Material compuesto epóxico/fique, como refuerzo externo en elementos de concreto sometidos a flexión
ilustraciones, fotografías, gráficas, planos
- Autores:
-
Beltrán Martínez, Oscar David
- Tipo de recurso:
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2023
- Institución:
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia
- Repositorio:
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia
- Idioma:
- spa
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/83838
- Palabra clave:
- 690 - Construcción de edificios
Construcciones compuestas
Ingeniería de estructuras
Composite construction
Structural engineering
Fibras de fique
fibras naturales
materiales compuestos
matriz epóxica
refuerzo externo
reforzamiento en vigas
Fique fibers
natural fibers
composite materials
epoxy matrix
external reinforcement
beam reinforcement
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional
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| dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv |
Material compuesto epóxico/fique, como refuerzo externo en elementos de concreto sometidos a flexión |
| dc.title.translated.eng.fl_str_mv |
Epoxy/fique composite material, as external reinforcement in concrete elements subjected to flexion |
| title |
Material compuesto epóxico/fique, como refuerzo externo en elementos de concreto sometidos a flexión |
| spellingShingle |
Material compuesto epóxico/fique, como refuerzo externo en elementos de concreto sometidos a flexión 690 - Construcción de edificios Construcciones compuestas Ingeniería de estructuras Composite construction Structural engineering Fibras de fique fibras naturales materiales compuestos matriz epóxica refuerzo externo reforzamiento en vigas Fique fibers natural fibers composite materials epoxy matrix external reinforcement beam reinforcement |
| title_short |
Material compuesto epóxico/fique, como refuerzo externo en elementos de concreto sometidos a flexión |
| title_full |
Material compuesto epóxico/fique, como refuerzo externo en elementos de concreto sometidos a flexión |
| title_fullStr |
Material compuesto epóxico/fique, como refuerzo externo en elementos de concreto sometidos a flexión |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Material compuesto epóxico/fique, como refuerzo externo en elementos de concreto sometidos a flexión |
| title_sort |
Material compuesto epóxico/fique, como refuerzo externo en elementos de concreto sometidos a flexión |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Beltrán Martínez, Oscar David |
| dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv |
Luna Tamayo, Patricia |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Beltrán Martínez, Oscar David |
| dc.subject.ddc.spa.fl_str_mv |
690 - Construcción de edificios |
| topic |
690 - Construcción de edificios Construcciones compuestas Ingeniería de estructuras Composite construction Structural engineering Fibras de fique fibras naturales materiales compuestos matriz epóxica refuerzo externo reforzamiento en vigas Fique fibers natural fibers composite materials epoxy matrix external reinforcement beam reinforcement |
| dc.subject.lemb.spa.fl_str_mv |
Construcciones compuestas Ingeniería de estructuras |
| dc.subject.lemb.eng.fl_str_mv |
Composite construction Structural engineering |
| dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Fibras de fique fibras naturales materiales compuestos matriz epóxica refuerzo externo reforzamiento en vigas |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Fique fibers natural fibers composite materials epoxy matrix external reinforcement beam reinforcement |
| description |
ilustraciones, fotografías, gráficas, planos |
| publishDate |
2023 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-05-19T20:08:31Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-05-19T20:08:31Z |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-05-18 |
| dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Trabajo de grado - Maestría |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion |
| dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv |
Text |
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http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TM |
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acceptedVersion |
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https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/83838 |
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Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
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Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
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https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ |
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https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/83838 https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ |
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Universidad Nacional de Colombia Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
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spa |
| language |
spa |
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Al-mahaidi, R. K. (2018). Rehabilitation of Concrete Structures With Fiber -Reinforced Polymer. 4(9), 420 Aladdin, M., Alaa, M., & Ezzat, A. (2018). Performance of sustainable natural yarn reinforced polymer bars for constructions applications. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 158, 359–368 Alam, M., Hassan, A., & Muda, Z. (2015). Development od Kenaf fibre Reinforced Polymer Laminate for Shear Strengthening or Reinforcel Concrete Beam. Material and Structures, 49 Alberto Pérez Gracia, L. (n.d.). Artículo de Monografía para optar al título de Ingeniero Mecánico Universidad Autónoma Del Caribe. Barranquilla, 2014 EVALUACIÓN DEL COMPORTAMIENTO MECÁNICO DE LOS MATERIALES COMPUESTOS A BASE DE FIBRA DE FIQUE Y FIBRAS SINTÉTICAS. Retrieved from www.uac.edu.co Ali, A., Shaker, K., Nawab, Y., Jabbar, M., Hussain, T., Militky, J., & Baheti, V. (2018, May 1). Hydrophobic treatment of natural fibers and their composites—A review. Journal of Industrial Textiles, Vol. 47, pp. 2153–2183. https://doi.org/10.1177/1528083716654468 Alves, M., Castro, T., & Toledo, R. (2013). The effect of fiber morphology on the tensile strength of natural fibers. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2(2), 149–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2013.02.003 ASTM. (2002). ASTM C 78, Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete (Using Simple Beam with Third Point Loading). 1–10 ASTM. (2013). Astm D3039/D3039M, Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1520/D3039 ASTM. (2014). Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength and Young’s Modulus of Fibers. Astm C1557-14, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1520/C1557-14.2 Brent, A. (2006). Plastic: materials and processing. Upper Saddle River Castro, C., Palencia, A., Gutiérrez, I., Vargas, G., & Gañán, P. (2007). Determination of optimal alkaline treatment conditions for fique fiber bundles as reinforcement of composites materials. Revista Tecnica de La Facultad de Ingenieria Universidad Del Zulia, 30(2), 136–142 Charlet, K., Eve, S., Jernot, J. P., Gomina, M., & Breard, J. (2009). Tensile deformation of a flax fiber. Procedia Engineering, 1(1), 233–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2009.06.055 Cuéllar, A., & Muñoz, I. (2010). Fibra de guadua como refuerzo de matrices poliméricas. DYNA (Colombia), 77(162), 138–142 Devore, J. (2005). Probabilidad y Estadística Para Ingeniería y Ciencias (6th ed.). México D.F.: Thomson Echeverri, D., Franco, L., & Velásquez, M. (2015). Fique en Colombia. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.22430/9789588743820 Estrada, M. (2010). Extraccion y caracterizacion mecanica de las fibras de bambu ( Guadua angustifolia ) para su uso potencial como refuerzo de materiales compuestos . https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.3984.3046 Faruk, O., Bledzki, K., Fink, P., & Sain, M. (2012). Biocomposites reinforced with natural fiber: 2000-2010. Progress in Polymer Science, 11 Gañán, P., & Mondragón, I. (2014). Influence of Compatibilizacion Treatments on the Mechanical Properties of Fique Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Composites. International Journal of Polymer Science, 53 GangaRao, H. V. S., Taly, N., & Vijay, P. V. (2006). Reinforced Concrete Design with FRP Composites. In Reinforced Concrete Design with FRP Composites. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420020199 Gere, J., & Goodno, B. (2013). Mecánica De Materiales (8th ed.). México D.F.: CENGAGE Learning Gómez, Alvarez, V., Rojo, P., & Vázquez, A. (2012). Fique fibers: Enhancement of the tensile strength of alkali treated fibers during tensile load application. Fibers and Polymers, 13(5), 632–640. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-012-0632-8 Gómez, S., Ramón, B., & Guzman, R. (2017). Revista UIS Ingenierías (Vol. 17) Hafizah, N. A. K., Bhutta, M. A. R., Jamaludin, M. Y., Warid, M. H., Ismail, M., Rahman, M. S., … Azman, M. (2014). Kenaf fiber reinforced polymer composites for strengthening RC beams. Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, 12(6), 167–177. https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.12.167 Hallonet, A., Ferrier, E., & Michel, L. (2019). Durability and tensile characterizacion of wet lay-up flax/epoxy composites used for external strengthening of RC Structures. Construction and Building Materials, 205, 679–698 Hidalgo, M. A., Muñoz, M. F., & Quintana, K. J. (2011). Desempeño mecánico del compuesto polietileno aluminio reforzado con agro fibras contínuas de fique. Revista Latinoamericana de Metalurgia y Materiales, 31(2), 187–194 Hidalgo, M., Muñoz, M., & Quintana, K. (2012). Análisis mecánico del compuesto polietileno aluminio reforzado con fibras cortas de fique en disposición bidimensional. Revista Latinoamericana de Metalurgia y Materiales, 32(1), 89–95 Isaza, L., & Acevedo, E. (2016). Comparación de Pruebas de Normalidad. XXI Simposio Internacional de Estadisticas 2015, 77(Zimmerman 2011), 8–11. Retrieved from http://simposioestadistica.unal.edu.co/fileadmin/content/eventos/simposioestadistica/documentos/memorias/Memorias_2016/Posters/16._Pruebas_Normalidad_Cortes_Rave___Hernandez.pdf Joshi, S. V., Drzal, L. T., Mohanty, A. K., & Arora, S. (2004). Are natural fiber composites environmentally superior to glass fiber reinforced composites? Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 35(3), 371–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2003.09.016 Ku, H., Wang, H., & Trada, M. (2011). A review on the tensile propierties of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites. Composites Part B: Engineering, 42, 856–873 Liu, D., Song, J., Anderson, D., & Chang, P. (2012). Bamboo Fiber and its Reinforced Composites: Structure and Propierties. Cellulose, 19 López M., J. (2012). Refuerzo a flexión de vigas de hormigón mediante polímeros reforzados con fibra de carbono Luna, P. (2020). Mechanical behavior of a composite material using a polyester matrix reinforced with Guadua angustifolia bamboo fibers Luna, P., Mariño, A., Lizarazo, J., & Beltrán, O. (2017). Dry etching plasma applied to fique fibers: Influence on their mechanical properties and surface appearance. Procedia Engineering, 200, 141–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.07.021 Machado, L., & Dos Santos, J. (2017). Novel fibre metal laminate sandwich composite with sisal woven core. Industrial Crops and Products, 99 Mahjoub, R., & Mohamad, J. (2014). Tensile properties of kenaf fiber due to various conditions of chemical fiber surface modifications. Construction and Building Materials, 55, 103–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.01.036 Martínez, L. (2010). Inumerables usos del Fique. FEDEFIQUE Matallana, R. (2019). El Concreto fundamentos y nuevas tecnologías (1st ed.). Medellín: Constructora Conconcreto MathWorks. (2016). MatLab 2016a. Natick, Massachusetts: The Math Works Inc Menna, C., Asprone, D., Durante, M., Zinno, A., Balsamo, A., & Prota, A. (2015). Structural behaviour of masonry panels strengthened with an innovative hemp fibre composite grid. Construction and Building Materials, 100, 111–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.09.051 Mera, J., & García, E. (2013). Fabricación de papel artesanal a partir de Fique como fuente de fibra alternativa. Investigación, Tecnología y Ciencia, 15, 31–35 Microsoft. (2016). Excel 2016. US Mohammed, L., Ansari, M. N. M., Pua, G., Jawaid, M., & Islam, M. S. (2015). A Review on Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite and Its Applications. International Journal of Polymer Science, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/243947 Muñoz, M., Hidalgo, M., & Mina, J. (2018). Effect of content and surface modification of fique fibers on the properties of a low-density polyethylene (LDPE)-Al/fique composite. Polymers, 10(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10101050 Muñoz, M., & Mina, J. (2014). Fique Fiber an alternative for reinforced pastics. Influence of surface modification. In Biotecnología en el Sector Agropecuario y Agroindustrial (Vol. 12) Pinzón Galvis, S. (2013). Análisis de la resistencia a compresión y fl exión del concreto modifi cado con fi bra de fi que. Retrieved from www.veoverde.com/2009/07/fi Pradeep, P., Raja, J., Ramachandran, M., & Retnam, S. (2015). Mechanical Characterization of jute fiber over glass and carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 10(11), 10392–10396 Raju, B., Hiremath, S. R., & Roy Mahapatra, D. (2018, November 15). A review of micromechanics based models for effective elastic properties of reinforced polymer matrix composites. Composite Structures, Vol. 204, pp. 607–619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.07.125 Ramón Valencia, F., Lopez-Arraiza, A., Múgica, J. I., Aurrekoetxea, J., Suarez, J. C., & Ramón-Valencia, B. (2015). Influence of seawater immersion in low energy impact behavior of a novel colombian fique fiber reinforced bio-resin laminate. DYNA, 82(194), 170–177. https://doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v82n194.48622 Ribot, N. M. H., Ahmad, Z., Mustaffa, N. K., & Alam, S. (2011). Mechanical propertise of Kenaf fiber composite using co-Cured in-line fiber joint. International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST), ISSN, 3(4), 975–5462 Segura, J. (2011). Estructuras de concreto I. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia Segurado, J. (2004). Micromecánica computacional de materiales compuestos reforzados con partículas. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Sen, T., & Reddy, H. (2013). Strengthening of RC Beams in Flexure Using Natural Jute Fibre Textile Reinforced Composite System and its Comparative Study with CFRP and GFRP Strengthening System. International Journal of Sustainable Bult Environment, 2, 41–55 Sen, Tara, & Reddy, H. N. J. (2013). Pretreatment of woven jute FRP composite and its use in strengthening of reinforced concrete beams in flexure. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/128158 Silva, F. de A., Chawla, N., & Filho, R. D. de T. (2008). Tensile behavior of high performance natural (sisal) fibers. Composites Science and Technology, 68(15–16), 3438–3443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.10.001 Sowndharya, D., Kathirvel, M., & Yuvaraj, K. (2019). Strengthening of RC Beam using Numerous Natural Fibre Laminates - a Review. (September) Spiegel, M. (1997). Estadística (2nd ed.). Madrid: Mc Graw Hill Sreekumar, P. (2008). Matrices for natural-fiber reinforced composites. Woodhead Publishing in Materials, 2 Teles, M. C. A., Altoé, G. R., Netto, P. A., Colorado, H., Margem, F. M., & Monteiro, S. N. (2015). Fique fiber tensile elastic modulus dependence with diameter using the weibull statistical analysis. Materials Research, 18, 193–199. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-1439.364514 Ticoalu, A., Aravinthan, T., & Cardona, F. (1997). Gathering in Chicago. Editor and Publisher, 130(17), 13-X1 Tong, F. S., Chin, S. C., Doh, S. I., & Gimbun, J. (2017). Natural Fiber Composites as Potential External Strengthening Material – A Review. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2017/v10i2/110368 Tudjono, S., Lie, H. A., & Hidayat, B. A. (2015). An experimental study to the influence of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) confinement on beams subjected to bending and shear. Procedia Engineering, 125, 1070–1075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.11.164 Uribe, J. (2002). Análisis de estructuras. Bogotá: Editorial Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería Wu, Z., Li, W., & Sakuma, N. (2006). Innovative externally bonded FRP/concrete hybrid flexural members. Composite Structures, 72(3), 289–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2004.12.002 Wullin, Q., Endo, T., & Hirostsu, T. (2010). Structure and properties of composites of highly crystalline cellulose with polypropylene: Effects of polypropylene molecular weigtht. Materials Research, 5 Yan, L., Su, S., & Chouw, N. (2015). Microstructure, flexural properties and durability of coir fibre reinforced concrete beams externally strengthened with flax FRP composites. Composites Part B: Engineering, 80, 343–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.06.011 Zakikhani, P., Zahari, R., & Sultan, M. (2014). Bamboo Fibre Extraction and Reinforced Polymer Composite Material. International Journal of Chemical, Nuclear, Materials Ans Metallurgical Enggineering, 8 |
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Derechos reservados al autor, 2023 |
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http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
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Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional |
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http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
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Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional Derechos reservados al autor, 2023 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
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openAccess |
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115 páginas |
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application/pdf |
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Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
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Bogotá - Ingeniería - Maestría en Ingeniería - Estructuras |
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Facultad de Ingeniería |
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Bogotá, Colombia |
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Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá |
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Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
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Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 InternacionalDerechos reservados al autor, 2023http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Luna Tamayo, Patriciaeb0a0c55c0a8abe56c9ad14ce44b590eBeltrán Martínez, Oscar David1c29fc652ea0b39125363aee1f947a3d2023-05-19T20:08:31Z2023-05-19T20:08:31Z2023-05-18https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/83838Universidad Nacional de ColombiaRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiahttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ilustraciones, fotografías, gráficas, planosEn esta investigación se determinó la influencia de reforzar externamente vigas de concreto sometidas a flexión empleando un compuesto hecho con matriz epóxica y fibras de fique. Para esto se caracterizó mecánicamente la fibra de fique antes y después de ser sometida a un tratamiento alcalino. El tratamiento alcalino usado fue a base de hidróxido de sodio (NaOH), logrando con este procedimiento mejorar las propiedades mecánicas de la fibra de fique. Posteriormente, se caracterizó mecánicamente el tejido de fique, previamente sometido al tratamiento alcalino. Se fabricó una matriz epóxica, la cual fue sometida a ensayos de tensión para determinar sus propiedades mecánicas. Para la fabricación del compuesto epóxico/fique (EF) se emplearon dos tipos de tejidos, un tejido tupido (D) y un tejido ralo (MD), obteniendo mayores prestaciones mecánicas al emplear el tejido tupido, con un contenido de fibras de fique del 10 %, como fracción de peso. Se fabricaron vigas de concreto empleando dos tipos de resistencia a la compresión, una de 17 MPa y la otra de 24 MPa. Estas vigas fueron reforzadas externamente, en la cara inferior del elemento, empleando el compuesto EF. Posteriormente, fueron sometidas al ensayo a flexión de cuatro puntos para evaluar el comportamiento de las vigas reforzadas ante esfuerzos de flexión. Al reforzar estas vigas con el compuesto EF de observó que la resistencia a la flexión aumentó entre un 15 y 20 % para vigas con concreto de 17 MPa y un 10 % para las vigas hechas con concreto de 24 MPa. El módulo de elasticidad de las vigas reforzadas aumentó hasta un 20 % y las deflexiones se redujeron. Se propusieron unas expresiones teóricas para ser comparadas con los resultados obtenidos en el laboratorio, logrando precisión en las ecuaciones determinadas para la evaluación de esfuerzos en vigas compuestas, y una buena aproximación en la ecuación definida para la evaluación del momento nominal de la viga reforzada externamente con EF. (Texto tomado de la fuente)In this research, the influence of externally reinforcing concrete beams subjected to bending using a composite made with an epoxy matrix and fique fibers was determined. For this, the fique fiber was mechanically characterized before and after being subjected to an alkaline treatment. The alkaline treatment used was based on sodium hydroxide (NaOH), achieving with this procedure to improve the mechanical properties of fique fiber. Subsequently, the fique fabric, previously subjected to alkaline treatment, was mechanically characterized. An epoxy matrix was manufactured, which was subjected to stress tests to determine its mechanical properties. For the manufacture of the epoxy/fique composite (EF) two types of fabrics were used, a dense fabric (D) and a sparse fabric (MD), obtaining greater mechanical performance when using the dense fabric, with a fique fiber content of 10%, as a weight fraction. Concrete beams were manufactured using two types of compressive strength, one of 17 MPa and the other of 24 MPa. These beams were externally reinforced, on the lower face of the element, using the EF compound. Subsequently, they were subjected to the four-point bending test to evaluate the behavior of the reinforced beams under bending stresses. When reinforcing these beams with the EF compound, it was observed that the flexural strength increased between 15 and 20% for beams with 17 MPa concrete and 10% for beams made with 24 MPa concrete. The elastic modulus of the reinforced beams increased up to 20% and deflections were reduced. Some theoretical expressions were proposed to be compared with the results obtained in the laboratory, achieving precision in the equations determined for the evaluation of forces in composite beams, and a good approximation in the equation defined for the evaluation of the nominal moment of the externally reinforced beam. with EF.MaestríaMagíster en Ingeniería - EstructurasMateriales de construcción para estructuras115 páginasapplication/pdfspaUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaBogotá - Ingeniería - Maestría en Ingeniería - EstructurasFacultad de IngenieríaBogotá, ColombiaUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá690 - Construcción de edificiosConstrucciones compuestasIngeniería de estructurasComposite constructionStructural engineeringFibras de fiquefibras naturalesmateriales compuestosmatriz epóxicarefuerzo externoreforzamiento en vigasFique fibersnatural fiberscomposite materialsepoxy matrixexternal reinforcementbeam reinforcementMaterial compuesto epóxico/fique, como refuerzo externo en elementos de concreto sometidos a flexiónEpoxy/fique composite material, as external reinforcement in concrete elements subjected to flexionTrabajo de grado - Maestríainfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionTexthttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TMAl-mahaidi, R. 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International Journal of Chemical, Nuclear, Materials Ans Metallurgical Enggineering, 8EstudiantesInvestigadoresLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-85879https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/83838/1/license.txteb34b1cf90b7e1103fc9dfd26be24b4aMD51ORIGINAL1030616003.2023.pdf1030616003.2023.pdfTesis de Maestría en Ingeniería - Estructurasapplication/pdf3616093https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/83838/3/1030616003.2023.pdfaea605b3dc3de6c9ed4ef94b91d5aee1MD53THUMBNAIL1030616003.2023.pdf.jpg1030616003.2023.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg5086https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/83838/4/1030616003.2023.pdf.jpg9bc58c6ba955180dd67f9e887403b958MD54unal/83838oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/838382024-08-06 23:10:07.978Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de 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