Comparación de la eficacia del manejo analgésico habitual vs manejo analgésico habitual más infiltración de anestésico local en plano muscular en el postoperatorio inmediato de la cirugía abierta de próstata
Esta investigación evalúa la eficacia de la infiltración de anestésicos locales durante la cirugía de próstata abierta para mejorar el control del dolor postoperatorio. Se realizó un estudio prospectivo con 89 pacientes, mostrando que aquellos sometidos a prostatectomía simple reportaron un mayor do...
- Autores:
-
Diaz Rueda, Hernán Darío
- Tipo de recurso:
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2025
- Institución:
- Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga - UNAB
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio UNAB
- Idioma:
- spa
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repository.unab.edu.co:20.500.12749/28521
- Acceso en línea:
- http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12749/28521
- Palabra clave:
- Medical sciences
Health sciences
Urology
Medicine
Local anesthetic
Open prostatectomy
Postoperative pain
Analgesics
Postoperative pain
Surgery
Pain (Treatment)
Surgery (Complications)
Urología
Medicina
Ciencias médicas
Analgésicos
Dolor postoperatorio
Cirugía
Dolor (Tratamiento)
Cirugía (Complicaciones)
Ciencias de la salud
Anestésico local
Prostatectomía abierta
Dolor postoperatorio
- Rights
- License
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/co/
id |
UNAB2_9f690e1095470054a18f969de864cd01 |
---|---|
oai_identifier_str |
oai:repository.unab.edu.co:20.500.12749/28521 |
network_acronym_str |
UNAB2 |
network_name_str |
Repositorio UNAB |
repository_id_str |
|
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv |
Comparación de la eficacia del manejo analgésico habitual vs manejo analgésico habitual más infiltración de anestésico local en plano muscular en el postoperatorio inmediato de la cirugía abierta de próstata |
dc.title.translated.spa.fl_str_mv |
Comparison of the efficacy of usual vs analgesic management usual analgesic management plus anesthetic infiltration local muscular plane in the immediate postoperative period of the open prostate surgery |
title |
Comparación de la eficacia del manejo analgésico habitual vs manejo analgésico habitual más infiltración de anestésico local en plano muscular en el postoperatorio inmediato de la cirugía abierta de próstata |
spellingShingle |
Comparación de la eficacia del manejo analgésico habitual vs manejo analgésico habitual más infiltración de anestésico local en plano muscular en el postoperatorio inmediato de la cirugía abierta de próstata Medical sciences Health sciences Urology Medicine Local anesthetic Open prostatectomy Postoperative pain Analgesics Postoperative pain Surgery Pain (Treatment) Surgery (Complications) Urología Medicina Ciencias médicas Analgésicos Dolor postoperatorio Cirugía Dolor (Tratamiento) Cirugía (Complicaciones) Ciencias de la salud Anestésico local Prostatectomía abierta Dolor postoperatorio |
title_short |
Comparación de la eficacia del manejo analgésico habitual vs manejo analgésico habitual más infiltración de anestésico local en plano muscular en el postoperatorio inmediato de la cirugía abierta de próstata |
title_full |
Comparación de la eficacia del manejo analgésico habitual vs manejo analgésico habitual más infiltración de anestésico local en plano muscular en el postoperatorio inmediato de la cirugía abierta de próstata |
title_fullStr |
Comparación de la eficacia del manejo analgésico habitual vs manejo analgésico habitual más infiltración de anestésico local en plano muscular en el postoperatorio inmediato de la cirugía abierta de próstata |
title_full_unstemmed |
Comparación de la eficacia del manejo analgésico habitual vs manejo analgésico habitual más infiltración de anestésico local en plano muscular en el postoperatorio inmediato de la cirugía abierta de próstata |
title_sort |
Comparación de la eficacia del manejo analgésico habitual vs manejo analgésico habitual más infiltración de anestésico local en plano muscular en el postoperatorio inmediato de la cirugía abierta de próstata |
dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Diaz Rueda, Hernán Darío |
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv |
Villareal Trujillo, Nicolás Camacho López, Paul Anthony |
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Diaz Rueda, Hernán Darío |
dc.contributor.cvlac.spa.fl_str_mv |
Villareal Trujillo, Nicolás [0001691724] Camacho López, Paul Anthony [0000323578] |
dc.contributor.googlescholar.spa.fl_str_mv |
Camacho López, Paul Anthony [es&oi=ao] |
dc.contributor.orcid.spa.fl_str_mv |
Díaz Rueda, Hernán Darío [0009-0001-5578-9454] Villareal Trujillo, Nicolás [0000-0002-5974-8035] Camacho López, Paul Anthony [0000-0002-6233-9582] |
dc.contributor.apolounab.spa.fl_str_mv |
Camacho López, Paul Anthony [paul-anthony-camacho-lópez] |
dc.subject.keywords.spa.fl_str_mv |
Medical sciences Health sciences Urology Medicine Local anesthetic Open prostatectomy Postoperative pain Analgesics Postoperative pain Surgery Pain (Treatment) Surgery (Complications) |
topic |
Medical sciences Health sciences Urology Medicine Local anesthetic Open prostatectomy Postoperative pain Analgesics Postoperative pain Surgery Pain (Treatment) Surgery (Complications) Urología Medicina Ciencias médicas Analgésicos Dolor postoperatorio Cirugía Dolor (Tratamiento) Cirugía (Complicaciones) Ciencias de la salud Anestésico local Prostatectomía abierta Dolor postoperatorio |
dc.subject.lemb.spa.fl_str_mv |
Urología Medicina Ciencias médicas Analgésicos Dolor postoperatorio Cirugía Dolor (Tratamiento) Cirugía (Complicaciones) |
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Ciencias de la salud Anestésico local Prostatectomía abierta Dolor postoperatorio |
description |
Esta investigación evalúa la eficacia de la infiltración de anestésicos locales durante la cirugía de próstata abierta para mejorar el control del dolor postoperatorio. Se realizó un estudio prospectivo con 89 pacientes, mostrando que aquellos sometidos a prostatectomía simple reportaron un mayor dolor en las primeras horas postoperatorias en comparación con los de prostatectomía radical, aunque no se observaron diferencias significativas en el uso de analgésicos de rescate. A pesar de los resultados que sugieren beneficios en la reducción del dolor, las limitaciones del estudio, especialmente la falta de un grupo control con placebo, impiden generalizar las conclusiones. Se concluye que la infiltración de anestésicos locales es un procedimiento seguro y efectivo, aunque se requieren estudios más controlados para validar estos hallazgos. |
publishDate |
2025 |
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2025-02-28T14:56:20Z |
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2025-02-28T14:56:20Z |
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2025-02-27 |
dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis |
dc.type.local.spa.fl_str_mv |
Tesis |
dc.type.hasversion.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion |
dc.type.redcol.none.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TM |
status_str |
acceptedVersion |
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12749/28521 |
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv |
instname:Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga - UNAB |
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv |
reponame:Repositorio Institucional UNAB |
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv |
repourl:https://repository.unab.edu.co |
url |
http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12749/28521 |
identifier_str_mv |
instname:Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga - UNAB reponame:Repositorio Institucional UNAB repourl:https://repository.unab.edu.co |
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv |
spa |
language |
spa |
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
Amid PK, Shulman AG, Lichtenstein IL. Local Anesthesia for Inguinal Hernia Repair Step-by-Step Procedure. 1994. Decker H, Wu CL, Wick E. Multimodal Pain Control in Surgery 2020. Vol. 55, Advances in Surgery. Academic Press Inc.; 2021. p. 147-57. Hornberger J, Chhatwal J. Opioid Misuse: A Global Crisis. Vol. 24, Value in Health. Elsevier Ltd; 2021. p. 145-6. ALERTA INFORMATIVA ACERCA DEL USO DE SUSTANCIAS Y PREPARADOS CON ACTIVIDAD PSICOACTIVA UTILIZADAS PARA EL MANEJO DEL DOLOR (OPIOIDES) [Internet]. Disponible en: https://www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/opioids/opioid-overdose-crisis Ellis JL, Pryor JJ, Mendez M, Sarmiento AS, Perito P, Simhan J. Pain Management Strategies in Contemporary Penile Implant Recipients. Curr Urol Rep. marzo de 2021;22(3):17 Ellis J, Higgins A, Simhan J. Pain management strategies in penile implantation. Vol. 22, Asian Journal of Andrology. Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications; 2020. p. 34-8 Xie D, Nicholson M, Azaiza M, Gheiler V, Lopez I, Nehrenz GM, et al. Effect of operative local anesthesia on postoperative pain outcomes of inflatable penile prosthesis: prospective comparison of two medications. Int J Impot Res. junio de 2018;30(3):93-6 Cotta BH, Welliver C, Brahmamdam A, Bednarchik CL, Dynda D, Köhler TS. Long- acting liposomal bupivacaine decreases inpatient narcotic requirements in men undergoing penile prosthesis implantation. Turk Uroloji Derg. diciembre de 2016;42(4):230-4 Raynor MC, Smith A, Vyas SN, Selph JP, Carson CC. Dorsal Penile Nerve Block Prior to Inflatable Penile Prosthesis Placement: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Sex Med. 1 de noviembre de 2012;9(11):2975-9 Zayed M, Allers K, Hoffmann F, Bantel C. Transversus abdominis plane block in urological procedures: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Anaesthesiol. julio de 2021;38(7):758-67 Andrade C, Sejnaui J, Ardila E, Caicedo J, Moyano G, Daza F, et al. Bloqueo anestésico con bupivacaína del espacio preperitoneal para la analgesia en prostatectomía laparoscópica. Rev Urol Colomb. 2012;XXI(2):13-21 Kelly DJ, Ahmad M, Brull SJ. Preemptive analgesia I: physiological pathways and pharmacological modalities. Can J Anesth Can Anesth. noviembre de 2001;48(10):1000-10 Cohen RH, Perl ER. Contributions of Arachidonic Acid Derivatives and Substance P to the Sensitization of Cutaneous Nociceptors [Internet]. Vol. 64, JOURNALOF ’NEUROPHYSIOLWY. 1990. Disponible en: www.physiology.org/journal/jn Levine JD, Fields HL, Basbaum2v4 AI. Peptides and the Primary Afferent Nociceptor. Vol. 13, The Journal of Neuroscience. 1993. p. 2273-2266. Birrell GJ, McQueen DS, Iggo A, Coleman RA, Grubb BD. PGI2-induced activation and sensitization of articular mechanonociceptors. Neurosci Lett. marzo de 1991;124(1):5-8 Walker K, Perkins M, Dray A. KININS AND KININ RECEPTORS IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. Vol. 26, Neurochem. Int. 1995. p. 1-16 Han L, Dong X. Itch mechanisms and circuits. Annu Rev Biophys. 2014;43(1):331-55 Dray A. Inflammatory mediators of pain. Vol. 75, British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1995. p. 125-31 Taylor A, McLeod G. Basic pharmacology of local anaesthetics. Vol. 20, BJA Education. Elsevier Ltd; 2020. p. 34-41. Standring S. Anterior abdominal wall. En: Gray’s Anatomy. 42.a ed. Elsevier Ltd; p. 1122-36 Rozen WM, Tran TMN, Ashton MW, Barrington MJ, Ivanusic JJ, Taylor GI. Refining the course of the thoracolumbar nerves: A new understanding of the innervation of the anterior abdominal wall. Clin Anat. 2008;21(4):325-33 Chin KJ, McDonnell JG, Carvalho B, Sharkey A, Pawa A, Gadsden J. Essentials of our current understanding: Abdominal wall blocks. Vol. 42, Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2017. p. 133-83 Tsai HC, Yoshida T, Chuang TY, Yang SF, Chang CC, Yao HY, et al. Transversus Abdominis Plane Block: An Updated Review of Anatomy and Techniques. Vol. 2017, BioMed Research International. Hindawi Limited; 2017 Qazi N, Bhat W, Iqbal M, Wani A, Gurcoo S, Rasool S. Postoperative analgesic efficacy of bilateral transversus abdominis plane block in patients undergoing midline colorectal surgeries using ropivacaine: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Anesth Essays Res. 2017;11(3):767 Bhattacharjee S, Ray M, Ghose T, Maitra S, Layek A. Analgesic efficacy of transversus abdominis plane block in providing effective perioperative analgesia in patients undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy: A randomized controlled trial. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 2014;30(3):391 McDonnell JG, Curley G, Carney J, Benton A, Costello J, Maharaj CH, et al. The Analgesic Efficacy of Transversus Abdominis Plane Block After Cesarean Delivery: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Anesth Analg. enero de 2008;106(1):186-91 Abdallah FW, Halpern SH, Margarido CB. Transversus abdominis plane block for postoperative analgesia after Caesarean delivery performed under spinal anaesthesia? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth. noviembre de 2012;109(5):679-87 Milone M, Di Minno MND, Musella M, Maietta P, Salvatore G, Iacovazzo C, et al. Outpatient inguinal hernia repair under local anaesthesia: feasibility and efficacy of ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block. Hernia. diciembre de 2013;17(6):749-55 Cho S, Kim YJ, Kim DY, Chung SS. Postoperative analgesic effects of ultrasound- guided transversus abdominis plane block for open appendectomy. J Korean Surg Soc. 2013;85(3):128 Rafi A. Abdominal field block: a new approach via the lumbar triangle. Anesthesia. 2001;56(10):1024-6. Mcdonnell J, Odonnell B, Farrell T, Gough N, Tuite D, Power C, et al. Transversus Abdominis Plane Block: A Cadaveric and Radiological Evaluation. Reg Anesth Pain Med. septiembre de 2007;32(5):399-404 Hebbard PD, Barrington MJ, Vasey C. Ultrasound-Guided Continuous Oblique Subcostal Transversus Abdominis Plane Blockade: Description of Anatomy and Clinical Technique. Reg Anesth Pain Med. septiembre de 2010;35(5):436-41 Shibata Y, Sato Y, Fujiwara Y, Komatsu T. Transversus Abdominis Plane Block. Anesth Analg. 2007;105(3):883 Abdallah FW, Laffey JG, Halpern SH, Brull R. Duration of analgesic effectiveness after the posterior and lateral transversus abdominis plane block techniques for transverse lower abdominal incisions: A meta-analysis. Vol. 111, British Journal of Anaesthesia. Oxford University Press; 2013. p. 721-35 Mukherjee A, Guhabiswas R, Kshirsagar S, Rupert E. Ultrasound guided oblique subcostal transversus abdominis plane block: An observational study on a new and promising analgesic technique. Vol. 60, Indian Journal of Anaesthesia. Indian Society of Anaesthetists; 2016. p. 284-6 Favuzza J, Delaney CP. Laparoscopic-guided transversus abdominis plane block for colorectal surgery. Dis Colon Rectum. marzo de 2013;56(3):389-91 Bharti N, Kumar P, Bala I, Gupta V. The efficacy of a novel approach to transversus abdominis plane block for postoperative analgesia after colorectal surgery. Anesth Analg. 2011;112(6):1504-8 Owen DJ, Harrod I, Ford J, Luckas M, Gudimetla V. The surgical transversus abdominis plane block - A novel approach for performing an established technique. BJOG Int J Obstet Gynaecol. enero de 2011;118(1):24-7. Lapmahapaisan S, Tantemsapya N, Aroonpruksakul N, Maisat W, Suraseranivongse S. Efficacy of surgical transversus abdominis plane block for postoperative pain relief following abdominal surgery in pediatric patients. Paediatr Anaesth. junio de 2015;25(6):614-20 Zhong T, Wong KW, Cheng H, Ojha M, Srinivas C, McCluskey SA, et al. Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) catheters inserted under direct vision in the donor site following free DIEP and MS-TRAM breast reconstruction: A prospective cohort study of 45 patients. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. marzo de 2013;66(3):329-36 Araco A, Pooney J, Araco F, Gravante G. Transversus abdominis plane block reduces the analgesic requirements after abdominoplasty with flank liposuction. Ann Plast Surg. octubre de 2010;65(4):385-8 Rosenblatt M. Uptodate; 2024. Abdominal nerve block techniques. Disponible en: www.uptodate.com/contents/abdominal-nerve-block- techniques/print?search=Abdominal%20nerve%20block%20techniques%20&source=s earch_result&selectedTitle=1%7E150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 Ferguson S, Thomas V, Lewis I. The rectus sheath block in paediatric anaesthesia: new indications for an old technique? Pediatr Anesth. diciembre de 1996;6(6):463-6. Smith BE, Suchak M, Siggins D, Challands J. Rectus sheath block for diagnostic laparoscopy. Anaesthesia. noviembre de 1988;43(11):947-8 Kopacz D. Regional anesthesia of the trunk. En: Regional Anesthesia and Analgesia. W.B. Saunders; 1996 De Jose Maria B, Götzens V, Mabrok M. Ultrasound‐guided umbilical nerve block in children: a brief description of a new approach. Pediatr Anesth. enero de 2007;17(1):44-50 Willschke H, Bösenberg A, Marhofer P, Johnston S, Kettner SC, Wanzel O, et al. Ultrasonography-guided rectus sheath block in paediatric anaesthesia—a new approach to an old technique. Br J Anaesth. agosto de 2006;97(2):244-9 Bagenal J, Horsnell J, Loader J, West D. Rectus sheath catheterisation: a novel method of placement. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. septiembre de 2013;95(6):443-4 Cornish P, Deacon A. RECTUS SHEATH CATHETERS FOR CONTINUOUS ANALGESIA AFTER UPPER ABDOMINAL SURGERY. ANZ J Surg. enero de 2007;77(1-2):84-84 Crosbie EJ, Massiah NS, Achiampong JY, Dolling S, Slade RJ. The surgical rectus sheath block for post-operative analgesia: a modern approach to an established technique. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. febrero de 2012;160(2):196-200 Elkassabany N, Ahmed M, Malkowicz SB, Heitjan DF, Isserman JA, Ochroch EA. Comparison between the analgesic efficacy of transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block and placebo in open retropubic radical prostatectomy: a prospective, randomized, double-blinded study. J Clin Anesth. septiembre de 2013;25(6):459-65 O’Donnell BD. The Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) block in open retropubic prostatectomy [8]. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2006;31(1):91 Dal Moro F, Aiello L, Pavarin P, Zattoni F. Ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block (US-TAPb) for robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: a novel ‘4-point’ technique—results of a prospective, randomized study. J Robot Surg. febrero de 2019;13(1):147-51 Roebuck E, Beano H, Robinson M, Edwards D, Worrilow WM, Sinks A, et al. Surgeon-administered Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) Block is Associated With Decreased Opioid Usage and Length of Stay Following Radical Cystectomy. Urology. marzo de 2022;161:135-41 Faraj KS, Edmonds VS, Snider SL, Bunn WD, Tyson MD. Timing of perioperative transversus abdominis plane block at the time of radical cystectomy does not affect perioperative outcomes. Int Urol Nephrol. octubre de 2021;53(10):2019-25 Hosgood SA, Thiyagarajan UM, Nicholson HFL, Jeyapalan I, Nicholson ML. Randomized Clinical Trial of Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Versus Placebo Control in Live-Donor Nephrectomy. Transplantation. 15 de septiembre de 2012;94(5):520-5 Aniskevich S, Taner CB, Perry DK, Robards CB, Porter SB, Thomas C, et al. Ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane blocks for patients undergoing laparoscopic hand-assisted nephrectomy: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Local Reg Anesth. abril de 2014;7(1):11-6. Can MG, Göz R, Berber İ, Kaspar Ç, Çakır Ü. Ultrasound/laparoscopic camera-guided transversus abdominis plane block for renal transplant donors: A randomized controlled trial. Ann Transplant. julio de 2015;20:418-23 Dutton TJ, McGrath JS, Daugherty MO. Use of rectus sheath catheters for pain relief in patients undergoing major pelvic urological surgery. BJU Int. 2014;113(2):246-53 Shim JW, Cho YJ, Kim M, Hong SH, Moon HW, Hong SH, et al. Comparison of analgesic efficacy between rectus sheath blockade, intrathecal morphine with bupivacaine, and intravenous patient-controlled analgesia in patients undergoing robot- assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy: a prospective, observational clinical study. BMC Anesthesiol. diciembre de 2020;20(1) Shim JW, Jung S, Moon HW, Lee JY, Park J, Lee HM, et al. Rectus sheath block for acute pain management after robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy. Asian J Surg. 2021; Shahait M, Yezdani M, Katz B, Lee A, Yu SJ, Lee DI. Robot-Assisted Transversus Abdominis Plane Block: Description of the Technique and Comparative Analysis. J Endourol. marzo de 2019;33(3):207-10 Taninishi H, Matsusaki T, Morimatsu H. Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Reduced Early Postoperative Pain after Robot-assisted Prostatectomy: a Randomized Controlled Trial. Sci Rep. 28 de febrero de 2020;10(1):3761 Cacciamani GE, Menestrina N, Pirozzi M, Tafuri A, Corsi P, Marchi DD, et al. Impact of Combination of Local Anesthetic Wounds Infiltration and Ultrasound Transversus Abdominal Plane Block in Patients Undergoing Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy: Perioperative Results of a Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial. J Endourol. abril de 2019;33(4):295-301. Batley SE, Prasad V, Vasdev N, Mohan-S G. Post-Operative Pain Management in Patients Undergoing Robotic Urological Surgery. Curr Urol. febrero de 2016;9(1):5-11 Skjelsager A, Ruhnau B, Kistorp TK, Kridina I, Hvarness H, Mathiesen O, et al. Transversus abdominis plane block or subcutaneous wound infiltration after open radical prostatectomy: a randomized study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. abril de 2013;57(4):502-8 Wu CL, Partin AW, Rowlingson AJ, Kalish MA, Walsh PC, Fleisher LA. Efficacy of continuous local anesthetic infusion for postoperative pain after radical retropubic prostatectomy. Urology. agosto de 2005;66(2):366-70 Maquoi I, Joris JL, Dresse C, Vandenbosch S, Venneman I, Brichant J ‐F., et al. Transversus abdominis plane block or intravenous lignocaine in open prostate surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. noviembre de 2016;60(10):1453-60 |
dc.relation.uriapolo.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://apolo.unab.edu.co/en/persons/paul-anthony-camacho-l%C3%B3pez |
dc.rights.coar.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
dc.rights.uri.*.fl_str_mv |
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/co/ |
dc.rights.local.spa.fl_str_mv |
Abierto (Texto Completo) |
dc.rights.creativecommons.*.fl_str_mv |
Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 2.5 Colombia |
rights_invalid_str_mv |
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/co/ Abierto (Texto Completo) Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 2.5 Colombia http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
dc.coverage.spatial.spa.fl_str_mv |
Bucaramanga (Santander, Colombia) |
dc.coverage.campus.spa.fl_str_mv |
UNAB Campus Bucaramanga |
dc.publisher.grantor.spa.fl_str_mv |
Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga UNAB |
dc.publisher.faculty.spa.fl_str_mv |
Facultad Ciencias de la Salud |
dc.publisher.program.spa.fl_str_mv |
Especialización en Urología |
dc.publisher.programid.none.fl_str_mv |
EURO-1271 |
institution |
Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga - UNAB |
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
https://repository.unab.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12749/28521/3/Tesis.pdf https://repository.unab.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12749/28521/5/Licencia.pdf https://repository.unab.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12749/28521/4/license.txt https://repository.unab.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12749/28521/6/Tesis.pdf.jpg https://repository.unab.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12749/28521/7/Licencia.pdf.jpg |
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
1006d3774eb578ce46189bb012d8e903 a32ff705b07aefa5c61d539e7e37be24 3755c0cfdb77e29f2b9125d7a45dd316 f30a610db2526059ff9753198e86e0a9 2c768653e992c00f567078e8352651b2 |
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 |
repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio Institucional | Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga - UNAB |
repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
repositorio@unab.edu.co |
_version_ |
1828219738981924864 |
spelling |
Villareal Trujillo, Nicolás8a33b550-49d6-4be2-b6cc-6713feedfdf0Camacho López, Paul Anthonye46d0c19-2faf-4964-80c2-bc6b94bb4127Diaz Rueda, Hernán Daríob71a4e82-fc00-4f21-908b-eb6c94bdf021Villareal Trujillo, Nicolás [0001691724]Camacho López, Paul Anthony [0000323578]Camacho López, Paul Anthony [es&oi=ao]Díaz Rueda, Hernán Darío [0009-0001-5578-9454]Villareal Trujillo, Nicolás [0000-0002-5974-8035]Camacho López, Paul Anthony [0000-0002-6233-9582]Camacho López, Paul Anthony [paul-anthony-camacho-lópez]Bucaramanga (Santander, Colombia)UNAB Campus Bucaramanga2025-02-28T14:56:20Z2025-02-28T14:56:20Z2025-02-27http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12749/28521instname:Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga - UNABreponame:Repositorio Institucional UNABrepourl:https://repository.unab.edu.coEsta investigación evalúa la eficacia de la infiltración de anestésicos locales durante la cirugía de próstata abierta para mejorar el control del dolor postoperatorio. Se realizó un estudio prospectivo con 89 pacientes, mostrando que aquellos sometidos a prostatectomía simple reportaron un mayor dolor en las primeras horas postoperatorias en comparación con los de prostatectomía radical, aunque no se observaron diferencias significativas en el uso de analgésicos de rescate. A pesar de los resultados que sugieren beneficios en la reducción del dolor, las limitaciones del estudio, especialmente la falta de un grupo control con placebo, impiden generalizar las conclusiones. Se concluye que la infiltración de anestésicos locales es un procedimiento seguro y efectivo, aunque se requieren estudios más controlados para validar estos hallazgos.1. RESUMEN 2. JUSTIFICACIÓN 3. MARCO TEÓRICO 4. ESTADO DEL ARTE 5. OBJETIVOS a. OBJETIVO GENERAL b. OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS 6. METODOLOGÍA 7. CONSIDERACIONES ÉTICAS 8. RESULTADOS 9. DISCUSIÓN 10. CONCLUSIONES 11. BIBLIOGRAFÍAEspecializaciónThis investigation evaluates the effectiveness of local anesthetic infiltration during open prostate surgery to improve postoperative pain control. A prospective study was conducted with 89 patients, showing that those undergoing simple prostatectomy reported greater pain in the first postoperative hours compared to those undergoing radical prostatectomy, although no significant differences were observed in the use of rescue analgesics. Despite the results suggesting benefits in pain reduction, the limitations of the study, especially the lack of a placebo control group, prevent the conclusions from being generalized. It is concluded that the infiltration of local anesthetics is a safe and effective procedure, although more controlled studies are required to validate these findings.Modalidad Presencialapplication/pdfspahttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/co/Abierto (Texto Completo)Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 2.5 Colombiahttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Comparación de la eficacia del manejo analgésico habitual vs manejo analgésico habitual más infiltración de anestésico local en plano muscular en el postoperatorio inmediato de la cirugía abierta de próstataComparison of the efficacy of usual vs analgesic management usual analgesic management plus anesthetic infiltration local muscular plane in the immediate postoperative period of the open prostate surgeryEspecialista en UrologíaUniversidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga UNABFacultad Ciencias de la SaludEspecialización en UrologíaEURO-1271info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisTesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionhttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TMMedical sciencesHealth sciencesUrologyMedicineLocal anestheticOpen prostatectomyPostoperative painAnalgesicsPostoperative painSurgeryPain (Treatment)Surgery (Complications)UrologíaMedicinaCiencias médicasAnalgésicosDolor postoperatorioCirugíaDolor (Tratamiento)Cirugía (Complicaciones)Ciencias de la saludAnestésico localProstatectomía abiertaDolor postoperatorioAmid PK, Shulman AG, Lichtenstein IL. Local Anesthesia for Inguinal Hernia Repair Step-by-Step Procedure. 1994.Decker H, Wu CL, Wick E. Multimodal Pain Control in Surgery 2020. Vol. 55, Advances in Surgery. Academic Press Inc.; 2021. p. 147-57.Hornberger J, Chhatwal J. Opioid Misuse: A Global Crisis. Vol. 24, Value in Health. Elsevier Ltd; 2021. p. 145-6.ALERTA INFORMATIVA ACERCA DEL USO DE SUSTANCIAS Y PREPARADOS CON ACTIVIDAD PSICOACTIVA UTILIZADAS PARA EL MANEJO DEL DOLOR (OPIOIDES) [Internet]. Disponible en: https://www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/opioids/opioid-overdose-crisisEllis JL, Pryor JJ, Mendez M, Sarmiento AS, Perito P, Simhan J. Pain Management Strategies in Contemporary Penile Implant Recipients. Curr Urol Rep. marzo de 2021;22(3):17Ellis J, Higgins A, Simhan J. Pain management strategies in penile implantation. Vol. 22, Asian Journal of Andrology. Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications; 2020. p. 34-8Xie D, Nicholson M, Azaiza M, Gheiler V, Lopez I, Nehrenz GM, et al. Effect of operative local anesthesia on postoperative pain outcomes of inflatable penile prosthesis: prospective comparison of two medications. Int J Impot Res. junio de 2018;30(3):93-6Cotta BH, Welliver C, Brahmamdam A, Bednarchik CL, Dynda D, Köhler TS. Long- acting liposomal bupivacaine decreases inpatient narcotic requirements in men undergoing penile prosthesis implantation. Turk Uroloji Derg. diciembre de 2016;42(4):230-4Raynor MC, Smith A, Vyas SN, Selph JP, Carson CC. Dorsal Penile Nerve Block Prior to Inflatable Penile Prosthesis Placement: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Sex Med. 1 de noviembre de 2012;9(11):2975-9Zayed M, Allers K, Hoffmann F, Bantel C. Transversus abdominis plane block in urological procedures: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Anaesthesiol. julio de 2021;38(7):758-67Andrade C, Sejnaui J, Ardila E, Caicedo J, Moyano G, Daza F, et al. Bloqueo anestésico con bupivacaína del espacio preperitoneal para la analgesia en prostatectomía laparoscópica. Rev Urol Colomb. 2012;XXI(2):13-21Kelly DJ, Ahmad M, Brull SJ. Preemptive analgesia I: physiological pathways and pharmacological modalities. Can J Anesth Can Anesth. noviembre de 2001;48(10):1000-10Cohen RH, Perl ER. Contributions of Arachidonic Acid Derivatives and Substance P to the Sensitization of Cutaneous Nociceptors [Internet]. Vol. 64, JOURNALOF ’NEUROPHYSIOLWY. 1990. Disponible en: www.physiology.org/journal/jnLevine JD, Fields HL, Basbaum2v4 AI. Peptides and the Primary Afferent Nociceptor. Vol. 13, The Journal of Neuroscience. 1993. p. 2273-2266.Birrell GJ, McQueen DS, Iggo A, Coleman RA, Grubb BD. PGI2-induced activation and sensitization of articular mechanonociceptors. Neurosci Lett. marzo de 1991;124(1):5-8Walker K, Perkins M, Dray A. KININS AND KININ RECEPTORS IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. Vol. 26, Neurochem. Int. 1995. p. 1-16Han L, Dong X. Itch mechanisms and circuits. Annu Rev Biophys. 2014;43(1):331-55Dray A. Inflammatory mediators of pain. Vol. 75, British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1995. p. 125-31Taylor A, McLeod G. Basic pharmacology of local anaesthetics. Vol. 20, BJA Education. Elsevier Ltd; 2020. p. 34-41.Standring S. Anterior abdominal wall. En: Gray’s Anatomy. 42.a ed. Elsevier Ltd; p. 1122-36Rozen WM, Tran TMN, Ashton MW, Barrington MJ, Ivanusic JJ, Taylor GI. Refining the course of the thoracolumbar nerves: A new understanding of the innervation of the anterior abdominal wall. Clin Anat. 2008;21(4):325-33Chin KJ, McDonnell JG, Carvalho B, Sharkey A, Pawa A, Gadsden J. Essentials of our current understanding: Abdominal wall blocks. Vol. 42, Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2017. p. 133-83Tsai HC, Yoshida T, Chuang TY, Yang SF, Chang CC, Yao HY, et al. Transversus Abdominis Plane Block: An Updated Review of Anatomy and Techniques. Vol. 2017, BioMed Research International. Hindawi Limited; 2017Qazi N, Bhat W, Iqbal M, Wani A, Gurcoo S, Rasool S. Postoperative analgesic efficacy of bilateral transversus abdominis plane block in patients undergoing midline colorectal surgeries using ropivacaine: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Anesth Essays Res. 2017;11(3):767Bhattacharjee S, Ray M, Ghose T, Maitra S, Layek A. Analgesic efficacy of transversus abdominis plane block in providing effective perioperative analgesia in patients undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy: A randomized controlled trial. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 2014;30(3):391McDonnell JG, Curley G, Carney J, Benton A, Costello J, Maharaj CH, et al. The Analgesic Efficacy of Transversus Abdominis Plane Block After Cesarean Delivery: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Anesth Analg. enero de 2008;106(1):186-91Abdallah FW, Halpern SH, Margarido CB. Transversus abdominis plane block for postoperative analgesia after Caesarean delivery performed under spinal anaesthesia? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth. noviembre de 2012;109(5):679-87Milone M, Di Minno MND, Musella M, Maietta P, Salvatore G, Iacovazzo C, et al. Outpatient inguinal hernia repair under local anaesthesia: feasibility and efficacy of ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block. Hernia. diciembre de 2013;17(6):749-55Cho S, Kim YJ, Kim DY, Chung SS. Postoperative analgesic effects of ultrasound- guided transversus abdominis plane block for open appendectomy. J Korean Surg Soc. 2013;85(3):128Rafi A. Abdominal field block: a new approach via the lumbar triangle. Anesthesia. 2001;56(10):1024-6.Mcdonnell J, Odonnell B, Farrell T, Gough N, Tuite D, Power C, et al. Transversus Abdominis Plane Block: A Cadaveric and Radiological Evaluation. Reg Anesth Pain Med. septiembre de 2007;32(5):399-404Hebbard PD, Barrington MJ, Vasey C. Ultrasound-Guided Continuous Oblique Subcostal Transversus Abdominis Plane Blockade: Description of Anatomy and Clinical Technique. Reg Anesth Pain Med. septiembre de 2010;35(5):436-41Shibata Y, Sato Y, Fujiwara Y, Komatsu T. Transversus Abdominis Plane Block. Anesth Analg. 2007;105(3):883Abdallah FW, Laffey JG, Halpern SH, Brull R. Duration of analgesic effectiveness after the posterior and lateral transversus abdominis plane block techniques for transverse lower abdominal incisions: A meta-analysis. Vol. 111, British Journal of Anaesthesia. Oxford University Press; 2013. p. 721-35Mukherjee A, Guhabiswas R, Kshirsagar S, Rupert E. Ultrasound guided oblique subcostal transversus abdominis plane block: An observational study on a new and promising analgesic technique. Vol. 60, Indian Journal of Anaesthesia. Indian Society of Anaesthetists; 2016. p. 284-6Favuzza J, Delaney CP. Laparoscopic-guided transversus abdominis plane block for colorectal surgery. Dis Colon Rectum. marzo de 2013;56(3):389-91Bharti N, Kumar P, Bala I, Gupta V. The efficacy of a novel approach to transversus abdominis plane block for postoperative analgesia after colorectal surgery. Anesth Analg. 2011;112(6):1504-8Owen DJ, Harrod I, Ford J, Luckas M, Gudimetla V. The surgical transversus abdominis plane block - A novel approach for performing an established technique. BJOG Int J Obstet Gynaecol. enero de 2011;118(1):24-7.Lapmahapaisan S, Tantemsapya N, Aroonpruksakul N, Maisat W, Suraseranivongse S. Efficacy of surgical transversus abdominis plane block for postoperative pain relief following abdominal surgery in pediatric patients. Paediatr Anaesth. junio de 2015;25(6):614-20Zhong T, Wong KW, Cheng H, Ojha M, Srinivas C, McCluskey SA, et al. Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) catheters inserted under direct vision in the donor site following free DIEP and MS-TRAM breast reconstruction: A prospective cohort study of 45 patients. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. marzo de 2013;66(3):329-36Araco A, Pooney J, Araco F, Gravante G. Transversus abdominis plane block reduces the analgesic requirements after abdominoplasty with flank liposuction. Ann Plast Surg. octubre de 2010;65(4):385-8Rosenblatt M. Uptodate; 2024. Abdominal nerve block techniques. Disponible en: www.uptodate.com/contents/abdominal-nerve-block- techniques/print?search=Abdominal%20nerve%20block%20techniques%20&source=s earch_result&selectedTitle=1%7E150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1Ferguson S, Thomas V, Lewis I. The rectus sheath block in paediatric anaesthesia: new indications for an old technique? Pediatr Anesth. diciembre de 1996;6(6):463-6.Smith BE, Suchak M, Siggins D, Challands J. Rectus sheath block for diagnostic laparoscopy. Anaesthesia. noviembre de 1988;43(11):947-8Kopacz D. Regional anesthesia of the trunk. En: Regional Anesthesia and Analgesia. W.B. Saunders; 1996De Jose Maria B, Götzens V, Mabrok M. Ultrasound‐guided umbilical nerve block in children: a brief description of a new approach. Pediatr Anesth. enero de 2007;17(1):44-50Willschke H, Bösenberg A, Marhofer P, Johnston S, Kettner SC, Wanzel O, et al. Ultrasonography-guided rectus sheath block in paediatric anaesthesia—a new approach to an old technique. Br J Anaesth. agosto de 2006;97(2):244-9Bagenal J, Horsnell J, Loader J, West D. Rectus sheath catheterisation: a novel method of placement. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. septiembre de 2013;95(6):443-4Cornish P, Deacon A. RECTUS SHEATH CATHETERS FOR CONTINUOUS ANALGESIA AFTER UPPER ABDOMINAL SURGERY. ANZ J Surg. enero de 2007;77(1-2):84-84Crosbie EJ, Massiah NS, Achiampong JY, Dolling S, Slade RJ. The surgical rectus sheath block for post-operative analgesia: a modern approach to an established technique. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. febrero de 2012;160(2):196-200Elkassabany N, Ahmed M, Malkowicz SB, Heitjan DF, Isserman JA, Ochroch EA. Comparison between the analgesic efficacy of transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block and placebo in open retropubic radical prostatectomy: a prospective, randomized, double-blinded study. J Clin Anesth. septiembre de 2013;25(6):459-65O’Donnell BD. The Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) block in open retropubic prostatectomy [8]. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2006;31(1):91Dal Moro F, Aiello L, Pavarin P, Zattoni F. Ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block (US-TAPb) for robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: a novel ‘4-point’ technique—results of a prospective, randomized study. J Robot Surg. febrero de 2019;13(1):147-51Roebuck E, Beano H, Robinson M, Edwards D, Worrilow WM, Sinks A, et al. Surgeon-administered Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) Block is Associated With Decreased Opioid Usage and Length of Stay Following Radical Cystectomy. Urology. marzo de 2022;161:135-41Faraj KS, Edmonds VS, Snider SL, Bunn WD, Tyson MD. Timing of perioperative transversus abdominis plane block at the time of radical cystectomy does not affect perioperative outcomes. Int Urol Nephrol. octubre de 2021;53(10):2019-25Hosgood SA, Thiyagarajan UM, Nicholson HFL, Jeyapalan I, Nicholson ML. Randomized Clinical Trial of Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Versus Placebo Control in Live-Donor Nephrectomy. Transplantation. 15 de septiembre de 2012;94(5):520-5Aniskevich S, Taner CB, Perry DK, Robards CB, Porter SB, Thomas C, et al. Ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane blocks for patients undergoing laparoscopic hand-assisted nephrectomy: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Local Reg Anesth. abril de 2014;7(1):11-6.Can MG, Göz R, Berber İ, Kaspar Ç, Çakır Ü. Ultrasound/laparoscopic camera-guided transversus abdominis plane block for renal transplant donors: A randomized controlled trial. Ann Transplant. julio de 2015;20:418-23Dutton TJ, McGrath JS, Daugherty MO. Use of rectus sheath catheters for pain relief in patients undergoing major pelvic urological surgery. BJU Int. 2014;113(2):246-53Shim JW, Cho YJ, Kim M, Hong SH, Moon HW, Hong SH, et al. Comparison of analgesic efficacy between rectus sheath blockade, intrathecal morphine with bupivacaine, and intravenous patient-controlled analgesia in patients undergoing robot- assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy: a prospective, observational clinical study. BMC Anesthesiol. diciembre de 2020;20(1)Shim JW, Jung S, Moon HW, Lee JY, Park J, Lee HM, et al. Rectus sheath block for acute pain management after robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy. Asian J Surg. 2021;Shahait M, Yezdani M, Katz B, Lee A, Yu SJ, Lee DI. Robot-Assisted Transversus Abdominis Plane Block: Description of the Technique and Comparative Analysis. J Endourol. marzo de 2019;33(3):207-10Taninishi H, Matsusaki T, Morimatsu H. Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Reduced Early Postoperative Pain after Robot-assisted Prostatectomy: a Randomized Controlled Trial. Sci Rep. 28 de febrero de 2020;10(1):3761Cacciamani GE, Menestrina N, Pirozzi M, Tafuri A, Corsi P, Marchi DD, et al. Impact of Combination of Local Anesthetic Wounds Infiltration and Ultrasound Transversus Abdominal Plane Block in Patients Undergoing Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy: Perioperative Results of a Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial. J Endourol. abril de 2019;33(4):295-301.Batley SE, Prasad V, Vasdev N, Mohan-S G. Post-Operative Pain Management in Patients Undergoing Robotic Urological Surgery. Curr Urol. febrero de 2016;9(1):5-11Skjelsager A, Ruhnau B, Kistorp TK, Kridina I, Hvarness H, Mathiesen O, et al. Transversus abdominis plane block or subcutaneous wound infiltration after open radical prostatectomy: a randomized study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. abril de 2013;57(4):502-8Wu CL, Partin AW, Rowlingson AJ, Kalish MA, Walsh PC, Fleisher LA. Efficacy of continuous local anesthetic infusion for postoperative pain after radical retropubic prostatectomy. Urology. agosto de 2005;66(2):366-70Maquoi I, Joris JL, Dresse C, Vandenbosch S, Venneman I, Brichant J ‐F., et al. Transversus abdominis plane block or intravenous lignocaine in open prostate surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. noviembre de 2016;60(10):1453-60https://apolo.unab.edu.co/en/persons/paul-anthony-camacho-l%C3%B3pezORIGINALTesis.pdfTesis.pdfTesisapplication/pdf2740545https://repository.unab.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12749/28521/3/Tesis.pdf1006d3774eb578ce46189bb012d8e903MD53open accessLicencia.pdfLicencia.pdfLicenciaapplication/pdf211280https://repository.unab.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12749/28521/5/Licencia.pdfa32ff705b07aefa5c61d539e7e37be24MD55metadata only accessLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-8829https://repository.unab.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12749/28521/4/license.txt3755c0cfdb77e29f2b9125d7a45dd316MD54open accessTHUMBNAILTesis.pdf.jpgTesis.pdf.jpgIM Thumbnailimage/jpeg5078https://repository.unab.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12749/28521/6/Tesis.pdf.jpgf30a610db2526059ff9753198e86e0a9MD56open accessLicencia.pdf.jpgLicencia.pdf.jpgIM Thumbnailimage/jpeg12596https://repository.unab.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12749/28521/7/Licencia.pdf.jpg2c768653e992c00f567078e8352651b2MD57metadata only access20.500.12749/28521oai:repository.unab.edu.co:20.500.12749/285212025-02-28 22:00:18.254open accessRepositorio Institucional | Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga - UNABrepositorio@unab.edu.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 |