383–403. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msx285 Pacheco MA, Escalante AA, Garner MM, et al (2011) Haemosporidian infection in captive masked bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus ridgwayi), an endangered subspecies of the northern bobwhite quail. Vet Parasitol 182:113–120. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.06.006 Pachón D, Pulido V A, Moreno T C (2011) Aislamiento y serotipificación de Salmonella sp. en estanques con Crocodylus intermedius y testudines cautivos en Villavicencio - Colombia. Rev MVZ Córdoba 16:2564. doi: 10.21897/rmvz.1021 Paperna I (2006) Hemolivia mauritanica (Haemogregarinidae: Apicomplexa) infection in the tortoise Testudo graeca in the Near East with data on sporogonous development in the tick vector Hyalomna aegyptium. Parasite 13:267 –273. doi: 10.1051/parasite/2006134267 Palinauskas, V., Žiegytė, R., Ilgūnas, M., Iezhova, T.A., Bernotienė, R., Bolshakov, C., Valkiūnas, G., 2015. Description of the first cryptic avian malaria parasite, Plasmodium homocircumflexum n. sp., with experimental data on its virulence and development in avian hosts and mosquitoes. International Journal for Parasitology 45, 51–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.08.012 Paperna I, Bastien P, Chavatte J-M, Landau I (2009) Lankesterella poeppigii n. sp. (Apicomplexa, Lankesterellidae) de Bufo poeppigii (Tschudi, 1845) del Perú. Revista peruana de biología 16:165–168 Pedrozo Prieto R, Vetter Hiebert R, Quintana Ruiz Díaz A, et al (2016) HEMATOLOGIC VALUES IN CAPTIVITY TERRESTRIAL TURTLES (Chelonoidis chilensis) IN ASUNCION AND SAN LORENZO CITIES, PARAGUAY. Compend cienc vet 6:28– 35. doi: 10.18004/compend.cienc.vet.2016.06.02.28-35 Perkins SL, Keller AK (2001) Phylogeny of Nuclear Small Subunit rRNA genes of Hemogregarines Amplified With Specific Primers. Journal of Parasitology 87:870– 876. doi: 10.1645/0022-3395(2001)087[0870:PONSSR]2.0.CO;2 Perkins SL, Martin JM (1999) Conserved polymerase chain reaction primers fail in diagnosis of parasitic infections. J Parasitol 85:982–984 Perkins, 2000. Species concepts and malaria parasites: detecting a cryptic species of Plasmodium. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 267, 2345–2350. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2000.1290 Perkins SL (2001) Phylogeography of Caribbean lizard malaria: tracing the history of vector borne parasites. J Evol Biol 14:34–45 Perkins SL, Schall J (2002) A molecular phylogeny of malarial parasites recovered from cytochrome b gene sequences. J Parasitol 88:972–978 Perkins SL, Austin CC (2009) Four new species of Plasmodium from New Guinea lizards: integrating morphology and molecules. J Parasitol 95:424–433 Perkins SL (2014) Malaria’s Many Mates: Past, Present, and Future of the Systematics of the Order Haemosporida. Journal of Parasitology 100:11 –25. doi: 10.1645/13-362.1 Perkins, S.L., Martinsen, E.S., Falk, B.G., 2011. Do molecules matter more than morphology? Promises and pitfalls in parasites. Parasitology 138, 1664–1674. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182011000679 Petit G, Landau I, Baccam D, Lainson R (1990) Description et cycle biologique d’ Hemolivia stellata n. g., n. sp., hémogrégarine de crapauds brésiliens. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée 65:3–15. doi: 10.1051/parasite/1990651003 Picelli AM, Carvalho AV de, Viana LA, Malvasio A (2015) Prevalence and parasitemia of Haemogregarina sp. in Podocnemis expansa (Testudines: Podocnemididae) from the Brazilian Amazon. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 24:191–197. doi: 10.1590/S1984-29612015033 Pineda-Catalan O, Perkins SL, Peirce MA, et al (2013) Revision of Hemoproteid Genera and Description and Redescription of Two Species of Chelonian Hemoproteid Parasites. Journal of Parasitology 99:1089–1098. doi: 10.1645/13-296.1 Pittaluga, J., 1912. Ein neuer Blutparasit de afrikanischer Schildröte, Clemmys africana, Haemoproteus cajale n.sp. Centralbl. f. Bakt. Parasitkde 63, 241–243. Plimmer, H.G., 1912. On the blood parasites found in animals in the Zoological Gardens during the four years 1908-1911. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 27, 406–419. Ricklefs RE, Fallon SM, Bermingham E (2004) Evolutionary relationships, cospeciation, and host switching in avian malaria parasites. Syst Biol 53:111–119 Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., Bour, R., Fritz, U., Georges, A., Shaffer, H.B., van Dijk, P.P., 2017. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (8th Ed.). Chelonian Research Foundation & Turtle Conservancy. https://doi.org/10.3854/crm.7.checklist.atlas.v8.2017 Ronquist, F., Huelsenbeck, J.P., 2003. MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19, 1572–1574. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg180 Rooney AP (2004) Mechanisms Underlying the Evolution and Maintenance of Functionally Heterogeneous 18S rRNA Genes in Apicomplexans. Molecular Biology and Evolutio n 21:1704–1711. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msh178 Rossow, J.A., Hernandez, S.M., Sumner, S.M., Altman, B.R., Crider, C.G., Gammage, M.B., Segal, K.M., Yabsley, M.J., 2013. Haemogregarine infections of three species of aquatic freshwater turtles from two sites in Costa Rica. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 2, 131–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2013.02.003 Rueda-Almonacid, Carr, J. L., Mittermeier, R. A, Rodríguez-Mahecha, J. V., Mast, R. B., Vogt, R. C., Mittermeier, C. G., 2007. Las tortugas y los cocodrilianos de los países andinos del trópico. Serie de guías tropicales de campo, 6, 412–423. Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E.F., Maniatis, T., 1989. Molecular cloning. Cold spring harbor laboratory press New York. Santodomingo A, Cotes-Perdomo A, Foley J, Castro LR (2018) Rickettsial infection in ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) from reptiles in the Colombian Caribbean. Ticks and Tick -borne Diseases 9:623–628. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.02.003 Santos MM de V, O’Dwyer LH, Silva RJ da (2005) Seasonal variation of Hepatozoon spp. (Apicomplexa, Hepatozoidae) parasitemia from Boa constrictor amarali (Serpentes, Boidae) and Hydrodynastes gigas (Serpentes, Colubridae). Parasitol Res 97:94–97. doi: 10.1007/s00436-005-1385-8 Schall JJ (1983) Lizard malaria: cost to vertebrate host’s reproductive success. Parasitology 87:1–6. doi: 10.1017/S0031182000052367 Schall JJ (2002) Parasite Virulence. Behav. Ecol. Parasites 283–313 Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nat Methods 9:671–675. doi: 10.1038/nmeth.2089 Schumm YR, Wecker C, Marek C, et al (2019) Blood parasites in Passeriformes in central Germany: prevalence and lineage diversity of Haemosporida (Haemoproteus , Plasmodium and Leucocytozoon) in six common songbirds. PeerJ 6:e6259. doi: 10.7717/peerj.6259 Sehgal RNM, Hull AC, Anderson NL, et al. (2006) Evidence for cryptic speciation of Leucocytozoon spp. (Haemosporida, Leucocytozoidae) in diurnal raptors. J Parasitol 92:375–379 Siddall ME, Burreson EM (1994) The Development of a Hemogregarine of Lycodes raridens from Alaska in Its Definitive Leech Host. The Journal of Parasitology 80:569. doi: 10.2307/3283193 Siddall ME (1995) Phylogeny of Adeleid Blood Parasites with a Partial Systematic Revision of the Haemogregarine Complex. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 42:116 –125. doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1995.tb01551.x Siddall ME, Desser SS (1991) Merogonic Development of Haemogregarina balli (Apicomplexa: Adeleina: Haemogregarinidae) in the Leech Placobdella ornata (Glossiphoniidae), Its Transmission to a Chelonian Intermediate Host and Phylogenetic Implications. The Journal of Parasitology 77:426. doi: 10.2307/3283131 Siddall ME, Desser SS (1992) Prevalence and intensity of Haemogregarina balli (Apicomplexa: Adeleina: Haemogregarinidae) in three turtle species from Ontario, with observations on intraerythrocytic development. Canadian Journal of Zoology 70:123–128. doi: 10.1139/z92-018 Siddall ME, Desser SS (1993) Ultrastructure of merogonic development of Haemogregarina (sensu lato) myoxocephali (Apicomplexa: Adeleina) in the marine leech Malmiana scorpii and localization of infective stages in the salivary cells. European Journal of Protistology 29:191–201. doi: 10.1016/S0932-4739(11)80273-7 Simond, P.L., 1901. Contribution á l’ë tude des hë matozoaires endoglobulaires des reptils. Ann. Inst. Pasteur 15, 319–351. Siroky P, Kamler M, Frye FL, et al (2007) Endogenous development of Hemolivia mauritanica (Apicomplexa: Adeleina: Haemogregarinidae) in the marginated tortoise Testudo marginata (Reptilia: Testudinidae): evidence from experimental infection. Folia Parasitologica 54:13–18. doi: 10.14411/fp.2007.002 Široký P, Kamler, M, Modrý, D (2005) Prevalence of Hemolivia mauritanica (Apicomplexa: Adeleina: Haemogregarinidae) in natural populations of tortoises of the genus Testudo in the east Mediterranean region. Folia Parasitol, 52:359–361 Široký, P, Kamler, M, Modrý, D. (2004) Long-term occurrence of Hemolivia cf. mauritanica (Apicomplexa: Adeleina: Haemogregarinidae) in captive Testudo marginata (Reptilia: Testudinidae): evidence for cyclic merogony? Journal of Parasitology 90:1391–1393 Sloboda M, Kamler M, Bulantová J, et al (2007) A NEW SPECIES OF HEPATOZOON (APICOMPLEXA: ADELEORINA) FROM PYTHON REGIUS (SERPEN TES: PYTHONIDAE) AND ITS EXPERIMENTAL TRANSMISSION BY A MOSQUITO VECTOR. Journal of Parasitology 93:1189–1198. doi: 10.1645/GE-1200R.1 Smith TG (1996) The genus Hepatozoon (Apicomplexa: Adeleina). J Parasitol 82:565–585 Soares HS, Marcili A, Barbieri ARM, et al (2017) Novel piroplasmid and Hepatozoon organisms infecting the wildlife of two regions of the Brazilian Amazon. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 6:115–121. doi: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2017.05.002 Soares P, de Brito, E. S, Paiva, F., Pavan, D, Viana, L. A. (2014) Haemogregarina spp. in a wild population from Podocnemis unifilis Troschel, 1848 in the Brazilian Amazonia. Parasitology research 113:4499–4503 Staats, C.M., Schall, Jos.J., 1996. Distribution and Abundance of Two Malarial Parasites of the Endemic Anolis Lizard of Saba Island, Netherlands Antilles. The Journal of Parasitology 82, 409–413. https://doi.org/10.2307/3284077 Stacy NI, Alleman AR, Sayler KA (2011) Diagnostic Hematology of Reptiles. Clin Lab Med 31:87–108 . doi: 10.1016/j.cll.2010.10.006 Tamura, K., Nei, M., 1993. Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees. Molecular Biology and Evolution. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040023 Telford, S.R.Jr., 1996. Two new species of Haemocystidium Castellani & Willey (Apicomplexa: Plasmodiidae) from Pakistani lizards, and the support their meronts provide for the validity of the genus. Systematic Parasitology 34, 197–214. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00009387 Telford SR Jr. (1973) Malaria Parasites of the “Borriguerro’’Lizard, Ameiva ameiva (Sauria: Teiidae) in Panama. J Protozool 20:203–207. doi: 10.1111/j.1550- 7408.1973.tb00863.x Telford S.R. Jr. (1975) Saurian malaria in the Caribbean: Plasmodium azurophilum sp. nov., a malarial parasite with schizogony and gametogony in both red and white blood cells. Int J Parasitol 5:383–394. doi: 10.1016/0020-7519(75)90003-X Telford, S.R., 1984. Haemoparasites of Reptiles, in: Hoff, G.L., Frye, F.L., Jacobson, E.R. (Eds.), Diseases of Amphibians and Reptiles. Springer US, Boston, MA, pp. 385 – 517. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9391-1_20 Telford S.R. Jr. (1988) A Contribution to the systematics of the reptilian malaria parasites, family Plasmodiidae (Apicomplexa Haemospororina). University of Florida, Gainesville Telford S.R Jr., S. R. Telford, III. (2003) Rediscovery and redescription of Plasmodium pifanoi and description of two additional Plasmodium parasites of Venezuelan lizards. J Parasitol 89:362–368. doi: 10.1645/0022-3395(2003)089[0362: RAROPP]2.0.CO;2 Telford, S.R., 2005. A Haemocystidium species from the east african gecko Lygodactylus capensis grotei. Journal of Parasitology 91, 135–138. https://doi.org/10.1645/GE- 3395 Telford, S.R.J., 2007. Redescription of Haemoproteus mesnili (Apicomplexa: Plasmodiidae) and its meronts, with description of a second haemosporidian parasite of African Cobras. Journal of Parasitology 93, 673–679. https://doi.org/10.1645/GE- 3582.1 Telford, S.R.Jr., 2009. Hemoparasites of the Reptilia: color atlas and text. Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton. Tomé B, Maia JPMC, Harris DJ (2012) Hepatozoon Infection Prevalence in Four Snake Genera: Influence of Diet, Prey Parasitemia Levels, or Parasite Type? Journal of Parasitology 98:913–917. doi: 10.1645/GE-3111.1 Tomé B, Maia JP, Salvi D, et al (2014) Patterns of genetic diversity in Hepatozoon spp. infecting snakes from North Africa and the Mediterranean Basin. Systematic Parasitology 87:249–258. doi: 10.1007/s11230-014-9477-4 Ujvari B, Madsen T, Olsson M (2004) High Prevalence of Hepatozoon Spp. (Apicomplexa, Hepatozoidae) Infection in Water Pythons (Liasis fuscus) From Tropical Australia. Journal of Parasitology 90:670–672. doi: 10.1645/GE-204R Úngari, L.P., Santos, A.L.Q., O’Dwyer, L.H., da Silva, M.R.L., de Melo Fava, N.N., Paiva, G.C.M., de Melo Costa Pinto, R., Cury, M.C., 2018. Haemogregarina podocnemis sp. nov.: description of a new species of Haemogregarina Danilewsky 1885 (Adeleina: Haemogregarinaidae) in free-living and captive yellow-spotted river turtles Podocnemis unifilis (Testudines: Podocnemididae) from Brazil. Parasitology Research 117, 1535–1548. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-018-5817-7 Valkiūnas, G., 2005. Avian malaria parasites and other haemosporidia. CRC Press, Boca Raton. Valkiūnas, G., Iezhova, T.A., 2018. Keys to the avian malaria parasites. Malaria Journal 17, 212. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-018-2359-5 Valkiūnas, G., Iezhova, T.A., Križanauskienė, A., Palinauskas, V., Sehgal, R.N.M., Bensch, S., 2008. A Comparative Analysis of Microscopy and PCR-Based Detection Methods for Blood Parasites. Journal of Parasitology 94, 1395–1401. https://doi.org/10.1645/GE-1570.1 Valkiūnas, G., Iezhova, T.A., Loiseau, C., Sehgal, R.N.M., 2009. Nested Cytochrome B Polymerase Chain Reaction Diagnostics Detect Sporozoites of Hemosporidian Parasites in Peripheral Blood of Naturally Infected Birds. Journal of Parasitology 95, 1512–1515. https://doi.org/10.1645/GE-2105.1 Valkiūnas, G., Sehgal, R.N.M., Iezhova, T.A., Hull, A.C., 2010. Identification of Leucocytozoon toddi Group (Haemosporida: Leucocytozoidae), with Remarks on the Species Taxonomy of Leucocytozoids. Journal of Parasitology 96, 170–177. https://doi.org/10.1645/GE-2109.1 Valkiūnas G, Z̆ ic̆ kus T, Shapoval AP, Iezhova TA (2006) Effect of Haemoproteus belopolskyi (Haemosporida: Haemoproteidae) on Body Mass of the Blackcap Sylvia atricapilla. Journal of Parasitology 92:1123–1125. doi: 10.1645/GE-3564-RN.1 van As, J., Cook, C.A., Netherlands, E.C., Smit, N.J., 2016. A new lizard malaria parasite Plasmodium intabazwe n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Haemospororida: Plasmodiidae) in the Afromontane Pseudocordylus melanotus (Sauria: Cordylidae) with a review of African saurian malaria parasites. Parasites & Vectors 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071- 016-1702-3 Vargas-Ramirez, M., Castaño-Mora, O., Fritz, U., 2008. Molecular phylogeny and divergence times of ancient South American and Malagasy river turtles (Testudines: Pleurodira: Podocnemididae). Organisms Diversity & Evolution 8, 388–398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ode.2008.10.001 van Riper III C, van Riper SG, Goff ML, Laird M (1986) The Epizootiology and Ecological Significance of Malaria in Hawaiian Land Birds. Ecol Monogr 56:327. doi: 10.2307/1942550 Vardo-Zalik AM, Schall JJ (2008) Clonal diversity within infections and the virulence of a malaria parasite, Plasmodium mexicanum. Parasitology 135:1363–1372. doi: 10.1017/S0031182008004964 Velandia O (2019) La biodiversidad y los servicios ecosistémicos. http://www.humboldt.org.co/es/biodiversidad/que-es-la-biodiversidad. Accessed 2 Mar 2019 Viana, LA, Paiva, F, Coutinho, M. E, Lourenço-de-Oliveira, R (2010) Hepatozoon caimani (Apicomplexa: Hepatozoidae) in wild caiman, Caiman yacar e, from the Pantanal region. Journal of Parasitology, 96:83–88 Vilcins I-ME, Ujvari B, Old JM, Deane E (2009) Molecular and Morphological Description of a Hepatozoon Species in Reptiles and Their Ticks in the Northern Territory, Australia. Journal of Parasitology 95:434–442. doi: 10.1645/GE-1725.1 Vitt LJ, Colli GR (1994) Geographical ecology of a Neotropical lizard: Ameiva ameiva (Teiidae) in Brazil. Can J Zool 72:1986–2008. doi: 10.1139/z94-271 Votýpka, J, Modrý, D., Oborník, M., et al (2017) Apicomplexa. In: Handbook of the Protists. Springer International Publishing., pp 1–58 Walther, E.L., Valkiūnas, G., González, A.D., Matta, N.E., Ricklefs, R.E., Cornel, A., Sehgal, R.N.M., 2014. Description, molecular characterization, and patterns of distribution of a widespread New World avian malaria parasite (Haemosporida: Plasmodiidae), Plasmodium (Novyella) homopolare sp. nov. Parasitology Research 113, 3319–3332. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-014-3995-5 Waldenström J, Bensch S, Hasselquist D, Ostman O (2004) A new nested polymerase chain reaction method very efficient in detecting Plasmodium and Haemoproteus infections from avian blood. J Parasitol. 90(1): 191 –194. Doi: 10.1645/GE-3221RN Wenyon CM (1915) The pigmented parasites of cold-blooded animals, with some notes on a Plasmodium of the Trinidad iguana. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 18:133–140 Wenyon CM (1926) Protozoology: a manual for medical men, veterinarians and zoologists. New York: W. Wood Whiteman, N.K., Sánchez, P., Merkel, J., Klompen, H., Parker, P.G., 2006. Cryptic host specificity of an avian skin mite (Epidermoptidae) vectored by louse flies (Hippoboscidae) associated with two endemic Galapagos bird species. Journal of Parasitology 92, 1218–1228. WHO, 2018. Malaria [WWW Document]. world health organization. URL https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria (accessed 3.26.19). Wozniak EJ, Telford SR (1991) The fate of Hepatozoon species naturally infecting florida black racers and watersnakes in potential mosquito and soft tick vectors, and histological evidence of pathogenicity in unnatural host species. International Journal for Parasitology 21:511–516. doi: 10.1016/0020-7519(91)90055-C Wozniak EJ, Telford SRJ, McLaughlin (1994) Employment of the polymerase chain reaction in the molecular differentiation of reptilian haemogregarines and its appl ications to preventative zoological medicine. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 25:538–547 Xuereb A, Row JR, Brooks RJ, et al. (2012) Relation between Parasitism, Stress, and Fitness Correlates of the Eastern Foxsnake (Pantherophis gloydi) in Ontario. J Herpetol 46:555–561. doi: 10.1670/10-259 Zamudio N, Ramírez M (2007) Presence of Hepatozoon spp. In serpents of the center of attention and valuation of wildlife (cav) of the área metropolitana del Valle de Aburrá, Barbosa – Antioquia. Revista CES / Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia 2:ORIGINALIdentificación de hemoparásitos presentes en la herpetofauna de diferentes departamentos de Colombia. 14112019.pdfIdentificación de hemoparásitos presentes en la herpetofauna de diferentes departamentos de Colombia. 14112019.pdfapplication/pdf10195715https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/75766/1/Identificaci%c3%b3n%20de%20hemopar%c3%a1sitos%20presentes%20en%20la%20herpetofauna%20de%20diferentes%20departamentos%20de%20Colombia.%2014112019.pdf287a1f55b91b8442282636d754c005a3MD51CC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8811https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/75766/3/license_rdf217700a34da79ed616c2feb68d4c5e06MD53LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-83991https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/75766/2/license.txt6f3f13b02594d02ad110b3ad534cd5dfMD52THUMBNAILIdentificación de hemoparásitos presentes en la herpetofauna de diferentes departamentos de Colombia. 14112019.pdf.jpgIdentificación de hemoparásitos presentes en la herpetofauna de diferentes departamentos de Colombia. 14112019.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg4328https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/75766/4/Identificaci%c3%b3n%20de%20hemopar%c3%a1sitos%20presentes%20en%20la%20herpetofauna%20de%20diferentes%20departamentos%20de%20Colombia.%2014112019.pdf.jpgd1795e04ab843bf8432d270c6300fa93MD54unal/75766oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/757662023-07-12 23:03:32.479Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiarepositorio_nal@unal.edu.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 |