Caracterización de la vía de señalización intracelular mediada por IGF2R en trofoblasto humano

ilustraciones, fotografías, gráficas

Autores:
Castro Badilla, Juan José
Tipo de recurso:
Doctoral thesis
Fecha de publicación:
2021
Institución:
Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Repositorio:
Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Idioma:
spa
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/80608
Acceso en línea:
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/80608
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/
Palabra clave:
570 - Biología
Receptor IGF Tipo 2
Receptor IGF Tipo 1
Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas Receptoras
Receptor, IGF Type 2
Receptor, IGF Type 1
Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases
IGF receptor
HTR-8/SVneo
Factor de crecimiento similar a insulina tipo 2
Implantación
Placenta
Obesidad
IGF receptor
Insulin-like growth factor type 2
Implantation
Obesity
Rights
openAccess
License
Atribución-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional
id UNACIONAL2_08c41a651be3f9e8960a8e42021ee006
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/80608
network_acronym_str UNACIONAL2
network_name_str Universidad Nacional de Colombia
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Caracterización de la vía de señalización intracelular mediada por IGF2R en trofoblasto humano
dc.title.translated.eng.fl_str_mv Characterization of the intracellular signaling mediated by IGF2R in human trophoblast
title Caracterización de la vía de señalización intracelular mediada por IGF2R en trofoblasto humano
spellingShingle Caracterización de la vía de señalización intracelular mediada por IGF2R en trofoblasto humano
570 - Biología
Receptor IGF Tipo 2
Receptor IGF Tipo 1
Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas Receptoras
Receptor, IGF Type 2
Receptor, IGF Type 1
Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases
IGF receptor
HTR-8/SVneo
Factor de crecimiento similar a insulina tipo 2
Implantación
Placenta
Obesidad
IGF receptor
Insulin-like growth factor type 2
Implantation
Obesity
title_short Caracterización de la vía de señalización intracelular mediada por IGF2R en trofoblasto humano
title_full Caracterización de la vía de señalización intracelular mediada por IGF2R en trofoblasto humano
title_fullStr Caracterización de la vía de señalización intracelular mediada por IGF2R en trofoblasto humano
title_full_unstemmed Caracterización de la vía de señalización intracelular mediada por IGF2R en trofoblasto humano
title_sort Caracterización de la vía de señalización intracelular mediada por IGF2R en trofoblasto humano
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Castro Badilla, Juan José
dc.contributor.advisor.spa.fl_str_mv Umaña Pérez, Yadi Adriana
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv Castro Badilla, Juan José
dc.contributor.researchgroup.spa.fl_str_mv Grupo de Investigación en Hormonas
dc.subject.ddc.spa.fl_str_mv 570 - Biología
topic 570 - Biología
Receptor IGF Tipo 2
Receptor IGF Tipo 1
Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas Receptoras
Receptor, IGF Type 2
Receptor, IGF Type 1
Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases
IGF receptor
HTR-8/SVneo
Factor de crecimiento similar a insulina tipo 2
Implantación
Placenta
Obesidad
IGF receptor
Insulin-like growth factor type 2
Implantation
Obesity
dc.subject.decs.spa.fl_str_mv Receptor IGF Tipo 2
Receptor IGF Tipo 1
Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas Receptoras
dc.subject.decs.eng.fl_str_mv Receptor, IGF Type 2
Receptor, IGF Type 1
Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv IGF receptor
HTR-8/SVneo
Factor de crecimiento similar a insulina tipo 2
Implantación
Placenta
Obesidad
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv IGF receptor
Insulin-like growth factor type 2
Implantation
Obesity
description ilustraciones, fotografías, gráficas
publishDate 2021
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2021-10-25T15:27:11Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2021-10-25T15:27:11Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2021-04-23
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Trabajo de grado - Doctorado
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_db06
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv Text
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TD
format http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_db06
status_str acceptedVersion
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/80608
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/
url https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/80608
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv spa
language spa
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv 1. Apps R, Sharkey A, Gardner L, Male V, Trotter M, Miller N, et al. Genome-wide expression profile of first trimester villous and extravillous human trophoblast cells. Placenta. 2011;32: 33–43. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2010.10.010
2. Heidari Z, Sheibak N. Trophoblast Giant Cells, the Prime Suspects of Deficient Placentation Associated With Pregnancy Complications. Gene Cell Tissue. 2016;3: e38516. doi:10.17795/gct-38516
3. Lunghi L, Ferretti ME, Medici S, Biondi C, Vesce F. Control of human trophoblast function. Reprod Biol Endocrinol RBE. 2007;5: 6. doi:10.1186/1477-7827-5-6
4. Pollheimer J, Vondra S, Baltayeva J, Beristain AG, Knofler M. Regulation of Placental Extravillous Trophoblasts by the Maternal Uterine Environment. Front Immunol. 2018;9: 2597. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02597
5. Khan MA, Manna S, Malhotra N, Sengupta J, Ghosh D. Expressional regulation of genes linked to immunity & programmed development in human early placental villi. Indian J Med Res. 2014;139: 125–140
6. Mutter WP, Karumanchi SA. Molecular mechanisms of preeclampsia. Microvasc Res. 2008;75: 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.mvr.2007.04.009
7. Pennington KA, Schlitt JM, Jackson DL, Schulz LC, Schust DJ. Preeclampsia: multiple approaches for a multifactorial disease. Dis Model Mech. 2012;5: 9–18. doi:10.1242/dmm.008516
8. Monchek R, Wiedaseck S. Gestational trophoblastic disease: an overview. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2012;57: 255–259. doi:10.1111/j.1542-2011.2012.00177.x
9. Fisher SJ. Why is placentation abnormal in preeclampsia? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;213: S115-122. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2015.08.042
10. Alcaldía Mayor de Bogotá DC. Guía de trastornos hipertensivos del embarazo. 2014. Available: http://www.saludcapital.gov.co/DDS/Publicaciones/Guia%20MaternidadTrastornos_baja.pdf
11. Cortés C, Ching R, Rodríguez A, León H, Capasso S, Lozano F, et al. La mola hidatidiforme: un indicador de la situación sociodemográfica en salud sexual y reproductiva. Inf Quinc Epidemiol Nac. 2003;12: 193–208.
12. Gratton RJ, Asano H, Han VKM. The regional expression of insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) in the placentae of women with pre-eclampsia. Placenta. 2002;23: 303–310. doi:10.1053/plac.2001.0780
13. Gurel D, Ozer E, Altunyurt S, Guclu S, Demir N. Expression of IGR-IR and VEGF and trophoblastic proliferative activity in placentas from pregnancies complicated by IUGR. Pathol Res Pract. 2003;199: 803–809. doi:10.1078/0344-0338-00499
14. Livingstone C. IGF2 and cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2013;20: R321-339. doi:10.1530/ERC-13-0231
15. Pollak M. The insulin and insulin-like growth factor receptor family in neoplasia: an update. Nat Rev Cancer. 2012;12: 159–169. doi:10.1038/nrc3215
16. Gary-Bobo M, Nirdé P, Jeanjean A, Morère A, Garcia M. Mannose 6-phosphate receptor targeting and its applications in human diseases. Curr Med Chem. 2007;14: 2945–2953. doi:10.2174/092986707782794005
17. Ghosh P, Dahms NM, Kornfeld S. Mannose 6-phosphate receptors: new twists in the tale. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2003;4: 202–212. doi:10.1038/nrm1050
18. Leksa V, Ilkova A, Vicikova K, Stockinger H. Unravelling novel functions of the endosomal transporter mannose. Immunol Lett. 2017;190: 194–200. doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2017.08.011
19. Zaina S, Squire S. The soluble type 2 insulin-like growth factor (IGF-II) receptor reduces organ size by IGF-II-mediated and IGF-II-independent mechanisms. J Biol Chem. 1998;273: 28610–28616. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.44.28610
20. Leksa V, Loewe R, Binder B, Schiller HB, Eckerstorfer P, Forster F, et al. Soluble M6P/IGF2R released by TACE controls angiogenesis via blocking plasminogen activation. Circ Res. 2011;108: 676–685. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.110.234732
21. Vishwamitra D, George SK, Shi P, Kaseb AO, Amin HM. Type I insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling in hematological malignancies. Oncotarget. 2017;8: 1814–1844. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.12123
22. McKinnon T, Chakraborty C, Gleeson LM, Chidiac P, Lala PK. Stimulation of human extravillous trophoblast migration by IGF-II is mediated by IGF type 2 receptor involving inhibitory G protein(s) and phosphorylation of MAPK. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86: 3665–3674. doi:10.1210/jcem.86.8.7711
23. Harris LK, Crocker IP, Baker PN, Aplin JD, Westwood M. IGF2 actions on trophoblast in human placenta are regulated by the insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor, which can function as both a signaling and clearance receptor. Biol Reprod. 2011;84: 440–446. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.110.088195
24. Harris LK, Pantham P, Yong HEJ, Pratt A, Borg AJ, Crocker I, et al. The role of insulinlike growth factor 2 receptor-mediated homeobox gene expression in human placental apoptosis, and its implications in idiopathic fetal growth restriction. Mol Hum Reprod. 2019;25: 572–585. doi:10.1093/molehr/gaz047
25. Kaku K, Osada H, Seki K, Sekiya S. Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) and IGF2 receptor gene variants are associated with fetal growth. Acta Paediatr Oslo Nor 1992. 2007;96: 363–367. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2006.00120.x
26. Holtan SG, Creedon DJ, Haluska P, Markovic SN. Cancer and pregnancy: parallels in growth, invasion, and immune modulation and implications for cancer therapeutic agents. Mayo Clin Proc. 2009;84: 985–1000. doi:10.1016/S0025-6196(11)60669-1
27. Graham CH, Hawley TS, Hawley RG, MacDougall JR, Kerbel RS, Khoo N, et al. Establishment and characterization of first trimester human trophoblast cells with extended lifespan. Exp Cell Res. 1993;206: 204–211. doi:10.1006/excr.1993.1139
28. American Type Culture Collection. HTR-8/SVneo (ATCC® CRL-3271TM). [cited 18 Jan 2020]. Available: https://www.atcc.org/Products/All/CRL-3271.aspx#
29. Rai A, Cross JC. Development of the hemochorial maternal vascular spaces in the placenta through endothelial and vasculogenic mimicry. Dev Biol. 2014;387: 131–141. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.01.015
30. Sakano K, Enjoh T, Numata F, Fujiwara H, Marumoto Y, Higashihashi N, et al. The design, expression, and characterization of human insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) mutants specific for either the IGF-II/cation-independent mannose. J Biol Chem. 1991;266: 20626–20635
31. GroPep. GroPep Bioreagents IGF Analogues. In: Human [Leu27]IGF-II [Internet]. [cited 6 May 2020]. Available: https://gropep.com/product_families/igfanalogues/products/human-leu27-igf-ii--7
32. Forbes BE, Hartfield PJ, McNeil KA, Surinya KH, Milner SJ, Cosgrove LJ, et al. Characteristics of binding of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-II analogues to the type 1 IGF receptor determined by BIAcore analysis. Eur J Biochem. 2002;269: 961–968. doi:10.1046/j.0014-2956.2001.02735.x
33. Oh Y, Müller HL, Zhang H, Ling N, Rosenfeld RG. Synthesis and characterization of IGF-II analogs: applications in the evaluation of IGF receptor function and IGFindependent actions of IGFBPs. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1993;343: 41–54. doi:10.1007/978- 1-4615-2988-0_5
34. Howell KR, Powell TL. Effects of maternal obesity on placental function and fetal development. Reprod Camb Engl. 2017;153: R97–R108. doi:10.1530/REP-16-0495
35. Scott CD, Kiess W. Soluble M6P/IGFIIR in the circulation. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;29: 723–733. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2015.08.001
36. Jeyaratnaganthan N, Hojlund K, Kroustrup JP, Larsen JF, Bjerre M, Levin K, et al. Circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor-II/mannose-6-phosphate receptor in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Growth Horm IGF Res Off J Growth Horm Res Soc Int IGF Res Soc. 2010;20: 185–191. doi:10.1016/j.ghir.2009.12.005
37. Molfino A, Amabile MI, Monti M, Arcieri S, Rossi Fanelli F, Muscaritoli M. The Role of Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) in the Control of Obesity and Metabolic Derangements in Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17: 505. doi:10.3390/ijms17040505
38. Staun-Ram E, Shalev E. Human trophoblast function during the implantation process. Reprod Biol Endocrinol RBE. 2005;3: 56. doi:10.1186/1477-7827-3-56
39. Bischof P, Irminger-Finger I. The human cytotrophoblastic cell, a mononuclear chameleon. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2005;37: 1–16. doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2004.05.014
40. Moffett A, Loke C, McLaren A, editors. Biology and Pathology of Trophoblast. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2006. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511545207
41. Hanssens S, Salzet M, Vinatier D. Aspectos inmunológicos de la gestación. EMC - Ginecol-Obstet. 2013;49: 1–21. doi:10.1016/S1283-081X(13)64079-5
42. American Cancer Society. What Is Gestational Trophoblastic Disease? Available: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/gestational-trophoblastic-disease/about/what-isgtd.html
43. Alfredo López Cousillas JME. Enfermedad Trofoblástica Gestacional. Aspectos Clínicos y Morfológicos. Rev Esp Patol. 2002;35: 187–200.
44. Shaaban AM, Rezvani M, Haroun RR, Kennedy AM, Elsayes KM, Olpin JD, et al. Gestational Trophoblastic Disease: Clinical and Imaging Features. RadioGraphics. 2017;37: 681–700. doi:10.1148/rg.2017160140
45. Le Bret T, Tranbaloc P, Benbunan J-L, Salet-Lizée D, Villet R. [Endometrial choriocarcinoma in peri-menopausal women]. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris). 2005;34: 85–89. doi:10.1016/s0368-2315(05)82674-2
46. Sierra-Bergua B, Sánchez-Marteles M, Cabrerizo-García JL, Sanjoaquin-Conde I. Choriocarcinoma with pulmonary and cerebral metastases. Singapore Med J. 2008;49: e286-288
47. Caniggia I, Winter J, Lye SJ, Post M. Oxygen and placental development during the first trimester: implications for the pathophysiology of pre-eclampsia. Placenta. 2000;21 Suppl A: S25-30. doi:10.1053/plac.1999.0522
48. Nathanielsz PW. Animal models that elucidate basic principles of the developmental origins of adult diseases. ILAR J. 2006;47: 73–82. doi:10.1093/ilar.47.1.73
49. Nardozza LMM, Caetano ACR, Zamarian ACP, Mazzola JB, Silva CP, Marçal VMG, et al. Fetal growth restriction: current knowledge. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2017;295: 1061– 1077. doi:10.1007/s00404-017-4341-9
50. Barker DJP. Fetal programming of coronary heart disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab TEM. 2002;13: 364–368. doi:10.1016/s1043-2760(02)00689-6
51. Sánchez-Gómez M. Entendiendo el papel del sistema de factores de crecimiento similares a la insulin (IGF) en la regulacion funcional del trofoblasto humano. Rev Acad Colomb Cienc Exactas Fis Nat. 2014;38: 118+
52. Diaz LE, Chuan Y-C, Lewitt M, Fernandez-Perez L, Carrasco-Rodriguez S, SanchezGomez M, et al. IGF-II regulates metastatic properties of choriocarcinoma cells through the activation of the insulin receptor. Mol Hum Reprod. 2007;13: 567–576. doi:10.1093/molehr/gam039
53. Baker J, Liu JP, Robertson EJ, Efstratiadis A. Role of insulin-like growth factors in embryonic and postnatal growth. Cell. 1993;75: 73–82
54. Kumar N, Leverence J, Bick D, Sampath V. Ontogeny of growth-regulating genes in the placenta. Placenta. 2012;33: 94–99. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2011.11.018
55. Hamilton GS, Lysiak JJ, Han VK, Lala PK. Autocrine-paracrine regulation of human trophoblast invasiveness by insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II and IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-1. Exp Cell Res. 1998;244: 147–156. doi:10.1006/excr.1998.4195
56. Chen H, Li Y, Shi J, Song W. Role and mechanism of insulin-like growth factor 2 on the proliferation of human trophoblasts in vitro. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2016;42: 44–51. doi:10.1111/jog.12853
57. Clemmons DR, Busby WH, Arai T, Nam TJ, Clarke JB, Jones JI, et al. Role of insulinlike growth factor binding proteins in the control of IGF actions. Prog Growth Factor Res. 1995;6: 357–366. doi:10.1016/0955-2235(95)00013-5
58. Baxter RC. Changes in the IGF-IGFBP axis in critical illness. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;15: 421–434. doi:10.1053/beem.2001.0161
59. Massoner P, Ladurner-Rennau M, Eder IE, Klocker H. Insulin-like growth factors and insulin control a multifunctional signalling network of significant importance in cancer. Br J Cancer. 2010;103: 1479–1484. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6605932
60. Forbes K, Westwood M, Baker PN, Aplin JD. Insulin-like growth factor I and II regulate the life cycle of trophoblast in the developing human placenta. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2008;294: C1313-1322. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00035.2008
61. Pombo M, Audí L, Bueno M, Calzada R, Cassorla F, Diéguez C, et al. Tratado de Endocrinología Pediátrica. 4o edición. España: McGRAW-HILL; 2009.
62. O’Dell SD, Day INM. Molecules in focus Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II). Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 1998;30: 767–771. doi:10.1016/S1357-2725(98)00048-X
63. Yu H, Rohan T. Role of the insulin-like growth factor family in cancer development and progression. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000;92: 1472–1489. doi:10.1093/jnci/92.18.1472
64. Vu TH, Hoffman AR. Promoter-specific imprinting of the human insulin-like growth factor-II gene. Nature. 1994;371: 714–717. doi:10.1038/371714a0
65. Harrela M, Koistinen H, Kaprio J, Lehtovirta M, Tuomilehto J, Eriksson J, et al. Genetic and environmental components of interindividual variation in circulating levels of IGFI, IGF-II, IGFBP-1, and IGFBP-3. J Clin Invest. 1996;98: 2612–2615. doi:10.1172/JCI119081
66. Bergman D, Bergman D, Halje M, Nordin M, Engström W. Insulin-Like Growth Factor 2 in Development and Disease: A Mini-Review. Gerontology. 2013;59: 240–249. doi:10.1159/000343995
67. Chao W, D’Amore PA. IGF2: epigenetic regulation and role in development and disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2008;19: 111–120. doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2008.01.005
68. Krauss G. Biochemistry of Signal Transduction and Regulation. 5th edition. Germany: Wiley-VHC; 2014.
69. Iniguez G, Castro JJ, Garcia M, Kakarieka E, Johnson MC, Cassorla F, et al. IGF-IR signal transduction protein content and its activation by IGF-I in human placentas: relationship with gestational age and birth weight. PloS One. 2014;9: e102252. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0102252
70. Iñiguez G, Cassorla F. Expresión y contenido placentario de los componentes del eje somatotrófico en niños con alteraciones del crecimiento fetal. Rev Esp Endocrinol Pediatr. 2012;3 Suppl(1): 33–37. doi:10.3266/RevEspEndocrinolPediatr.pre2012.Apr.96
71. Brown J, Delaine C, Zaccheo OJ, Siebold C, Gilbert RJ, van Boxel G, et al. Structure and functional analysis of the IGF-II/IGF2R interaction. EMBO J. 2008;27: 265–276. doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7601938
72. El-Shewy HM, Luttrell LM. Insulin-like growth factor-2/mannose-6 phosphate receptors. Vitam Horm. 2009;80: 667–697. doi:10.1016/S0083-6729(08)00624-9
73. Fang J, Furesz TC, Lurent RS, Smith CH, Fant ME. Spatial polarization of insulin-like growth factor receptors on the human syncytiotrophoblast. Pediatr Res. 1997;41: 258– 265. doi:10.1203/00006450-199702000-00017
74. Gary-Bobo M, Nirdé P, Jeanjean A, Morère A, Garcia M. Mannose 6-phosphate receptor targeting and its applications in human diseases. Curr Med Chem. 2007;14: 2945–2953. doi:10.2174/092986707782794005
75. Ou J-M, Lian W-S, Qiu M-K, Dai Y-X, Dong Q, Shen J, et al. Knockdown of IGF2R suppresses proliferation and induces apoptosis in hemangioma cells in vitro and in vivo. Int J Oncol. 2014;45: 1241–1249. doi:10.3892/ijo.2014.2512
76. Weiner JA, Chen A, Davis BH. E-box-binding repressor is down-regulated in hepatic stellate cells during up-regulation of mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor-II receptor expression in early hepatic fibrogenesis. J Biol Chem. 1998;273: 15913– 15919. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.26.15913
77. Chen W-K, Kuo W-W, Hsieh DJ-Y, Chang H-N, Pai P-Y, Lin K-H, et al. CREB Negatively Regulates IGF2R Gene Expression and Downstream Pathways to Inhibit Hypoxia-Induced H9c2 Cardiomyoblast Cell Death. Int J Mol Sci. 2015;16: 27921– 27930. doi:10.3390/ijms161126067
78. Hinrichs S, Heger J, Schreckenberg R, Wenzel S, Euler G, Arens C, et al. Controlling cardiomyocyte length: the role of renin and PPAR-{gamma}. Cardiovasc Res. 2011;89: 344–352. doi:10.1093/cvr/cvq313
79. Bohnsack RN, Warejcka DJ, Wang L, Gillespie SR, Bernstein AM, Twining SS, et al. Expression of insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor in corneal keratocytes during differentiation and in response to wound healing. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014;55: 7697–7708. doi:10.1167/iovs.14-15179
80. Instituto Weizmann de Ciencias. GeneCards HUMAN GENE DATABASE. [cited 5 Apr 2020]. Available: https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=IGF2R
81. El-Shewy HM, Johnson KR, Lee M-H, Jaffa AA, Obeid LM, Luttrell LM. Insulin-like growth factors mediate heterotrimeric G protein-dependent ERK1/2 activation by transactivating sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors. J Biol Chem. 2006;281: 31399– 31407. doi:10.1074/jbc.M605339200
82. Okamoto T, Katada T, Murayama Y, Ui M, Ogata E, Nishimoto I. A simple structure encodes G protein-activating function of the IGF-II/mannose. Cell. 1990;62: 709–717. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(90)90116-v
83. Okamoto T, Nishimoto I. Analysis of stimulation-G protein subunit coupling by using active insulin-like growth factor II receptor peptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991;88: 8020–8023. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.18.8020
84. Higashijima T, Uzu S, Nakajima T, Ross EM. Mastoparan, a peptide toxin from wasp venom, mimics receptors by activating. J Biol Chem. 1988;263: 6491–6494.
85. Shields S-K, Nicola C, Chakraborty C. Rho Guanosine 5′-Triphosphatases Differentially Regulate Insulin-Like Growth Factor I (IGF-I) Receptor-Dependent and -Independent Actions of IGF-II on Human Trophoblast Migration. Endocrinology. 2007;148: 4906– 4917. doi:10.1210/en.2007-0476
86. Chu C-H, Tzang B-S, Chen L-M, Liu C-J, Tsai F-J, Tsai C-H, et al. Activation of insulinlike growth factor II receptor induces mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis through G(alpha)q and downstream calcineurin signaling in myocardial cells. Endocrinology. 2009;150: 2723–2731. doi:10.1210/en.2008-0975
87. Anitei M, Chenna R, Czupalla C, Esner M, Christ S, Lenhard S, et al. A high-throughput siRNA screen identifies genes that regulate mannose 6-phosphate receptor trafficking. England; 2014. doi:10.1242/jcs.159608
88. Amritraj A, Hawkes C, Phinney AL, Mount HT, Scott CD, Westaway D, et al. Altered levels and distribution of IGF-II/M6P receptor and lysosomal enzymes in mutant APP and APP + PS1 transgenic mouse brains. Neurobiol Aging. 2009;30: 54–70. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.05.004
89. Wang Y, Buggia-Prévot V, Zavorka ME, Bleackley RC, MacDonald RG, Thinakaran G, et al. Overexpression of the Insulin-Like Growth Factor II Receptor Increases β-Amyloid Production and Affects Cell Viability. Mol Cell Biol. 2015;35: 2368–2384. doi:10.1128/MCB.01338-14
90. Turner PR, O’Connor K, Tate WP, Abraham WC. Roles of amyloid precursor protein and its fragments in regulating neural activity, plasticity and memory. Prog Neurobiol. 2003;70: 1–32. doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(03)00089-3
91. Dahms SO, Hoefgen S, Roeser D, Schlott B, Gührs K-H, Than ME. Structure and biochemical analysis of the heparin-induced E1 dimer of the amyloid precursor protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107: 5381–5386. doi:10.1073/pnas.0911326107
92. Zheng H, Koo EH. The amyloid precursor protein: beyond amyloid. Mol Neurodegener. 2006;1: 5. doi:10.1186/1750-1326-1-5
93. Selkoe D, Kopan R. Notch and Presenilin: regulated intramembrane proteolysis links development and degeneration. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2003;26: 565–597. doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.26.041002.131334
94. Porayette P, Gallego MJ, Kaltcheva MM, Meethal SV, Atwood CS. Amyloid-beta precursor protein expression and modulation in human embryonic stem cells: a novel role for human chorionic gonadotropin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007;364: 522–527. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.10.021
95. Gao H, Sathishkumar KR, Yallampalli U, Balakrishnan M, Li X, Wu G, et al. Maternal protein restriction regulates IGF2 system in placental labyrinth. Front Biosci Elite Ed. 2012;4: 1434–1450. doi:10.2741/472
96. Sferruzzi-Perri AN, Sandovici I, Constancia M, Fowden AL. Placental phenotype and the insulin-like growth factors: resource allocation to fetal growth. J Physiol. 2017;595: 5057–5093. doi:10.1113/JP273330
97. Harris LK, Westwood M. Biology and significance of signalling pathways activated by IGF-II. Growth Factors Chur Switz. 2012;30: 1–12. doi:10.3109/08977194.2011.640325
98. Charnock JC, Dilworth MR, Aplin JD, Sibley CP, Westwood M, Crocker IP. The impact of a human IGF-II analog ([Leu27]IGF-II) on fetal growth in a mouse model of fetal growth restriction. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2016;310: E24-31. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00379.2015
99. Sferruzzi-Perri AN, Owens JA, Standen P, Roberts CT. Maternal insulin-like growth factor-II promotes placental functional development via the type 2 IGF receptor in the guinea pig. Placenta. 2008;29: 347–355. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2008.01.009
100. Costello M, Baxter RC, Scott CD. Regulation of soluble insulin-like growth factor II/mannose 6-phosphate receptor in human serum: measurement by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84: 611–617. doi:10.1210/jcem.84.2.5488
101. Ong K, Kratzsch J, Kiess W, Costello M, Scott C, Dunger D. Size at birth and cord blood levels of insulin, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), IGF-II, IGF-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1), IGFBP-3, and the soluble. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85: 4266–4269. doi:10.1210/jcem.85.11.6998
102. Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar. Encuesta Nacional de Situación Nutricional ENSIN. In: Nutrición [Internet]. [cited 17 May 2020]. Available: https://www.icbf.gov.co/bienestar/nutricion/encuesta-nacional-situacion-nutricional
103. Blancas-Flores G, Almanza-P JC, López-Roa RI, Alarcón-Aguilar FJ, García-Macedo, Rebeca, Cruz M. La obesidad como un proceso inflamatorio. Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex. 2010;67: 88–97.
104. Poston L, Caleyachetty R, Cnattingius S, Corvalan C, Uauy R, Herring S, et al. Preconceptional and maternal obesity: epidemiology and health consequences. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016;4: 1025–1036. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(16)30217-0
105. Chanprasertyothin S, Jongjaroenprasert W, Ongphiphadhanakul B. The association of soluble IGF2R and IGF2R gene polymorphism with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Res. 2015;2015: 216383. doi:10.1155/2015/216383
106. Caviedes L, Iñiguez G, Hidalgo P, Castro JJ, Castaño E, Llanos M, et al. Relationship between folate transporters expression in human placentas at term and birth weights. Placenta. 2016;38: 24–28. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2015.12.007
107. Lazar I. Jr., Horvath-Lazar E., Lazar I. GelAnalyzer 19.1. Available: http://www.gelanalyzer.com/index.html
108. Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods San Diego Calif. 2001;25: 402–408. doi:10.1006/meth.2001.1262
109. Bustin SA, Benes V, Garson JA, Hellemans J, Huggett J, Kubista M, et al. The MIQE guidelines: minimum information for publication of quantitative real-time PCR experiments. Clin Chem. 2009;55: 611–622. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2008.112797
110. Repetto G, del Peso A, Zurita JL. Neutral red uptake assay for the estimation of cell viability/cytotoxicity. Nat Protoc. 2008;3: 1125–1131. doi:10.1038/nprot.2008.75
111. Armant DR. Blastocysts don’t go it alone. Extrinsic signals fine-tune the intrinsic developmental program of trophoblast cells. Dev Biol. 2005;280: 260–280. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.009
112. Anette Lindhard, Ursula Bentin-Ley, Vibeke Ravn, Henrik Islin, Thomas Hviid, Sven Rex, et al. Biochemical evaluation of endometrial function at the time of implantation. MODERN TRENDS. 2002;78: 221–233. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0015- 0282(02)03240-5
113. Carter AM, Enders AC, Pijnenborg R. The role of invasive trophoblast in implantation and placentation of primates. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2015;370: 20140070. doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0070
114. Lala PK, Hamilton GS. Growth factors, proteases and protease inhibitors in the maternal-fetal dialogue. Placenta. 1996;17: 545–555. doi:10.1016/s0143- 4004(96)80071-3
115. Umaña Pérez A., Novoa Herrán S., Castro JJ., Correa Sánchez A., Guevara V., López González D., et al. Role of the Insulin-like growth factor axis and the Transforming growth factor-β in the regulation of the placenta and the pathogenesis of Gestational Trophoblastic Diseases. Med Res Arch. En Prensa.
116. Barolo S, Posakony JW. Three habits of highly effective signaling pathways: principles of transcriptional control by developmental cell signaling. Genes Dev. 2002;16: 1167– 1181. doi:10.1101/gad.976502
117. Vivanco I, Sawyers CL. The phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase–AKT pathway in human cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2002;2: 489–501. doi:10.1038/nrc839
118. Crespo P, Xu N, Simonds WF, Gutkind JS. Ras-dependent activation of MAP kinase pathway mediated by G-protein beta gamma subunits. Nature. 1994;369: 418–420. doi:10.1038/369418a0
119. Krauss G. Intracellular Messenger Substances: “Second Messengers.” 5th edition. Biochemistry of Signal Transduction and Regulation. 5th edition. Germany; 2014. pp. 369–416.
120. Strauss JF 3rd, Kido S, Sayegh R, Sakuragi N, Gafvels ME. The cAMP signalling system and human trophoblast function. Placenta. 1992;13: 389–403. doi:10.1016/0143-4004(92)90047-w
121. Biondi C, Ferretti ME, Lunghi L, Medici S, Cervellati F, Pavan B, et al. cAMP efflux from human trophoblast cell lines: a role for multidrug resistance protein (MRP)1 transporter. Mol Hum Reprod. 2010;16: 481–491. doi:10.1093/molehr/gaq023
122. Darashchonak N, Koepsell B, Bogdanova N, von Versen-Hoynck F. Adenosine A2B receptors induce proliferation, invasion and activation of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) in trophoblast cells. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014;14: 2. doi:10.1186/1471-2393-14-2
123. Harris LK, Jones CJP, Aplin JD. Adhesion molecules in human trophoblast - a review. II. extravillous trophoblast. Placenta. 2009;30: 299–304. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2008.12.003
124. Jackson EK, Dubey RK. Role of the extracellular cAMP-adenosine pathway in renal physiology. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2001;281: F597-612. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.2001.281.4.F597
125. Miyamoto S, Teramoto H, Gutkind JS, Yamada KM. Integrins can collaborate with growth factors for phosphorylation of receptor tyrosine kinases and MAP kinase activation: roles of integrin aggregation and occupancy of receptors. J Cell Biol. 1996;135: 1633–1642. doi:10.1083/jcb.135.6.1633
126. Kabir-Salmani M, Shiokawa S, Akimoto Y, Hasan-Nejad H, Sakai K, Nagamatsu S, et al. Characterization of morphological and cytoskeletal changes in trophoblast cells induced by insulin-like growth factor-I. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87: 5751–5759. doi:10.1210/jc.2002-020550
127. Irving JA, Lala PK. Functional role of cell surface integrins on human trophoblast cell migration: regulation by TGF-beta, IGF-II, and IGFBP-1. Exp Cell Res. 1995;217: 419– 427. doi:10.1006/excr.1995.1105
128. Hills FA, Elder MG, Chard T, Sullivan MHF. Regulation of human villous trophoblast by insulin-like growth factors and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1. J Endocrinol. 2004;183: 487–496. doi:10.1677/joe.1.05867
129. Burrows TD, King A, Loke YW. Trophoblast migration during human placental implantation. Hum Reprod Update. 1996;2: 307–321. doi:10.1093/humupd/2.4.307
130. Gleeson LM, Chakraborty C, McKinnon T, Lala PK. Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1 stimulates human trophoblast migration by signaling through alpha 5 beta 1 integrin via mitogen-activated protein Kinase pathway. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86: 2484–2493. doi:10.1210/jcem.86.6.7532
131. Li T, Wei S, Fan C, Tang D, Luo D. Nesfatin-1 Promotes Proliferation, Migration and Invasion of HTR-8/SVneo Trophoblast Cells and Inhibits Oxidative Stress via Activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR and AKT/GSK3β Pathway. Reprod Sci Thousand Oaks Calif. 2021;28: 550–561. doi:10.1007/s43032-020-00324-1
132. Staun-Ram E, Goldman S, Gabarin D, Shalev E. Expression and importance of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and 9 (MMP-2 and -9) in human trophoblast invasion. Reprod Biol Endocrinol RBE. 2004;2: 59. doi:10.1186/1477-7827-2-59
133. Han VK, Carter AM. Spatial and temporal patterns of expression of messenger RNA for insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins in the placenta of man and laboratory animals. Placenta. 2000;21: 289–305. doi:10.1053/plac.1999.0498
134. Sánchez-Gómez M, Novoa-Herran SS. EL IGF-II ESTIMULA LA ACTIVIDAD DE MMP-9 Y MMP-2 EN UN MODELO DE TROFOBLASTO HUMANO. Acta Biológica Colomb. 2011;16: 121–132
135. Espino Y Sosa S, Flores-Pliego A, Espejel-Nuñez A, Medina-Bastidas D, VadilloOrtega F, Zaga-Clavellina V, et al. New Insights into the Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Preeclampsia. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18. doi:10.3390/ijms18071448
136. Chang M-H, Kuo W-W, Chen R-J, Lu M-C, Tsai F-J, Kuo W-H, et al. IGF-II/mannose 6-phosphate receptor activation induces metalloproteinase-9 matrix activity and increases plasminogen activator expression in H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells. J Mol Endocrinol. 2008;41: 65–74. doi:10.1677/JME-08-0051
137. Pinzón M, Diaz L, Ortiz B, Umaña A, De Rodriguez S, Sanchez de Gomez M. LA ACTIVACIÓN DE LA VÍA DE SEÑALIZACIÓN PI3K/AKT POR EL FACTOR DE CRECIMIENTO SIMILAR A LA INSULINA TIPO II ESTIMULA LA EXPRESIÓN DEL mARN DE LA METALOPROTEINASA 9 EN CÉLULAS DE CORIOCARCINOMA. Rev Colomb Quím Vol 38 Núm 3 2009. 2009. Available: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/rcolquim/article/view/13490
138. de Alboran IM, O’Hagan RC, Gartner F, Malynn B, Davidson L, Rickert R, et al. Analysis of C-MYC function in normal cells via conditional gene-targeted mutation. Immunity. 2001;14: 45–55.
139. Rivera VM, Greenberg ME. Growth factor-induced gene expression: the ups and downs of c-fos regulation. New Biol. 1990;2: 751–758
140. Kalisch-Smith JI, Simmons DG, Dickinson H, Moritz KM. Review: Sexual dimorphism in the formation, function and adaptation of the placenta. Placenta. 2017;54: 10–16. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2016.12.008
141. Calder PC. Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes: from molecules to man. Biochem Soc Trans. 2017;45: 1105–1115. doi:10.1042/BST20160474
142. Dennis PA, Rifkin DB. Cellular activation of latent transforming growth factor beta requires binding to the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor type II receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991;88: 580–584. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.2.580
143. Saben J, Lindsey F, Zhong Y, Thakali K, Badger TM, Andres A, et al. Maternal obesity is associated with a lipotoxic placental environment. Placenta. 2014;35: 171–177. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2014.01.003
144. Challier JC, Basu S, Bintein T, Minium J, Hotmire K, Catalano PM, et al. Obesity in pregnancy stimulates macrophage accumulation and inflammation in the placenta. Placenta. 2008;29: 274–281. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2007.12.010
145. Howell KR, Powell TL. Effects of maternal obesity on placental function and fetal development. Reprod Camb Engl. 2017;153: R97–R108. doi:10.1530/REP-16-0495
146. Zhu MJ, Du M, Nathanielsz PW, Ford SP. Maternal obesity up-regulates inflammatory signaling pathways and enhances cytokine expression in the mid-gestation sheep placenta. Placenta. 2010;31: 387–391. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2010.02.002
147. Zulet MA, Puchau B, Navarro C, Martí A, Martínez JA. Biomarcadores del estado inflamatorio: nexo de unión con la obesidad y complicaciones asociadas. Nutr Hosp. 2007;22: 511–527.
148. Samad F, Yamamoto K, Pandey M, Loskutoff DJ. Elevated expression of transforming growth factor-beta in adipose tissue from obese mice. Mol Med Camb Mass. 1997;3: 37–48.
149. Yadav H, Quijano C, Kamaraju AK, Gavrilova O, Malek R, Chen W, et al. Protection from obesity and diabetes by blockade of TGF-β/Smad3 signaling. Cell Metab. 2011;14: 67–79. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2011.04.013
150. Zunke F, Rose-John S. The shedding protease ADAM17: Physiology and pathophysiology. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res. 2017;1864: 2059–2070. doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.07.001
151. Liu C, Xu P, Lamouille S, Xu J, Derynck R. TACE-mediated ectodomain shedding of the type I TGF-beta receptor downregulates TGF-beta signaling. Mol Cell. 2009;35: 26–36. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2009.06.018
152. Vicikova K, Petrovcikova E, Manka P, Drach J, Stockinger H, Leksa V. Serum and urinary levels of CD222 in cancer: origin and diagnostic value. Neoplasma. 2018;65: 762–768. doi:10.4149/neo_2018_171203N792
153. Liping Xuan, Jun Ma, Mei Yu, Zhenxing Yang, Yongmin Huang, Caiyun Guo, et al. Insulin-like growth factor 2 promotes adipocyte proliferation, differentiation and lipid deposition in obese type 2 diabetes. J Transl Sci. 2019;6. doi:10.15761/JTS.1000362
154. Alfares MN, Perks CM, Hamilton-Shield JP, Holly JMP. Insulin-like growth factor-II in adipocyte regulation: depot-specific actions suggest a potential role limiting excess visceral adiposity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2018;315: E1098–E1107. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00409.2017
155. Grimm MOW, Kuchenbecker J, Grösgen S, Burg VK, Hundsdörfer B, Rothhaar TL, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid reduces amyloid beta production via multiple pleiotropic mechanisms. J Biol Chem. 2011;286: 14028–14039. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110.182329
156. Fowden AL. The insulin-like growth factors and feto-placental growth. Placenta. 2003;24: 803–812. doi:10.1016/s0143-4004(03)00080-8
157. Morrison JL, Duffield JA, Muhlhausler BS, Gentili S, McMillen IC. Fetal growth restriction, catch-up growth and the early origins of insulin resistance and visceral obesity. Pediatr Nephrol Berl Ger. 2010;25: 669–677. doi:10.1007/s00467-009-1407-3
158. Catalano PM. Obesity and pregnancy--the propagation of a viscous cycle? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88: 3505–3506. doi:10.1210/jc.2003-031046
159. O’Reilly JR, Reynolds RM. The risk of maternal obesity to the long-term health of the offspring. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2013;78: 9–16. doi:10.1111/cen.12055
160. Huang C, Jacobson K, Schaller MD. MAP kinases and cell migration. J Cell Sci. 2004;117: 4619–4628. doi:10.1242/jcs.01481
161. Sevetson BR, Kong X, Lawrence JC. Increasing cAMP attenuates activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1993;90: 10305. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.21.10305
dc.rights.coar.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
dc.rights.license.spa.fl_str_mv Atribución-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional
dc.rights.uri.spa.fl_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/
dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv Atribución-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv xvii, 74 páginas
dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.publisher.program.spa.fl_str_mv Bogotá - Ciencias - Doctorado en Ciencias - Bioquímica
dc.publisher.department.spa.fl_str_mv Departamento de Química
dc.publisher.faculty.spa.fl_str_mv Facultad de Ciencias
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv Bogotá, Colombia
dc.publisher.branch.spa.fl_str_mv Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá
institution Universidad Nacional de Colombia
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/80608/1/license.txt
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/80608/2/528066.2020.pdf
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/80608/3/528066.2020.pdf.jpg
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv cccfe52f796b7c63423298c2d3365fc6
864d2859ddc7f729cc56f13cf4bc212b
b1a1c21cbf0687c7b1ea2c392b730b53
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv MD5
MD5
MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
repository.mail.fl_str_mv repositorio_nal@unal.edu.co
_version_ 1814089705827860480
spelling Atribución-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacionalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Umaña Pérez, Yadi Adrianad652013090d46425f836051252c18e62Castro Badilla, Juan José4fe46cf9c7b4b4d5df2b84249719f715Grupo de Investigación en Hormonas2021-10-25T15:27:11Z2021-10-25T15:27:11Z2021-04-23https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/80608Universidad Nacional de ColombiaRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiahttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ilustraciones, fotografías, gráficasEl factor de crecimiento similar a la insulina tipo 2, IGF2, ejerce acciones a través de los receptores de la familia IGF incluyendo el receptor tipo 1 (IGF1R), el receptor de insulina (IR) y los híbridos IGF1R/IR. Preferentemente, su acción es mediada a través del receptor IGF1R modulando rutas de señalización intracelulares esenciales en procesos como la proliferación, migración o invasión celular, eventos que son de carácter crucial en las manifestaciones patológicas originadas en el trofoblasto, tales como la enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional, molas, preeclampsia o la restricción de crecimiento intrauterino, siendo estas complicaciones un problema actual para la salud pública del país. Se ha descrito que en tejido de mola la expresión de IGF2 se encuentra elevada y, además, que participa activamente en el proceso de la embriogénesis. La regulación de la biodisponibilidad de este ligando se atribuye, entre otros, a la unión con el receptor IGF2R, el cual lo internaliza para su degradación. Sin embargo, hace más de una década existe controversia sobre si esta interacción lGF2/IGF2R puede desencadenar una vía de señalización que participe en los procesos celulares descritos anteriormente. En este orden de ideas, para explorar si existe una vía de señalización dependiente de IGF2R, sin la activación directa de los otros receptores de la familia, se usó como estrategia estimular células derivadas de trofoblasto humano HTR-8/SVneo con Leu27IGF2, péptido análogo de IGF2, que se une exclusivamente al IGF2R. La inducción de las células con el análogo generó una activación temprana de las proteínas ERK1 y 2 mayor a la inducida por el IGF2. Se observó un incremento en los niveles de transcripción de MMP-9 de carácter tiempo-dependiente de Leu27IGF2 y anticipado con respecto al péptido IGF2, concordante con un aumento temprano de la actividad gelatinasa de MMP-9. Se determinó que la interacción de IGF2R con Leu27IGF2 generó un incremento significativo del 20%, 13% y 23% en adhesión, migración y proliferación celular respectivamente. Resultados que nos sugieren que el IGF2 en células de trofoblasto, activa al receptor IGF2R y al menos una ruta de señalización, como la de MAPKs, involucrada en el aumento de la activación de proteínas y transcripción de genes que favorecen la adhesión, migración e invasión celular durante la implantación blastocística. (Texto tomado de la fuente).The insulin-like growth fact or type 2, IGF2, exerts actions through receptors in the IGF family including the type 1 receptor (IGF1R), the insulin receptor (IR) and IGF1R/IR hybrids. Preferably, its action is mediated through the IGF1R receptor modulating intracellular signaling pathways essential in processes such as cell proliferation, migration or invasion, events that are crucial in the pathological manifestations originated by the trophoblast, such as gestational trophoblastic diseases, moles, preeclampsia or intrauterine growth restriction, being these complications a current problem for the public health of the country. It has been described that the expression of IGF2 in mole tissue is high and, in addition, that it actively participates in the embryogenesis process. The regulation of the bioavailability of this ligand is attributed, among others, to the binding with the IGF2R receptor which internalizes it for degradation. However, for more than a decade there has been controversy about whether this interaction lGF2/IGF2R can trigger a signaling pathway involved in the cellular processes described above. In this order of ideas to explore if there is an IGF2R-dependent signaling pathway, without the direct activation of the other receptors of the family, a strategy was used to stimulate cells derived from human trophoblast HTR-8/SVneo with Leu27IGF2, an analogous peptide of IGF2, which binds exclusively to IGF2R. The induction of cells with the analogue generated a higher early activation of ERK1 and 2 proteins compared to that induced by IGF2. Similarly, an increase in the transcription levels of Leu27IGF2-dependent and anticipated MMP-9 with respect to IGF2 peptide was observed, consistent with an early increase in MMP-9 gelatinase activity. It was determined that interaction of IGF2R with Leu27IGF2 generated a significant increase of approximately 20%, 13% and 23% in adhesion, migration and cell proliferation respectively with respect to basal condition. These results suggest that IGF2 in trophoblast cells activates the IGF2R receptor and at least one signaling pathway, such as MAPKs, involved in increased protein activation and gene transcription that favor cell adhesion, migration and invasion during blastocyst implantation.DoctoradoDoctor en Ciencias - BioquímicaFactores de crecimiento, diferenciación y cáncerDepartamento de Químicaxvii, 74 páginasapplication/pdfspaUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaBogotá - Ciencias - Doctorado en Ciencias - BioquímicaDepartamento de QuímicaFacultad de CienciasBogotá, ColombiaUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá570 - BiologíaReceptor IGF Tipo 2Receptor IGF Tipo 1Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas ReceptorasReceptor, IGF Type 2Receptor, IGF Type 1Receptor Protein-Tyrosine KinasesIGF receptorHTR-8/SVneoFactor de crecimiento similar a insulina tipo 2ImplantaciónPlacentaObesidadIGF receptorInsulin-like growth factor type 2ImplantationObesityCaracterización de la vía de señalización intracelular mediada por IGF2R en trofoblasto humanoCharacterization of the intracellular signaling mediated by IGF2R in human trophoblastTrabajo de grado - Doctoradoinfo:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_db06Texthttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TD1. Apps R, Sharkey A, Gardner L, Male V, Trotter M, Miller N, et al. Genome-wide expression profile of first trimester villous and extravillous human trophoblast cells. Placenta. 2011;32: 33–43. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2010.10.0102. Heidari Z, Sheibak N. Trophoblast Giant Cells, the Prime Suspects of Deficient Placentation Associated With Pregnancy Complications. Gene Cell Tissue. 2016;3: e38516. doi:10.17795/gct-385163. Lunghi L, Ferretti ME, Medici S, Biondi C, Vesce F. Control of human trophoblast function. Reprod Biol Endocrinol RBE. 2007;5: 6. doi:10.1186/1477-7827-5-64. Pollheimer J, Vondra S, Baltayeva J, Beristain AG, Knofler M. Regulation of Placental Extravillous Trophoblasts by the Maternal Uterine Environment. Front Immunol. 2018;9: 2597. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.025975. Khan MA, Manna S, Malhotra N, Sengupta J, Ghosh D. Expressional regulation of genes linked to immunity & programmed development in human early placental villi. Indian J Med Res. 2014;139: 125–1406. Mutter WP, Karumanchi SA. Molecular mechanisms of preeclampsia. Microvasc Res. 2008;75: 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.mvr.2007.04.0097. Pennington KA, Schlitt JM, Jackson DL, Schulz LC, Schust DJ. Preeclampsia: multiple approaches for a multifactorial disease. Dis Model Mech. 2012;5: 9–18. doi:10.1242/dmm.0085168. Monchek R, Wiedaseck S. Gestational trophoblastic disease: an overview. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2012;57: 255–259. doi:10.1111/j.1542-2011.2012.00177.x9. Fisher SJ. Why is placentation abnormal in preeclampsia? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;213: S115-122. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2015.08.04210. Alcaldía Mayor de Bogotá DC. Guía de trastornos hipertensivos del embarazo. 2014. Available: http://www.saludcapital.gov.co/DDS/Publicaciones/Guia%20MaternidadTrastornos_baja.pdf11. Cortés C, Ching R, Rodríguez A, León H, Capasso S, Lozano F, et al. La mola hidatidiforme: un indicador de la situación sociodemográfica en salud sexual y reproductiva. Inf Quinc Epidemiol Nac. 2003;12: 193–208.12. Gratton RJ, Asano H, Han VKM. The regional expression of insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) in the placentae of women with pre-eclampsia. Placenta. 2002;23: 303–310. doi:10.1053/plac.2001.078013. Gurel D, Ozer E, Altunyurt S, Guclu S, Demir N. Expression of IGR-IR and VEGF and trophoblastic proliferative activity in placentas from pregnancies complicated by IUGR. Pathol Res Pract. 2003;199: 803–809. doi:10.1078/0344-0338-0049914. Livingstone C. IGF2 and cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2013;20: R321-339. doi:10.1530/ERC-13-023115. Pollak M. The insulin and insulin-like growth factor receptor family in neoplasia: an update. Nat Rev Cancer. 2012;12: 159–169. doi:10.1038/nrc321516. Gary-Bobo M, Nirdé P, Jeanjean A, Morère A, Garcia M. Mannose 6-phosphate receptor targeting and its applications in human diseases. Curr Med Chem. 2007;14: 2945–2953. doi:10.2174/09298670778279400517. Ghosh P, Dahms NM, Kornfeld S. Mannose 6-phosphate receptors: new twists in the tale. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2003;4: 202–212. doi:10.1038/nrm105018. Leksa V, Ilkova A, Vicikova K, Stockinger H. Unravelling novel functions of the endosomal transporter mannose. Immunol Lett. 2017;190: 194–200. doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2017.08.01119. Zaina S, Squire S. The soluble type 2 insulin-like growth factor (IGF-II) receptor reduces organ size by IGF-II-mediated and IGF-II-independent mechanisms. J Biol Chem. 1998;273: 28610–28616. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.44.2861020. Leksa V, Loewe R, Binder B, Schiller HB, Eckerstorfer P, Forster F, et al. Soluble M6P/IGF2R released by TACE controls angiogenesis via blocking plasminogen activation. Circ Res. 2011;108: 676–685. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.110.23473221. Vishwamitra D, George SK, Shi P, Kaseb AO, Amin HM. Type I insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling in hematological malignancies. Oncotarget. 2017;8: 1814–1844. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.1212322. McKinnon T, Chakraborty C, Gleeson LM, Chidiac P, Lala PK. Stimulation of human extravillous trophoblast migration by IGF-II is mediated by IGF type 2 receptor involving inhibitory G protein(s) and phosphorylation of MAPK. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86: 3665–3674. doi:10.1210/jcem.86.8.771123. Harris LK, Crocker IP, Baker PN, Aplin JD, Westwood M. IGF2 actions on trophoblast in human placenta are regulated by the insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor, which can function as both a signaling and clearance receptor. Biol Reprod. 2011;84: 440–446. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.110.08819524. Harris LK, Pantham P, Yong HEJ, Pratt A, Borg AJ, Crocker I, et al. The role of insulinlike growth factor 2 receptor-mediated homeobox gene expression in human placental apoptosis, and its implications in idiopathic fetal growth restriction. Mol Hum Reprod. 2019;25: 572–585. doi:10.1093/molehr/gaz04725. Kaku K, Osada H, Seki K, Sekiya S. Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) and IGF2 receptor gene variants are associated with fetal growth. Acta Paediatr Oslo Nor 1992. 2007;96: 363–367. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2006.00120.x26. Holtan SG, Creedon DJ, Haluska P, Markovic SN. Cancer and pregnancy: parallels in growth, invasion, and immune modulation and implications for cancer therapeutic agents. Mayo Clin Proc. 2009;84: 985–1000. doi:10.1016/S0025-6196(11)60669-127. Graham CH, Hawley TS, Hawley RG, MacDougall JR, Kerbel RS, Khoo N, et al. Establishment and characterization of first trimester human trophoblast cells with extended lifespan. Exp Cell Res. 1993;206: 204–211. doi:10.1006/excr.1993.113928. American Type Culture Collection. HTR-8/SVneo (ATCC® CRL-3271TM). [cited 18 Jan 2020]. Available: https://www.atcc.org/Products/All/CRL-3271.aspx#29. Rai A, Cross JC. Development of the hemochorial maternal vascular spaces in the placenta through endothelial and vasculogenic mimicry. Dev Biol. 2014;387: 131–141. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.01.01530. Sakano K, Enjoh T, Numata F, Fujiwara H, Marumoto Y, Higashihashi N, et al. The design, expression, and characterization of human insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) mutants specific for either the IGF-II/cation-independent mannose. J Biol Chem. 1991;266: 20626–2063531. GroPep. GroPep Bioreagents IGF Analogues. In: Human [Leu27]IGF-II [Internet]. [cited 6 May 2020]. Available: https://gropep.com/product_families/igfanalogues/products/human-leu27-igf-ii--732. Forbes BE, Hartfield PJ, McNeil KA, Surinya KH, Milner SJ, Cosgrove LJ, et al. Characteristics of binding of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-II analogues to the type 1 IGF receptor determined by BIAcore analysis. Eur J Biochem. 2002;269: 961–968. doi:10.1046/j.0014-2956.2001.02735.x33. Oh Y, Müller HL, Zhang H, Ling N, Rosenfeld RG. Synthesis and characterization of IGF-II analogs: applications in the evaluation of IGF receptor function and IGFindependent actions of IGFBPs. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1993;343: 41–54. doi:10.1007/978- 1-4615-2988-0_534. Howell KR, Powell TL. Effects of maternal obesity on placental function and fetal development. Reprod Camb Engl. 2017;153: R97–R108. doi:10.1530/REP-16-049535. Scott CD, Kiess W. Soluble M6P/IGFIIR in the circulation. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;29: 723–733. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2015.08.00136. Jeyaratnaganthan N, Hojlund K, Kroustrup JP, Larsen JF, Bjerre M, Levin K, et al. Circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor-II/mannose-6-phosphate receptor in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Growth Horm IGF Res Off J Growth Horm Res Soc Int IGF Res Soc. 2010;20: 185–191. doi:10.1016/j.ghir.2009.12.00537. Molfino A, Amabile MI, Monti M, Arcieri S, Rossi Fanelli F, Muscaritoli M. The Role of Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) in the Control of Obesity and Metabolic Derangements in Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17: 505. doi:10.3390/ijms1704050538. Staun-Ram E, Shalev E. Human trophoblast function during the implantation process. Reprod Biol Endocrinol RBE. 2005;3: 56. doi:10.1186/1477-7827-3-5639. Bischof P, Irminger-Finger I. The human cytotrophoblastic cell, a mononuclear chameleon. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2005;37: 1–16. doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2004.05.01440. Moffett A, Loke C, McLaren A, editors. Biology and Pathology of Trophoblast. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2006. doi:10.1017/CBO978051154520741. Hanssens S, Salzet M, Vinatier D. Aspectos inmunológicos de la gestación. EMC - Ginecol-Obstet. 2013;49: 1–21. doi:10.1016/S1283-081X(13)64079-542. American Cancer Society. What Is Gestational Trophoblastic Disease? Available: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/gestational-trophoblastic-disease/about/what-isgtd.html43. Alfredo López Cousillas JME. Enfermedad Trofoblástica Gestacional. Aspectos Clínicos y Morfológicos. Rev Esp Patol. 2002;35: 187–200.44. Shaaban AM, Rezvani M, Haroun RR, Kennedy AM, Elsayes KM, Olpin JD, et al. Gestational Trophoblastic Disease: Clinical and Imaging Features. RadioGraphics. 2017;37: 681–700. doi:10.1148/rg.201716014045. Le Bret T, Tranbaloc P, Benbunan J-L, Salet-Lizée D, Villet R. [Endometrial choriocarcinoma in peri-menopausal women]. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris). 2005;34: 85–89. doi:10.1016/s0368-2315(05)82674-246. Sierra-Bergua B, Sánchez-Marteles M, Cabrerizo-García JL, Sanjoaquin-Conde I. Choriocarcinoma with pulmonary and cerebral metastases. Singapore Med J. 2008;49: e286-28847. Caniggia I, Winter J, Lye SJ, Post M. Oxygen and placental development during the first trimester: implications for the pathophysiology of pre-eclampsia. Placenta. 2000;21 Suppl A: S25-30. doi:10.1053/plac.1999.052248. Nathanielsz PW. Animal models that elucidate basic principles of the developmental origins of adult diseases. ILAR J. 2006;47: 73–82. doi:10.1093/ilar.47.1.7349. Nardozza LMM, Caetano ACR, Zamarian ACP, Mazzola JB, Silva CP, Marçal VMG, et al. Fetal growth restriction: current knowledge. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2017;295: 1061– 1077. doi:10.1007/s00404-017-4341-950. Barker DJP. Fetal programming of coronary heart disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab TEM. 2002;13: 364–368. doi:10.1016/s1043-2760(02)00689-651. Sánchez-Gómez M. Entendiendo el papel del sistema de factores de crecimiento similares a la insulin (IGF) en la regulacion funcional del trofoblasto humano. Rev Acad Colomb Cienc Exactas Fis Nat. 2014;38: 118+52. Diaz LE, Chuan Y-C, Lewitt M, Fernandez-Perez L, Carrasco-Rodriguez S, SanchezGomez M, et al. IGF-II regulates metastatic properties of choriocarcinoma cells through the activation of the insulin receptor. Mol Hum Reprod. 2007;13: 567–576. doi:10.1093/molehr/gam03953. Baker J, Liu JP, Robertson EJ, Efstratiadis A. Role of insulin-like growth factors in embryonic and postnatal growth. Cell. 1993;75: 73–8254. Kumar N, Leverence J, Bick D, Sampath V. Ontogeny of growth-regulating genes in the placenta. Placenta. 2012;33: 94–99. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2011.11.01855. Hamilton GS, Lysiak JJ, Han VK, Lala PK. Autocrine-paracrine regulation of human trophoblast invasiveness by insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II and IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-1. Exp Cell Res. 1998;244: 147–156. doi:10.1006/excr.1998.419556. Chen H, Li Y, Shi J, Song W. Role and mechanism of insulin-like growth factor 2 on the proliferation of human trophoblasts in vitro. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2016;42: 44–51. doi:10.1111/jog.1285357. Clemmons DR, Busby WH, Arai T, Nam TJ, Clarke JB, Jones JI, et al. Role of insulinlike growth factor binding proteins in the control of IGF actions. Prog Growth Factor Res. 1995;6: 357–366. doi:10.1016/0955-2235(95)00013-558. Baxter RC. Changes in the IGF-IGFBP axis in critical illness. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;15: 421–434. doi:10.1053/beem.2001.016159. Massoner P, Ladurner-Rennau M, Eder IE, Klocker H. Insulin-like growth factors and insulin control a multifunctional signalling network of significant importance in cancer. Br J Cancer. 2010;103: 1479–1484. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.660593260. Forbes K, Westwood M, Baker PN, Aplin JD. Insulin-like growth factor I and II regulate the life cycle of trophoblast in the developing human placenta. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2008;294: C1313-1322. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00035.200861. Pombo M, Audí L, Bueno M, Calzada R, Cassorla F, Diéguez C, et al. Tratado de Endocrinología Pediátrica. 4o edición. España: McGRAW-HILL; 2009.62. O’Dell SD, Day INM. Molecules in focus Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II). Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 1998;30: 767–771. doi:10.1016/S1357-2725(98)00048-X63. Yu H, Rohan T. Role of the insulin-like growth factor family in cancer development and progression. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000;92: 1472–1489. doi:10.1093/jnci/92.18.147264. Vu TH, Hoffman AR. Promoter-specific imprinting of the human insulin-like growth factor-II gene. Nature. 1994;371: 714–717. doi:10.1038/371714a065. Harrela M, Koistinen H, Kaprio J, Lehtovirta M, Tuomilehto J, Eriksson J, et al. Genetic and environmental components of interindividual variation in circulating levels of IGFI, IGF-II, IGFBP-1, and IGFBP-3. J Clin Invest. 1996;98: 2612–2615. doi:10.1172/JCI11908166. Bergman D, Bergman D, Halje M, Nordin M, Engström W. Insulin-Like Growth Factor 2 in Development and Disease: A Mini-Review. Gerontology. 2013;59: 240–249. doi:10.1159/00034399567. Chao W, D’Amore PA. IGF2: epigenetic regulation and role in development and disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2008;19: 111–120. doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2008.01.00568. Krauss G. Biochemistry of Signal Transduction and Regulation. 5th edition. Germany: Wiley-VHC; 2014.69. Iniguez G, Castro JJ, Garcia M, Kakarieka E, Johnson MC, Cassorla F, et al. IGF-IR signal transduction protein content and its activation by IGF-I in human placentas: relationship with gestational age and birth weight. PloS One. 2014;9: e102252. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.010225270. Iñiguez G, Cassorla F. Expresión y contenido placentario de los componentes del eje somatotrófico en niños con alteraciones del crecimiento fetal. Rev Esp Endocrinol Pediatr. 2012;3 Suppl(1): 33–37. doi:10.3266/RevEspEndocrinolPediatr.pre2012.Apr.9671. Brown J, Delaine C, Zaccheo OJ, Siebold C, Gilbert RJ, van Boxel G, et al. Structure and functional analysis of the IGF-II/IGF2R interaction. EMBO J. 2008;27: 265–276. doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.760193872. El-Shewy HM, Luttrell LM. Insulin-like growth factor-2/mannose-6 phosphate receptors. Vitam Horm. 2009;80: 667–697. doi:10.1016/S0083-6729(08)00624-973. Fang J, Furesz TC, Lurent RS, Smith CH, Fant ME. Spatial polarization of insulin-like growth factor receptors on the human syncytiotrophoblast. Pediatr Res. 1997;41: 258– 265. doi:10.1203/00006450-199702000-0001774. Gary-Bobo M, Nirdé P, Jeanjean A, Morère A, Garcia M. Mannose 6-phosphate receptor targeting and its applications in human diseases. Curr Med Chem. 2007;14: 2945–2953. doi:10.2174/09298670778279400575. Ou J-M, Lian W-S, Qiu M-K, Dai Y-X, Dong Q, Shen J, et al. Knockdown of IGF2R suppresses proliferation and induces apoptosis in hemangioma cells in vitro and in vivo. Int J Oncol. 2014;45: 1241–1249. doi:10.3892/ijo.2014.251276. Weiner JA, Chen A, Davis BH. E-box-binding repressor is down-regulated in hepatic stellate cells during up-regulation of mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor-II receptor expression in early hepatic fibrogenesis. J Biol Chem. 1998;273: 15913– 15919. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.26.1591377. Chen W-K, Kuo W-W, Hsieh DJ-Y, Chang H-N, Pai P-Y, Lin K-H, et al. CREB Negatively Regulates IGF2R Gene Expression and Downstream Pathways to Inhibit Hypoxia-Induced H9c2 Cardiomyoblast Cell Death. Int J Mol Sci. 2015;16: 27921– 27930. doi:10.3390/ijms16112606778. Hinrichs S, Heger J, Schreckenberg R, Wenzel S, Euler G, Arens C, et al. Controlling cardiomyocyte length: the role of renin and PPAR-{gamma}. Cardiovasc Res. 2011;89: 344–352. doi:10.1093/cvr/cvq31379. Bohnsack RN, Warejcka DJ, Wang L, Gillespie SR, Bernstein AM, Twining SS, et al. Expression of insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor in corneal keratocytes during differentiation and in response to wound healing. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014;55: 7697–7708. doi:10.1167/iovs.14-1517980. Instituto Weizmann de Ciencias. GeneCards HUMAN GENE DATABASE. [cited 5 Apr 2020]. Available: https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=IGF2R81. El-Shewy HM, Johnson KR, Lee M-H, Jaffa AA, Obeid LM, Luttrell LM. Insulin-like growth factors mediate heterotrimeric G protein-dependent ERK1/2 activation by transactivating sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors. J Biol Chem. 2006;281: 31399– 31407. doi:10.1074/jbc.M60533920082. Okamoto T, Katada T, Murayama Y, Ui M, Ogata E, Nishimoto I. A simple structure encodes G protein-activating function of the IGF-II/mannose. Cell. 1990;62: 709–717. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(90)90116-v83. Okamoto T, Nishimoto I. Analysis of stimulation-G protein subunit coupling by using active insulin-like growth factor II receptor peptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991;88: 8020–8023. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.18.802084. Higashijima T, Uzu S, Nakajima T, Ross EM. Mastoparan, a peptide toxin from wasp venom, mimics receptors by activating. J Biol Chem. 1988;263: 6491–6494.85. Shields S-K, Nicola C, Chakraborty C. Rho Guanosine 5′-Triphosphatases Differentially Regulate Insulin-Like Growth Factor I (IGF-I) Receptor-Dependent and -Independent Actions of IGF-II on Human Trophoblast Migration. Endocrinology. 2007;148: 4906– 4917. doi:10.1210/en.2007-047686. Chu C-H, Tzang B-S, Chen L-M, Liu C-J, Tsai F-J, Tsai C-H, et al. Activation of insulinlike growth factor II receptor induces mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis through G(alpha)q and downstream calcineurin signaling in myocardial cells. Endocrinology. 2009;150: 2723–2731. doi:10.1210/en.2008-097587. Anitei M, Chenna R, Czupalla C, Esner M, Christ S, Lenhard S, et al. A high-throughput siRNA screen identifies genes that regulate mannose 6-phosphate receptor trafficking. England; 2014. doi:10.1242/jcs.15960888. Amritraj A, Hawkes C, Phinney AL, Mount HT, Scott CD, Westaway D, et al. Altered levels and distribution of IGF-II/M6P receptor and lysosomal enzymes in mutant APP and APP + PS1 transgenic mouse brains. Neurobiol Aging. 2009;30: 54–70. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.05.00489. Wang Y, Buggia-Prévot V, Zavorka ME, Bleackley RC, MacDonald RG, Thinakaran G, et al. Overexpression of the Insulin-Like Growth Factor II Receptor Increases β-Amyloid Production and Affects Cell Viability. Mol Cell Biol. 2015;35: 2368–2384. doi:10.1128/MCB.01338-1490. Turner PR, O’Connor K, Tate WP, Abraham WC. Roles of amyloid precursor protein and its fragments in regulating neural activity, plasticity and memory. Prog Neurobiol. 2003;70: 1–32. doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(03)00089-391. Dahms SO, Hoefgen S, Roeser D, Schlott B, Gührs K-H, Than ME. Structure and biochemical analysis of the heparin-induced E1 dimer of the amyloid precursor protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107: 5381–5386. doi:10.1073/pnas.091132610792. Zheng H, Koo EH. The amyloid precursor protein: beyond amyloid. Mol Neurodegener. 2006;1: 5. doi:10.1186/1750-1326-1-593. Selkoe D, Kopan R. Notch and Presenilin: regulated intramembrane proteolysis links development and degeneration. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2003;26: 565–597. doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.26.041002.13133494. Porayette P, Gallego MJ, Kaltcheva MM, Meethal SV, Atwood CS. Amyloid-beta precursor protein expression and modulation in human embryonic stem cells: a novel role for human chorionic gonadotropin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007;364: 522–527. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.10.02195. Gao H, Sathishkumar KR, Yallampalli U, Balakrishnan M, Li X, Wu G, et al. Maternal protein restriction regulates IGF2 system in placental labyrinth. Front Biosci Elite Ed. 2012;4: 1434–1450. doi:10.2741/47296. Sferruzzi-Perri AN, Sandovici I, Constancia M, Fowden AL. Placental phenotype and the insulin-like growth factors: resource allocation to fetal growth. J Physiol. 2017;595: 5057–5093. doi:10.1113/JP27333097. Harris LK, Westwood M. Biology and significance of signalling pathways activated by IGF-II. Growth Factors Chur Switz. 2012;30: 1–12. doi:10.3109/08977194.2011.64032598. Charnock JC, Dilworth MR, Aplin JD, Sibley CP, Westwood M, Crocker IP. The impact of a human IGF-II analog ([Leu27]IGF-II) on fetal growth in a mouse model of fetal growth restriction. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2016;310: E24-31. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00379.201599. Sferruzzi-Perri AN, Owens JA, Standen P, Roberts CT. Maternal insulin-like growth factor-II promotes placental functional development via the type 2 IGF receptor in the guinea pig. Placenta. 2008;29: 347–355. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2008.01.009100. Costello M, Baxter RC, Scott CD. Regulation of soluble insulin-like growth factor II/mannose 6-phosphate receptor in human serum: measurement by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84: 611–617. doi:10.1210/jcem.84.2.5488101. Ong K, Kratzsch J, Kiess W, Costello M, Scott C, Dunger D. Size at birth and cord blood levels of insulin, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), IGF-II, IGF-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1), IGFBP-3, and the soluble. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85: 4266–4269. doi:10.1210/jcem.85.11.6998102. Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar. Encuesta Nacional de Situación Nutricional ENSIN. In: Nutrición [Internet]. [cited 17 May 2020]. Available: https://www.icbf.gov.co/bienestar/nutricion/encuesta-nacional-situacion-nutricional103. Blancas-Flores G, Almanza-P JC, López-Roa RI, Alarcón-Aguilar FJ, García-Macedo, Rebeca, Cruz M. La obesidad como un proceso inflamatorio. Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex. 2010;67: 88–97.104. Poston L, Caleyachetty R, Cnattingius S, Corvalan C, Uauy R, Herring S, et al. Preconceptional and maternal obesity: epidemiology and health consequences. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016;4: 1025–1036. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(16)30217-0105. Chanprasertyothin S, Jongjaroenprasert W, Ongphiphadhanakul B. The association of soluble IGF2R and IGF2R gene polymorphism with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Res. 2015;2015: 216383. doi:10.1155/2015/216383106. Caviedes L, Iñiguez G, Hidalgo P, Castro JJ, Castaño E, Llanos M, et al. Relationship between folate transporters expression in human placentas at term and birth weights. Placenta. 2016;38: 24–28. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2015.12.007107. Lazar I. Jr., Horvath-Lazar E., Lazar I. GelAnalyzer 19.1. Available: http://www.gelanalyzer.com/index.html108. Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods San Diego Calif. 2001;25: 402–408. doi:10.1006/meth.2001.1262109. Bustin SA, Benes V, Garson JA, Hellemans J, Huggett J, Kubista M, et al. The MIQE guidelines: minimum information for publication of quantitative real-time PCR experiments. Clin Chem. 2009;55: 611–622. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2008.112797110. Repetto G, del Peso A, Zurita JL. Neutral red uptake assay for the estimation of cell viability/cytotoxicity. Nat Protoc. 2008;3: 1125–1131. doi:10.1038/nprot.2008.75111. Armant DR. Blastocysts don’t go it alone. Extrinsic signals fine-tune the intrinsic developmental program of trophoblast cells. Dev Biol. 2005;280: 260–280. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.009112. Anette Lindhard, Ursula Bentin-Ley, Vibeke Ravn, Henrik Islin, Thomas Hviid, Sven Rex, et al. Biochemical evaluation of endometrial function at the time of implantation. MODERN TRENDS. 2002;78: 221–233. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0015- 0282(02)03240-5113. Carter AM, Enders AC, Pijnenborg R. The role of invasive trophoblast in implantation and placentation of primates. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2015;370: 20140070. doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0070114. Lala PK, Hamilton GS. Growth factors, proteases and protease inhibitors in the maternal-fetal dialogue. Placenta. 1996;17: 545–555. doi:10.1016/s0143- 4004(96)80071-3115. Umaña Pérez A., Novoa Herrán S., Castro JJ., Correa Sánchez A., Guevara V., López González D., et al. Role of the Insulin-like growth factor axis and the Transforming growth factor-β in the regulation of the placenta and the pathogenesis of Gestational Trophoblastic Diseases. Med Res Arch. En Prensa.116. Barolo S, Posakony JW. Three habits of highly effective signaling pathways: principles of transcriptional control by developmental cell signaling. Genes Dev. 2002;16: 1167– 1181. doi:10.1101/gad.976502117. Vivanco I, Sawyers CL. The phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase–AKT pathway in human cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2002;2: 489–501. doi:10.1038/nrc839118. Crespo P, Xu N, Simonds WF, Gutkind JS. Ras-dependent activation of MAP kinase pathway mediated by G-protein beta gamma subunits. Nature. 1994;369: 418–420. doi:10.1038/369418a0119. Krauss G. Intracellular Messenger Substances: “Second Messengers.” 5th edition. Biochemistry of Signal Transduction and Regulation. 5th edition. Germany; 2014. pp. 369–416.120. Strauss JF 3rd, Kido S, Sayegh R, Sakuragi N, Gafvels ME. The cAMP signalling system and human trophoblast function. Placenta. 1992;13: 389–403. doi:10.1016/0143-4004(92)90047-w121. Biondi C, Ferretti ME, Lunghi L, Medici S, Cervellati F, Pavan B, et al. cAMP efflux from human trophoblast cell lines: a role for multidrug resistance protein (MRP)1 transporter. Mol Hum Reprod. 2010;16: 481–491. doi:10.1093/molehr/gaq023122. Darashchonak N, Koepsell B, Bogdanova N, von Versen-Hoynck F. Adenosine A2B receptors induce proliferation, invasion and activation of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) in trophoblast cells. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014;14: 2. doi:10.1186/1471-2393-14-2123. Harris LK, Jones CJP, Aplin JD. Adhesion molecules in human trophoblast - a review. II. extravillous trophoblast. Placenta. 2009;30: 299–304. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2008.12.003124. Jackson EK, Dubey RK. Role of the extracellular cAMP-adenosine pathway in renal physiology. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2001;281: F597-612. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.2001.281.4.F597125. Miyamoto S, Teramoto H, Gutkind JS, Yamada KM. Integrins can collaborate with growth factors for phosphorylation of receptor tyrosine kinases and MAP kinase activation: roles of integrin aggregation and occupancy of receptors. J Cell Biol. 1996;135: 1633–1642. doi:10.1083/jcb.135.6.1633126. Kabir-Salmani M, Shiokawa S, Akimoto Y, Hasan-Nejad H, Sakai K, Nagamatsu S, et al. Characterization of morphological and cytoskeletal changes in trophoblast cells induced by insulin-like growth factor-I. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87: 5751–5759. doi:10.1210/jc.2002-020550127. Irving JA, Lala PK. Functional role of cell surface integrins on human trophoblast cell migration: regulation by TGF-beta, IGF-II, and IGFBP-1. Exp Cell Res. 1995;217: 419– 427. doi:10.1006/excr.1995.1105128. Hills FA, Elder MG, Chard T, Sullivan MHF. Regulation of human villous trophoblast by insulin-like growth factors and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1. J Endocrinol. 2004;183: 487–496. doi:10.1677/joe.1.05867129. Burrows TD, King A, Loke YW. Trophoblast migration during human placental implantation. Hum Reprod Update. 1996;2: 307–321. doi:10.1093/humupd/2.4.307130. Gleeson LM, Chakraborty C, McKinnon T, Lala PK. Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1 stimulates human trophoblast migration by signaling through alpha 5 beta 1 integrin via mitogen-activated protein Kinase pathway. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86: 2484–2493. doi:10.1210/jcem.86.6.7532131. Li T, Wei S, Fan C, Tang D, Luo D. Nesfatin-1 Promotes Proliferation, Migration and Invasion of HTR-8/SVneo Trophoblast Cells and Inhibits Oxidative Stress via Activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR and AKT/GSK3β Pathway. Reprod Sci Thousand Oaks Calif. 2021;28: 550–561. doi:10.1007/s43032-020-00324-1132. Staun-Ram E, Goldman S, Gabarin D, Shalev E. Expression and importance of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and 9 (MMP-2 and -9) in human trophoblast invasion. Reprod Biol Endocrinol RBE. 2004;2: 59. doi:10.1186/1477-7827-2-59133. Han VK, Carter AM. Spatial and temporal patterns of expression of messenger RNA for insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins in the placenta of man and laboratory animals. Placenta. 2000;21: 289–305. doi:10.1053/plac.1999.0498134. Sánchez-Gómez M, Novoa-Herran SS. EL IGF-II ESTIMULA LA ACTIVIDAD DE MMP-9 Y MMP-2 EN UN MODELO DE TROFOBLASTO HUMANO. Acta Biológica Colomb. 2011;16: 121–132135. Espino Y Sosa S, Flores-Pliego A, Espejel-Nuñez A, Medina-Bastidas D, VadilloOrtega F, Zaga-Clavellina V, et al. New Insights into the Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Preeclampsia. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18. doi:10.3390/ijms18071448136. Chang M-H, Kuo W-W, Chen R-J, Lu M-C, Tsai F-J, Kuo W-H, et al. IGF-II/mannose 6-phosphate receptor activation induces metalloproteinase-9 matrix activity and increases plasminogen activator expression in H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells. J Mol Endocrinol. 2008;41: 65–74. doi:10.1677/JME-08-0051137. Pinzón M, Diaz L, Ortiz B, Umaña A, De Rodriguez S, Sanchez de Gomez M. LA ACTIVACIÓN DE LA VÍA DE SEÑALIZACIÓN PI3K/AKT POR EL FACTOR DE CRECIMIENTO SIMILAR A LA INSULINA TIPO II ESTIMULA LA EXPRESIÓN DEL mARN DE LA METALOPROTEINASA 9 EN CÉLULAS DE CORIOCARCINOMA. Rev Colomb Quím Vol 38 Núm 3 2009. 2009. Available: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/rcolquim/article/view/13490138. de Alboran IM, O’Hagan RC, Gartner F, Malynn B, Davidson L, Rickert R, et al. Analysis of C-MYC function in normal cells via conditional gene-targeted mutation. Immunity. 2001;14: 45–55.139. Rivera VM, Greenberg ME. Growth factor-induced gene expression: the ups and downs of c-fos regulation. New Biol. 1990;2: 751–758140. Kalisch-Smith JI, Simmons DG, Dickinson H, Moritz KM. Review: Sexual dimorphism in the formation, function and adaptation of the placenta. Placenta. 2017;54: 10–16. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2016.12.008141. Calder PC. Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes: from molecules to man. Biochem Soc Trans. 2017;45: 1105–1115. doi:10.1042/BST20160474142. Dennis PA, Rifkin DB. Cellular activation of latent transforming growth factor beta requires binding to the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor type II receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991;88: 580–584. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.2.580143. Saben J, Lindsey F, Zhong Y, Thakali K, Badger TM, Andres A, et al. Maternal obesity is associated with a lipotoxic placental environment. Placenta. 2014;35: 171–177. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2014.01.003144. Challier JC, Basu S, Bintein T, Minium J, Hotmire K, Catalano PM, et al. Obesity in pregnancy stimulates macrophage accumulation and inflammation in the placenta. Placenta. 2008;29: 274–281. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2007.12.010145. Howell KR, Powell TL. Effects of maternal obesity on placental function and fetal development. Reprod Camb Engl. 2017;153: R97–R108. doi:10.1530/REP-16-0495146. Zhu MJ, Du M, Nathanielsz PW, Ford SP. Maternal obesity up-regulates inflammatory signaling pathways and enhances cytokine expression in the mid-gestation sheep placenta. Placenta. 2010;31: 387–391. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2010.02.002147. Zulet MA, Puchau B, Navarro C, Martí A, Martínez JA. Biomarcadores del estado inflamatorio: nexo de unión con la obesidad y complicaciones asociadas. Nutr Hosp. 2007;22: 511–527.148. Samad F, Yamamoto K, Pandey M, Loskutoff DJ. Elevated expression of transforming growth factor-beta in adipose tissue from obese mice. Mol Med Camb Mass. 1997;3: 37–48.149. Yadav H, Quijano C, Kamaraju AK, Gavrilova O, Malek R, Chen W, et al. Protection from obesity and diabetes by blockade of TGF-β/Smad3 signaling. Cell Metab. 2011;14: 67–79. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2011.04.013150. Zunke F, Rose-John S. The shedding protease ADAM17: Physiology and pathophysiology. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res. 2017;1864: 2059–2070. doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.07.001151. Liu C, Xu P, Lamouille S, Xu J, Derynck R. TACE-mediated ectodomain shedding of the type I TGF-beta receptor downregulates TGF-beta signaling. Mol Cell. 2009;35: 26–36. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2009.06.018152. Vicikova K, Petrovcikova E, Manka P, Drach J, Stockinger H, Leksa V. Serum and urinary levels of CD222 in cancer: origin and diagnostic value. Neoplasma. 2018;65: 762–768. doi:10.4149/neo_2018_171203N792153. Liping Xuan, Jun Ma, Mei Yu, Zhenxing Yang, Yongmin Huang, Caiyun Guo, et al. Insulin-like growth factor 2 promotes adipocyte proliferation, differentiation and lipid deposition in obese type 2 diabetes. J Transl Sci. 2019;6. doi:10.15761/JTS.1000362154. Alfares MN, Perks CM, Hamilton-Shield JP, Holly JMP. Insulin-like growth factor-II in adipocyte regulation: depot-specific actions suggest a potential role limiting excess visceral adiposity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2018;315: E1098–E1107. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00409.2017155. Grimm MOW, Kuchenbecker J, Grösgen S, Burg VK, Hundsdörfer B, Rothhaar TL, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid reduces amyloid beta production via multiple pleiotropic mechanisms. J Biol Chem. 2011;286: 14028–14039. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110.182329156. Fowden AL. The insulin-like growth factors and feto-placental growth. Placenta. 2003;24: 803–812. doi:10.1016/s0143-4004(03)00080-8157. Morrison JL, Duffield JA, Muhlhausler BS, Gentili S, McMillen IC. Fetal growth restriction, catch-up growth and the early origins of insulin resistance and visceral obesity. Pediatr Nephrol Berl Ger. 2010;25: 669–677. doi:10.1007/s00467-009-1407-3158. Catalano PM. Obesity and pregnancy--the propagation of a viscous cycle? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88: 3505–3506. doi:10.1210/jc.2003-031046159. O’Reilly JR, Reynolds RM. The risk of maternal obesity to the long-term health of the offspring. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2013;78: 9–16. doi:10.1111/cen.12055160. Huang C, Jacobson K, Schaller MD. MAP kinases and cell migration. J Cell Sci. 2004;117: 4619–4628. doi:10.1242/jcs.01481161. Sevetson BR, Kong X, Lawrence JC. Increasing cAMP attenuates activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1993;90: 10305. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.21.10305“Caracterización de la vía de señalización intracelular mediada por IGF-IIR en trofoblasto humano”, código Hermes 39172InvestigadoresPúblico generalLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-83964https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/80608/1/license.txtcccfe52f796b7c63423298c2d3365fc6MD51ORIGINAL528066.2020.pdf528066.2020.pdfTesis de Doctorado en Ciencias - Bioquímicaapplication/pdf2353128https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/80608/2/528066.2020.pdf864d2859ddc7f729cc56f13cf4bc212bMD52THUMBNAIL528066.2020.pdf.jpg528066.2020.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg5366https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/80608/3/528066.2020.pdf.jpgb1a1c21cbf0687c7b1ea2c392b730b53MD53unal/80608oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/806082024-07-31 23:13:58.617Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiarepositorio_nal@unal.edu.coUExBTlRJTExBIERFUMOTU0lUTwoKQ29tbyBlZGl0b3IgZGUgZXN0ZSDDrXRlbSwgdXN0ZWQgcHVlZGUgbW92ZXJsbyBhIHJldmlzacOzbiBzaW4gYW50ZXMgcmVzb2x2ZXIgbG9zIHByb2JsZW1hcyBpZGVudGlmaWNhZG9zLCBkZSBsbyBjb250cmFyaW8sIGhhZ2EgY2xpYyBlbiBHdWFyZGFyIHBhcmEgZ3VhcmRhciBlbCDDrXRlbSB5IHNvbHVjaW9uYXIgZXN0b3MgcHJvYmxlbWFzIG1hcyB0YXJkZS4KCk5PVEFTOgoqU0kgTEEgVEVTSVMgQSBQVUJMSUNBUiBBRFFVSVJJw5MgQ09NUFJPTUlTT1MgREUgQ09ORklERU5DSUFMSURBRCBFTiBFTCBERVNBUlJPTExPIE8gUEFSVEVTIERFTCBET0NVTUVOVE8uIFNJR0EgTEEgRElSRUNUUklaIERFIExBIFJFU09MVUNJw5NOIDAyMyBERSAyMDE1LCBQT1IgTEEgQ1VBTCBTRSBFU1RBQkxFQ0UgRUwgUFJPQ0VESU1JRU5UTyBQQVJBIExBIFBVQkxJQ0FDScOTTiBERSBURVNJUyBERSBNQUVTVFLDjUEgWSBET0NUT1JBRE8gREUgTE9TIEVTVFVESUFOVEVTIERFIExBIFVOSVZFUlNJREFEIE5BQ0lPTkFMIERFIENPTE9NQklBIEVOIEVMIFJFUE9TSVRPUklPIElOU1RJVFVDSU9OQUwgVU4sIEVYUEVESURBIFBPUiBMQSBTRUNSRVRBUsONQSBHRU5FUkFMLgoqTEEgVEVTSVMgQSBQVUJMSUNBUiBERUJFIFNFUiBMQSBWRVJTScOTTiBGSU5BTCBBUFJPQkFEQS4KUGFyYSB0cmFiYWpvcyBkZXBvc2l0YWRvcyBwb3Igc3UgcHJvcGlvIGF1dG9yOiBBbCBhdXRvYXJjaGl2YXIgZXN0ZSBncnVwbyBkZSBhcmNoaXZvcyBkaWdpdGFsZXMgeSBzdXMgbWV0YWRhdG9zLCBZbyBnYXJhbnRpem8gYWwgUmVwb3NpdG9yaW8gSW5zdGl0dWNpb25hbCBVTiBlbCBkZXJlY2hvIGEgYWxtYWNlbmFybG9zIHkgbWFudGVuZXJsb3MgZGlzcG9uaWJsZXMgZW4gbMOtbmVhIGRlIG1hbmVyYSBncmF0dWl0YS4gRGVjbGFybyBxdWUgZGljaG8gbWF0ZXJpYWwgZXMgZGUgbWkgcHJvcGllZGFkIGludGVsZWN0dWFsIHkgcXVlIGVsIFJlcG9zaXRvcmlvIEluc3RpdHVjaW9uYWwgVU4gbm8gYXN1bWUgbmluZ3VuYSByZXNwb25zYWJpbGlkYWQgc2kgaGF5IGFsZ3VuYSB2aW9sYWNpw7NuIGEgbG9zIGRlcmVjaG9zIGRlIGF1dG9yIGFsIGRpc3RyaWJ1aXIgZXN0b3MgYXJjaGl2b3MgeSBtZXRhZGF0b3MuIChTZSByZWNvbWllbmRhIGEgdG9kb3MgbG9zIGF1dG9yZXMgYSBpbmRpY2FyIHN1cyBkZXJlY2hvcyBkZSBhdXRvciBlbiBsYSBww6FnaW5hIGRlIHTDrXR1bG8gZGUgc3UgZG9jdW1lbnRvLikgRGUgbGEgbWlzbWEgbWFuZXJhLCBhY2VwdG8gbG9zIHTDqXJtaW5vcyBkZSBsYSBzaWd1aWVudGUgbGljZW5jaWE6IExvcyBhdXRvcmVzIG8gdGl0dWxhcmVzIGRlbCBkZXJlY2hvIGRlIGF1dG9yIGRlbCBwcmVzZW50ZSBkb2N1bWVudG8gY29uZmllcmVuIGEgbGEgVW5pdmVyc2lkYWQgTmFjaW9uYWwgZGUgQ29sb21iaWEgdW5hIGxpY2VuY2lhIG5vIGV4Y2x1c2l2YSwgbGltaXRhZGEgeSBncmF0dWl0YSBzb2JyZSBsYSBvYnJhIHF1ZSBzZSBpbnRlZ3JhIGVuIGVsIFJlcG9zaXRvcmlvIEluc3RpdHVjaW9uYWwsIHF1ZSBzZSBhanVzdGEgYSBsYXMgc2lndWllbnRlcyBjYXJhY3RlcsOtc3RpY2FzOiBhKSBFc3RhcsOhIHZpZ2VudGUgYSBwYXJ0aXIgZGUgbGEgZmVjaGEgZW4gcXVlIHNlIGluY2x1eWUgZW4gZWwgcmVwb3NpdG9yaW8sIHF1ZSBzZXLDoW4gcHJvcnJvZ2FibGVzIGluZGVmaW5pZGFtZW50ZSBwb3IgZWwgdGllbXBvIHF1ZSBkdXJlIGVsIGRlcmVjaG8gcGF0cmltb25pYWwgZGVsIGF1dG9yLiBFbCBhdXRvciBwb2Ryw6EgZGFyIHBvciB0ZXJtaW5hZGEgbGEgbGljZW5jaWEgc29saWNpdMOhbmRvbG8gYSBsYSBVbml2ZXJzaWRhZC4gYikgTG9zIGF1dG9yZXMgYXV0b3JpemFuIGEgbGEgVW5pdmVyc2lkYWQgTmFjaW9uYWwgZGUgQ29sb21iaWEgcGFyYSBwdWJsaWNhciBsYSBvYnJhIGVuIGVsIGZvcm1hdG8gcXVlIGVsIHJlcG9zaXRvcmlvIGxvIHJlcXVpZXJhIChpbXByZXNvLCBkaWdpdGFsLCBlbGVjdHLDs25pY28gbyBjdWFscXVpZXIgb3RybyBjb25vY2lkbyBvIHBvciBjb25vY2VyKSB5IGNvbm9jZW4gcXVlIGRhZG8gcXVlIHNlIHB1YmxpY2EgZW4gSW50ZXJuZXQgcG9yIGVzdGUgaGVjaG8gY2lyY3VsYSBjb24gdW4gYWxjYW5jZSBtdW5kaWFsLiBjKSBMb3MgYXV0b3JlcyBhY2VwdGFuIHF1ZSBsYSBhdXRvcml6YWNpw7NuIHNlIGhhY2UgYSB0w610dWxvIGdyYXR1aXRvLCBwb3IgbG8gdGFudG8sIHJlbnVuY2lhbiBhIHJlY2liaXIgZW1vbHVtZW50byBhbGd1bm8gcG9yIGxhIHB1YmxpY2FjacOzbiwgZGlzdHJpYnVjacOzbiwgY29tdW5pY2FjacOzbiBww7pibGljYSB5IGN1YWxxdWllciBvdHJvIHVzbyBxdWUgc2UgaGFnYSBlbiBsb3MgdMOpcm1pbm9zIGRlIGxhIHByZXNlbnRlIGxpY2VuY2lhIHkgZGUgbGEgbGljZW5jaWEgQ3JlYXRpdmUgQ29tbW9ucyBjb24gcXVlIHNlIHB1YmxpY2EuIGQpIExvcyBhdXRvcmVzIG1hbmlmaWVzdGFuIHF1ZSBzZSB0cmF0YSBkZSB1bmEgb2JyYSBvcmlnaW5hbCBzb2JyZSBsYSBxdWUgdGllbmVuIGxvcyBkZXJlY2hvcyBxdWUgYXV0b3JpemFuIHkgcXVlIHNvbiBlbGxvcyBxdWllbmVzIGFzdW1lbiB0b3RhbCByZXNwb25zYWJpbGlkYWQgcG9yIGVsIGNvbnRlbmlkbyBkZSBzdSBvYnJhIGFudGUgbGEgVW5pdmVyc2lkYWQgTmFjaW9uYWwgeSBhbnRlIHRlcmNlcm9zLiBFbiB0b2RvIGNhc28gbGEgVW5pdmVyc2lkYWQgTmFjaW9uYWwgZGUgQ29sb21iaWEgc2UgY29tcHJvbWV0ZSBhIGluZGljYXIgc2llbXByZSBsYSBhdXRvcsOtYSBpbmNsdXllbmRvIGVsIG5vbWJyZSBkZWwgYXV0b3IgeSBsYSBmZWNoYSBkZSBwdWJsaWNhY2nDs24uIGUpIExvcyBhdXRvcmVzIGF1dG9yaXphbiBhIGxhIFVuaXZlcnNpZGFkIHBhcmEgaW5jbHVpciBsYSBvYnJhIGVuIGxvcyDDrW5kaWNlcyB5IGJ1c2NhZG9yZXMgcXVlIGVzdGltZW4gbmVjZXNhcmlvcyBwYXJhIHByb21vdmVyIHN1IGRpZnVzacOzbi4gZikgTG9zIGF1dG9yZXMgYWNlcHRhbiBxdWUgbGEgVW5pdmVyc2lkYWQgTmFjaW9uYWwgZGUgQ29sb21iaWEgcHVlZGEgY29udmVydGlyIGVsIGRvY3VtZW50byBhIGN1YWxxdWllciBtZWRpbyBvIGZvcm1hdG8gcGFyYSBwcm9ww7NzaXRvcyBkZSBwcmVzZXJ2YWNpw7NuIGRpZ2l0YWwuIFNJIEVMIERPQ1VNRU5UTyBTRSBCQVNBIEVOIFVOIFRSQUJBSk8gUVVFIEhBIFNJRE8gUEFUUk9DSU5BRE8gTyBBUE9ZQURPIFBPUiBVTkEgQUdFTkNJQSBPIFVOQSBPUkdBTklaQUNJw5NOLCBDT04gRVhDRVBDScOTTiBERSBMQSBVTklWRVJTSURBRCBOQUNJT05BTCBERSBDT0xPTUJJQSwgTE9TIEFVVE9SRVMgR0FSQU5USVpBTiBRVUUgU0UgSEEgQ1VNUExJRE8gQ09OIExPUyBERVJFQ0hPUyBZIE9CTElHQUNJT05FUyBSRVFVRVJJRE9TIFBPUiBFTCBSRVNQRUNUSVZPIENPTlRSQVRPIE8gQUNVRVJETy4KUGFyYSB0cmFiYWpvcyBkZXBvc2l0YWRvcyBwb3Igb3RyYXMgcGVyc29uYXMgZGlzdGludGFzIGEgc3UgYXV0b3I6IERlY2xhcm8gcXVlIGVsIGdydXBvIGRlIGFyY2hpdm9zIGRpZ2l0YWxlcyB5IG1ldGFkYXRvcyBhc29jaWFkb3MgcXVlIGVzdG95IGFyY2hpdmFuZG8gZW4gZWwgUmVwb3NpdG9yaW8gSW5zdGl0dWNpb25hbCBVTikgZXMgZGUgZG9taW5pbyBww7pibGljby4gU2kgbm8gZnVlc2UgZWwgY2FzbywgYWNlcHRvIHRvZGEgbGEgcmVzcG9uc2FiaWxpZGFkIHBvciBjdWFscXVpZXIgaW5mcmFjY2nDs24gZGUgZGVyZWNob3MgZGUgYXV0b3IgcXVlIGNvbmxsZXZlIGxhIGRpc3RyaWJ1Y2nDs24gZGUgZXN0b3MgYXJjaGl2b3MgeSBtZXRhZGF0b3MuCkFsIGhhY2VyIGNsaWMgZW4gZWwgc2lndWllbnRlIGJvdMOzbiwgdXN0ZWQgaW5kaWNhIHF1ZSBlc3TDoSBkZSBhY3VlcmRvIGNvbiBlc3RvcyB0w6lybWlub3MuCgpVTklWRVJTSURBRCBOQUNJT05BTCBERSBDT0xPTUJJQSAtIMOabHRpbWEgbW9kaWZpY2FjacOzbiAyNy8yMC8yMDIwCg==