Factores asociados con lesión neurológica en pacientes sometidos a cirugía de miembro superior bajo anestesia regional ecoguiada y combinada

La lesión nerviosa posterior anestesia regional es una de las complicaciones mas temidas, afortunadamente con incidencia baja y resolución espontanea en la mayor parte de los casos. En nuestro trabajo buscamos describir los factores relacionados con dicho evento, así como incidencia.

Autores:
Jaimes Fontalvo, Valerie Gisselle
Tipo de recurso:
Fecha de publicación:
2023
Institución:
Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga - UNAB
Repositorio:
Repositorio UNAB
Idioma:
spa
OAI Identifier:
oai:repository.unab.edu.co:20.500.12749/22779
Acceso en línea:
http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12749/22779
Palabra clave:
Anesthesiology
Medical sciences
Health sciences
Medicine
Regional anesthesia
Surgery
Demographic characteristics
Anestesiología
Ciencias médicas
Medicina
Anestesia regional
Cirugía
Características demográficas
Ciencias de la salud
Rights
License
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/co/
id UNAB2_f8a3f260f7119e81965132fa22364dce
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repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Factores asociados con lesión neurológica en pacientes sometidos a cirugía de miembro superior bajo anestesia regional ecoguiada y combinada
dc.title.translated.spa.fl_str_mv Factors related to nerve injury after arm orthopedic surgery, under regional anesthesia and combined anesthesia
title Factores asociados con lesión neurológica en pacientes sometidos a cirugía de miembro superior bajo anestesia regional ecoguiada y combinada
spellingShingle Factores asociados con lesión neurológica en pacientes sometidos a cirugía de miembro superior bajo anestesia regional ecoguiada y combinada
Anesthesiology
Medical sciences
Health sciences
Medicine
Regional anesthesia
Surgery
Demographic characteristics
Anestesiología
Ciencias médicas
Medicina
Anestesia regional
Cirugía
Características demográficas
Ciencias de la salud
title_short Factores asociados con lesión neurológica en pacientes sometidos a cirugía de miembro superior bajo anestesia regional ecoguiada y combinada
title_full Factores asociados con lesión neurológica en pacientes sometidos a cirugía de miembro superior bajo anestesia regional ecoguiada y combinada
title_fullStr Factores asociados con lesión neurológica en pacientes sometidos a cirugía de miembro superior bajo anestesia regional ecoguiada y combinada
title_full_unstemmed Factores asociados con lesión neurológica en pacientes sometidos a cirugía de miembro superior bajo anestesia regional ecoguiada y combinada
title_sort Factores asociados con lesión neurológica en pacientes sometidos a cirugía de miembro superior bajo anestesia regional ecoguiada y combinada
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Jaimes Fontalvo, Valerie Gisselle
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv Valdivieso, Lizeth
Gómez Garcés, Sonia Luz
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Jaimes Fontalvo, Valerie Gisselle
dc.contributor.cvlac.spa.fl_str_mv Gómez Garcés, Sonia Luz [0001659600]
dc.contributor.orcid.spa.fl_str_mv Gómez Garcés, Sonia Luz [0000-0003-1865-2923]
dc.subject.keywords.spa.fl_str_mv Anesthesiology
Medical sciences
Health sciences
Medicine
Regional anesthesia
Surgery
Demographic characteristics
topic Anesthesiology
Medical sciences
Health sciences
Medicine
Regional anesthesia
Surgery
Demographic characteristics
Anestesiología
Ciencias médicas
Medicina
Anestesia regional
Cirugía
Características demográficas
Ciencias de la salud
dc.subject.lemb.spa.fl_str_mv Anestesiología
Ciencias médicas
Medicina
Anestesia regional
Cirugía
Características demográficas
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv Ciencias de la salud
description La lesión nerviosa posterior anestesia regional es una de las complicaciones mas temidas, afortunadamente con incidencia baja y resolución espontanea en la mayor parte de los casos. En nuestro trabajo buscamos describir los factores relacionados con dicho evento, así como incidencia.
publishDate 2023
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2023-11-16T16:37:41Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2023-11-16T16:37:41Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2023-11-07
dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis
dc.type.local.spa.fl_str_mv Tesis
dc.type.redcol.none.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TM
dc.type.coarversion.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/version/c_b1a7d7d4d402bcce
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12749/22779
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv instname:Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga - UNAB
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv reponame:Repositorio Institucional UNAB
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv repourl:https://repository.unab.edu.co
url http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12749/22779
identifier_str_mv instname:Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga - UNAB
reponame:Repositorio Institucional UNAB
repourl:https://repository.unab.edu.co
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv spa
language spa
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv 1. Gupta R, Patel NA, Mazzocca AD, Romeo A. Understanding and Treating Iatrogenic Nerve Injuries in Shoulder Surgery. Vol. 28, The Journal of the American Academy ofOrthopaedic Surgeons. NLM (Medline); 2020. p. e185–92.
2. Yves Auroy, Patrick Narchi, Antoine Messiah, Lawrence Litt, Bernard Rouvier, Kamran Samii. Serious complications Related to Regional Anesthesia: Results of a prospective survey in France. Anesthesiology. 1997;87:479–86.
3. Auroy Y, Benhamou D, Bargues L, Ecoffey C, Falissard B, Mercier F, et al. Major Complications of Regional Anesthesia in France The SOS Regional Anesthesia Hotline Service [Internet]. Vol. 97, Anesthesiology. 2002. Available from: http://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article-pdf/97/5/1274/406639/0000542- 200211000- 00034.pdf
4. Brull R, McCartney CJL, Chan VWS, El-Beheiry H. Neurological complications after regional anesthesia: Contemporary estimates of risk. Anesth Analg. 2007;104(4):965–74.
5. Sharma BS, Chung C. Incidence and risk factors for neurological injury after interscalene peripheral nerve block at an academic institution. Vol. 61, Journal ofClinical Anesthesia. Elsevier Inc.; 2020.
6. Casas-Arroyave FD, Ramírez-Mendoza E, Ocampo-Agudelo AF. Revista Española deAnestesiología y Reanimación Complications associated with three brachial plexus blocking techniques: Systematic review and meta-analysis [Internet]. Vol. 68, Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación. 2021. Available from: www.elsevier.es/redar
7. Barrington MJ, Watts SA, Gledhill SR, Thomas RD, Said SA, Snyder GL, et al. Preliminary results of the australasian regional anaesthesia collaboration: A prospective audit of more than 7000 peripheral nerve and plexus blocks for neurologic and other complications. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2009 Nov;34(6):534–41.
8. Bilbao Ares A, Sabaté A, Porteiro L, Ibáñez B, Koo M, Pi A. Neurological complications associated with ultrasound-guided interscalene and supraclavicularblock in elective surgery of the shoulder and arm. Prospective observational study in a university hospital. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim. 2013 Aug;60(7):384–91.
9. Pietraszek P. Regional anaesthesia-induced peripheral nerve injury. Vol. 50, Anaesthesiology Intensive Therapy. Via Medica; 2018. p. 367–77.
10. Sociedad de Anestesiología del Uruguay. V, Silveri C, Samaniego A, Rodriguez R. Anestesia, analgesia, reanimación : revista de la Sociedad de Anestesiología del Uruguay. [Internet]. Vol. 19, Anestesia Analgesia Reanimación. La Sociedad; 2004 [cited 2022 Jun 8]. 33–40 p.
11. Lopez-Ruiz VG. Revista Mexicana de Anestesiología Complicaciones neurologicas enbloqueos perifericos. 2016; Available from: www.medigraphic.org.mx
12. Mutter T, Gabrielle Logan FS, Neily S, Scott Richardson F, Nicole Askin F, Marita Monterola M, et al. Postoperative neurologic symptoms in the operative arm after shoulder surgery with interscalene blockade: a systematic review. 2022; Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12630-
13. Neal JM, Barrington MJ, Brull R, Hadzic A, Hebl JR, Horlocker TT, et al. The Second ASRA Practice Advisory on Neurologic Complications Associated with Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine: Executive Summary 2015. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2015 Sep 3;40(5):401–30.
14. Gadsden J, Gratenstein K, Hadzic A. Intraneural Injection and Peripheral Nerve Injury [Internet]. Vol. 48, INTERNATIONAL ANESTHESIOLOGY CLINICS. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010. Available from: www.anesthesiaclinics.com|
15. Brull R, Hadzic A, Reina MA, Barrington MJ. Pathophysiology and Etiology of NerveInjury Following Peripheral Nerve Blockade. Vol. 40, Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2015. p. 479–90.
16. O’Flaherty D, McCartney CJL, Ng SC. Nerve injury after peripheral nerve blockade—current understanding and guidelines. Vol. 18, BJA Education. Elsevier Ltd; 2018. p.384–90.
17. la Fuente L N de, María Espinoza AU, Altermatt FC. Artículo de Revisión DAÑO NEUROLÓGICO EN ANESTESIA REGIONAL PERIFÉRICA. Rev Chil Anest Vol. 40 Núm. 3 pp. 253-262
18. Jeng CL, Torrillo TM, Rosenblatt MA. Complications of peripheral nerve blocks. Br JAnaesth. 2010 Dec 1;105:i97–107.
19. Steinfeldt T, Nimphius W, Werner T, Vassiliou T, Kill C, Karakas E, et al. Nerve injury by needle nerve perforation in regional anaesthesia: Does size matter? Br J Anaesth. 2010;104(2):245–53.
20. Rambhia M, Gadsden J. Pressure monitoring: The evidence so far. Vol. 33, Best Practice and Research: Clinical Anaesthesiology. Bailliere Tindall Ltd; 2019. p. 47– 56.
21. Sondekoppam R v., Tsui BCH. Factors associated with risk of neurologic complications after peripheral nerve blocks: A systematic review. In: Anesthesia and Analgesia. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2017. p. 645–60.
22. Watson JC, Huntoon MA. Neurologic Evaluation and Management of PerioperativeNerve Injury. In: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2015. p. 491–501.
23. Helander EM, Kaye AJ, Eng MR, Emelife PI, Motejunas MW, Bonneval LA, et al. Regional Nerve Blocks—Best Practice Strategies for Reduction in Complications and Comprehensive Review. Vol. 23, Current Pain and Headache Reports. Current Medicine Group LLC 1; 2019.
24. Hogan QH. Pathophysiology of Peripheral Nerve Injury During Regional Anesthesia.Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008 Sep;33(5):435–41.
25. Borgeat A, Ekatodramis G, Kalberer F, Benz C. Acute and Nonacute Complications Associated with Interscalene Block and Shoulder Surgery A Prospective Study [Internet]. Vol. 95, Anesthesiology. 2001. Available from: http://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article-pdf/95/4/875/403923/0000542- 200110000- 00015.pdf
26. Capdevila X, Pirat P, Bringuier S, Gaertner E, Ois Singelyn F, Bernard N, et al. PAIN AND REGIONAL ANESTHESIA Continuous Peripheral Nerve Blocks in Hospital Wards after Orthopedic Surgery [Internet]. Vol. 103, Anesthesiology. 2005. Available from: http://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article-pdf/103/5/1035/358548/0000542- 200511000-00018.pdf
27. Sala Blanch X, López AM, Carazo J, Hadzic A, Carrera A, Pomés J, et al. Intraneural injection during nerve stimulator-guided sciatic nerve block at the popliteal fossa. Br J Anaesth. 2009;102(6):855–61.
28. Sorenson EJ. Neurological Injuries Associated With Regional Anesthesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008 Sep;33(5):442–8.
29. DEFINITIVE_RAUK_BOA_guidelines.
30. Theodoraki K, Papacharalampous P, Tsaroucha A, Vezakis A, Argyra E. The effect of transversus abdominis plane block on acute and chronic pain after inguinal hernia repair. A randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Surgery. 2019 Mar 1;63:63–70.
31. Perez C, Galvez R, Huelbes S, Insausti J, Bouhassira D, Diaz S, et al. Validity and reliability of the Spanish version of the DN4 (Douleur Neuropathique 4 questions) questionnaire for differential diagnosis of pain syndromes associated to a neuropathic or somatic component. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2007 Dec 4;5.
32. IASP, terminology. https://iasp-pain.org/resources/terminology.
33. Fredrickson MJ, Kilfoyle DH. Neurological complication analysis of 1000 ultrasound guided peripheral nerve blocks for elective orthopaedic surgery: a prospective study. Anaesthesia. 2009 Aug;64(8):836-44. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2009.05938.x
Liguori GA, Zayas VM, YaDeau JT, et al. Nerve localization techniques for interscalene brachial plexus blockade: a prospective, randomized comparison of mechanical paresthesia versus electrical stimulation. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2006; 103: 761–7.
35. Chang J, Bhandari L, Messana J, Alkabbaa S, Hamidian Jahromi A, Konofaos P. Management of Tourniquet-Related Nerve Injury (TRNI): A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2022 Aug 4;14(8):e27685. doi: 10.7759/cureus.27685.
36. Farber, Scott J. MD; Saheb-Al-Zamani, Maryam MD, MS; Zieske, Lawrence; Laurido-Soto, Osvaldo; Bery, Amit; Hunter, Daniel RA; Johnson, Philip PhD; Mackinnon, Susan E. MD. Peripheral Nerve Injury After Local Anesthetic Injection. Anesthesia & Analgesia 117(3):p 731-739, September 2013. | DOI: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e3182a00767
37. Admir Hadzic, Jerry D. Vloka, Alan C. Santos, Alan Jay Schwartz, Kevin Sanborn, David J. Birnbach, Daniel M. Thys; Training Requirements for Peripheral Nerve Blocks. Anesthesiology2001; 95:1303 doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200111000-00050
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spelling Valdivieso, Lizeth3bacd002-d269-4595-9398-d41a4c3caafeGómez Garcés, Sonia Luz4f3477c3-6604-43c6-b5f7-11dc8215d7cbJaimes Fontalvo, Valerie Gisselle448eb695-d05b-450c-ae3a-147df49d9b93Gómez Garcés, Sonia Luz [0001659600]Gómez Garcés, Sonia Luz [0000-0003-1865-2923]ColombiaUNAB Campus Bucaramanga2023-11-16T16:37:41Z2023-11-16T16:37:41Z2023-11-07http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12749/22779instname:Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga - UNABreponame:Repositorio Institucional UNABrepourl:https://repository.unab.edu.coLa lesión nerviosa posterior anestesia regional es una de las complicaciones mas temidas, afortunadamente con incidencia baja y resolución espontanea en la mayor parte de los casos. En nuestro trabajo buscamos describir los factores relacionados con dicho evento, así como incidencia.Resumen ejecutivo 2. Introducción 3. Planteamiento del problema 4.Pregunta de investigación 5. Hipótesis investigativa 6. Justificación 7. Marco teórico y estado del arte 8. Objetivos 9. Objetivo general 10. Objetivos específicos 11. Metodología 12. Diseño de estudio 13. Población blanco 14. Población elegible 15. Criterios de inclusión 16. Criterios de exclusión 17. Tiempo de ejecución 18. Variables Explicatorias 19. Consideraciones Académicas, Éticas y Legales 20. Flujograma 21. Manejo de datos y Análisis estadístico 22. Resultados 23. Discusión 24. Conclusiones 25. Bibliografía 26. Anexos 55 27. Variables Independientes 28. Instrumento de recolección de datos y consentimiento 29. Cronograma de actividades realizadas 30. Presupuesto Proyectado y EjecutadoEspecializaciónNerve injury following regional anesthesia is one of the most feared complications, fortunately with a low incidence and spontaneous resolution in most cases. In our work we seek to describe the factors related to said event, as well as its incidence.Modalidad Presencialapplication/pdfspahttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/co/Abierto (Texto Completo)Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 2.5 Colombiahttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Factores asociados con lesión neurológica en pacientes sometidos a cirugía de miembro superior bajo anestesia regional ecoguiada y combinadaFactors related to nerve injury after arm orthopedic surgery, under regional anesthesia and combined anesthesiaEspecialista en AnestesiologíaUniversidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga UNABFacultad Ciencias de la SaludEspecialización en Anestesiologíainfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisTesishttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TMhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_b1a7d7d4d402bcceAnesthesiologyMedical sciencesHealth sciencesMedicineRegional anesthesiaSurgeryDemographic characteristicsAnestesiologíaCiencias médicasMedicinaAnestesia regionalCirugíaCaracterísticas demográficasCiencias de la salud1. Gupta R, Patel NA, Mazzocca AD, Romeo A. Understanding and Treating Iatrogenic Nerve Injuries in Shoulder Surgery. Vol. 28, The Journal of the American Academy ofOrthopaedic Surgeons. NLM (Medline); 2020. p. e185–92.2. Yves Auroy, Patrick Narchi, Antoine Messiah, Lawrence Litt, Bernard Rouvier, Kamran Samii. Serious complications Related to Regional Anesthesia: Results of a prospective survey in France. Anesthesiology. 1997;87:479–86.3. Auroy Y, Benhamou D, Bargues L, Ecoffey C, Falissard B, Mercier F, et al. Major Complications of Regional Anesthesia in France The SOS Regional Anesthesia Hotline Service [Internet]. Vol. 97, Anesthesiology. 2002. Available from: http://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article-pdf/97/5/1274/406639/0000542- 200211000- 00034.pdf4. Brull R, McCartney CJL, Chan VWS, El-Beheiry H. Neurological complications after regional anesthesia: Contemporary estimates of risk. Anesth Analg. 2007;104(4):965–74.5. Sharma BS, Chung C. Incidence and risk factors for neurological injury after interscalene peripheral nerve block at an academic institution. Vol. 61, Journal ofClinical Anesthesia. Elsevier Inc.; 2020.6. Casas-Arroyave FD, Ramírez-Mendoza E, Ocampo-Agudelo AF. Revista Española deAnestesiología y Reanimación Complications associated with three brachial plexus blocking techniques: Systematic review and meta-analysis [Internet]. Vol. 68, Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación. 2021. Available from: www.elsevier.es/redar7. Barrington MJ, Watts SA, Gledhill SR, Thomas RD, Said SA, Snyder GL, et al. Preliminary results of the australasian regional anaesthesia collaboration: A prospective audit of more than 7000 peripheral nerve and plexus blocks for neurologic and other complications. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2009 Nov;34(6):534–41.8. Bilbao Ares A, Sabaté A, Porteiro L, Ibáñez B, Koo M, Pi A. Neurological complications associated with ultrasound-guided interscalene and supraclavicularblock in elective surgery of the shoulder and arm. Prospective observational study in a university hospital. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim. 2013 Aug;60(7):384–91.9. Pietraszek P. Regional anaesthesia-induced peripheral nerve injury. Vol. 50, Anaesthesiology Intensive Therapy. Via Medica; 2018. p. 367–77.10. Sociedad de Anestesiología del Uruguay. V, Silveri C, Samaniego A, Rodriguez R. Anestesia, analgesia, reanimación : revista de la Sociedad de Anestesiología del Uruguay. [Internet]. Vol. 19, Anestesia Analgesia Reanimación. La Sociedad; 2004 [cited 2022 Jun 8]. 33–40 p.11. Lopez-Ruiz VG. Revista Mexicana de Anestesiología Complicaciones neurologicas enbloqueos perifericos. 2016; Available from: www.medigraphic.org.mx12. Mutter T, Gabrielle Logan FS, Neily S, Scott Richardson F, Nicole Askin F, Marita Monterola M, et al. Postoperative neurologic symptoms in the operative arm after shoulder surgery with interscalene blockade: a systematic review. 2022; Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12630-13. Neal JM, Barrington MJ, Brull R, Hadzic A, Hebl JR, Horlocker TT, et al. The Second ASRA Practice Advisory on Neurologic Complications Associated with Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine: Executive Summary 2015. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2015 Sep 3;40(5):401–30.14. Gadsden J, Gratenstein K, Hadzic A. Intraneural Injection and Peripheral Nerve Injury [Internet]. Vol. 48, INTERNATIONAL ANESTHESIOLOGY CLINICS. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010. Available from: www.anesthesiaclinics.com|15. Brull R, Hadzic A, Reina MA, Barrington MJ. Pathophysiology and Etiology of NerveInjury Following Peripheral Nerve Blockade. Vol. 40, Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2015. p. 479–90.16. O’Flaherty D, McCartney CJL, Ng SC. Nerve injury after peripheral nerve blockade—current understanding and guidelines. Vol. 18, BJA Education. Elsevier Ltd; 2018. p.384–90.17. la Fuente L N de, María Espinoza AU, Altermatt FC. Artículo de Revisión DAÑO NEUROLÓGICO EN ANESTESIA REGIONAL PERIFÉRICA. Rev Chil Anest Vol. 40 Núm. 3 pp. 253-26218. Jeng CL, Torrillo TM, Rosenblatt MA. Complications of peripheral nerve blocks. Br JAnaesth. 2010 Dec 1;105:i97–107.19. Steinfeldt T, Nimphius W, Werner T, Vassiliou T, Kill C, Karakas E, et al. Nerve injury by needle nerve perforation in regional anaesthesia: Does size matter? Br J Anaesth. 2010;104(2):245–53.20. Rambhia M, Gadsden J. Pressure monitoring: The evidence so far. Vol. 33, Best Practice and Research: Clinical Anaesthesiology. Bailliere Tindall Ltd; 2019. p. 47– 56.21. Sondekoppam R v., Tsui BCH. Factors associated with risk of neurologic complications after peripheral nerve blocks: A systematic review. In: Anesthesia and Analgesia. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2017. p. 645–60.22. Watson JC, Huntoon MA. Neurologic Evaluation and Management of PerioperativeNerve Injury. In: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2015. p. 491–501.23. Helander EM, Kaye AJ, Eng MR, Emelife PI, Motejunas MW, Bonneval LA, et al. Regional Nerve Blocks—Best Practice Strategies for Reduction in Complications and Comprehensive Review. Vol. 23, Current Pain and Headache Reports. Current Medicine Group LLC 1; 2019.24. Hogan QH. Pathophysiology of Peripheral Nerve Injury During Regional Anesthesia.Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008 Sep;33(5):435–41.25. Borgeat A, Ekatodramis G, Kalberer F, Benz C. Acute and Nonacute Complications Associated with Interscalene Block and Shoulder Surgery A Prospective Study [Internet]. Vol. 95, Anesthesiology. 2001. Available from: http://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article-pdf/95/4/875/403923/0000542- 200110000- 00015.pdf26. Capdevila X, Pirat P, Bringuier S, Gaertner E, Ois Singelyn F, Bernard N, et al. PAIN AND REGIONAL ANESTHESIA Continuous Peripheral Nerve Blocks in Hospital Wards after Orthopedic Surgery [Internet]. Vol. 103, Anesthesiology. 2005. Available from: http://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article-pdf/103/5/1035/358548/0000542- 200511000-00018.pdf27. Sala Blanch X, López AM, Carazo J, Hadzic A, Carrera A, Pomés J, et al. Intraneural injection during nerve stimulator-guided sciatic nerve block at the popliteal fossa. Br J Anaesth. 2009;102(6):855–61.28. Sorenson EJ. Neurological Injuries Associated With Regional Anesthesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008 Sep;33(5):442–8.29. DEFINITIVE_RAUK_BOA_guidelines.30. Theodoraki K, Papacharalampous P, Tsaroucha A, Vezakis A, Argyra E. The effect of transversus abdominis plane block on acute and chronic pain after inguinal hernia repair. A randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Surgery. 2019 Mar 1;63:63–70.31. 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