Caracterización morfológica y molecular de aislamientos de Ceratocystis sp. provenientes de cultivos de cacao en Colombia
ilustraciones, diagramas, fotogtrafías
- Autores:
-
Carrero Gutiérrez, Martha Liliana
- Tipo de recurso:
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2023
- Institución:
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia
- Repositorio:
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia
- Idioma:
- spa
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/85043
- Palabra clave:
- 630 - Agricultura y tecnologías relacionadas::632 - Lesiones, enfermedades, plagas vegetales
570 - Biología::576 - Genética y evolución
000 - Ciencias de la computación, información y obras generales::006 - Métodos especiales de computación
Cell Nucleus Shape
Forma del nucleo celular
Cacao
C. cacaofunesta
Theobroma cacao L
Mal de machete
Caracterización
Morfología
Filogenia
C. cacaofunesta
Theobroma cacao L
Mal de machete
Characterizations
Morphology
Phylogeny
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional
| id |
UNACIONAL2_08c71fed5ff85d769982eb5d9671f59a |
|---|---|
| oai_identifier_str |
oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/85043 |
| network_acronym_str |
UNACIONAL2 |
| network_name_str |
Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
| repository_id_str |
|
| dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv |
Caracterización morfológica y molecular de aislamientos de Ceratocystis sp. provenientes de cultivos de cacao en Colombia |
| dc.title.translated.eng.fl_str_mv |
Morphological and molecular characterization of Ceratocystis sp. isolates from cocoa crops in Colombia |
| title |
Caracterización morfológica y molecular de aislamientos de Ceratocystis sp. provenientes de cultivos de cacao en Colombia |
| spellingShingle |
Caracterización morfológica y molecular de aislamientos de Ceratocystis sp. provenientes de cultivos de cacao en Colombia 630 - Agricultura y tecnologías relacionadas::632 - Lesiones, enfermedades, plagas vegetales 570 - Biología::576 - Genética y evolución 000 - Ciencias de la computación, información y obras generales::006 - Métodos especiales de computación Cell Nucleus Shape Forma del nucleo celular Cacao C. cacaofunesta Theobroma cacao L Mal de machete Caracterización Morfología Filogenia C. cacaofunesta Theobroma cacao L Mal de machete Characterizations Morphology Phylogeny |
| title_short |
Caracterización morfológica y molecular de aislamientos de Ceratocystis sp. provenientes de cultivos de cacao en Colombia |
| title_full |
Caracterización morfológica y molecular de aislamientos de Ceratocystis sp. provenientes de cultivos de cacao en Colombia |
| title_fullStr |
Caracterización morfológica y molecular de aislamientos de Ceratocystis sp. provenientes de cultivos de cacao en Colombia |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Caracterización morfológica y molecular de aislamientos de Ceratocystis sp. provenientes de cultivos de cacao en Colombia |
| title_sort |
Caracterización morfológica y molecular de aislamientos de Ceratocystis sp. provenientes de cultivos de cacao en Colombia |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Carrero Gutiérrez, Martha Liliana |
| dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv |
González Almario, Adriana |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Carrero Gutiérrez, Martha Liliana |
| dc.contributor.educationalvalidator.none.fl_str_mv |
González Almario, Carolina |
| dc.contributor.researchgroup.spa.fl_str_mv |
Mejoramiento Genético Vegetal, Uso y Aprovechamiento de la Agrobiodiversidad (MGVA) - AGROSAVIA |
| dc.contributor.orcid.spa.fl_str_mv |
Carrero Gutiérrez, Martha [0000000195100730] |
| dc.contributor.googlescholar.spa.fl_str_mv |
Carrero Gutiérrez, Martha [https://scholar.google.es/citations?hl=es&user=BKoXwpUAAAAJ&view_op=list_works&sortby=pubdate] |
| dc.subject.ddc.spa.fl_str_mv |
630 - Agricultura y tecnologías relacionadas::632 - Lesiones, enfermedades, plagas vegetales 570 - Biología::576 - Genética y evolución 000 - Ciencias de la computación, información y obras generales::006 - Métodos especiales de computación |
| topic |
630 - Agricultura y tecnologías relacionadas::632 - Lesiones, enfermedades, plagas vegetales 570 - Biología::576 - Genética y evolución 000 - Ciencias de la computación, información y obras generales::006 - Métodos especiales de computación Cell Nucleus Shape Forma del nucleo celular Cacao C. cacaofunesta Theobroma cacao L Mal de machete Caracterización Morfología Filogenia C. cacaofunesta Theobroma cacao L Mal de machete Characterizations Morphology Phylogeny |
| dc.subject.decs.eng.fl_str_mv |
Cell Nucleus Shape |
| dc.subject.decs.spa.fl_str_mv |
Forma del nucleo celular |
| dc.subject.lemb.spa.fl_str_mv |
Cacao |
| dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv |
C. cacaofunesta Theobroma cacao L Mal de machete Caracterización Morfología Filogenia |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
C. cacaofunesta Theobroma cacao L Mal de machete Characterizations Morphology Phylogeny |
| description |
ilustraciones, diagramas, fotogtrafías |
| publishDate |
2023 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-12-06T16:33:12Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-12-06T16:33:12Z |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-12-06 |
| dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Trabajo de grado - Maestría |
| dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis |
| dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion |
| dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv |
Text |
| dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TM |
| status_str |
acceptedVersion |
| dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/85043 |
| dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv |
Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
| dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
| dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ |
| url |
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/85043 https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ |
| identifier_str_mv |
Universidad Nacional de Colombia Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
| dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv |
spa |
| language |
spa |
| dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
Abdi, H., & Williams, L. J. (2010). Principal component analysis. In Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics, Vol. 2, Issue 4, pp. 433–459. https://doi.org/10.1002/wics.101 Alvares Vivas, A. (2011). Identificación, conservación y conformación de un banco de hongos filamentosos aislados previamente de los páramos de cruz verde y guasca. Tesis de Maestría, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana-Sede Bogotá Arbeláez Giraldo, E. (1957). La llaga macana del tronco del cacao. Acta Agronómica, 7(1).71- 103. https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/acta_agronomica/article/view/49070 Ayres, L. V. (2014). Diversidade genética de Ceratocystis fimbriata em Eucalyptus spp. no Sul da Bahia. Tesis de Maestría, Universidad Federal de Viçosa (UFV) Bailey, B. A., & Meinhardt, L. W. (2016). Cacao diseases a history of old enemies and new encounters. Springer International Publishing Switzerland. doi 10.1007/978-3-319-24789- 2_1 Barba Donoso, C. (1961). Estudio morfológico y pruebas de patogenicidad de varias cepas de Ceratocystis fimbriata ell. & halst. Tesis de Maestría, Instituto Interamericano de Ciencias Agrícolas de la OEA Baker, C. J., Harrington, T. C., Krauss, U., & Alfenas, A. C. (2003). Ecology and population biology genetic variability and host specialization in the Latin American clade of Ceratocystis fimbriata. Phytopathology, 93:1274-1284 Barnes, I., Fourie, A., Wingfield, M. J., Harrington, T. C., McNew, D. L., Sugiyama, L. S., Luiz, B. C., Heller, W. P., & Keith, L. M. (2018). New Ceratocystis species associated with rapid death of metrosideros polymorpha in Hawaii. Persoonia: Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi, 154–181. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2018.40.07 Barnes, I., Gaur, A., Burgess, T., Roux, J., Wingfield, B. D., & Wingfield, M. J. (2001). Microsatellite markers reflect intra-specific relationships between isolates of the vascular wilt pathogen Ceratocystis fimbriata. Molecular Plant Pathology, 2(6), 319–325. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1464-6722.2001.00080.x Barnes, I., Roux, J., Wingfield, B. D., Dudzinski, M. J., Old, K. M., & Wingfield, M. J. (2003). Ceratocystis pirilliformis, a new species from Eucalyptus nitens in Australia. Micología, 95(5), 865–871. https://doi.org/10.1080/15572536.2004.11833046 BLAST® Command Line Applications User Manual. https://scicomp.ethz.ch/public/manual/BLAST/BLAST.pdf Bejarano, C. A. P., Kafuri, L. A., & García, J. M. P. (2021). Identification of Phytophthora spp. isolates obtained from cocoa crops in Antioquia, Colombia. Acta agronómica, 70(1). https://doi.org/10.15446/acag.v70n1.70619 Brawner, J., Japarudin, Y., Lapammu, M., Rauf, R., Boden, D., & Wingfield, M. J. (2015). Evaluating the inheritance of Ceratocystis acaciivora symptom expression in a diverse Acacia mangium breeding population. Southern Forests, 77(1), 83–90. https://doi.org/10.2989/20702620.2015.1007412 Capella-Gutiérrez, S., Silla-Martínez, J. M., & Gabaldón, T. (2009). trimAl: A tool for automated alignment trimming in large-scale phylogenetic analyses. Bioinformatics, 25(15), 1972–1973. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btp348 Castrejón-Antonio, J. E., Montesinos-Matías, R., Acevedo-Reyes, N., Tamez-Guerra, P., Ayala-Zermeño, M. Á., Berlanga-Padi-lla, A. M. y Arredondo-Bernal, H. C. (2017) Especies de Xyleborus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) asociados a huertos de aguacate en Colima, México. Acta Zoológica Mexicana (n.s.), 33(1), 146-150 Ciencia y tecnología al servicio del sector cacaotero. (2016). http://www.fhia.org.hn/descargas/proyecto_procacao/infocacao/InfoCacao_No11_Dic_2016.pdf Cordero Vega, M. J. (2017). Caracterización morfológica, patogénica y molecular de aislamientos de Ceratocystis spp. provenientes de seis zonas cafetaleras de Costa Rica. Tesis para optar por el grado de profesional de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad de Costa Rica Crous, P. W., Wingfield, M. J., Guarro, J., Hernández-Restrepo, M., Sutton, D. A., Acharya, K., Barber, P. A., Boekhout, T., Dimitrov, R. A., Dueñas, M., Dutta, A. K., Gené, J., Gouliamova, D. E., Groenewald, M., Lombard, L., Morozova, O. V., Sarkar, J., Th Smith, M., Stchigel, A. M. Groenewald, J. Z. (2015). Fungal Planet description sheets: 320–370. Persoonia: Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi, 34, 167–266. https://doi.org/10.3767/003158515X688433 de Beer, Z. W., Duong, T. A., Barnes, I., Wingfield, B. D., & Wingfield, M. J. (2014). Redefining Ceratocystis and allied genera. Studies in Mycology, 79(1), 187–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simyco.2014.10.001. De Moraes Russo, C. A., & Selvatti, A. P. (2018). Bootstrap and rogue identification tests for phylogenetic analyses. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 35(9), 2327–2333. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy118 de Mendiburu F (2023). _agricolae: Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research_. R. package version 1.3-6. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/agricolae/index.html De Moraes Russo, C. A., & Selvatti, A. P. (2018). Bootstrap and rogue identification tests for phylogenetic analyses. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 35(9), 2327–2333. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy118 Delgado, R., & Suárez, C. (2003). Genetic dissection of late blight resistance in cultivated diploid Solanum species and modern potato varieties of Ecuador View project. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234058127 Dos Santos Nunes, L. (2015). Resistência de Mangueira “ubá” (Mangifera indica) à murcha-de Ceratocystis (Ceratocystis fimbriata). Tesis de Maestría, Universidad Federal de Viçosa (UFV) Engelbrecht, C. J. B. (2004). Host specialization, intersterility, and taxonomy of populations of Ceratocystis fimbriata from sweet potato, sycamore, and cacao. http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Engelbrecht, C. J. B., & Harrington, T. C. (2005). Intersterility, morphology and taxonomy of Ceratocystis fimbriata on sweet potato, cacao, and sycamore. Mycologia, 97(1), 57–69. https://doi.org/10.3852/mycologia.97.1.57 Engelbrecht, C. J., Harrington, T. C., & Alfenas, A. (2007). Ceratocystis wilt of cacao - A disease of increasing importance. Phytopathology, 97(12), 1648–1649. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-97-12-1648 FEDECACAO. (2022). Año cacaotero 2020-2021, el de mayor producción de cacao en la historia de Colombia. https://www.fedecacao.com.co/post/a%C3%B1o-cacaotero-2020-2021-el-de-mayor-producci%C3%B3n-de-cacao-en-la-historia-de-colombia Fergus, C. L. (1956). The Influence of Actidione on Wood-Staining Fungi. Mycologia, 48(4), 468– 472. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1956.12024558 Ferreira, E. M., Harrington, T. C., Thorpe, D. J., & Alfenas, A. C. (2010). Genetic diversity and interfertility among highly differentiated populations of Ceratocystis fimbriata in Brazil. Plant Pathology, 59(4), 721–735. doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02275.x Firmino, A. C. (2011). Caracterização de isolados de Ceratocystis sp., avaliação de resistência clonal de eucalipto e sensibilidade deste fungo a diferentes fungicidas. Tesis Doctoral, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Julio de Mesquita Filho Fischer, M. C., Rellstab, C., Leuzinger, M., Roumet, M., Gugerli, F., Shimizu, K. K., Holderegger, R., & Widmer, A. (2017). Estimating genomic diversity and population differentiation - an empirical comparison of microsatellite and SNP variation in Arabidopsis halleri. BMC Genomics, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-016-3459-7 Fourie, A., Wingfield, M. J., Wingfield, B. D., & Barnes, I. (2014). Molecular markers delimit cryptic species in Ceratocystis sensu stricto. Mycological Progress, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-014-1020-0 Gaviria, M. A., & Cano, L. E., (2013). Taxonomía molecular de aislamientos de Fusarium obtenidos a partir de muestras clínicas. Tesis Doctoral, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Medellín Griffith, G. W., & Shaw, D. S. (1998). Polymorphisms in Phytophthora infestans: Four mitochondrial haplotypes are detected after PCR Amplification of DNA from pure cultures or from host lesions. In Applied and Environmental Microbiology (Vol. 64, Issue 10). https://journals.asm.org/journal/aem Harrington, T. C. (1981). Cycloheximide sensitivity as a taxonomic character in Ceratocystis. Mycologia, 73(6), 1123. https://doi.org/10.2307/3759682 Harrington, T. C. (2013). Ceratocystis Diseases. 11. Lowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA Harrington, T. C., Kazmin, M. R., Al-Sadi, A. M., Ismail, S. I. (2014). Intraspecific and intragenomic variability of ITS rDNA sequences reveals taxonomic problems in Ceratocystis fimbriata sensu stricto. Mycologia,106(2), 224–242. https://doi10.3852/13- 189 Hall, T. (2004). BioEdit Versión 7.0.0. Manual. https://studylib.net/doc/14572292/bioedit-version-7.0.0 Heath, R. N., Wingfield, M. J., Wingfield, B. D., Meke, G., Roux, Heath R N, Wingfield M J, Wingfield B D, & Mbaga A. (2009). Ceratocystis species on Acacia mearnsii and Eucalyptus spp. in eastern and southern Africa including six new species Heberth, D., & Ortíz, R. (2011). Caracterización etiológica de la Roña de la gulupa (Passiflora edulis Sims.) en la región del Sumapaz (Cundinamarca). Tesis de Maestría, Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Bogotá Holland, L. A., Lawrence, D. P., Nouri, M. T., Travadon, R., Harrington, T. C., & Trouillas, F. P. (2019). Taxonomic revision and multi-locus phylogeny of the North American clade of Ceratocystis. Fungal Systematics and Evolution, 3, 135–156. https://doi.org/10.3114/fuse.2019.03.07 Holland, L. A., Trouillas, F. P., Nouri, M. T., Lawrence, D. P., Crespo, M., Doll, D. A., Duncan, R. A., Holtz, B. A., Culumber, C. M., Yaghmour, M. A., Niederholzer, F. J. A., Lightle, D. M., Jarvis-Shean, K. S., Gordon, P. E., & Fichtner, E. J. (2021). Fungal pathogens associated with canker diseases of almond in California. Plant Disease, 105(2). https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-10-19-2128-RE Huang, C. H., Lee, F. L., & Tai, C. J. (2009). The β-tubulin gene as a molecular phylogenetic marker for classification and discrimination of the Saccharomyces sensu stricto complex. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, International Journal of General and Molecular Microbiology, 95(2), 135–142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10482-008-9296-1 Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario-ICA. (2012). Manejo fitosanitario del cultivo del cacao. Medidas para la temporada invernal. https://www.ica.gov.co/getattachment/c01fa43b-cf48-497a-aa7f-51e6da3f7e96/- Jabeen, K., & Asad, S. (2017). Assessment of selected culture media for competent growth characteristics of Ceratocystis manginecans (Cause of Mango Sudden Death). Jabeen and Asad, 148(5), 148–154. http://www.innspub.net Jaimes, Y., & Aranzazu, F. (2010). Manejo de las enfermedades del cacao (Theobroma cacao L) en Colombia, con énfasis en Monillia (Moniliophthora roreri). Corporación colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Corpoica. https://doi.org/10.21930/978-958-740-034-2 Johnson, J. A., Harrington, T. C., & Engelbrecht, C. J. B. (2005). Phylogeny and taxonomy of the North American clade of the Ceratocystis fimbriata complex Jollife, I. T., & Cadima, J. (2016). Principal component analysis: A review and recent developments. In Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences (Vol. 374, Issue 2065). Royal Society of London. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0202 Kaiser, H. F. (1961). A note on guttman’s lower bound for the number of common factors. British Journal of Statistical Psychology, 14(1), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044- 8317.1961.tb00061.x Kanzi, A. M., Trollip, C., Wingfield, M. J., Barnes, I., Van Der Nest, M. A., & Wingfield, B. D. (2020). Phylogenomic incongruence in Ceratocystis: A clue to speciation? BMC Genomics, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-020-6772-0 Katoh, K., Rozewicki, J., & Yamada, K. D. (2018). MAFFT online service: Multiple sequence alignment, interactive sequence choice and visualization. Briefings in Bioinformatics, 20(4), 1160–1166. https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbx108 Kück, P., & Longo, G. C. (2014). FASconCAT-G: Extensive functions for multiple sequence alignment preparations concerning phylogenetic studies. Frontiers in Zoology, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12983-014-0081-x Kassambara, A. and Mundt, F. (2020). Factoextra: Extract and Visualize the Results of Multivariate Data Analyses. R Package Version 1.0.7. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=factoextra Katoh, K., Rozewicki, J., & Yamada, K. D. (2018). MAFFT online service: Multiple sequence alignment, interactive sequence choice and visualization. Briefings in Bioinformatics, 20(4), 1160–1166. https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbx108 Kück, P., & Longo, G. C. (2014). FASconCAT-G: Extensive functions for multiple sequence alignment preparations concerning phylogenetic studies. Frontiers in Zoology, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12983-014-0081-x Lê, S., Josse, J., Rennes, A., & Husson, F. (2008). FactoMineR: An R Package for Multivariate Analysis. In JSS Journal of Statistical Software (Vol. 25). http://www.jstatsoft.org/ Liu, F. F., Barnes, I., Roux, J., Wingfield, M. J., & Chen, S. F. (2018). Molecular phylogenetics and microsatellite analysis reveal a new pathogenic Ceratocystis species in the Asian-Australian clade. Plant Pathology, 67(5), 1097–1113. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12820 Liu, Y. J., Whelen, S., & Hall, B. D. (1999). Phylogenetic relationships among ascomycetes: Evidence from an RNA polymerse II subunit. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 16(12), 1799–1808. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026092 Lurá, María C., Benitez, Joel D; Jáuregui, Soledad; Gonzáles, Ana M. Evaluación de diferentes técnicas de extracción del ADN de hongos filamentosos. Revista FABICIB V 7: 37-44 Magalhães, D. M. A., Luz, E. D. M. N., Lopes, U. V., Niella, A. R. R., & Damaceno, V. O. (2016). Leaf disc method for screening Ceratocystis wilt resistance in cacao. Tropical Plant Pathology, 41(3), 155–161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40858-016-0081-9 Marelli, J. P., Guest, D. I., Bailey, B. A., Evans, H. C., Brown, J. K., Junaid, M., Barreto, R. W., Lisboa, D. O., & Puig, A. S. (2019). Chocolate under threat from old and new cacao diseases. In Phytopathology (Vol. 109, Issue 8, pp. 1331–1343). American Phytopathological Society. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-12-18-0477-RVW Marin, M., Castro, B., Gaitan, A., Preisig, O., Wingfield, B. D., & Wingfield, M. J. (2003). Relationships of Ceratocystis fimbriata isolates from Colombian coffee-growing regions based on molecular data and pathogenicity. Journal of Phytopathology, 151(7–8), 395– 405. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0434.2003.00738.x Marin, M., & Wingfield, M. J. (2006). A review of Ceratocystis sensu stricto with special reference to the species complexes C. coerulescens and C. fimbriata Article in Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellín. Biological control of Eucalypt pests (BiCEP) View project Global movement of eucalypts pathogens; implications for biodiversity and biosecurity View project. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235651222 Mayorga, S. (2020). Relaciones filogenéticas en el complejo de especies Pedaliodes Butler, 1867 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) basadas en el marcador molecular COI. Tesis para optar el grado de Biólogo, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Models_. R package version 3.1-162. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/nlme/index.html Mota-Gutierrez, J., Botta, C., Ferrocino, I., Giordano, M., Bertolino, M., Dolci, P., Cannoni, M., & Cocolin, L. (2018). Dynamics and Biodiversity of Bacterial and Yeast Communities during Fermentation of Cocoa Beans. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 84(19). https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01164-18 O’, K., 1~, D., Nirenberg, H. I., Aoki, T., & Cigelnik, E. (2000). A Multigene phylogeny of the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex: Detection of additional phylogenetically distinct species. In Mycoscience (Vol. 41) Obaid, A., Adawi, A., Deadman, M., & Wingfield, B. D. (2007). Phytopathology of horticultural crops of oman View project fungi associated with wood-boring insects: diversity, pathogenicity and risks related to timber trade and climate change View project Marelize van Wyk National Institute for Communicable Diseases. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/215735977 O’Donnell, K., Nirenberg, H. I., Aoki, T., & Cigelnik, E. (2000). A Multigene phylogeny of the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex: Detection of additional phylogenetically distinct species. In Mycoscience (Vol. 41) O’Donnell, K., & Cigelnik, E. (1997). Two Divergent Intragenomic rDNA ITS2 Types within a Monophyletic Lineage of the Fungus Fusarium are Nonorthologous. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 103–116 Oliveira, L. S. S., Guimarães, L. M. S., Ferreira, M. A., Nunes, A. S., Pimenta, L. V. A., & Alfenas, A. C. (2015). Aggressiveness, cultural characteristics, and genetic variation of Ceratocystis fimbriata on Eucalyptus spp. Forest Pathology, 45(6), 505–514. https://doi.org/10.1111/efp.12200 Oliveira, L. S. S., Harrington, T. C., Ferreira, M. A., Damacena, M. B., Al-Sadi, A. M., Al-Mahmooli, I. H. S., & Alfenas, A. C. (2015). Species or genotypes? Reassessment of four recently described species of the Ceratocystis wilt pathogen, Ceratocystis fimbriata, on Mangifera indica. Phytopathology, 105(9), 1229–1244. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-03-15-0065-R Paladines-Rezabala, A., Moreira-Morrillo, A. A., Mieles, A. E., & Garcés-Fiallos, F. R. (2022). Advances in understanding of the interaction between Ceratocystis cacaofunesta and Xyleborus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) on cocoa trees. In Scientia Agropecuaria (Vol. 13, Issue 1, pp. 43–52). Universidad Nacional de Trujillo. https://doi.org/10.17268/sci.agropecu.2022.004 Picó, M., & Esteras, C. (s.f.). Marcadores moleculares basados en PCR: Marcadores SSR o STR. Microsatélites. Universidad Politécnica de Valencia Pinheiro, J; Bates D; DebRoy, S; Sarkar, D. R. C. T. (2022). nlme: Linear and Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models. R package version 3.1-155. https://cran.rproject.org/package=nlme Procter, J. B., Carstairs, G. M., Soares, B., Mourão, K., Ofoegbu, T. C., Barton, D., Lui, L., Menard, A., Sherstnev, N., Roldan-Martinez, D., Duce, S., Martin, D. M. A., & Barton, G. J. (2021). Alignment of Biological Sequences with Jalview. In Methods in Molecular Biology (Vol. 2231, pp. 203–224). Humana Press Inc. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1036-7_13 Promoción de Turismo, Inversión y Exportanciones – Proexport. (2012). Cacao colombiano fino y de aroma. https://gestionparticipativa.pe.iica.int/getattachment/8010f039-fabc-465d-8c48-5a914c3da9da/Cacao-Colombiano-fino-y-de-aroma.aspx Quang Minh, B., Lanfear, R., Ly-Trong Jana Trifinopoulos, N., Schrempf, D., & Schmidt, H. A. (2022). IQ-TREE version 2.2.0: Tutorials and Manual Phylogenomic software by maximum likelihood. http://www.iqtree.org Quinlan, A. R. (2014). BEDTools: The Swiss-Army tool for genome feature analysis. Current Protocols in Bioinformatics, 2014, 11.12.1-11.12.34. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471250953.bi1112s47 R Core Team. (2022). R: a Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. Version 4.1.3. https://www.R-project.org/ Rambaut, A. (2018). Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh. FigTree v 1.4.4. http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/ Reyna Ávila, R. G. (2015). Estudios epidemiológicos del marchitamiento por Ceratocystis en Eucalypto. Tesis de Maestría, Universidad de la República Robles, J., & Alméciga, J. (2013). Caracterización e identificación molecular de hongos de suelo aislados de los páramos de Guasca y Cruz Verde, Cundinamarca-Colombia. Tesis para optar el grado de Microbiólogo Industrial. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Reyes, B. M. D., Fonseca, P. L. C., Heming, N. M., Conceição, L. B. de A., Nascimento, K. T. de S., Gramacho, K. P., Arevalo-Gardini, E., Pirovani, C. P., & Aguiar, E. R. G. R. (2023). Characterization of the microbiota dynamics associated with Moniliophthora roreri, causal agent of cocoa frosty pod rot disease, reveals new viral species. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.1053562 Rodas, C. A., Van Wyk, M., Wingfield, B. D., Wingfield, M. J., Van Wyk, J., & Wingfield, M. (2008). Ceratocystis neglecta sp. nov., infecting Eucalyptus trees in Colombia Rodríguez-Polanco, E., Morales, J. G., Muñoz-Agudelo, M., Segura, J. D., & Carrero, M. L. (2020). Morphological, molecular, and pathogenic characterization of phytophthora palmivora isolates causing black pod rot of cacao in colombia. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 18(2), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2020182-15147 Rojas, G. (2008). Estudio de aislamientos del hongo fitopatógeno del café Ceratocystis fimbriata. Tesis para optar el grado de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Instituto tecnológico de Costa Rica Ronquist, F., Huelsenbeck, J. P., Teslenko, M., Zhang, C., & Nylander, J. A. A. (2020). MrBayes version 3.2 Manual: Tutorials and Model Summaries Santini, A., Capretti, P., & Santini, A. (2000). Analysis of the Italian population of Ceratocystis fimbriata f.sp. platani using RAPD and minisatellite markers. In Plant Pathology (Vol. 49). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/30068960 Santos, P. L., Firmino, A. C., Tozze, H. J., de Barros, S. A., & Furtado, E. L. (2011). “In vitro” Ceratocystis sp. behavior under differents temperatures, culture medium and pH. Revista Eletrônica de Educação e Ciência – REEC. 1(1), 07-17. ISSN 2237-3462 Suárez Contreras, L. Y., & Peñaranda Figueredo, F. A. (2021). Identificación molecular de hongos filamentosos y su potencial biotecnológico. Biotecnología En El Sector Agropecuario y Agroindustrial, 20(1), 194–206. https://doi.org/10.18684/rbsaa.v20.n1.2022.1914 Suwandi, S., Irsan, C., Hamidson, H., Umayah, A., & Asriyani, K. D. (2021). Identification and characterization of Ceratocystis fimbriata causing lethal wilt on the lansium tree in Indonesia. Plant Pathology Journal, 37(2). https://doi.org/10.5423/PPJ.OA.08.2020.0147 Tarigan, M., Roux, J., Van Wyk, M., Tjahjono, B., & Wingfield, M. J. (2011). A new wilt and die-back disease of Acacia mangium associated with Ceratocystis manginecans and C. acaciivora sp. nov. in Indonesia. South African Journal of Botany, 77(2), 292–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2010.08.006 Ten Hoopen, G. M., Deberdt, P., Mbenoun, M., & Cilas, C. (2012). Modelling cacao pod growth: Implications for disease control. Annals of Applied Biology, 160(3), 260–272. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.2012.00539.x Tumura1, K. G., De, C., Edson, P. ;, & Furtado2, L. (2012). Murcha por Ceratocystis em eucalipto: avaliação de resistência e análise epidemiológica. In Summa Phytopathol (Issue 1) Valdetaro, D. C. O. F., Oliveira, L. S. S., Guimarães, L. M. S., Harrington, T. C., Ferreira, M. A., Freitas, R. G., & Alfenas, A. C. (2015). Genetic variation, morphology, and pathogenicity of Ceratocystis fimbriata on Hevea brasiliensis in Brazil. Tropical Plant Pathology, 40(3), 184–192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40858-015-0036-6 Van Wyk, M., Wingfield, B. D., Marin, M., & Wingfield, M. J. (2010). New Ceratocystis species infecting coffee, cacao, citrus, and native trees in Colombia. Fungal Diversity, 40, 103–117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-009-0005-9 Walker, D. M., Castlebury, L. A., Rossman, A. Y., & White, J. F. (2012). New molecular markers for fungal phylogenetics: Two genes for species-level systematics in the Sordariomycetes (Ascomycota). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 64(3), 500–512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2012.05.005 Ward, J. H. (1963). Hierarchical Grouping to Optimize an Objective Function. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 58(301), 236–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1963.10500845 Webster A N, R. K., & Butler, D. E. E. (1967). A morphological and biological concept of tile species Ceratocystis fimbriata. In Canadian Journal of Botany (Vol. 45). www.nrcresearchpress.com Wingfield, M. J., & Wingfield, B. D. (2010). Ceratocystis species on Acacia mearnsii and Eucalyptus spp. in eastern and southern Africa including six new species the fungal diversity associated with Stipagrostis species of fairy circles in the Namib desert View project Global movement of eucalypts pathogens: implications for biodiversity and biosecurity View project. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228440532 Witthuhn, R. C., Wingfield, B. D., Wingfield, M. J., and Harrington, T. C. (1999). PCR-based identification and phylogeny of species of Ceratocystis sensu stricto. Mycol, 103(6): 74.3- 74.9 Wyk, M. Van, Wingfield, B. D., Al-Adawi, A. O., Rossetto, C. J., Ito, M. F., & Wingfield, M. J. (2011). Two new Ceratocystis species associated with mango disease in Brazil. Mycotaxon, 117, 381–404. https://doi.org/10.5248/117.381 Xu, K., Li, J., Yang, X., Zhang, R., Li, X., Xie, M., & Huang, Q. (2020). Postharvest rot on carrot caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata and Chalaropsis thielavioides (≡ Thielaviopsis thielavioides) in China. In Journal of General Plant Pathology (Vol. 86, Issue 4, pp. 322–325). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10327-020-00919-1 |
| dc.rights.coar.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| dc.rights.license.spa.fl_str_mv |
Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional |
| dc.rights.uri.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ |
| dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| rights_invalid_str_mv |
Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
| dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv |
xx, 82 páginas |
| dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
| dc.coverage.country.none.fl_str_mv |
Colombia |
| dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv |
Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
| dc.publisher.program.spa.fl_str_mv |
Bogotá - Ciencias Agrarias - Maestría en Ciencias Agrarias |
| dc.publisher.faculty.spa.fl_str_mv |
Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias |
| dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv |
Bogotá, Colombia |
| dc.publisher.branch.spa.fl_str_mv |
Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá |
| institution |
Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
| bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/85043/1/license.txt https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/85043/2/1098629413.2023.pdf https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/85043/3/1098629413.2023.pdf.jpg |
| bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
eb34b1cf90b7e1103fc9dfd26be24b4a ed49be89447c6e69f245bd7997951a7a 9e87bd8e6f579a4ea8180ce5d3ffec60 |
| bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 MD5 MD5 |
| repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
| repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
repositorio_nal@unal.edu.co |
| _version_ |
1814089714531041280 |
| spelling |
Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacionalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2González Almario, Adriana830a04311a4cbfb2ec2c69bc62a73252Carrero Gutiérrez, Martha Liliana7649bd7df74850818083a5d4b3a4d87aGonzález Almario, CarolinaMejoramiento Genético Vegetal, Uso y Aprovechamiento de la Agrobiodiversidad (MGVA) - AGROSAVIACarrero Gutiérrez, Martha [0000000195100730]Carrero Gutiérrez, Martha [https://scholar.google.es/citations?hl=es&user=BKoXwpUAAAAJ&view_op=list_works&sortby=pubdate]2023-12-06T16:33:12Z2023-12-06T16:33:12Z2023-12-06https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/85043Universidad Nacional de ColombiaRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiahttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ilustraciones, diagramas, fotogtrafíasDurante los últimos años, los problemas fitosanitarios del cacao en Colombia han sido la principal causa de la reducción de la producción del cultivo, con pérdidas que pueden llegar al 100% de la producción por manejos inadecuados. El mal de machete es una de las enfermedades que afecta el cultivo de cacao en el país y actualmente se ha reportado a Ceratocystis fimbriata como el agente causal de la enfermedad. Sin embargo, aún existen incompatibilidades entre autores que contradicen la relación causal de este patógeno con la enfermedad. En Colombia, se conoce muy poco sobre la importancia de esta enfermedad, la identidad y aspectos taxonómicos del patógeno. Nuestro estudio tuvo como objetivo caracterizar morfológica y molecularmente aislamientos de Ceratocystis sp. obtenidos de material leñoso sintomático y muestras de suelo, provenientes de diferentes zonas productoras de cacao en Colombia. Para este propósito, se evaluaron diferentes caracteres morfológicos macro y microscópicos asociados al crecimiento de las colonias y a la medición de rasgos morfométricos. La identificación molecular a nivel de especie y la caracterización filogenética de los aislamientos se llevaron a cabo a través de un análisis multilocus, incluyendo como marcadores moleculares los genes β-Tubulina (βT-1), región del gen de la subunidad de proteína de unión a nucleótidos de guanina (MS204), segunda subunidad mayor de la RNA polimerasa (RPBII) y 60S proteína ribosomal L37 (FG1093). Nuestros resultados revelaron variaciones en el desarrollo de las colonias sin un patrón específico. A nivel microscópico, el aislamiento NCF16 mostró características morfológicas diferenciales a lo reportado previamente para la especie C. fimbriata. Los análisis moleculares y filogenéticos permitieron clasificar todos los aislamientos utilizados en este estudio como Ceratocystis cacaofunesta, confirmando que el agente causal del mal de machete en cacao en Colombia es la especie C. cacaofunesta; para la cual, no se tenía certeza sobre su identidad. Este estudio reveló la variabilidad morfológica y genética que presenta Ceratocystis cacaofunesta en este cultivo, y se confirma que dicha variabilidad, no está relacionada con el lugar ni con el tejido o sustrato de origen. Sin embargo, destacamos la importancia de evaluar estos rasgos en una población mayor de aislamientos (Texto tomado de la fuente)The main thread of cocoa crop production in Colombia are the phytosanitary problems. Nowadays, the production losses that can be up to the 100% due to the inadequate diseases management. The mal de machete is one of the limitans diseases that affect the cocoa crop in the country and currently, Ceratocystis fimbriata has been reported as the causal agent of disease; however, there are still discrepancies among authors that contradict the causal relationship with the disease. In Colombia, very little is known the importance of this disease, the identity, and taxonomic aspects of the pathogen. Our study aimed characterizing morphologically and molecularly isolates of Ceratocystis sp. obtained from symptomatic woody material and soil samples from different cocoa producing areas in Colombia. For this purpose, different macro, and microscopic morphological characters associated with colony growth and morphometric traits were evaluated. Ceratocystis species identification and phylogenetic characterization were performed through a multilocus analysis including β-tubulin gene (βT-1), guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit gene region (MS204), second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPBII), and 60S ribosomal protein L37 gene (FG1093) as taxonomic markers. Our results revealed variations in the colonies development without any specific pattern. At microscopic level, the NCF16 isolate showed morphological differences compared to with that previously reported for the species C. fimbriata. The phylogenetic analyses allowed classify isolations including in this study as C. cacaofunesta, confirming that the cause of the mal de machete disease of cacao in Colombia is the C. cacaofunesta species, of which there was uncertainty about its identity. This study revealed the morphological and genetic variability present in the Ceratocystis genus in Colombia, we did not find correlation between the variability and variables like location, tissue, or substrate of origin. However, we highlight the importance of assessing these traits in a bigger population of Ceratocystis speciesMaestríaMagister en Ciencias Agrarías-FitopatologíaFitopatologíaxx, 82 páginasapplication/pdfspaUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaBogotá - Ciencias Agrarias - Maestría en Ciencias AgrariasFacultad de Ciencias AgrariasBogotá, ColombiaUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá630 - Agricultura y tecnologías relacionadas::632 - Lesiones, enfermedades, plagas vegetales570 - Biología::576 - Genética y evolución000 - Ciencias de la computación, información y obras generales::006 - Métodos especiales de computaciónCell Nucleus ShapeForma del nucleo celularCacaoC. cacaofunestaTheobroma cacao LMal de macheteCaracterizaciónMorfologíaFilogeniaC. cacaofunestaTheobroma cacao LMal de macheteCharacterizationsMorphologyPhylogenyCaracterización morfológica y molecular de aislamientos de Ceratocystis sp. provenientes de cultivos de cacao en ColombiaMorphological and molecular characterization of Ceratocystis sp. isolates from cocoa crops in ColombiaTrabajo de grado - Maestríainfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionTexthttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TMColombiaAbdi, H., & Williams, L. J. (2010). Principal component analysis. In Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics, Vol. 2, Issue 4, pp. 433–459. https://doi.org/10.1002/wics.101Alvares Vivas, A. (2011). Identificación, conservación y conformación de un banco de hongos filamentosos aislados previamente de los páramos de cruz verde y guasca. Tesis de Maestría, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana-Sede BogotáArbeláez Giraldo, E. (1957). La llaga macana del tronco del cacao. Acta Agronómica, 7(1).71- 103. https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/acta_agronomica/article/view/49070Ayres, L. V. (2014). Diversidade genética de Ceratocystis fimbriata em Eucalyptus spp. no Sul da Bahia. Tesis de Maestría, Universidad Federal de Viçosa (UFV)Bailey, B. A., & Meinhardt, L. W. (2016). Cacao diseases a history of old enemies and new encounters. Springer International Publishing Switzerland. doi 10.1007/978-3-319-24789- 2_1Barba Donoso, C. (1961). Estudio morfológico y pruebas de patogenicidad de varias cepas de Ceratocystis fimbriata ell. & halst. Tesis de Maestría, Instituto Interamericano de Ciencias Agrícolas de la OEABaker, C. J., Harrington, T. C., Krauss, U., & Alfenas, A. C. (2003). Ecology and population biology genetic variability and host specialization in the Latin American clade of Ceratocystis fimbriata. Phytopathology, 93:1274-1284Barnes, I., Fourie, A., Wingfield, M. J., Harrington, T. C., McNew, D. L., Sugiyama, L. S., Luiz, B. C., Heller, W. P., & Keith, L. M. (2018). New Ceratocystis species associated with rapid death of metrosideros polymorpha in Hawaii. Persoonia: Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi, 154–181. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2018.40.07Barnes, I., Gaur, A., Burgess, T., Roux, J., Wingfield, B. D., & Wingfield, M. J. (2001). Microsatellite markers reflect intra-specific relationships between isolates of the vascular wilt pathogen Ceratocystis fimbriata. Molecular Plant Pathology, 2(6), 319–325. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1464-6722.2001.00080.xBarnes, I., Roux, J., Wingfield, B. D., Dudzinski, M. J., Old, K. M., & Wingfield, M. J. (2003). Ceratocystis pirilliformis, a new species from Eucalyptus nitens in Australia. Micología, 95(5), 865–871. https://doi.org/10.1080/15572536.2004.11833046BLAST® Command Line Applications User Manual. https://scicomp.ethz.ch/public/manual/BLAST/BLAST.pdfBejarano, C. A. P., Kafuri, L. A., & García, J. M. P. (2021). Identification of Phytophthora spp. isolates obtained from cocoa crops in Antioquia, Colombia. Acta agronómica, 70(1). https://doi.org/10.15446/acag.v70n1.70619Brawner, J., Japarudin, Y., Lapammu, M., Rauf, R., Boden, D., & Wingfield, M. J. (2015). Evaluating the inheritance of Ceratocystis acaciivora symptom expression in a diverse Acacia mangium breeding population. Southern Forests, 77(1), 83–90. https://doi.org/10.2989/20702620.2015.1007412Capella-Gutiérrez, S., Silla-Martínez, J. M., & Gabaldón, T. (2009). trimAl: A tool for automated alignment trimming in large-scale phylogenetic analyses. Bioinformatics, 25(15), 1972–1973. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btp348Castrejón-Antonio, J. E., Montesinos-Matías, R., Acevedo-Reyes, N., Tamez-Guerra, P., Ayala-Zermeño, M. Á., Berlanga-Padi-lla, A. M. y Arredondo-Bernal, H. C. (2017) Especies de Xyleborus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) asociados a huertos de aguacate en Colima, México. Acta Zoológica Mexicana (n.s.), 33(1), 146-150Ciencia y tecnología al servicio del sector cacaotero. (2016). http://www.fhia.org.hn/descargas/proyecto_procacao/infocacao/InfoCacao_No11_Dic_2016.pdfCordero Vega, M. J. (2017). Caracterización morfológica, patogénica y molecular de aislamientos de Ceratocystis spp. provenientes de seis zonas cafetaleras de Costa Rica. Tesis para optar por el grado de profesional de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad de Costa RicaCrous, P. W., Wingfield, M. J., Guarro, J., Hernández-Restrepo, M., Sutton, D. A., Acharya, K., Barber, P. A., Boekhout, T., Dimitrov, R. A., Dueñas, M., Dutta, A. K., Gené, J., Gouliamova, D. E., Groenewald, M., Lombard, L., Morozova, O. V., Sarkar, J., Th Smith, M., Stchigel, A. M. Groenewald, J. Z. (2015). Fungal Planet description sheets: 320–370. Persoonia: Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi, 34, 167–266. https://doi.org/10.3767/003158515X688433de Beer, Z. W., Duong, T. A., Barnes, I., Wingfield, B. D., & Wingfield, M. J. (2014). Redefining Ceratocystis and allied genera. Studies in Mycology, 79(1), 187–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simyco.2014.10.001. De Moraes Russo, C. A., & Selvatti, A. P. (2018). Bootstrap and rogue identification tests for phylogenetic analyses. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 35(9), 2327–2333. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy118de Mendiburu F (2023). _agricolae: Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research_. R. package version 1.3-6. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/agricolae/index.htmlDe Moraes Russo, C. A., & Selvatti, A. P. (2018). Bootstrap and rogue identification tests for phylogenetic analyses. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 35(9), 2327–2333. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy118Delgado, R., & Suárez, C. (2003). Genetic dissection of late blight resistance in cultivated diploid Solanum species and modern potato varieties of Ecuador View project. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234058127Dos Santos Nunes, L. (2015). Resistência de Mangueira “ubá” (Mangifera indica) à murcha-de Ceratocystis (Ceratocystis fimbriata). Tesis de Maestría, Universidad Federal de Viçosa (UFV)Engelbrecht, C. J. B. (2004). Host specialization, intersterility, and taxonomy of populations of Ceratocystis fimbriata from sweet potato, sycamore, and cacao. http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtdEngelbrecht, C. J. B., & Harrington, T. C. (2005). Intersterility, morphology and taxonomy of Ceratocystis fimbriata on sweet potato, cacao, and sycamore. Mycologia, 97(1), 57–69. https://doi.org/10.3852/mycologia.97.1.57Engelbrecht, C. J., Harrington, T. C., & Alfenas, A. (2007). Ceratocystis wilt of cacao - A disease of increasing importance. Phytopathology, 97(12), 1648–1649. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-97-12-1648FEDECACAO. (2022). Año cacaotero 2020-2021, el de mayor producción de cacao en la historia de Colombia. https://www.fedecacao.com.co/post/a%C3%B1o-cacaotero-2020-2021-el-de-mayor-producci%C3%B3n-de-cacao-en-la-historia-de-colombiaFergus, C. L. (1956). The Influence of Actidione on Wood-Staining Fungi. Mycologia, 48(4), 468– 472. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1956.12024558Ferreira, E. M., Harrington, T. C., Thorpe, D. J., & Alfenas, A. C. (2010). Genetic diversity and interfertility among highly differentiated populations of Ceratocystis fimbriata in Brazil. Plant Pathology, 59(4), 721–735. doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02275.xFirmino, A. C. (2011). Caracterização de isolados de Ceratocystis sp., avaliação de resistência clonal de eucalipto e sensibilidade deste fungo a diferentes fungicidas. Tesis Doctoral, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Julio de Mesquita FilhoFischer, M. C., Rellstab, C., Leuzinger, M., Roumet, M., Gugerli, F., Shimizu, K. K., Holderegger, R., & Widmer, A. (2017). Estimating genomic diversity and population differentiation - an empirical comparison of microsatellite and SNP variation in Arabidopsis halleri. BMC Genomics, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-016-3459-7Fourie, A., Wingfield, M. J., Wingfield, B. D., & Barnes, I. (2014). Molecular markers delimit cryptic species in Ceratocystis sensu stricto. Mycological Progress, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-014-1020-0Gaviria, M. A., & Cano, L. E., (2013). Taxonomía molecular de aislamientos de Fusarium obtenidos a partir de muestras clínicas. Tesis Doctoral, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede MedellínGriffith, G. W., & Shaw, D. S. (1998). Polymorphisms in Phytophthora infestans: Four mitochondrial haplotypes are detected after PCR Amplification of DNA from pure cultures or from host lesions. In Applied and Environmental Microbiology (Vol. 64, Issue 10). https://journals.asm.org/journal/aemHarrington, T. C. (1981). Cycloheximide sensitivity as a taxonomic character in Ceratocystis. Mycologia, 73(6), 1123. https://doi.org/10.2307/3759682Harrington, T. C. (2013). Ceratocystis Diseases. 11. Lowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USAHarrington, T. C., Kazmin, M. R., Al-Sadi, A. M., Ismail, S. I. (2014). Intraspecific and intragenomic variability of ITS rDNA sequences reveals taxonomic problems in Ceratocystis fimbriata sensu stricto. Mycologia,106(2), 224–242. https://doi10.3852/13- 189Hall, T. (2004). BioEdit Versión 7.0.0. Manual. https://studylib.net/doc/14572292/bioedit-version-7.0.0Heath, R. N., Wingfield, M. J., Wingfield, B. D., Meke, G., Roux, Heath R N, Wingfield M J, Wingfield B D, & Mbaga A. (2009). Ceratocystis species on Acacia mearnsii and Eucalyptus spp. in eastern and southern Africa including six new speciesHeberth, D., & Ortíz, R. (2011). Caracterización etiológica de la Roña de la gulupa (Passiflora edulis Sims.) en la región del Sumapaz (Cundinamarca). Tesis de Maestría, Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede BogotáHolland, L. A., Lawrence, D. P., Nouri, M. T., Travadon, R., Harrington, T. C., & Trouillas, F. P. (2019). Taxonomic revision and multi-locus phylogeny of the North American clade of Ceratocystis. Fungal Systematics and Evolution, 3, 135–156. https://doi.org/10.3114/fuse.2019.03.07Holland, L. A., Trouillas, F. P., Nouri, M. T., Lawrence, D. P., Crespo, M., Doll, D. A., Duncan, R. A., Holtz, B. A., Culumber, C. M., Yaghmour, M. A., Niederholzer, F. J. A., Lightle, D. M., Jarvis-Shean, K. S., Gordon, P. E., & Fichtner, E. J. (2021). Fungal pathogens associated with canker diseases of almond in California. Plant Disease, 105(2). https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-10-19-2128-REHuang, C. H., Lee, F. L., & Tai, C. J. (2009). The β-tubulin gene as a molecular phylogenetic marker for classification and discrimination of the Saccharomyces sensu stricto complex. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, International Journal of General and Molecular Microbiology, 95(2), 135–142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10482-008-9296-1Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario-ICA. (2012). Manejo fitosanitario del cultivo del cacao. Medidas para la temporada invernal. https://www.ica.gov.co/getattachment/c01fa43b-cf48-497a-aa7f-51e6da3f7e96/-Jabeen, K., & Asad, S. (2017). Assessment of selected culture media for competent growth characteristics of Ceratocystis manginecans (Cause of Mango Sudden Death). Jabeen and Asad, 148(5), 148–154. http://www.innspub.netJaimes, Y., & Aranzazu, F. (2010). Manejo de las enfermedades del cacao (Theobroma cacao L) en Colombia, con énfasis en Monillia (Moniliophthora roreri). Corporación colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Corpoica. https://doi.org/10.21930/978-958-740-034-2Johnson, J. A., Harrington, T. C., & Engelbrecht, C. J. B. (2005). Phylogeny and taxonomy of the North American clade of the Ceratocystis fimbriata complexJollife, I. T., & Cadima, J. (2016). Principal component analysis: A review and recent developments. In Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences (Vol. 374, Issue 2065). Royal Society of London. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0202Kaiser, H. F. (1961). A note on guttman’s lower bound for the number of common factors. British Journal of Statistical Psychology, 14(1), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044- 8317.1961.tb00061.xKanzi, A. M., Trollip, C., Wingfield, M. J., Barnes, I., Van Der Nest, M. A., & Wingfield, B. D. (2020). Phylogenomic incongruence in Ceratocystis: A clue to speciation? BMC Genomics, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-020-6772-0Katoh, K., Rozewicki, J., & Yamada, K. D. (2018). MAFFT online service: Multiple sequence alignment, interactive sequence choice and visualization. Briefings in Bioinformatics, 20(4), 1160–1166. https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbx108Kück, P., & Longo, G. C. (2014). FASconCAT-G: Extensive functions for multiple sequence alignment preparations concerning phylogenetic studies. Frontiers in Zoology, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12983-014-0081-xKassambara, A. and Mundt, F. (2020). Factoextra: Extract and Visualize the Results of Multivariate Data Analyses. R Package Version 1.0.7. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=factoextraKatoh, K., Rozewicki, J., & Yamada, K. D. (2018). MAFFT online service: Multiple sequence alignment, interactive sequence choice and visualization. Briefings in Bioinformatics, 20(4), 1160–1166. https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbx108Kück, P., & Longo, G. C. (2014). FASconCAT-G: Extensive functions for multiple sequence alignment preparations concerning phylogenetic studies. Frontiers in Zoology, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12983-014-0081-xLê, S., Josse, J., Rennes, A., & Husson, F. (2008). FactoMineR: An R Package for Multivariate Analysis. In JSS Journal of Statistical Software (Vol. 25). http://www.jstatsoft.org/Liu, F. F., Barnes, I., Roux, J., Wingfield, M. J., & Chen, S. F. (2018). Molecular phylogenetics and microsatellite analysis reveal a new pathogenic Ceratocystis species in the Asian-Australian clade. Plant Pathology, 67(5), 1097–1113. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12820Liu, Y. J., Whelen, S., & Hall, B. D. (1999). Phylogenetic relationships among ascomycetes: Evidence from an RNA polymerse II subunit. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 16(12), 1799–1808. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026092Lurá, María C., Benitez, Joel D; Jáuregui, Soledad; Gonzáles, Ana M. Evaluación de diferentes técnicas de extracción del ADN de hongos filamentosos. Revista FABICIB V 7: 37-44Magalhães, D. M. A., Luz, E. D. M. N., Lopes, U. V., Niella, A. R. R., & Damaceno, V. O. (2016). Leaf disc method for screening Ceratocystis wilt resistance in cacao. Tropical Plant Pathology, 41(3), 155–161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40858-016-0081-9Marelli, J. P., Guest, D. I., Bailey, B. A., Evans, H. C., Brown, J. K., Junaid, M., Barreto, R. W., Lisboa, D. O., & Puig, A. S. (2019). Chocolate under threat from old and new cacao diseases. In Phytopathology (Vol. 109, Issue 8, pp. 1331–1343). American Phytopathological Society. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-12-18-0477-RVWMarin, M., Castro, B., Gaitan, A., Preisig, O., Wingfield, B. D., & Wingfield, M. J. (2003). Relationships of Ceratocystis fimbriata isolates from Colombian coffee-growing regions based on molecular data and pathogenicity. Journal of Phytopathology, 151(7–8), 395– 405. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0434.2003.00738.xMarin, M., & Wingfield, M. J. (2006). A review of Ceratocystis sensu stricto with special reference to the species complexes C. coerulescens and C. fimbriata Article in Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellín. Biological control of Eucalypt pests (BiCEP) View project Global movement of eucalypts pathogens; implications for biodiversity and biosecurity View project. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235651222Mayorga, S. (2020). Relaciones filogenéticas en el complejo de especies Pedaliodes Butler, 1867 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) basadas en el marcador molecular COI. Tesis para optar el grado de Biólogo, Pontificia Universidad JaverianaModels_. R package version 3.1-162. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/nlme/index.htmlMota-Gutierrez, J., Botta, C., Ferrocino, I., Giordano, M., Bertolino, M., Dolci, P., Cannoni, M., & Cocolin, L. (2018). Dynamics and Biodiversity of Bacterial and Yeast Communities during Fermentation of Cocoa Beans. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 84(19). https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01164-18O’, K., 1~, D., Nirenberg, H. I., Aoki, T., & Cigelnik, E. (2000). A Multigene phylogeny of the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex: Detection of additional phylogenetically distinct species. In Mycoscience (Vol. 41)Obaid, A., Adawi, A., Deadman, M., & Wingfield, B. D. (2007). Phytopathology of horticultural crops of oman View project fungi associated with wood-boring insects: diversity, pathogenicity and risks related to timber trade and climate change View project Marelize van Wyk National Institute for Communicable Diseases. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/215735977O’Donnell, K., Nirenberg, H. I., Aoki, T., & Cigelnik, E. (2000). A Multigene phylogeny of the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex: Detection of additional phylogenetically distinct species. In Mycoscience (Vol. 41)O’Donnell, K., & Cigelnik, E. (1997). Two Divergent Intragenomic rDNA ITS2 Types within a Monophyletic Lineage of the Fungus Fusarium are Nonorthologous. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 103–116Oliveira, L. S. S., Guimarães, L. M. S., Ferreira, M. A., Nunes, A. S., Pimenta, L. V. A., & Alfenas, A. C. (2015). Aggressiveness, cultural characteristics, and genetic variation of Ceratocystis fimbriata on Eucalyptus spp. Forest Pathology, 45(6), 505–514. https://doi.org/10.1111/efp.12200Oliveira, L. S. S., Harrington, T. C., Ferreira, M. A., Damacena, M. B., Al-Sadi, A. M., Al-Mahmooli, I. H. S., & Alfenas, A. C. (2015). Species or genotypes? Reassessment of four recently described species of the Ceratocystis wilt pathogen, Ceratocystis fimbriata, on Mangifera indica. Phytopathology, 105(9), 1229–1244. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-03-15-0065-RPaladines-Rezabala, A., Moreira-Morrillo, A. A., Mieles, A. E., & Garcés-Fiallos, F. R. (2022). Advances in understanding of the interaction between Ceratocystis cacaofunesta and Xyleborus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) on cocoa trees. In Scientia Agropecuaria (Vol. 13, Issue 1, pp. 43–52). Universidad Nacional de Trujillo. https://doi.org/10.17268/sci.agropecu.2022.004Picó, M., & Esteras, C. (s.f.). Marcadores moleculares basados en PCR: Marcadores SSR o STR. Microsatélites. Universidad Politécnica de ValenciaPinheiro, J; Bates D; DebRoy, S; Sarkar, D. R. C. T. (2022). nlme: Linear and Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models. R package version 3.1-155. https://cran.rproject.org/package=nlmeProcter, J. B., Carstairs, G. M., Soares, B., Mourão, K., Ofoegbu, T. C., Barton, D., Lui, L., Menard, A., Sherstnev, N., Roldan-Martinez, D., Duce, S., Martin, D. M. A., & Barton, G. J. (2021). Alignment of Biological Sequences with Jalview. In Methods in Molecular Biology (Vol. 2231, pp. 203–224). Humana Press Inc. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1036-7_13Promoción de Turismo, Inversión y Exportanciones – Proexport. (2012). Cacao colombiano fino y de aroma. https://gestionparticipativa.pe.iica.int/getattachment/8010f039-fabc-465d-8c48-5a914c3da9da/Cacao-Colombiano-fino-y-de-aroma.aspxQuang Minh, B., Lanfear, R., Ly-Trong Jana Trifinopoulos, N., Schrempf, D., & Schmidt, H. A. (2022). IQ-TREE version 2.2.0: Tutorials and Manual Phylogenomic software by maximum likelihood. http://www.iqtree.orgQuinlan, A. R. (2014). BEDTools: The Swiss-Army tool for genome feature analysis. Current Protocols in Bioinformatics, 2014, 11.12.1-11.12.34. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471250953.bi1112s47R Core Team. (2022). R: a Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. Version 4.1.3. https://www.R-project.org/Rambaut, A. (2018). Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh. FigTree v 1.4.4. http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/Reyna Ávila, R. G. (2015). Estudios epidemiológicos del marchitamiento por Ceratocystis en Eucalypto. Tesis de Maestría, Universidad de la RepúblicaRobles, J., & Alméciga, J. (2013). Caracterización e identificación molecular de hongos de suelo aislados de los páramos de Guasca y Cruz Verde, Cundinamarca-Colombia. Tesis para optar el grado de Microbiólogo Industrial. Pontificia Universidad JaverianaReyes, B. M. D., Fonseca, P. L. C., Heming, N. M., Conceição, L. B. de A., Nascimento, K. T. de S., Gramacho, K. P., Arevalo-Gardini, E., Pirovani, C. P., & Aguiar, E. R. G. R. (2023). Characterization of the microbiota dynamics associated with Moniliophthora roreri, causal agent of cocoa frosty pod rot disease, reveals new viral species. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.1053562Rodas, C. A., Van Wyk, M., Wingfield, B. D., Wingfield, M. J., Van Wyk, J., & Wingfield, M. (2008). Ceratocystis neglecta sp. nov., infecting Eucalyptus trees in ColombiaRodríguez-Polanco, E., Morales, J. G., Muñoz-Agudelo, M., Segura, J. D., & Carrero, M. L. (2020). Morphological, molecular, and pathogenic characterization of phytophthora palmivora isolates causing black pod rot of cacao in colombia. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 18(2), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2020182-15147Rojas, G. (2008). Estudio de aislamientos del hongo fitopatógeno del café Ceratocystis fimbriata. Tesis para optar el grado de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Instituto tecnológico de Costa RicaRonquist, F., Huelsenbeck, J. P., Teslenko, M., Zhang, C., & Nylander, J. A. A. (2020). MrBayes version 3.2 Manual: Tutorials and Model SummariesSantini, A., Capretti, P., & Santini, A. (2000). Analysis of the Italian population of Ceratocystis fimbriata f.sp. platani using RAPD and minisatellite markers. In Plant Pathology (Vol. 49). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/30068960Santos, P. L., Firmino, A. C., Tozze, H. J., de Barros, S. A., & Furtado, E. L. (2011). “In vitro” Ceratocystis sp. behavior under differents temperatures, culture medium and pH. Revista Eletrônica de Educação e Ciência – REEC. 1(1), 07-17. ISSN 2237-3462Suárez Contreras, L. Y., & Peñaranda Figueredo, F. A. (2021). Identificación molecular de hongos filamentosos y su potencial biotecnológico. Biotecnología En El Sector Agropecuario y Agroindustrial, 20(1), 194–206. https://doi.org/10.18684/rbsaa.v20.n1.2022.1914Suwandi, S., Irsan, C., Hamidson, H., Umayah, A., & Asriyani, K. D. (2021). Identification and characterization of Ceratocystis fimbriata causing lethal wilt on the lansium tree in Indonesia. Plant Pathology Journal, 37(2). https://doi.org/10.5423/PPJ.OA.08.2020.0147Tarigan, M., Roux, J., Van Wyk, M., Tjahjono, B., & Wingfield, M. J. (2011). A new wilt and die-back disease of Acacia mangium associated with Ceratocystis manginecans and C. acaciivora sp. nov. in Indonesia. South African Journal of Botany, 77(2), 292–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2010.08.006Ten Hoopen, G. M., Deberdt, P., Mbenoun, M., & Cilas, C. (2012). Modelling cacao pod growth: Implications for disease control. Annals of Applied Biology, 160(3), 260–272. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.2012.00539.xTumura1, K. G., De, C., Edson, P. ;, & Furtado2, L. (2012). Murcha por Ceratocystis em eucalipto: avaliação de resistência e análise epidemiológica. In Summa Phytopathol (Issue 1)Valdetaro, D. C. O. F., Oliveira, L. S. S., Guimarães, L. M. S., Harrington, T. C., Ferreira, M. A., Freitas, R. G., & Alfenas, A. C. (2015). Genetic variation, morphology, and pathogenicity of Ceratocystis fimbriata on Hevea brasiliensis in Brazil. Tropical Plant Pathology, 40(3), 184–192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40858-015-0036-6Van Wyk, M., Wingfield, B. D., Marin, M., & Wingfield, M. J. (2010). New Ceratocystis species infecting coffee, cacao, citrus, and native trees in Colombia. Fungal Diversity, 40, 103–117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-009-0005-9Walker, D. M., Castlebury, L. A., Rossman, A. Y., & White, J. F. (2012). New molecular markers for fungal phylogenetics: Two genes for species-level systematics in the Sordariomycetes (Ascomycota). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 64(3), 500–512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2012.05.005Ward, J. H. (1963). Hierarchical Grouping to Optimize an Objective Function. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 58(301), 236–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1963.10500845Webster A N, R. K., & Butler, D. E. E. (1967). A morphological and biological concept of tile species Ceratocystis fimbriata. In Canadian Journal of Botany (Vol. 45). www.nrcresearchpress.comWingfield, M. J., & Wingfield, B. D. (2010). Ceratocystis species on Acacia mearnsii and Eucalyptus spp. in eastern and southern Africa including six new species the fungal diversity associated with Stipagrostis species of fairy circles in the Namib desert View project Global movement of eucalypts pathogens: implications for biodiversity and biosecurity View project. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228440532Witthuhn, R. C., Wingfield, B. D., Wingfield, M. J., and Harrington, T. C. (1999). PCR-based identification and phylogeny of species of Ceratocystis sensu stricto. Mycol, 103(6): 74.3- 74.9Wyk, M. Van, Wingfield, B. D., Al-Adawi, A. O., Rossetto, C. J., Ito, M. F., & Wingfield, M. J. (2011). Two new Ceratocystis species associated with mango disease in Brazil. Mycotaxon, 117, 381–404. https://doi.org/10.5248/117.381Xu, K., Li, J., Yang, X., Zhang, R., Li, X., Xie, M., & Huang, Q. (2020). Postharvest rot on carrot caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata and Chalaropsis thielavioides (≡ Thielaviopsis thielavioides) in China. In Journal of General Plant Pathology (Vol. 86, Issue 4, pp. 322–325). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10327-020-00919-1Caracterización morfológica y molecular de aislamientos de Ceratocystis sp. provenientes de cultivos de cacao en ColombiaCorporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria- AGROSAVIAEstudiantesInvestigadoresMaestrosLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-85879https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/85043/1/license.txteb34b1cf90b7e1103fc9dfd26be24b4aMD51ORIGINAL1098629413.2023.pdf1098629413.2023.pdfTesis de Maestría en Ciencias Agrariasapplication/pdf2135514https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/85043/2/1098629413.2023.pdfed49be89447c6e69f245bd7997951a7aMD52THUMBNAIL1098629413.2023.pdf.jpg1098629413.2023.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg5397https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/85043/3/1098629413.2023.pdf.jpg9e87bd8e6f579a4ea8180ce5d3ffec60MD53unal/85043oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/850432024-08-20 23:10:09.777Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiarepositorio_nal@unal.edu.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 |