Innovación frugal como estrategia para afrontar la crisis del COVID-19 en Colombia

The situation in the country has changed abruptly as a result of the COVID-19 disease caused by the SARS-COV2 virus, starting as a topic corresponding to the national health service, the pandemic has generated devastating consequences in other axes of Colombian society. The economy, social and touri...

Full description

Autores:: Muñoz Berrocal, Juan Fernando

Tipo de recurso:: Trabajo de grado de pregrado

Fecha de publicación:: 2020

Institución:: Universidad de Córdoba

Repositorio:: Repositorio Institucional Unicórdoba

Idioma:: spa

id	UCORDOBA2_bf6ad09993deb7265ca303f0fb16591a
oai_identifier_str	oai:repositorio.unicordoba.edu.co:ucordoba/3393
network_acronym_str	UCORDOBA2
network_name_str	Repositorio Institucional Unicórdoba
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv	Innovación frugal como estrategia para afrontar la crisis del COVID-19 en Colombia
title	Innovación frugal como estrategia para afrontar la crisis del COVID-19 en Colombia
spellingShingle	Innovación frugal como estrategia para afrontar la crisis del COVID-19 en Colombia Innovación frugal Covid-19 Colombia Economía emergente. Frugal innovation Covid-19 Colombia Emerging economy
title_short	Innovación frugal como estrategia para afrontar la crisis del COVID-19 en Colombia
title_full	Innovación frugal como estrategia para afrontar la crisis del COVID-19 en Colombia
title_fullStr	Innovación frugal como estrategia para afrontar la crisis del COVID-19 en Colombia
title_full_unstemmed	Innovación frugal como estrategia para afrontar la crisis del COVID-19 en Colombia
title_sort	Innovación frugal como estrategia para afrontar la crisis del COVID-19 en Colombia
dc.creator.fl_str_mv	Muñoz Berrocal, Juan Fernando
dc.contributor.advisor.spa.fl_str_mv	Mercado Hoyos, Luis Enrique
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv	Muñoz Berrocal, Juan Fernando
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv	Innovación frugal Covid-19 Colombia Economía emergente.
topic	Innovación frugal Covid-19 Colombia Economía emergente. Frugal innovation Covid-19 Colombia Emerging economy
dc.subject.keywords.spa.fl_str_mv	Frugal innovation Covid-19 Colombia Emerging economy
description	The situation in the country has changed abruptly as a result of the COVID-19 disease caused by the SARS-COV2 virus, starting as a topic corresponding to the national health service, the pandemic has generated devastating consequences in other axes of Colombian society. The economy, social and tourist activity, commerce and transport are some of the many sectors that have been affected after the implementation of necessary strategies to contain the spread of the virus. The figures of the economic and financial development of the country show evidence of these aforementioned ravages, and imply that the country will need to rethink its strategies to get afloat, to continue with its health and socioeconomic activity mainly. The shortage and the increasing difficulty in attending the needs of customers due to the closure of roads and preventive isolation (strategies for virus mitigation) have generated a growth in the BoP of the national economy, which means that some services and products are leaving out an increasing number of customers, such as transport, a sector that has had to reduce its capacities due to a mandatory distance between the people who use its systems, which is why it cannot serve the same number of users that normally attended. For all this and in the face of the need for intelligent maneuvers to manage the current crisis, frugal innovation is presented as the basis for creating an economic, commercial and social strategy in the country. Frugal innovations are answers to the problems, they are quality solutions that arise particularly in situations of scarcity, mainly in developing countries according to the needs of their BoP and it is thanks to these similarities with the current situation that the nation is going through, that it delves into the topic of frugal innovation in order to describe it and support its acceptance and implementation. VIII Frugal awareness and culture have proven to be crucial in developing frugal innovations, even on occasions when professional education was not present. The country has already taken its first steps in innovations of this type during the crisis, but to create a culture and awareness it is necessary to clarify everything related to frugal innovation, for this reason it is important to analyze in detail the properties that are inherent to these kinds of innovations.
publishDate	2020
dc.date.accessioned.spa.fl_str_mv	2020-08-27T22:32:42Z
dc.date.available.spa.fl_str_mv	2020-08-27T22:32:42Z
dc.date.issued.spa.fl_str_mv	2020-08-27
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv	Trabajo de grado - Pregrado
dc.type.coarversion.fl_str_mv	http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesis
dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv	http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv	Text
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv	https://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TP
format	http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f
status_str	publishedVersion
dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv	https://repositorio.unicordoba.edu.co/handle/ucordoba/3393
url	https://repositorio.unicordoba.edu.co/handle/ucordoba/3393
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv	spa
language	spa
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv	Agarwal, N., Grottke, M., Mishra, S., Brem, A. (2017(. A systematic literature review of constraint-based innovations: state of the art and future perspectives. IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. 64 (1), 3e15. Agnihotri, A. (2015). Low-cost innovation in emerging markets. J. Strat. Market. 23 (5), 399e411. Albert, M. (2019). Sustainable frugal innovation - The connection between frugal innovation and sustainability. Journal of Cleaner Production, 237, 117747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117747 ANIF. (2020). sars-cov-2: impacto en los ingresos laborales de los colombianos, el consumo de los hogares y el pib (Issue 1503, pp. 1–10). http://www.anif.co/informe-semanal/abril-15-sars-cov-2-impacto-en-los-ingresos-laborales-de-los-colombianos-el-consumo Asakawa, K., Cuervo-Cazurra, A., & Annique Un, C. (2019). Frugality-based advantage. Long Range Planning, 52(4), 101879. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2019.04.001 Basu, R., Banerjee, P., & Sweeny, E. (2013). Frugal Innovation: Core Competencies to Address Global Sustainability. Journal of Management for Global Sustainability, 1(2), 63–82. https://doi.org/10.13185/jm2013.01204 Belkadi, F., Buergin, J., Gupta, R. K., Zhang, Y., Bernard, A., Lanza, G., Colledani, M., & Urgo, M. (2016). Co-Definition of Product Structure and Production Network for Frugal Innovation Perspectives: Towards a Modular-based Approach. Procedia CIRP, 50, 589– 35 594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2016.04.160 Bernardes, R., Borini, F., & Figueredo, P. N. (2019). Inovação em Organizações de Economias Emergentes. Cadernos EBAPE.BR, 17(4), 886–894. https://doi.org/10.1590/1679-395120190184 Bhatti, Y. A. (2012). What is Frugal, What is Innovation? Towards a Theory of Frugal Innovation. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2005910 Bianchi, C., Bianco, M., Ardanche, M., & Schenck, M. (2017). Healthcare frugal innovation: A solving problem rationale under scarcity conditions. Technology in Society, 51, 74–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2017.08.001 Brem, A., Ivens, B., 2013. Do frugal and reverse innovation foster sustainability? Introduction of a conceptual framework. J. Technol. Manag. Grow. Econ. 4 (2), 31e50. Brem, A., Wolfram, P., 2014. Research and development from the bottom up - introduction of terminologies for new product development in emerging markets. J. Innov. Entrep. 3 (9), 1e22. Brown, J.S., Hegel, J., 2005. Innovation blowback: disruptive management practices from Asia. McKinsey Q. 35e45. Chakraborty, I., & Maity, P. (2020). COVID-19 outbreak: Migration, effects on society, global environment and prevention. Science of the Total Environment, 728, 138882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138882 Christensen, C.M., 1997. The Innovator\'s Dilemma: the Revolutionary Book that Will Change the Way You Do Business. Collins Business Essential). Clarín. (2020). Coronavirus en Colombia: crearon camas de cartón que se convierten en ataúdes. https://www.clarin.com/internacional/coronavirus-colombia-crearon-camas-carton-convierten-ataudes_0_pECQCOboa.html Dinero. (2020). Retos de innovación para enfrentar el coronavirus en Colombia. Retrieved June 13, 2020, from https://www.dinero.com/emprendimiento/articulo/retos-de-innovacion-para-enfrentar-el-coronavirus-en-colombia/283066 EL Tiempo. (2020). Respirador de bajo costo, una esperanza ante el coronavirus. https://www.eltiempo.com/colombia/medellin/respirador-de-bajo-costo-una-esperanza-ante-el-coronavirus-475410 FENALCO. (2020a). Bitácora Económica - Abril 2019. http://www.fenalco.com.co/bienvenidos-bitácora-económica-covid/bitácora-económica-de-abril-de-2020-documentopdf FENALCO. (2020b). Bitácora Económica - Mayo 2020. http://www.fenalco.com.co/bienvenidos-bitácora-económica-covid/bitácora-económica-express-de-abril-de-2020-documentopdf FMI. (2020a). El Gran Confinamiento: La peor desaceleración económica desde la Gran Depresión. https://blog-dialogoafondo.imf.org/?p=13190 FMI. (2020b). Posible impacto de la epidemia de coronavirus: Lo que sabemos y lo que podemos hacer. https://blog-dialogoafondo.imf.org/?p=12919 George, G., McGahan, A.M., Prabhu, J., 2012. Innovation for inclusive growth: towards a theoretical framework and a research agenda. J. Manag. Stud. 49 (4), 661e683. Gobierno de Colombia. (2020). COVID-19 Colombia \| Reporte. https://coronaviruscolombia.gov.co/Covid19/index.html Govindarajan, V., Ramamurti, R., 2011. Reverse innovation, emerging markets, and global strategy. Glob. Strat. J. 1 (3e4), 191e205. Gupta, A.K., 2012. Innovations for the poor by the poor. Int. J. Technol Learn. Innovat. Dev. 5 (1e2), 28e39. Hang, C., Chen, J., Subramian, A.M., 2010. Developing disruptive products for emerging economies: lessons from Asian cases. Res. Technol. Manag. 53 (4), 21e26. Horn, C., Brem, A., 2013. Strategic directions on innovation management - a conceptual framework. Manag. Res. Rev. 36 (10), 939e954. Hossain, M. (2017). Mapping the frugal innovation phenomenon. Technology in Society, 51, 199–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2017.09.006 Hossain, M. (2020). Frugal innovation: Conception, development, diffusion, and outcome. Journal of Cleaner Production, 262, 121456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121456 Hossain, M. (2020). Frugal innovation: Conception, development, diffusion, and outcome. Journal of Cleaner Production, 262, 121456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121456 Howell, R., van Beers, C., & Doorn, N. (2018). Value capture and value creation: The role of information technology in business models for frugal innovations in Africa. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 131(September 2017), 227–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2017.09.030 Hyvlarinen, A., Keskinen, M., Varis, O., 2016. Potential and pitfalls of frugal innovation in the water sector: insights from Tanzania to global value chains. Sustainability 8 (888), 1e16. Immelt, J.R., Govindarajan, V., Trimble, C., 2009. How GE is disrupting itself. Harv. Bus. Rev. 87 (10), 56e65. Institute Of International Finance. (2020). Capital Flows Report Sudden Stop in Emerging Markets. 21, 1–8. https://www.iif.com/Publications/ID/3841/Capital-Flows-Report-Sudden-Stop-in-Emerging-Markets Khan, R., 2016. How frugal innovation promotes social sustainability. Sustainability 8 (1034), 1e29. Koerich, G. V., & Cancellier, É. L. P. D. L. (2019). Frugal Innovation: origins, evolution and future perspectives. Cadernos EBAPE.BR, 17(4), 1079–1093. https://doi.org/10.1590/1679-395174424x Kuo, A., 2014. Creating social value through frugal innovation. Entrepreneurship in Asia: social enterprise. Network Grassroots Case Stud. 1, 53. Levänen, J., Hossain, M., Lyytinen, T., Hyvärinen, A., Numminen, S., & Halme, M. (2016). Implications of frugal innovations on sustainable development: Evaluating water and energy innovations. Sustainability (Switzerland), 8(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8010004 Lim, C., & Fujimoto, T. (2019). Frugal innovation and design changes expanding the cost-performance frontier : A Schumpeterian approach. Research Policy, 48(4), 1016–1029. 39 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2018.10.014 Lu, C., Chang, F., Rong, K., Shi, Y., & Yu, X. (2019). Deprecated in policy, abundant in market? The frugal innovation of Chinese low-speed EV industry. International Journal of Production Economics, December 2017, 107583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2019.107583 Metalcof-Service. (n.d.). Estufas EcoEficientes. Retrieved June 13, 2020, from https://metalcof.co/estufas-ecoeficientes/ Michaelis, T. L., Carr, J. C., Scheaf, D. J., & Pollack, J. M. (2019). The frugal entrepreneur: A self-regulatory perspective of resourceful entrepreneurial behavior. Journal of Business Venturing, August 2018, 105969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2019.105969 Montoya, M. A., Cervantez, M., & Lemus, D. (2018). De la innovación frugal a la innovación inversa: el caso del modelo farmacia-doctor en el sector salud en México. Intersticios Sociales, 15, 117–140. http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2007-49642018000100117&lng=es&nrm=iso Nayang Business School. (2019). Emerging Market (EM) Rankings: Feeling the Pulse of an Investor Executive Summary. https://nbs.ntu.edu.sg/Research/ResearchCentres/CEM/Research/Documents/2019 EM Report.pdf Nicola, M., Alsafi, Z., Sohrabi, C., Kerwan, A., Al-Jabir, A., Iosifidis, C., Agha, M., & Agha, R. (2020). The Socio-Economic Implications of the Coronavirus and COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review. International Journal of Surgery, 78(April), 185–193. 40 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.018 OECD. (2020). Coronavirus: The world economy at risk. OECD Interim Economic Assessment, March, 1–15. http://www.oecd.org/berlin/publikationen/Interim-Economic-Assessment-2-March-2020.pdf Pansera, M., Rivas, R., & Narvaez-Mena, H. (2017). Frugalidad e innovación popular: nuevos caminos para la sustentabilidad y la inclusión social en Ecuador. Revista Iberoamericana de Ciencia Tecnología y Sociedad, 12(35), 131–152. http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1850-00132017000200007&lang=es Pansera, M., Sarkar, S., 2016. Crafting sustainable development solutions e frugal innovations of grassroots entrepreneurs. Sustainability 8 (51), 1e25. Pisoni, A., Michelini, L., & Martignoni, G. (2018). Frugal approach to innovation: State of the art and future perspectives. Journal of Cleaner Production, 171, 107–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.248 PNDU-Colombia. (2020). #RetoCascosDeVida. 20-05-2020 Prahalad, C.K., 2005. The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid, Eradicating Poverty through Profits. Wharton School Publishing, Upper Saddle River, NJ. Prahalad, C.K., Mashelkar, R.A., 2010. Innovation's holy grail. Harv. Bus. Rev. 88 (7e8), 132e141. PROCOLOMBIA. (n.d.). Software desarrollado en Colombia apoya en el diagnóstico presuntivo de COVID-19. Sala de Prensa. Retrieved June 13, 2020, from https://procolombia.co/noticias/software-desarrollado-en-colombia-apoya-en-el- 41 diagnostico-presuntivo-de-covid-19 Radjou, N., Prabhu, J., Ahuja, S., 2012. Jugaad Innovation: Think Frugal, be Flexible, Generate Breakthrough Growth. John Wiley & Sons. Ray, S., Ray, P.K., 2011. Product innovation for the people's car in an emerging economy. Technovation 31 (5), 216e227. Rao, B.C., 2014. Alleviating poverty in the twenty-first century through frugal innovations. Challenge 57 (3), 40e59. Rao, B. C. (2017). Revisiting classical design in engineering from a perspective of frugality. Heliyon, 3(5), e00299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00299 Rosca, E., Arnold, M., & Bendul, J. C. (2017). Business models for sustainable innovation – an empirical analysis of frugal products and services. Journal of Cleaner Production, 162, S133–S145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.02.050 Rothan, H. A., & Byrareddy, S. N. (2020). The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. Journal of Autoimmunity, 109(February), 102433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102433 Sehgal, V., Dehoff, K., Panneer, G., 2010. The importance of frugal engineering. Strategy Bus. 59, 1e5. Simula, H., Hossain, M., & Halme, M. (2015). Frugal and reverse innovations – Quo Vadis? In Current Science (Vol. 109, pp. 1567–1572). Current Science Association. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24906179 Sharma, A., Iyer, G.R., 2012. Resource-constrained product development: implications for 42 green marketing and green supply chains. Ind. Mark. Manag. 41, 599e608. The Economist. (2010). First break all the rules \| Special report \| The Economist. https://www.economist.com/special-report/2010/04/17/first-break-all-the-rules Thøgersen, J. (2018). Frugal or green? Basic drivers of energy saving in European households. Journal of Cleaner Production, 197, 1521–1530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.282 Tiwari, R., Kalogerakis, K., 2016. A Bibliometric Analysis of Academic Papers on Frugal Innovation. Working Paper. Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), Institute for Technology and Innovation Management. No. 93. Trimble, C., 2012. Reverse innovation and the emerging-market growth imperative. Ivey Bus. J. 76 (2), 19e21. Unisabana. (2020). Unisabana Herons Ventilator Project. https://www.unisabana.edu.co/aportesventilador/unisabana-herons-ventilator-project/ Von Janda, S., Kuester, S., Schuhmacher, M. C., & Shainesh, G. (2020). What frugal products are and why they matter: A cross-national multi-method study. Journal of Cleaner Production, 246, 118977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118977 Weyrauch, T., & Herstatt, C. (2017). What is frugal innovation? Three defining criteria. Journal of Frugal Innovation, 2(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40669-016-0005-y Williamson, P.J., 2010. Cost innovation: preparing for a ‘value-for-money’ revolution. Long Range Plan. 43 (2), 343e353. Winkler, T., Ulz, A., Knöbl, W., & Lercher, H. (2019). Frugal innovation in developed 43 markets – Adaption of a criteria-based evaluation model. Journal of Innovation and Knowledge. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2019.11.004 Wohlfart, L., Bünger, M., Lang-Koetz, C., Wagner, F., 2016. Corporate and grassroot frugal innovation: a comparison of top-down and bottom-up strategies. Technol. Innov. Manag. Rev. 6 (4), 5e17. Zeschky, M.B., Winterhalter, S., Gassmann, O., 2014a. From cost to frugal and reverse innovation: mapping the field and implications for global competitiveness. Res. Technol. Manag. 57 (4), 20e27 Zhang, X. (2018). Frugal innovation and the digital divide: Developing an extended model of the diffusion of innovations. International Journal of Innovation Studies, 2(2), 53–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijis.2018.06.001 Zhu, F., Wei, Z., Bao, Y., & Zou, S. (2019). Base-of-the-Pyramid (BOP) orientation and firm performance: A strategy tripod view and evidence from China. International Business Review, 28(6), 101594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2019.101594
dc.rights.spa.fl_str_mv	Copyright Universidad de Córdoba, 2020
dc.rights.coar.fl_str_mv	http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_16ec
dc.rights.uri.spa.fl_str_mv	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/restrictedAccess
dc.rights.creativecommons.spa.fl_str_mv	Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC 4.0)
rights_invalid_str_mv	Copyright Universidad de Córdoba, 2020 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC 4.0) http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_16ec
eu_rights_str_mv	restrictedAccess
dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv	application/pdf
dc.publisher.faculty.spa.fl_str_mv	Facultad de Ingeniería
dc.publisher.program.spa.fl_str_mv	Ingeniería Industrial
institution	Universidad de Córdoba
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv	https://repositorio.unicordoba.edu.co/bitstreams/a0b7fe1b-d95e-4dc5-92aa-da861460ebbf/download https://repositorio.unicordoba.edu.co/bitstreams/8bdb9c0d-cd7d-42dc-b66e-a0720d697bdf/download https://repositorio.unicordoba.edu.co/bitstreams/0cb0bb4f-cb91-4aa2-9ceb-736add0678b4/download https://repositorio.unicordoba.edu.co/bitstreams/021f405b-5311-4403-a6ac-cde4f7441c64/download https://repositorio.unicordoba.edu.co/bitstreams/b9878aa8-689b-4041-963d-a01522ace346/download https://repositorio.unicordoba.edu.co/bitstreams/e8acc2a8-b03f-4e19-a363-6552df47889e/download https://repositorio.unicordoba.edu.co/bitstreams/047fb7cb-e843-403f-b84c-2663e939dfe2/download
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv	5bf66a0c59e55def825dd340aec5be85 968626134bcf8828bcfaa9096ce766a3 2f9959eaf5b71fae44bbf9ec84150c7a acc105a746fce38626f28fbf7d3d42e9 2228e977ebea8966e27929f43e39cb67 81a4c6aba4efd23284988fe92d48b1ee 768d71cc106d9f0f086effc639741ebe
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv	MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv	Repositorio Universidad de Córdoba
repository.mail.fl_str_mv	bdigital@metabiblioteca.com
_version_	1839636044390072320
spelling	Mercado Hoyos, Luis Enriquef64714ab-2c4d-4330-a378-3ec76eae7689-1Muñoz Berrocal, Juan Fernando8314ec64-13ac-4e3a-aa9f-168761f56840-12020-08-27T22:32:42Z2020-08-27T22:32:42Z2020-08-27https://repositorio.unicordoba.edu.co/handle/ucordoba/3393The situation in the country has changed abruptly as a result of the COVID-19 disease caused by the SARS-COV2 virus, starting as a topic corresponding to the national health service, the pandemic has generated devastating consequences in other axes of Colombian society. The economy, social and tourist activity, commerce and transport are some of the many sectors that have been affected after the implementation of necessary strategies to contain the spread of the virus. The figures of the economic and financial development of the country show evidence of these aforementioned ravages, and imply that the country will need to rethink its strategies to get afloat, to continue with its health and socioeconomic activity mainly. The shortage and the increasing difficulty in attending the needs of customers due to the closure of roads and preventive isolation (strategies for virus mitigation) have generated a growth in the BoP of the national economy, which means that some services and products are leaving out an increasing number of customers, such as transport, a sector that has had to reduce its capacities due to a mandatory distance between the people who use its systems, which is why it cannot serve the same number of users that normally attended. For all this and in the face of the need for intelligent maneuvers to manage the current crisis, frugal innovation is presented as the basis for creating an economic, commercial and social strategy in the country. Frugal innovations are answers to the problems, they are quality solutions that arise particularly in situations of scarcity, mainly in developing countries according to the needs of their BoP and it is thanks to these similarities with the current situation that the nation is going through, that it delves into the topic of frugal innovation in order to describe it and support its acceptance and implementation. VIII Frugal awareness and culture have proven to be crucial in developing frugal innovations, even on occasions when professional education was not present. The country has already taken its first steps in innovations of this type during the crisis, but to create a culture and awareness it is necessary to clarify everything related to frugal innovation, for this reason it is important to analyze in detail the properties that are inherent to these kinds of innovations.Lista de tablas .......................................................................................................................... IVResumen .................................................................................................................................... VAbstract .................................................................................................................................. VII1. Introducción .................................................................................................................... 12. Objetivos ......................................................................................................................... 32.1. Objetivo General ............................................................................................................. 32.2. Objetivos Específicos...................................................................................................... 33. Desarrollo Del Tema ....................................................................................................... 43.1. Contexto General Covid-19. ........................................................................................... 43.2. Covid-19 En Colombia. ................................................................................................. 63.3. Innovación Frugal Como Base Estratégica. .................................................................... 73.4. Profundizando En La Innovación Frugal. ....................................................................... 83.4.1. Definición. ................................................................................................................... 83.4.2. Términos Relacionados a La Innovación Frugal ....................................................... 123.4.3. Los 3 Criterios De La Innovación Frugal.................................................................. 143.4.4. 10 Funcionalidades Frugales. .................................................................................... 153.4.5. Escenarios Para Las Innovaciones Frugales.............................................................. 183.4.6. Factores de Éxito De las Innovaciones Frugales. ...................................................... 193.4.7. Factores Para Vender Innovaciones Frugales. .......................................................... 213.4.8. Ventajas En El Concepto De Modularidad. .............................................................. 223.5. Innovación Frugal y Sostenibilidad. ............................................................................. 233.6. Consideraciones Importantes Para El Desarrollo Innovaciones Frugales. ................... 243.7. Pasos De Colombia Sobre La Innovación Frugal Durante La Crisis Covid-19. .......... 263.8. Discusión....................................................................................................................... 304. Conclusiones ................................................................................................................. 335. Referencias .................................................................................................................... 34MonografíaLa situación del país ha cambiado de manera abrupta a raíz de la enfermedad COVID-19 causada por el virus SARS-COV2, iniciando como un tema correspondiente al servicio de salud nacional, la pandemia ha generado consecuencias devastadoras en otros ejes de la sociedad colombiana. La economía, la actividad social y turística, el comercio y el transporte son unos de los tantos sectores que se han visto afectados tras la implementación de estrategias necesarias para contener la expansión del virus. Las cifras del desarrollo económico y financiero del país muestran evidencia de estos estragos mencionados, y dan a entender que el país necesitará replantearse sus estrategias para salir a flote, para continuar con su actividad sanitaria y socioeconómica principalmente. La escasez y la dificultad cada vez mayor en la atención de las necesidades de clientes a raíz del cierre de vías y el aislamiento preventivo (estrategias para la mitigación del virus) han generado un crecimiento del BoP de la economía nacional, lo cual significa que ciertos servicios y productos están dejando por fuera en su atención a una cantidad creciente de clientes, como es el ejemplo del transporte, sector que ha tenido que reducir sus capacidades obedeciendo un distanciamiento obligatorio entre las personas que utilizan sus sistema razón por la cual no puede atender la misma cantidad de usuarios que normalmente atendía. Por todo esto y ante la necesidad de maniobras inteligentes para el manejo de la crisis actual, se presenta la innovación frugal como base para la creación de una estrategia económica, comercial y social en el país. Las innovaciones frugales son respuestas a las problemáticas, son soluciones de calidad que nacen particularmente en situaciones de escasez, principalmente en países en desarrollo según las necesidades de su BoP y es gracias a estas similitudes con la situación actual por la que atraviesa la nación, que se ahonda en el VI tema de innovación frugal con el fin de describirlo y apoyar su aceptación y puesta en marcha La conciencia y la cultura frugal han demostrado ser cruciales en el desarrollo de innovaciones frugales, incluso en ocasiones en las que la educación profesional no estuvo presente. El país ya ha dado sus primeros pasos en innovaciones de este tipo durante la crisis, pero para crear una cultura y una conciencia es necesario aclarar todo lo correspondiente a la innovación frugal, por esta razón es importante analizar de manera detallada las propiedades que inherentes a este tipo de innovaciones.PregradoIngeniero(a) Industrialapplication/pdfspaCopyright Universidad de Córdoba, 2020https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/restrictedAccessAtribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_16ecInnovación frugal como estrategia para afrontar la crisis del COVID-19 en ColombiaTrabajo de grado - Pregradoinfo:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesishttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1finfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionTexthttps://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TPhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Agarwal, N., Grottke, M., Mishra, S., Brem, A. (2017(. A systematic literature review of constraint-based innovations: state of the art and future perspectives. IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. 64 (1), 3e15.Agnihotri, A. (2015). Low-cost innovation in emerging markets. J. Strat. Market. 23 (5), 399e411.Albert, M. (2019). Sustainable frugal innovation - The connection between frugal innovation and sustainability. Journal of Cleaner Production, 237, 117747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117747ANIF. (2020). sars-cov-2: impacto en los ingresos laborales de los colombianos, el consumo de los hogares y el pib (Issue 1503, pp. 1–10). http://www.anif.co/informe-semanal/abril-15-sars-cov-2-impacto-en-los-ingresos-laborales-de-los-colombianos-el-consumoAsakawa, K., Cuervo-Cazurra, A., & Annique Un, C. (2019). Frugality-based advantage. Long Range Planning, 52(4), 101879. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2019.04.001Basu, R., Banerjee, P., & Sweeny, E. (2013). Frugal Innovation: Core Competencies to Address Global Sustainability. Journal of Management for Global Sustainability, 1(2), 63–82. https://doi.org/10.13185/jm2013.01204Belkadi, F., Buergin, J., Gupta, R. K., Zhang, Y., Bernard, A., Lanza, G., Colledani, M., & Urgo, M. (2016). Co-Definition of Product Structure and Production Network for Frugal Innovation Perspectives: Towards a Modular-based Approach. Procedia CIRP, 50, 589– 35 594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2016.04.160Bernardes, R., Borini, F., & Figueredo, P. N. (2019). Inovação em Organizações de Economias Emergentes. Cadernos EBAPE.BR, 17(4), 886–894. https://doi.org/10.1590/1679-395120190184Bhatti, Y. A. (2012). What is Frugal, What is Innovation? Towards a Theory of Frugal Innovation. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2005910Bianchi, C., Bianco, M., Ardanche, M., & Schenck, M. (2017). Healthcare frugal innovation: A solving problem rationale under scarcity conditions. Technology in Society, 51, 74–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2017.08.001Brem, A., Ivens, B., 2013. Do frugal and reverse innovation foster sustainability? Introduction of a conceptual framework. J. Technol. Manag. Grow. Econ. 4 (2), 31e50.Brem, A., Wolfram, P., 2014. Research and development from the bottom up - introduction of terminologies for new product development in emerging markets. J. Innov. Entrep. 3 (9), 1e22.Brown, J.S., Hegel, J., 2005. Innovation blowback: disruptive management practices from Asia. McKinsey Q. 35e45.Chakraborty, I., & Maity, P. (2020). COVID-19 outbreak: Migration, effects on society, global environment and prevention. Science of the Total Environment, 728, 138882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138882Christensen, C.M., 1997. The Innovator\'s Dilemma: the Revolutionary Book that Will Change the Way You Do Business. Collins Business Essential).Clarín. (2020). Coronavirus en Colombia: crearon camas de cartón que se convierten en ataúdes. https://www.clarin.com/internacional/coronavirus-colombia-crearon-camas-carton-convierten-ataudes_0_pECQCOboa.htmlDinero. (2020). Retos de innovación para enfrentar el coronavirus en Colombia. Retrieved June 13, 2020, from https://www.dinero.com/emprendimiento/articulo/retos-de-innovacion-para-enfrentar-el-coronavirus-en-colombia/283066EL Tiempo. (2020). Respirador de bajo costo, una esperanza ante el coronavirus. https://www.eltiempo.com/colombia/medellin/respirador-de-bajo-costo-una-esperanza-ante-el-coronavirus-475410FENALCO. (2020a). Bitácora Económica - Abril 2019. http://www.fenalco.com.co/bienvenidos-bitácora-económica-covid/bitácora-económica-de-abril-de-2020-documentopdfFENALCO. (2020b). Bitácora Económica - Mayo 2020. http://www.fenalco.com.co/bienvenidos-bitácora-económica-covid/bitácora-económica-express-de-abril-de-2020-documentopdfFMI. (2020a). El Gran Confinamiento: La peor desaceleración económica desde la Gran Depresión. https://blog-dialogoafondo.imf.org/?p=13190FMI. (2020b). Posible impacto de la epidemia de coronavirus: Lo que sabemos y lo que podemos hacer. https://blog-dialogoafondo.imf.org/?p=12919George, G., McGahan, A.M., Prabhu, J., 2012. Innovation for inclusive growth: towards a theoretical framework and a research agenda. J. Manag. Stud. 49 (4), 661e683.Gobierno de Colombia. (2020). COVID-19 Colombia \| Reporte. https://coronaviruscolombia.gov.co/Covid19/index.htmlGovindarajan, V., Ramamurti, R., 2011. Reverse innovation, emerging markets, and global strategy. Glob. Strat. J. 1 (3e4), 191e205.Gupta, A.K., 2012. Innovations for the poor by the poor. Int. J. Technol Learn. Innovat. Dev. 5 (1e2), 28e39.Hang, C., Chen, J., Subramian, A.M., 2010. Developing disruptive products for emerging economies: lessons from Asian cases. Res. Technol. Manag. 53 (4), 21e26.Horn, C., Brem, A., 2013. Strategic directions on innovation management - a conceptual framework. Manag. Res. Rev. 36 (10), 939e954.Hossain, M. (2017). Mapping the frugal innovation phenomenon. Technology in Society, 51, 199–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2017.09.006Hossain, M. (2020). Frugal innovation: Conception, development, diffusion, and outcome. Journal of Cleaner Production, 262, 121456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121456Hossain, M. (2020). Frugal innovation: Conception, development, diffusion, and outcome. Journal of Cleaner Production, 262, 121456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121456Howell, R., van Beers, C., & Doorn, N. (2018). Value capture and value creation: The role of information technology in business models for frugal innovations in Africa. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 131(September 2017), 227–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2017.09.030Hyvlarinen, A., Keskinen, M., Varis, O., 2016. Potential and pitfalls of frugal innovation in the water sector: insights from Tanzania to global value chains. Sustainability 8 (888), 1e16.Immelt, J.R., Govindarajan, V., Trimble, C., 2009. How GE is disrupting itself. Harv. Bus. Rev. 87 (10), 56e65.Institute Of International Finance. (2020). Capital Flows Report Sudden Stop in Emerging Markets. 21, 1–8. https://www.iif.com/Publications/ID/3841/Capital-Flows-Report-Sudden-Stop-in-Emerging-MarketsKhan, R., 2016. How frugal innovation promotes social sustainability. Sustainability 8 (1034), 1e29.Koerich, G. V., & Cancellier, É. L. P. D. L. (2019). Frugal Innovation: origins, evolution and future perspectives. Cadernos EBAPE.BR, 17(4), 1079–1093. https://doi.org/10.1590/1679-395174424xKuo, A., 2014. Creating social value through frugal innovation. Entrepreneurship in Asia: social enterprise. Network Grassroots Case Stud. 1, 53.Levänen, J., Hossain, M., Lyytinen, T., Hyvärinen, A., Numminen, S., & Halme, M. (2016). Implications of frugal innovations on sustainable development: Evaluating water and energy innovations. Sustainability (Switzerland), 8(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8010004Lim, C., & Fujimoto, T. (2019). Frugal innovation and design changes expanding the cost-performance frontier : A Schumpeterian approach. Research Policy, 48(4), 1016–1029. 39 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2018.10.014Lu, C., Chang, F., Rong, K., Shi, Y., & Yu, X. (2019). Deprecated in policy, abundant in market? The frugal innovation of Chinese low-speed EV industry. International Journal of Production Economics, December 2017, 107583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2019.107583Metalcof-Service. (n.d.). Estufas EcoEficientes. Retrieved June 13, 2020, from https://metalcof.co/estufas-ecoeficientes/Michaelis, T. L., Carr, J. C., Scheaf, D. J., & Pollack, J. M. (2019). The frugal entrepreneur: A self-regulatory perspective of resourceful entrepreneurial behavior. Journal of Business Venturing, August 2018, 105969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2019.105969Montoya, M. A., Cervantez, M., & Lemus, D. (2018). De la innovación frugal a la innovación inversa: el caso del modelo farmacia-doctor en el sector salud en México. Intersticios Sociales, 15, 117–140. http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2007-49642018000100117&lng=es&nrm=isoNayang Business School. (2019). Emerging Market (EM) Rankings: Feeling the Pulse of an Investor Executive Summary. https://nbs.ntu.edu.sg/Research/ResearchCentres/CEM/Research/Documents/2019 EM Report.pdfNicola, M., Alsafi, Z., Sohrabi, C., Kerwan, A., Al-Jabir, A., Iosifidis, C., Agha, M., & Agha, R. (2020). The Socio-Economic Implications of the Coronavirus and COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review. International Journal of Surgery, 78(April), 185–193. 40 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.018OECD. (2020). Coronavirus: The world economy at risk. OECD Interim Economic Assessment, March, 1–15. http://www.oecd.org/berlin/publikationen/Interim-Economic-Assessment-2-March-2020.pdfPansera, M., Rivas, R., & Narvaez-Mena, H. (2017). Frugalidad e innovación popular: nuevos caminos para la sustentabilidad y la inclusión social en Ecuador. Revista Iberoamericana de Ciencia Tecnología y Sociedad, 12(35), 131–152. http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1850-00132017000200007&lang=esPansera, M., Sarkar, S., 2016. Crafting sustainable development solutions e frugal innovations of grassroots entrepreneurs. Sustainability 8 (51), 1e25.Pisoni, A., Michelini, L., & Martignoni, G. (2018). Frugal approach to innovation: State of the art and future perspectives. Journal of Cleaner Production, 171, 107–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.248PNDU-Colombia. (2020). #RetoCascosDeVida. 20-05-2020Prahalad, C.K., 2005. The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid, Eradicating Poverty through Profits. Wharton School Publishing, Upper Saddle River, NJ.Prahalad, C.K., Mashelkar, R.A., 2010. Innovation's holy grail. Harv. Bus. Rev. 88 (7e8), 132e141.PROCOLOMBIA. (n.d.). Software desarrollado en Colombia apoya en el diagnóstico presuntivo de COVID-19. Sala de Prensa. Retrieved June 13, 2020, from https://procolombia.co/noticias/software-desarrollado-en-colombia-apoya-en-el- 41 diagnostico-presuntivo-de-covid-19Radjou, N., Prabhu, J., Ahuja, S., 2012. Jugaad Innovation: Think Frugal, be Flexible, Generate Breakthrough Growth. John Wiley & Sons.Ray, S., Ray, P.K., 2011. Product innovation for the people's car in an emerging economy. Technovation 31 (5), 216e227.Rao, B.C., 2014. Alleviating poverty in the twenty-first century through frugal innovations. Challenge 57 (3), 40e59.Rao, B. C. (2017). Revisiting classical design in engineering from a perspective of frugality. Heliyon, 3(5), e00299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00299Rosca, E., Arnold, M., & Bendul, J. C. (2017). Business models for sustainable innovation – an empirical analysis of frugal products and services. Journal of Cleaner Production, 162, S133–S145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.02.050Rothan, H. A., & Byrareddy, S. N. (2020). The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. Journal of Autoimmunity, 109(February), 102433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102433Sehgal, V., Dehoff, K., Panneer, G., 2010. The importance of frugal engineering. Strategy Bus. 59, 1e5.Simula, H., Hossain, M., & Halme, M. (2015). Frugal and reverse innovations – Quo Vadis? In Current Science (Vol. 109, pp. 1567–1572). Current Science Association. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24906179Sharma, A., Iyer, G.R., 2012. Resource-constrained product development: implications for 42 green marketing and green supply chains. Ind. Mark. Manag. 41, 599e608.The Economist. (2010). First break all the rules \| Special report \| The Economist. https://www.economist.com/special-report/2010/04/17/first-break-all-the-rulesThøgersen, J. (2018). Frugal or green? Basic drivers of energy saving in European households. Journal of Cleaner Production, 197, 1521–1530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.282Tiwari, R., Kalogerakis, K., 2016. A Bibliometric Analysis of Academic Papers on Frugal Innovation. Working Paper. Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), Institute for Technology and Innovation Management. No. 93.Trimble, C., 2012. Reverse innovation and the emerging-market growth imperative. Ivey Bus. J. 76 (2), 19e21.Unisabana. (2020). Unisabana Herons Ventilator Project. https://www.unisabana.edu.co/aportesventilador/unisabana-herons-ventilator-project/Von Janda, S., Kuester, S., Schuhmacher, M. C., & Shainesh, G. (2020). What frugal products are and why they matter: A cross-national multi-method study. Journal of Cleaner Production, 246, 118977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118977Weyrauch, T., & Herstatt, C. (2017). What is frugal innovation? Three defining criteria. Journal of Frugal Innovation, 2(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40669-016-0005-yWilliamson, P.J., 2010. Cost innovation: preparing for a ‘value-for-money’ revolution. Long Range Plan. 43 (2), 343e353.Winkler, T., Ulz, A., Knöbl, W., & Lercher, H. (2019). Frugal innovation in developed 43 markets – Adaption of a criteria-based evaluation model. Journal of Innovation and Knowledge. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2019.11.004Wohlfart, L., Bünger, M., Lang-Koetz, C., Wagner, F., 2016. Corporate and grassroot frugal innovation: a comparison of top-down and bottom-up strategies. Technol. Innov. Manag. Rev. 6 (4), 5e17.Zeschky, M.B., Winterhalter, S., Gassmann, O., 2014a. From cost to frugal and reverse innovation: mapping the field and implications for global competitiveness. Res. Technol. Manag. 57 (4), 20e27Zhang, X. (2018). Frugal innovation and the digital divide: Developing an extended model of the diffusion of innovations. International Journal of Innovation Studies, 2(2), 53–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijis.2018.06.001Zhu, F., Wei, Z., Bao, Y., & Zou, S. (2019). Base-of-the-Pyramid (BOP) orientation and firm performance: A strategy tripod view and evidence from China. International Business Review, 28(6), 101594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2019.101594Innovación frugalCovid-19ColombiaEconomía emergente.Frugal innovationCovid-19ColombiaEmerging economyFacultad de IngenieríaIngeniería IndustrialPublicationORIGINALmuñozberrocaljuanfernando.pdfmuñozberrocaljuanfernando.pdfapplication/pdf661529https://repositorio.unicordoba.edu.co/bitstreams/a0b7fe1b-d95e-4dc5-92aa-da861460ebbf/download5bf66a0c59e55def825dd340aec5be85MD51Formato de Autorización.pdfFormato de Autorización.pdfapplication/pdf1259851https://repositorio.unicordoba.edu.co/bitstreams/8bdb9c0d-cd7d-42dc-b66e-a0720d697bdf/download968626134bcf8828bcfaa9096ce766a3MD52LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-814828https://repositorio.unicordoba.edu.co/bitstreams/0cb0bb4f-cb91-4aa2-9ceb-736add0678b4/download2f9959eaf5b71fae44bbf9ec84150c7aMD53TEXTmuñozberrocaljuanfernando.pdf.txtmuñozberrocaljuanfernando.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain86229https://repositorio.unicordoba.edu.co/bitstreams/021f405b-5311-4403-a6ac-cde4f7441c64/downloadacc105a746fce38626f28fbf7d3d42e9MD54Formato de Autorización.pdf.txtFormato de Autorización.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain3https://repositorio.unicordoba.edu.co/bitstreams/b9878aa8-689b-4041-963d-a01522ace346/download2228e977ebea8966e27929f43e39cb67MD56THUMBNAILmuñozberrocaljuanfernando.pdf.jpgmuñozberrocaljuanfernando.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg4208https://repositorio.unicordoba.edu.co/bitstreams/e8acc2a8-b03f-4e19-a363-6552df47889e/download81a4c6aba4efd23284988fe92d48b1eeMD55Formato de Autorización.pdf.jpgFormato de Autorización.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg8859https://repositorio.unicordoba.edu.co/bitstreams/047fb7cb-e843-403f-b84c-2663e939dfe2/download768d71cc106d9f0f086effc639741ebeMD57ucordoba/3393oai:repositorio.unicordoba.edu.co:ucordoba/33932023-10-06 00:45:38.558https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Copyright Universidad de Córdoba, 2020open.accesshttps://repositorio.unicordoba.edu.coRepositorio Universidad de Córdobabdigital@metabiblioteca.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

Innovación frugal como estrategia para afrontar la crisis del COVID-19 en Colombia

Publicaciones similares