Caracterización de los casos de tumores gliales del sistema nervioso central en un hospital de referencia de alta complejidad en la ciudad de Tunja, departamento de Boyacá - Colombia
ilustraciones, graficas
- Autores:
-
Rincón Carreño, Cristhian
Martínez Suárez, Eber Arturo
- Tipo de recurso:
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2023
- Institución:
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia
- Repositorio:
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia
- Idioma:
- spa
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/83079
- Palabra clave:
- 610 - Medicina y salud::616 - Enfermedades
610 - Medicina y salud::617 - Cirugía, medicina regional, odontología, oftalmología, otología, audiología
Cuerpo Calloso
Glioblastoma
Glioma
Mutación
Quimioterapia
Radioterapia
Supervivencia
Corpus Callosum
Drug Therapy
Glioblastoma
Mutation
Radiotherapy
Population
Mapa de coeficiente de difusión aparente
Escala de Rankin Modificado
Tasa de supervivencia
Tunja
Colombia
Tumor glial
ADC
mRankin Score
Survival rate
Tunja
Glial Tumour
Colombia
Apparent Coefficient Diffusion Map
ADC
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional
id |
UNACIONAL2_0817610ef9b464cedbab52dba8305569 |
---|---|
oai_identifier_str |
oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/83079 |
network_acronym_str |
UNACIONAL2 |
network_name_str |
Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
repository_id_str |
|
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv |
Caracterización de los casos de tumores gliales del sistema nervioso central en un hospital de referencia de alta complejidad en la ciudad de Tunja, departamento de Boyacá - Colombia |
dc.title.translated.eng.fl_str_mv |
Characterization of glial tumors cases of central nervous system in a high complexity referral hospital in Tunja, Boyacá - Colombia |
title |
Caracterización de los casos de tumores gliales del sistema nervioso central en un hospital de referencia de alta complejidad en la ciudad de Tunja, departamento de Boyacá - Colombia |
spellingShingle |
Caracterización de los casos de tumores gliales del sistema nervioso central en un hospital de referencia de alta complejidad en la ciudad de Tunja, departamento de Boyacá - Colombia 610 - Medicina y salud::616 - Enfermedades 610 - Medicina y salud::617 - Cirugía, medicina regional, odontología, oftalmología, otología, audiología Cuerpo Calloso Glioblastoma Glioma Mutación Quimioterapia Radioterapia Supervivencia Corpus Callosum Drug Therapy Glioblastoma Mutation Radiotherapy Population Mapa de coeficiente de difusión aparente Escala de Rankin Modificado Tasa de supervivencia Tunja Colombia Tumor glial ADC mRankin Score Survival rate Tunja Glial Tumour Colombia Apparent Coefficient Diffusion Map ADC |
title_short |
Caracterización de los casos de tumores gliales del sistema nervioso central en un hospital de referencia de alta complejidad en la ciudad de Tunja, departamento de Boyacá - Colombia |
title_full |
Caracterización de los casos de tumores gliales del sistema nervioso central en un hospital de referencia de alta complejidad en la ciudad de Tunja, departamento de Boyacá - Colombia |
title_fullStr |
Caracterización de los casos de tumores gliales del sistema nervioso central en un hospital de referencia de alta complejidad en la ciudad de Tunja, departamento de Boyacá - Colombia |
title_full_unstemmed |
Caracterización de los casos de tumores gliales del sistema nervioso central en un hospital de referencia de alta complejidad en la ciudad de Tunja, departamento de Boyacá - Colombia |
title_sort |
Caracterización de los casos de tumores gliales del sistema nervioso central en un hospital de referencia de alta complejidad en la ciudad de Tunja, departamento de Boyacá - Colombia |
dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Rincón Carreño, Cristhian Martínez Suárez, Eber Arturo |
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv |
Bastos Pardo, Victor Hugo |
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Rincón Carreño, Cristhian Martínez Suárez, Eber Arturo |
dc.contributor.hostingInstitution.none.fl_str_mv |
Hospital Universitario San Rafael de Tunja |
dc.contributor.orcid.spa.fl_str_mv |
Rincón Carreño, Cristhian [0000-0002-7968-7604] |
dc.subject.ddc.spa.fl_str_mv |
610 - Medicina y salud::616 - Enfermedades 610 - Medicina y salud::617 - Cirugía, medicina regional, odontología, oftalmología, otología, audiología |
topic |
610 - Medicina y salud::616 - Enfermedades 610 - Medicina y salud::617 - Cirugía, medicina regional, odontología, oftalmología, otología, audiología Cuerpo Calloso Glioblastoma Glioma Mutación Quimioterapia Radioterapia Supervivencia Corpus Callosum Drug Therapy Glioblastoma Mutation Radiotherapy Population Mapa de coeficiente de difusión aparente Escala de Rankin Modificado Tasa de supervivencia Tunja Colombia Tumor glial ADC mRankin Score Survival rate Tunja Glial Tumour Colombia Apparent Coefficient Diffusion Map ADC |
dc.subject.other.spa.fl_str_mv |
Cuerpo Calloso Glioblastoma Glioma Mutación Quimioterapia Radioterapia Supervivencia |
dc.subject.other.eng.fl_str_mv |
Corpus Callosum Drug Therapy Glioblastoma Mutation Radiotherapy Population |
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Mapa de coeficiente de difusión aparente Escala de Rankin Modificado Tasa de supervivencia Tunja Colombia Tumor glial ADC |
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
mRankin Score Survival rate Tunja Glial Tumour Colombia Apparent Coefficient Diffusion Map ADC |
description |
ilustraciones, graficas |
publishDate |
2023 |
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-01-24T12:48:54Z |
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-01-24T12:48:54Z |
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2023 |
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Trabajo de grado - Especialidad Médica |
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis |
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion |
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv |
Text |
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TM |
status_str |
acceptedVersion |
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/83079 |
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv |
Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ |
url |
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/83079 https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ |
identifier_str_mv |
Universidad Nacional de Colombia Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv |
spa |
language |
spa |
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
Schwartzbaum JA, Fisher JL, Aldape KD, Wrensch M. Epidemiology and molecular pathology of glioma [Internet]. Vol. 2, Nature Clinical Practice Neurology. 2006 [cited 2022 Nov 9]. p. 494–503. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/ncpneuro0289 Weller M, Wick W, Aldape K. Glioma. Nat Rev Dis [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2022 Nov 9];1:1–18. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/nrdp201517 González-Aguilar A, Hernández AH, Peiro-Osuna P, Gutiérrez-Aceves A, Reyes-Moreno I. Biomarcadores moleculares implicados en la nueva clasificación de la Organización Mundial de la Salud en gliomas. Neurol Neurocir y Psiquiatr [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2022 Nov 9];46(1):4–13. Available from: https://www.medigraphic.com/cgi-bin/new/resumen.cgi?IDARTICULO=79423 Wen PY, Packer RJ. The 2021 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: Clinical implications [Internet]. Vol. 23, Neuro-Oncology. 2021 [cited 2022 Nov 9]. p. 1215–7. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/neuro-oncology/article-abstract/23/8/1231/631121 Yang K, Wu Z, Zhang H, Zhang N, Wu W, Wang Z, et al. Glioma targeted therapy: insight into future of molecular approaches. Mol Cancer. 2022 Dec 1;21(1). Pellerino A, Caccese M, Padovan M, Cerretti G, Lombardi G. Epidemiology, risk factors, and prognostic factors of gliomas. Clin Transl Imaging. 2022 Oct 1. Francis SS, Ostrom QT, Cote DJ, Smith TR, Claus E, Barnholtz-Sloan JS. The Epidemiology of Central Nervous System Tumors [Internet]. Vol. 36, Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America. 2022 [cited 2022 Nov 10]. p. 23–42. Available from: https://www.hemonc.theclinics.com/article/S0889-8588(21)00115-5/abstract Morgan LL. The epidemiology of glioma in adults: A “state of the science” review [Internet]. Vol. 17, Neuro-Oncology. 2015 [cited 2022 Nov 9]. p. 623–6. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/neuro-oncology/article-abstract/16/7/896/1927249 Jones D, Hutter B, Jäger N, Korshunov A, … MK-N, 2013 U. Recurrent somatic alterations of FGFR1 and NTRK2 in pilocytic astrocytoma. Nat Genet [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2022 Nov 17];45(8):927–32. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/ng.2682 Gronych J, Korshunov A, Bageritz J, Milde T, Jugold M, Hambardzumyan D, et al. An activated mutant BRAF kinase domain is sufficient to induce pilocytic astrocytoma in mice. J Clin Invest [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2022 Nov 17];121(4):1344–8. Available from: https://www.jci.org/articles/view/44656 Schreck KC, Grossman SA, Pratilas CA. BRAF mutations and the utility of RAF and MEK inhibitors in primary brain tumors [Internet]. Vol. 11, Cancers. 2019 [cited 2022 Nov 17]. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/523400 Buhl JL, Selt F, Hielscher T, Guiho R, Ecker J, Sahm F, et al. The Senescence-associated Secretory Phenotype Mediates Oncogene-induced Senescence in Pediatric Pilocytic Astrocytoma. Clin Cancer Res [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2022 Nov 17];25(6):1851–66. Available from: https://aacrjournals.org/clincancerres/article-abstract/25/6/1851/82502 Schindler G, Capper D, Meyer J, Janzarik W, Omran H, Herold-Mende C, et al. Analysis of BRAF V600E mutation in 1,320 nervous system tumors reveals high mutation frequencies in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, ganglioglioma and extra-cerebellar pilocytic astrocytoma. Acta Neuropathol [Internet]. 2011 Mar [cited 2022 Nov 17];121(3):397–405. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-011-0802-6 Koelsche C, Sahm F, Wöhrer A, Jeibmann A, Schittenhelm J, Kohlhof P, et al. BRAF-mutated pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma is associated with temporal location, reticulin fiber deposition and CD34 expression. Brain Pathol. 2014;24(3):221–9. Robinson JP, Vanbrocklin MW, Guilbeault AR, Signorelli DL, Brandner S, Holmen SL. Activated BRAF induces gliomas in mice when combined with Ink4a/Arf loss or Akt activation. Oncogene [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2022 Nov 17];29(3):335–44. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/onc2009333 Bakhtiary H, Barzegar M, Shiva S, Poorshiri B, Hajalioghli P, Herizchi Ghadim H. The Effect of Everolimus on Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma (SEGA) in Children with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. Iran J Child Neurol [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2022 Nov 17];15(4):15–25. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8570625/ Sahm F, Reuss D, Koelsche C, Capper D, Schittenhelm J, Heim S, et al. Farewell to oligoastrocytoma: in situ molecular genetics favor classification as either oligodendroglioma or astrocytoma. Acta Neuropathol [Internet]. 2014 Oct 1 [cited 2022 Nov 17];128(4):551–9. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-014-1326-7 Watanabe T, Vital A, Nobusawa S, Kleihues P, Ohgaki H. Selective acquisition of IDH1 R132C mutations in astrocytomas associated with Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Acta Neuropathol [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2022 Nov 17];117(6):653–6. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-009-0528-x Reitman ZJ, Yan H. Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 mutations in cancer: Alterations at a crossroads of cellular metabolism [Internet]. Vol. 102, Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2010 [cited 2022 Nov 17]. p. 932–41. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/jnci/article-abstract/102/13/932/870923 Sierra Benítez EM, León Pérez MQ, Laud Rodríguez L, Carrillo Comas AL, Pérez Ortiz L, Rodríguez Ramos E. Gliomas malignos: biología molecular y detalles oncogenéticos. Rev medica electron [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2022 Nov 17];40(4):1100–11. Available from: https://www.medigraphic.com/cgi-bin/new/resumen.cgi?IDARTICULO=83248 Sahm F, Koelsche C, Meyer J, Pusch S, Lindenberg K, Mueller W, et al. CIC and FUBP1 mutations in oligodendrogliomas, oligoastrocytomas and astrocytomas. Acta Neuropathol. 2012 Jun;123(6):853–60. Ohgaki H, Dessen P, Jourde B. Genetic pathways to glioblastoma: a population-based study. Cancer Res [Internet]. 2004 [cited 2022 Nov 17];64(19):6892–9. Available from: https://aacrjournals.org/cancerres/article-abstract/64/19/6892/511738 Huang LE, Cohen AL, Colman H, Jensen RL, Fults DW, Couldwell WT. IGFBP2 expression predicts IDH-mutant glioma patient survival. Oncotarget [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2022 Nov 17];8(1):191–202. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5352106/ Sturm D, Witt H, Hovestadt V, Khuong-Quang DA, Jones DTW, Konermann C, et al. Hotspot Mutations in H3F3A and IDH1 Define Distinct Epigenetic and Biological Subgroups of Glioblastoma. Cancer Cell [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2022 Nov 17];22(4):425–37. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1535610812003649 Appin CL, Brat DJ. Molecular pathways in gliomagenesis and their relevance to neuropathologic diagnosis [Internet]. Vol. 22, Advances in Anatomic Pathology. 2015 [cited 2022 Nov 17]. p. 50–8. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/anatomicpathology/fulltext/2015/01000/Molecular_Pathways_in_Gliomagenesis_and_Their.3.aspx Crespo I, Vital AL, Gonzalez-Tablas M, Patino MDC, Otero A, Lopes MC, et al. Molecular and Genomic Alterations in Glioblastoma Multiforme. Am J Pathol. 2015 Jul 1;185(7):1820–33. Buczkowicz P, Hoeman C, Rakopoulos P, …, Pajovic S. Genomic analysis of diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas identifies three molecular subgroups and recurrent activating ACVR1 mutations. Nat Genet [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2022 Nov 17];46(5):451–6. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/ng.2936 Hashizume R, Andor N, Ihara Y, Lerner R. Pharmacologic inhibition of histone demethylation as a therapy for pediatric brainstem glioma. Nat Med [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2022 Nov 17];20(12):1394–6. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/nm.3716 García Figueiras R, Padhani AR, Vilanova JC, Goh V, Villalba Martín YC. Imagen funcional tumoral. Parte 1. Radiologia [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2022 Nov 23];52(2):115–25. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033833810000494 Brynolfsson P, Nilsson D, Henriksson R, Hauksson J, Karlsson M, Garpebring A, et al. ADC texture—an imaging biomarker for high‐grade glioma? Wiley Online Libr [Internet]. 2014 Oct 1 [cited 2022 Nov 23];41(10). Available from: https://aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1118/1.4894812 Chenevert TL, Malyarenko DI, Galbán CJ, Gomez-Hassan DM, Sundgren PC, Tsien CI, et al. Comparison of Voxel-Wise and Histogram Analyses of Glioma ADC Maps for Prediction of Early Therapeutic Change. Tomogr (Ann Arbor, Mich) [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2022 Nov 23];5(1):7–14. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/987256 Van Den Bent MJ. Interobserver variation of the histopathological diagnosis in clinical trials on glioma: A clinician’s perspective. Acta Neuropathol. 2010 Sep;120(3):297–304. Wu CC, Jain R, Radmanesh A, Poisson LM, Guo WY, Zagzag D, et al. Predicting genotype and survival in glioma using standard clinical MR imaging apparent diffusion coefficient images: A pilot study from the cancer genome atlas. Am J Neuroradiol [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2022 Nov 23];39(10):1814–20. Available from: http://www.ajnr.org/content/39/10/1814.abstract Wang YY, Wang K, Li SW, Wang JF, Ma J, Jiang T, et al. Patterns of tumor contrast enhancement predict the prognosis of anaplastic gliomas with IDH1 mutation. Am J Neuroradiol [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2022 Nov 23];36(11):2023–9. Available from: http://www.ajnr.org/content/36/11/2023.short Bush NAO, Chang SM, Berger MS. Current and future strategies for treatment of glioma. Vol. 40, Neurosurgical Review. Springer Verlag; 2017. Barone DG, Lawrie TA, Hart MG. Image guided surgery for the resection of brain tumours. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Jan 28;2014(1). Leroy HA, Vermandel M, Lejeune JP, Mordon S, Reyns N. Fluorescence guided resection and glioblastoma in 2015: A review. Lasers Surg Med. 2015 Jul 1;47(5):441–51. Stupp R, Mason WP, van den Bent MJ, Weller M, Fisher B, Taphoorn MJB, et al. Radiotherapy plus Concomitant and Adjuvant Temozolomide for Glioblastoma. N Engl J Med. 2005 Mar 10;352(10):987–96. Van Den Bent MJ, Brandes AA, Taphoorn MJB, Kros JM, Kouwenhoven MCM, Delattre JY, et al. Adjuvant procarbazine, lomustine, and vincristine chemotherapy in newly diagnosed anaplastic oligodendroglioma: Long-term follow-up of EORTC brain tumor group study 26951. J Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2022 Nov 23];31(3):344–50. Available from: https://www.academia.edu/download/70440691/Adjuvant_Procarbazine_Lomustine_and_Vinc20210928-13739-1moobfh.pdf Wait SD, Prabhu RS, Burri SH, Atkins TG, Asher AL. Polymeric drug delivery for the treatment of glioblastoma [Internet]. Vol. 17, Neuro-Oncology. 2015 [cited 2022 Nov 23]. p. ii9–23. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/neuro-oncology/article-abstract/17/suppl_2/ii9/1073974 Collins SA, Shah AH, Ostertag D, Kasahara N, Jolly DJ. Clinical development of retroviral replicating vector Toca 511 for gene therapy of cancer [Internet]. Vol. 21, Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy. Taylor and Francis Ltd.; 2021 [cited 2022 Nov 23]. p. 1199–214. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14712598.2021.1902982 Ellingson BM, Lai A, Harris RJ, Selfridge JM, Yong WH, Das K, et al. Probabilistic radiographic atlas of glioblastoma phenotypes. Am Soc Neuroradiol [Internet]. 2013 Mar [cited 2022 Dec 15];34(3):533–40. Available from: http://www.ajnr.org/content/34/3/533.short De Luca C, Virtuoso A, Papa M, Certo F, Barbagallo GMV, Altieri R. Regional Development of Glioblastoma: The Anatomical Conundrum of Cancer Biology and Its Surgical Implication. Cells 2022, Vol 11, Page 1349 [Internet]. 2022 Apr 15 [cited 2022 Dec 15];11(8):1349. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/11/8/1349/htm Al-Holou WN, Hodges TR, Everson RG, Freeman J, Zhou S, Suki D, et al. Perilesional Resection of Glioblastoma Is Independently Associated with Improved Outcomes. Neurosurgery. 2020 Jan 1;86(1):112–21. Shofty B, Constantini S, Bokstein F, Ram Z, Ben-Sira L, Freedman S, et al. Optic pathway gliomas in adults. Neurosurgery [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2022 Dec 15];74(3):273–9. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/neurosurgery/article-abstract/74/3/273/2447594 Ha H, Lim JH. Managing Side Effects of Cytotoxic Chemotherapy in Patients With High Grade Gliomas. Brain Tumor Res Treat [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2022 Dec 15];10(3):158. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9353159/ Xue C, Zhang B, Deng J, Liu X, Li S, Zhou J. Differentiating Giant Cell Glioblastoma from Classic Glioblastoma With Diffusion-Weighted Imaging. World Neurosurg. 2021 Feb 1;146:e473–8. Han Y, Yan LF, Wang X Bin, Sun YZ, Zhang X, Liu ZC, et al. Structural and advanced imaging in predicting MGMT promoter methylation of primary glioblastoma: A region of interest based analysis. BMC Cancer [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2022 Dec 15];18(1). Available from: https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-018-4114-2 Wang X, Chen XZ, Shi L, Dai JP. Glioma grading and IDH1 mutational status: assessment by intravoxel incoherent motion MRI. Clin Radiol [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2022 Dec 15];74(8):651.e7-651.e14. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009926019301643 Chaulagain D, Smolanka V, Smolanka A. Diagnosis and Management of Astrocytoma: a literature review. Int Neurol J [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2022 Dec 15];18:2022. Available from: https://dspace.uzhnu.edu.ua/jspui/handle/lib/44453 Durand-Muñoz C, Flores-Alvarez E, Moreno-Jimenez S, Roldan-Valadez E. Preoperative apparent diffusion coefficient values and tumour region volumes as prognostic biomarkers in glioblastoma: correlation and progression-free survival analyses. Insights Imaging. 2019 Dec 1;10(1). Leibetseder A, Leitner J, Mair MJ, Meckel S, Hainfellner JA, Aichholzer M, et al. Prognostic factors in adult brainstem glioma: a tertiary care center analysis and review of the literature. J Neurol [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2022 Dec 15];269(3):1574–90. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00415-021-10725-0 Kondo M, Uchiyama Y. Apparent diffusion coefficient histogram analysis for prediction of prognosis in glioblastoma. J Neuroradiol. 2018 Jul 1;45(4):236–41. Kurokawa R, Baba A, Kurokawa M, Capizzano A, Hassan O, Johnson T, et al. Pretreatment ADC Histogram Analysis as a Prognostic Imaging Biomarker for Patients with Recurrent Glioblastoma Treated with Bevacizumab: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Am J Neuroradiol [Internet]. 2022 Feb 1 [cited 2022 Dec 15];43(2):202–6. Available from: http://www.ajnr.org/content/43/2/202 López-Cadena, A. F., Moreno-Gómez, L. Ángela, & Guerrero-Gómez, D. A. (2021). Valores del coeficiente de difusión aparente en el diagnóstico diferencial de los tumores de la fosa posterior en población pediátrica de Colombia. Revista De La Facultad De Medicina, 70(1), e90537. Available from: https://doi.org/10.15446/revfacmed.v70n1.90537. R. Stupp, M. Brada, M.J. van den Bent, J.-C. Tonn, G. Pentheroudakis on behalf of the ESMO Guidelines Working Group. High-grade glioma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up,CNS malignancies, volume 25, supplement 3, 93-101, september 01, 2014. Available from: DOI:https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdu050. |
dc.rights.coar.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
dc.rights.license.spa.fl_str_mv |
Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional |
dc.rights.uri.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
rights_invalid_str_mv |
Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv |
97 páginas |
dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
dc.coverage.city.none.fl_str_mv |
http://vocab.getty.edu/page/tgn/7005077 |
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv |
Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
dc.publisher.program.spa.fl_str_mv |
Bogotá - Medicina - Especialidad en Neurocirugía |
dc.publisher.faculty.spa.fl_str_mv |
Facultad de Medicina |
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv |
Bogotá, Colombia |
dc.publisher.branch.spa.fl_str_mv |
Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá |
institution |
Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/83079/3/license.txt https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/83079/4/1057590019-1053330169.2023.pdf.pdf https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/83079/5/U.FT.09.006.004%20Licencia%20para%20publicaci%c3%b3n%20de%20obras%20en%20el%20Repositorio%20Institucional%20UNAL%20v4.pdf https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/83079/6/1057590019-1053330169.2023.pdf.pdf.jpg |
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
eb34b1cf90b7e1103fc9dfd26be24b4a 1012d9556f9c3ca1f270cb8d406299e4 91bef9f6114e0ddd8bd8267456c44963 ecbef3655e44d09bd9e5b73f58161bc4 |
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 |
repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
repositorio_nal@unal.edu.co |
_version_ |
1814089834740842496 |
spelling |
Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacionalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Bastos Pardo, Victor Hugo88a4a9b9b23cd28206acaf18dc4f1538Rincón Carreño, Cristhian2b7f69b260770814ce12a6f7f62703b9Martínez Suárez, Eber Arturoffbecf5bb0c92094addba06d713d9b1fHospital Universitario San Rafael de TunjaRincón Carreño, Cristhian [0000-0002-7968-7604]2023-01-24T12:48:54Z2023-01-24T12:48:54Z2023https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/83079Universidad Nacional de ColombiaRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiahttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ilustraciones, graficasObjetivo: Describir las características de los tumores gliales de la población del Hospital de San Rafael de Tunja entre 2017 y 2021. Metodología: Estudio observacional, unicéntrico y retrospectivo de 51 casos del periodo 2017 - 2021, las variables demográficas, clínicas, imagenológicas, funcionales y de supervivencia fueron analizadas. Se empleó RStudio v2022.07.2 para análisis estadístico. Resultados: Hay menor sobrevida en pacientes con glioma grado IV (sobrevida media 505.18 dias SD +/-169.3) comparado con gliomas de menor grado (grado III sobrevida media 1862.3 SD +/- 668.7) (Log Rank <0.0001). No hay diferencias entre el tipo de cirugía, quimioterapia, radioterapia, lateralidad, invasión cuerpo calloso, mRankin de ingreso entre los diferentes grados tumorales (Kruskal Wallis p > 0.05) El tratamiento oncológico está asociado a mayor sobrevida independientemente del subtipo histológico (Kaplan Meier Log Rank 0.023) y mayor duración con puntaje mRankin menor o igual a 2 (Log Rank 0.0023). Hay menor sobrevida para el escenario Glioblastoma IDH no mutado (p 0.012 Log Rank). A menor valor ADC, mayor puntaje en el mRankin de ingreso (Tau Score -0.249 p 0.029, Spearman Rho -0.324 p 0.028) y a mayor valor ADC, mayor sobrevida (Tau Score 0.199 p 0.046, Spearman Rho 0.310 P 0.032). Conclusiones: Uno de los primeros estudios en Colombia que documenta que la presencia de la mutación del gen IDH, mayor valor ADC y el tratamiento oncológico (independiente del tipo) están asociados a una mayor sobrevida y funcionalidad (Texto tomado de la fuente)Objective: To describe the characteristics of glial tumors in the population of Hospital de San Rafael de Tunja between 2017 and 2021. Methodology: Observational, single-center and retrospective study of 51 cases from the period 2017 - 2021, demographic, clinical, imaging and functional survival variables were analyzed. RStudio v2022.07.2 was used for statistical analysis. Results: There is lower survival in patients with grade IV glioma (mean survival 505.18 days SD +/-169.3) compared with lower grade gliomas (grade III mean survival 1862.3 SD +/- 668.7) (Log Rank <0.0001). There are no differences in the type of surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, laterality, corpus callosum invasion, and admission mRankin between different tumor grades (Kruskal Wallis p > 0.05) Oncology treatment is associated with greater survival regardless of the histological subtype (Kaplan Meier Log Rank 0.023) and longer duration with mRankin score less than or equal to 2 (Log Rank 0.0023). There is lower survival for the non-mutated IDH glioblastoma scenario (p 0.012 Log Rank). Lower ADC values are correlated with higher admission mRankin score (Tau Score -0.249 p 0.029, Spearman Rho -0.324 p 0.028) and higher ADC values, with greater survival rates (Tau Score 0.199 p 0.046, Spearman Rho 0.310 P 0.032). Conclusions: One of the first studies in Colombia to document that the presence of the IDH mutation, a higher ADC value, and cancer treatment (regardless of the type) are associated with higher survival and functionality outcomes.Especialidades MédicasEspecialista en NeurocirugíaTIPO DE ESTUDIO Descriptivo tipo retrospectivo POBLACIÓN OBJETIVO Población con patología oncológica glial del sistema nervioso central. Se incluirán todos los pacientes que cuenten con diagnóstico histopatológico y/o dentro del criterio CIE-10 de tumor glial manejado en el hospital San Rafael de Tunja en el periodo de 2017 a 2021 cuyos datos estén almacenados en los archivos de la institución. CRITERIOS INCLUSIÓN Paciente con tumor glial de SNC tratado en el Hospital San Rafael de Tunja Que haya recibido diagnóstico y/o tratamiento quirúrgico definitivo para su respectiva patología en el Hospital San Rafael de Tunja. CRITERIOS EXCLUSIÓN - Pacientes que no cuenten con confirmación histopatológica (o radiológica cuando la confirmación histopatología no es pertinente o factible ej. tumores difusos de línea media del tallo) en el Hospital San Rafael de Tunja. Pacientes de los que no se disponga de la totalidad de la Historia Clínica. RECOLECCIÓN DE DATOS La recolección de datos clínico patológicos se obtuvieron a partir del censo quirúrgico del servicio de Neurocirugía del Hospital San Rafael de Tunja, así como el filtro CIE-10 para tumores de sistema nervioso central clasificación WHO dentro del repositorio de patología del Hospital San Rafael de Tunja y de las historias clínicas determinadas en archivo físico y en el software de soporte que actualmente opera en la institución. La obtención de las variables imagenológicas se obtuvieron a partir de las imágenes almacenadas en el servicio principal de radiología de dicha institución. Para el cálculo de los valores del mapa ADC de las lesiones se estableció el punto con el valor más bajo así como el promedio empleando el corte de la circunferencia del mayor diámetro de la lesión en el T1 con gadolinio y que no incluyese áreas de hemorragia o necrosis vista en T2 eco gradiente/SWI. Se contó con aval del comité de ética del Hospital San Rafael de Tunja para la obtención, interpretación y publicación de los datos del presente estudio. ANÁLISIS ESTADÍSTICO Se realizó un estudio descriptivo correlacional y se realizó un análisis de supervivencia utilizando el software libre RStudio versión 2022.07.2 576. La clasificación las variables mencionadas en la tabla fueron de tipo cualitativo o cuantitativo y si eran de carácter nominal u ordinal en el primer escenario y el caso de las cuantitativas éstas últimas a su vez se definieron si tenían distribución normal con la prueba de Shapiro Wilky y su el grado de homogeneidad con las pruebas de Bartlett, Fligner y Levene. Para la comparación de grupos independientes cuyas variables fueron de tipo cualitativo nominal y ordinal se empleó la prueba de Chi cuadrado, en el caso de que los grupos en la contaran con variables de distribución normal se realizó ANOVA de una vía y cuanto eran de distribución no normal se realizó la prueba de Kruskal Wallis. Para la correlación de variables tipo ADC se emplearon los coeficientes de Spearman o Kendall Tau. Para las variables con significancia estadística (tipo de tumor y terapia oncológica) se estimó supervivencia mediante análisis de Kaplan Meier. Se determinó como significancia estadística un valor p menor a 0.05.97 páginasapplication/pdfspaUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaBogotá - Medicina - Especialidad en NeurocirugíaFacultad de MedicinaBogotá, ColombiaUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá610 - Medicina y salud::616 - Enfermedades610 - Medicina y salud::617 - Cirugía, medicina regional, odontología, oftalmología, otología, audiologíaCuerpo CallosoGlioblastomaGliomaMutaciónQuimioterapiaRadioterapiaSupervivenciaCorpus CallosumDrug TherapyGlioblastomaMutationRadiotherapyPopulationMapa de coeficiente de difusión aparenteEscala de Rankin ModificadoTasa de supervivenciaTunjaColombiaTumor glialADCmRankin ScoreSurvival rateTunjaGlial TumourColombiaApparent Coefficient Diffusion MapADCCaracterización de los casos de tumores gliales del sistema nervioso central en un hospital de referencia de alta complejidad en la ciudad de Tunja, departamento de Boyacá - ColombiaCharacterization of glial tumors cases of central nervous system in a high complexity referral hospital in Tunja, Boyacá - ColombiaTrabajo de grado - Especialidad Médicainfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionTexthttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TMhttp://vocab.getty.edu/page/tgn/7005077Schwartzbaum JA, Fisher JL, Aldape KD, Wrensch M. Epidemiology and molecular pathology of glioma [Internet]. Vol. 2, Nature Clinical Practice Neurology. 2006 [cited 2022 Nov 9]. p. 494–503. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/ncpneuro0289Weller M, Wick W, Aldape K. Glioma. Nat Rev Dis [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2022 Nov 9];1:1–18. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/nrdp201517González-Aguilar A, Hernández AH, Peiro-Osuna P, Gutiérrez-Aceves A, Reyes-Moreno I. Biomarcadores moleculares implicados en la nueva clasificación de la Organización Mundial de la Salud en gliomas. Neurol Neurocir y Psiquiatr [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2022 Nov 9];46(1):4–13. Available from: https://www.medigraphic.com/cgi-bin/new/resumen.cgi?IDARTICULO=79423Wen PY, Packer RJ. The 2021 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: Clinical implications [Internet]. Vol. 23, Neuro-Oncology. 2021 [cited 2022 Nov 9]. p. 1215–7. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/neuro-oncology/article-abstract/23/8/1231/631121Yang K, Wu Z, Zhang H, Zhang N, Wu W, Wang Z, et al. Glioma targeted therapy: insight into future of molecular approaches. Mol Cancer. 2022 Dec 1;21(1).Pellerino A, Caccese M, Padovan M, Cerretti G, Lombardi G. Epidemiology, risk factors, and prognostic factors of gliomas. Clin Transl Imaging. 2022 Oct 1.Francis SS, Ostrom QT, Cote DJ, Smith TR, Claus E, Barnholtz-Sloan JS. The Epidemiology of Central Nervous System Tumors [Internet]. Vol. 36, Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America. 2022 [cited 2022 Nov 10]. p. 23–42. Available from: https://www.hemonc.theclinics.com/article/S0889-8588(21)00115-5/abstractMorgan LL. The epidemiology of glioma in adults: A “state of the science” review [Internet]. Vol. 17, Neuro-Oncology. 2015 [cited 2022 Nov 9]. p. 623–6. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/neuro-oncology/article-abstract/16/7/896/1927249Jones D, Hutter B, Jäger N, Korshunov A, … MK-N, 2013 U. Recurrent somatic alterations of FGFR1 and NTRK2 in pilocytic astrocytoma. Nat Genet [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2022 Nov 17];45(8):927–32. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/ng.2682Gronych J, Korshunov A, Bageritz J, Milde T, Jugold M, Hambardzumyan D, et al. An activated mutant BRAF kinase domain is sufficient to induce pilocytic astrocytoma in mice. J Clin Invest [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2022 Nov 17];121(4):1344–8. Available from: https://www.jci.org/articles/view/44656Schreck KC, Grossman SA, Pratilas CA. BRAF mutations and the utility of RAF and MEK inhibitors in primary brain tumors [Internet]. Vol. 11, Cancers. 2019 [cited 2022 Nov 17]. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/523400Buhl JL, Selt F, Hielscher T, Guiho R, Ecker J, Sahm F, et al. The Senescence-associated Secretory Phenotype Mediates Oncogene-induced Senescence in Pediatric Pilocytic Astrocytoma. Clin Cancer Res [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2022 Nov 17];25(6):1851–66. Available from: https://aacrjournals.org/clincancerres/article-abstract/25/6/1851/82502Schindler G, Capper D, Meyer J, Janzarik W, Omran H, Herold-Mende C, et al. Analysis of BRAF V600E mutation in 1,320 nervous system tumors reveals high mutation frequencies in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, ganglioglioma and extra-cerebellar pilocytic astrocytoma. Acta Neuropathol [Internet]. 2011 Mar [cited 2022 Nov 17];121(3):397–405. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-011-0802-6Koelsche C, Sahm F, Wöhrer A, Jeibmann A, Schittenhelm J, Kohlhof P, et al. BRAF-mutated pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma is associated with temporal location, reticulin fiber deposition and CD34 expression. Brain Pathol. 2014;24(3):221–9.Robinson JP, Vanbrocklin MW, Guilbeault AR, Signorelli DL, Brandner S, Holmen SL. Activated BRAF induces gliomas in mice when combined with Ink4a/Arf loss or Akt activation. Oncogene [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2022 Nov 17];29(3):335–44. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/onc2009333Bakhtiary H, Barzegar M, Shiva S, Poorshiri B, Hajalioghli P, Herizchi Ghadim H. The Effect of Everolimus on Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma (SEGA) in Children with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. Iran J Child Neurol [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2022 Nov 17];15(4):15–25. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8570625/Sahm F, Reuss D, Koelsche C, Capper D, Schittenhelm J, Heim S, et al. Farewell to oligoastrocytoma: in situ molecular genetics favor classification as either oligodendroglioma or astrocytoma. Acta Neuropathol [Internet]. 2014 Oct 1 [cited 2022 Nov 17];128(4):551–9. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-014-1326-7Watanabe T, Vital A, Nobusawa S, Kleihues P, Ohgaki H. Selective acquisition of IDH1 R132C mutations in astrocytomas associated with Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Acta Neuropathol [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2022 Nov 17];117(6):653–6. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-009-0528-xReitman ZJ, Yan H. Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 mutations in cancer: Alterations at a crossroads of cellular metabolism [Internet]. Vol. 102, Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2010 [cited 2022 Nov 17]. p. 932–41. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/jnci/article-abstract/102/13/932/870923Sierra Benítez EM, León Pérez MQ, Laud Rodríguez L, Carrillo Comas AL, Pérez Ortiz L, Rodríguez Ramos E. Gliomas malignos: biología molecular y detalles oncogenéticos. Rev medica electron [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2022 Nov 17];40(4):1100–11. Available from: https://www.medigraphic.com/cgi-bin/new/resumen.cgi?IDARTICULO=83248Sahm F, Koelsche C, Meyer J, Pusch S, Lindenberg K, Mueller W, et al. CIC and FUBP1 mutations in oligodendrogliomas, oligoastrocytomas and astrocytomas. Acta Neuropathol. 2012 Jun;123(6):853–60.Ohgaki H, Dessen P, Jourde B. Genetic pathways to glioblastoma: a population-based study. Cancer Res [Internet]. 2004 [cited 2022 Nov 17];64(19):6892–9. Available from: https://aacrjournals.org/cancerres/article-abstract/64/19/6892/511738Huang LE, Cohen AL, Colman H, Jensen RL, Fults DW, Couldwell WT. IGFBP2 expression predicts IDH-mutant glioma patient survival. Oncotarget [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2022 Nov 17];8(1):191–202. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5352106/Sturm D, Witt H, Hovestadt V, Khuong-Quang DA, Jones DTW, Konermann C, et al. Hotspot Mutations in H3F3A and IDH1 Define Distinct Epigenetic and Biological Subgroups of Glioblastoma. Cancer Cell [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2022 Nov 17];22(4):425–37. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1535610812003649Appin CL, Brat DJ. Molecular pathways in gliomagenesis and their relevance to neuropathologic diagnosis [Internet]. Vol. 22, Advances in Anatomic Pathology. 2015 [cited 2022 Nov 17]. p. 50–8. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/anatomicpathology/fulltext/2015/01000/Molecular_Pathways_in_Gliomagenesis_and_Their.3.aspxCrespo I, Vital AL, Gonzalez-Tablas M, Patino MDC, Otero A, Lopes MC, et al. Molecular and Genomic Alterations in Glioblastoma Multiforme. Am J Pathol. 2015 Jul 1;185(7):1820–33.Buczkowicz P, Hoeman C, Rakopoulos P, …, Pajovic S. Genomic analysis of diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas identifies three molecular subgroups and recurrent activating ACVR1 mutations. Nat Genet [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2022 Nov 17];46(5):451–6. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/ng.2936Hashizume R, Andor N, Ihara Y, Lerner R. Pharmacologic inhibition of histone demethylation as a therapy for pediatric brainstem glioma. Nat Med [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2022 Nov 17];20(12):1394–6. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/nm.3716García Figueiras R, Padhani AR, Vilanova JC, Goh V, Villalba Martín YC. Imagen funcional tumoral. Parte 1. Radiologia [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2022 Nov 23];52(2):115–25. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033833810000494Brynolfsson P, Nilsson D, Henriksson R, Hauksson J, Karlsson M, Garpebring A, et al. ADC texture—an imaging biomarker for high‐grade glioma? Wiley Online Libr [Internet]. 2014 Oct 1 [cited 2022 Nov 23];41(10). Available from: https://aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1118/1.4894812Chenevert TL, Malyarenko DI, Galbán CJ, Gomez-Hassan DM, Sundgren PC, Tsien CI, et al. Comparison of Voxel-Wise and Histogram Analyses of Glioma ADC Maps for Prediction of Early Therapeutic Change. Tomogr (Ann Arbor, Mich) [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2022 Nov 23];5(1):7–14. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/987256Van Den Bent MJ. Interobserver variation of the histopathological diagnosis in clinical trials on glioma: A clinician’s perspective. Acta Neuropathol. 2010 Sep;120(3):297–304.Wu CC, Jain R, Radmanesh A, Poisson LM, Guo WY, Zagzag D, et al. Predicting genotype and survival in glioma using standard clinical MR imaging apparent diffusion coefficient images: A pilot study from the cancer genome atlas. Am J Neuroradiol [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2022 Nov 23];39(10):1814–20. Available from: http://www.ajnr.org/content/39/10/1814.abstractWang YY, Wang K, Li SW, Wang JF, Ma J, Jiang T, et al. Patterns of tumor contrast enhancement predict the prognosis of anaplastic gliomas with IDH1 mutation. Am J Neuroradiol [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2022 Nov 23];36(11):2023–9. Available from: http://www.ajnr.org/content/36/11/2023.shortBush NAO, Chang SM, Berger MS. Current and future strategies for treatment of glioma. Vol. 40, Neurosurgical Review. Springer Verlag; 2017.Barone DG, Lawrie TA, Hart MG. Image guided surgery for the resection of brain tumours. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Jan 28;2014(1).Leroy HA, Vermandel M, Lejeune JP, Mordon S, Reyns N. Fluorescence guided resection and glioblastoma in 2015: A review. Lasers Surg Med. 2015 Jul 1;47(5):441–51.Stupp R, Mason WP, van den Bent MJ, Weller M, Fisher B, Taphoorn MJB, et al. Radiotherapy plus Concomitant and Adjuvant Temozolomide for Glioblastoma. N Engl J Med. 2005 Mar 10;352(10):987–96.Van Den Bent MJ, Brandes AA, Taphoorn MJB, Kros JM, Kouwenhoven MCM, Delattre JY, et al. Adjuvant procarbazine, lomustine, and vincristine chemotherapy in newly diagnosed anaplastic oligodendroglioma: Long-term follow-up of EORTC brain tumor group study 26951. J Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2022 Nov 23];31(3):344–50. Available from: https://www.academia.edu/download/70440691/Adjuvant_Procarbazine_Lomustine_and_Vinc20210928-13739-1moobfh.pdfWait SD, Prabhu RS, Burri SH, Atkins TG, Asher AL. Polymeric drug delivery for the treatment of glioblastoma [Internet]. Vol. 17, Neuro-Oncology. 2015 [cited 2022 Nov 23]. p. ii9–23. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/neuro-oncology/article-abstract/17/suppl_2/ii9/1073974Collins SA, Shah AH, Ostertag D, Kasahara N, Jolly DJ. Clinical development of retroviral replicating vector Toca 511 for gene therapy of cancer [Internet]. Vol. 21, Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy. Taylor and Francis Ltd.; 2021 [cited 2022 Nov 23]. p. 1199–214. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14712598.2021.1902982Ellingson BM, Lai A, Harris RJ, Selfridge JM, Yong WH, Das K, et al. Probabilistic radiographic atlas of glioblastoma phenotypes. Am Soc Neuroradiol [Internet]. 2013 Mar [cited 2022 Dec 15];34(3):533–40. Available from: http://www.ajnr.org/content/34/3/533.shortDe Luca C, Virtuoso A, Papa M, Certo F, Barbagallo GMV, Altieri R. Regional Development of Glioblastoma: The Anatomical Conundrum of Cancer Biology and Its Surgical Implication. Cells 2022, Vol 11, Page 1349 [Internet]. 2022 Apr 15 [cited 2022 Dec 15];11(8):1349. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/11/8/1349/htmAl-Holou WN, Hodges TR, Everson RG, Freeman J, Zhou S, Suki D, et al. Perilesional Resection of Glioblastoma Is Independently Associated with Improved Outcomes. Neurosurgery. 2020 Jan 1;86(1):112–21.Shofty B, Constantini S, Bokstein F, Ram Z, Ben-Sira L, Freedman S, et al. Optic pathway gliomas in adults. Neurosurgery [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2022 Dec 15];74(3):273–9. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/neurosurgery/article-abstract/74/3/273/2447594Ha H, Lim JH. Managing Side Effects of Cytotoxic Chemotherapy in Patients With High Grade Gliomas. Brain Tumor Res Treat [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2022 Dec 15];10(3):158. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9353159/Xue C, Zhang B, Deng J, Liu X, Li S, Zhou J. Differentiating Giant Cell Glioblastoma from Classic Glioblastoma With Diffusion-Weighted Imaging. World Neurosurg. 2021 Feb 1;146:e473–8.Han Y, Yan LF, Wang X Bin, Sun YZ, Zhang X, Liu ZC, et al. Structural and advanced imaging in predicting MGMT promoter methylation of primary glioblastoma: A region of interest based analysis. BMC Cancer [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2022 Dec 15];18(1). Available from: https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-018-4114-2Wang X, Chen XZ, Shi L, Dai JP. Glioma grading and IDH1 mutational status: assessment by intravoxel incoherent motion MRI. Clin Radiol [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2022 Dec 15];74(8):651.e7-651.e14. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009926019301643Chaulagain D, Smolanka V, Smolanka A. Diagnosis and Management of Astrocytoma: a literature review. Int Neurol J [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2022 Dec 15];18:2022. Available from: https://dspace.uzhnu.edu.ua/jspui/handle/lib/44453Durand-Muñoz C, Flores-Alvarez E, Moreno-Jimenez S, Roldan-Valadez E. Preoperative apparent diffusion coefficient values and tumour region volumes as prognostic biomarkers in glioblastoma: correlation and progression-free survival analyses. Insights Imaging. 2019 Dec 1;10(1).Leibetseder A, Leitner J, Mair MJ, Meckel S, Hainfellner JA, Aichholzer M, et al. Prognostic factors in adult brainstem glioma: a tertiary care center analysis and review of the literature. J Neurol [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2022 Dec 15];269(3):1574–90. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00415-021-10725-0Kondo M, Uchiyama Y. Apparent diffusion coefficient histogram analysis for prediction of prognosis in glioblastoma. J Neuroradiol. 2018 Jul 1;45(4):236–41.Kurokawa R, Baba A, Kurokawa M, Capizzano A, Hassan O, Johnson T, et al. Pretreatment ADC Histogram Analysis as a Prognostic Imaging Biomarker for Patients with Recurrent Glioblastoma Treated with Bevacizumab: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Am J Neuroradiol [Internet]. 2022 Feb 1 [cited 2022 Dec 15];43(2):202–6. Available from: http://www.ajnr.org/content/43/2/202López-Cadena, A. F., Moreno-Gómez, L. Ángela, & Guerrero-Gómez, D. A. (2021). Valores del coeficiente de difusión aparente en el diagnóstico diferencial de los tumores de la fosa posterior en población pediátrica de Colombia. Revista De La Facultad De Medicina, 70(1), e90537. Available from: https://doi.org/10.15446/revfacmed.v70n1.90537.R. Stupp, M. Brada, M.J. van den Bent, J.-C. Tonn, G. Pentheroudakis on behalf of the ESMO Guidelines Working Group. High-grade glioma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up,CNS malignancies, volume 25, supplement 3, 93-101, september 01, 2014. Available from: DOI:https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdu050.EstudiantesInvestigadoresMaestrosResponsables políticosLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-85879https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/83079/3/license.txteb34b1cf90b7e1103fc9dfd26be24b4aMD53ORIGINAL1057590019-1053330169.2023.pdf.pdf1057590019-1053330169.2023.pdf.pdfTrabajo de grado - Especialidad Medica en Neurocirugíaapplication/pdf1534415https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/83079/4/1057590019-1053330169.2023.pdf.pdf1012d9556f9c3ca1f270cb8d406299e4MD54CC-LICENSEU.FT.09.006.004 Licencia para publicación de obras en el Repositorio Institucional UNAL v4.pdfU.FT.09.006.004 Licencia para publicación de obras en el Repositorio Institucional UNAL v4.pdfapplication/pdf727811https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/83079/5/U.FT.09.006.004%20Licencia%20para%20publicaci%c3%b3n%20de%20obras%20en%20el%20Repositorio%20Institucional%20UNAL%20v4.pdf91bef9f6114e0ddd8bd8267456c44963MD55THUMBNAIL1057590019-1053330169.2023.pdf.pdf.jpg1057590019-1053330169.2023.pdf.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg5368https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/83079/6/1057590019-1053330169.2023.pdf.pdf.jpgecbef3655e44d09bd9e5b73f58161bc4MD56unal/83079oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/830792024-08-15 23:14:53.532Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiarepositorio_nal@unal.edu.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 |