Análisis dinámico de una estructura de pavimento flexible apoyada sobre suelos blandos usando elementos finitos
Trabajo de investigación
- Autores:
-
Latorre-Balaguera, Ana María
Villarreal-Arroyo, Luis Felipe
- Tipo de recurso:
- Trabajo de grado de pregrado
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2022
- Institución:
- Universidad Católica de Colombia
- Repositorio:
- RIUCaC - Repositorio U. Católica
- Idioma:
- spa
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repository.ucatolica.edu.co:10983/31342
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/10983/31342
- Palabra clave:
- Pavimentos flexibles
Cargas dinámicas (Pavimentos)-pruebas
Esfuerzos y deformaciones- Simulación por computadores
Pavimentos de asfalto
Método de elementos finitos - Programas para computador
620 - Ingeniería y operaciones afines::624 - Ingeniería civil
Pavimentos
Geotecnia
Suelos
Elementos finitos
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Derechos Reservados - Universidad Católica de Colombia, 2022
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| dc.title.none.fl_str_mv |
Análisis dinámico de una estructura de pavimento flexible apoyada sobre suelos blandos usando elementos finitos |
| title |
Análisis dinámico de una estructura de pavimento flexible apoyada sobre suelos blandos usando elementos finitos |
| spellingShingle |
Análisis dinámico de una estructura de pavimento flexible apoyada sobre suelos blandos usando elementos finitos Pavimentos flexibles Cargas dinámicas (Pavimentos)-pruebas Esfuerzos y deformaciones- Simulación por computadores Pavimentos de asfalto Método de elementos finitos - Programas para computador 620 - Ingeniería y operaciones afines::624 - Ingeniería civil Pavimentos Geotecnia Suelos Elementos finitos |
| title_short |
Análisis dinámico de una estructura de pavimento flexible apoyada sobre suelos blandos usando elementos finitos |
| title_full |
Análisis dinámico de una estructura de pavimento flexible apoyada sobre suelos blandos usando elementos finitos |
| title_fullStr |
Análisis dinámico de una estructura de pavimento flexible apoyada sobre suelos blandos usando elementos finitos |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Análisis dinámico de una estructura de pavimento flexible apoyada sobre suelos blandos usando elementos finitos |
| title_sort |
Análisis dinámico de una estructura de pavimento flexible apoyada sobre suelos blandos usando elementos finitos |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Latorre-Balaguera, Ana María Villarreal-Arroyo, Luis Felipe |
| dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv |
Herrera-Cano, Camilo Ernesto |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Latorre-Balaguera, Ana María Villarreal-Arroyo, Luis Felipe |
| dc.subject.armarc.none.fl_str_mv |
Pavimentos flexibles Cargas dinámicas (Pavimentos)-pruebas Esfuerzos y deformaciones- Simulación por computadores Pavimentos de asfalto Método de elementos finitos - Programas para computador |
| topic |
Pavimentos flexibles Cargas dinámicas (Pavimentos)-pruebas Esfuerzos y deformaciones- Simulación por computadores Pavimentos de asfalto Método de elementos finitos - Programas para computador 620 - Ingeniería y operaciones afines::624 - Ingeniería civil Pavimentos Geotecnia Suelos Elementos finitos |
| dc.subject.ddc.none.fl_str_mv |
620 - Ingeniería y operaciones afines::624 - Ingeniería civil |
| dc.subject.proposal.none.fl_str_mv |
Pavimentos Geotecnia Suelos Elementos finitos |
| description |
Trabajo de investigación |
| publishDate |
2022 |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2022 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2024-08-05T21:02:52Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2024-08-05T21:02:52Z |
| dc.type.none.fl_str_mv |
Trabajo de grado - Especialización |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f |
| dc.type.coarversion.none.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_fa2ee174bc00049f |
| dc.type.content.none.fl_str_mv |
Text |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesis |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f |
| dc.identifier.citation.none.fl_str_mv |
Latorre-Balaguera, A. M. & Villarreal-Arroyo, L. F. (2022). Análisis dinámico de una estructura de pavimento flexible apoyada sobre suelos blandos usando elementos finitos. Trabajo de Grado. Universidad Católica de Colombia. Facultad de Ingeniería. Programa de Ingeniería Civil. Especialización en Ingeniería de Pavimentos. Bogotá, Colombia |
| dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/10983/31342 |
| identifier_str_mv |
Latorre-Balaguera, A. M. & Villarreal-Arroyo, L. F. (2022). Análisis dinámico de una estructura de pavimento flexible apoyada sobre suelos blandos usando elementos finitos. Trabajo de Grado. Universidad Católica de Colombia. Facultad de Ingeniería. Programa de Ingeniería Civil. Especialización en Ingeniería de Pavimentos. Bogotá, Colombia |
| url |
https://hdl.handle.net/10983/31342 |
| dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv |
spa |
| language |
spa |
| dc.relation.references.none.fl_str_mv |
Ahirwar, S. K., & Mandal, J. N. (2017). Finite Element Analysis of Flexible Pavement with Geogrids. Procedia Engineering, 189, 411–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.05.065 Albarazi, R. (2020). Evaluation of Roadway Embankment Under Repetitive Axial Loading Using Finite Element Analysis. Lulea University of Technology. Behnke, R., Wollny, I., Hartung, F., & Kaliske, M. (2019). Thermo-mechanical finite element prediction of the structural long-term response of asphalt pavements subjected to periodic traffic load: Tire-pavement interaction and rutting. Computers and Structures, 218, 9–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2019.04.003 Benz, T., Vermeer, P. A., & Schwab, R. (2009). A small-strain overlay model. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 33(1), 25–44. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.701 Benz, Thomas. (2007). Small-Strain Stiffness of Soils and its Numerical Consequences. Beriha, B., & Sahoo, U. C. (2020). Analysis of flexible pavement with cross-anisotropic material properties. International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, 13(4), 411–416. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42947-020-0284-9 Bitumen Business Group. (1998). BISAR 3.0 User Manual. Brinkgreve, R. B. J., Zampich, L. M., Waterman, D., Chesaru, A., & Bonnier, P. G. (2019a). PLAXIS 2D Reference Manual CONNECT Edition V20. Brinkgreve, R. B. J., Zampich, L. M., Waterman, D., Chesaru, A., & Bonnier, P. G. (2019b). PLAXIS CONNECT Edition V20. www.plaxis.nl Brinkgreve, R. B. J., Zampich, L. M., Waterman, D., Chesaru, A., & Bonnier, P. G. (2019c). PLAXIS Material Models CONNECT Edition V20. Caicedo, B. (2019). Geotechnics of Roads: Fundamentals. Taylor & Francis Group. Caicedo, B., Mendoza, C., Lizcano, A., & Lopez-Caballero, F. (2019). Some contributions to mechanical behaviors of lacustrine deposit in Bogotá, Colombia. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 11(4), 837–849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2018.12.016 Caicedo, B., Mendoza, C., López, F., & Lizcano, A. (2018). Behavior of diatomaceous soil in lacustrine deposits of Bogotá, Colombia. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 10(2), 367–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2017.10.005 Chandak, P. G., Tapase, A. B., Sayyed, S. S., & Attar, A. C. (2018). A State-of-the-Art Review of Different Conditions Influencing the Behavioral Aspects of Flexible Pavement. Sustainable Civil Infrastructures, 300–312. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61908-8_22 Cho, Y. H., Mccullough, B. F., & Weissmann, J. (1996). Considerations on finite-element method application in pavement structural analysis. Transportation Research Record, 1539, 96–101. https://doi.org/10.3141/1539-13 Christopher, B. R., Schwartz, C., & Boudreau, R. (2006). Geotechnical Aspects of Pavements. In Geotech - Bridges & Structures (NHI-05-037). Cliatt, B., Loizos, A., & Plati, C. (2021). An Overview of the Impact of Constitutive Models for Unbound Materials on Pavement Elastic Response Through Numerical Analysis. Transportation Infrastructure Geotechnology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40515-021-00187-2 Coria, C. A., Hernández, R., & Garnica, P. (2018). Teorías para calcular esfuerzos, deformaciones y deflexiones en pavimentos flexibles: un enfoque mecanicista (No. 72). Costanzi, M., Rouillard, V., & Cebon, D. (2006). Effects of Tyre Contact Pressure Distribution on the Deformation Rates of Pavements. 9th International Symposium on Heavy Vehicle Weights and Dimensions. International Forum for Road Transport Technology, 892–903. Deng, Y., Luo, X., Zhang, Y., Cai, S., Huang, K., Shi, X., & Lytton, R. L. (2021). Determination of flexible pavement deterioration conditions using Long-Term Pavement Performance database and artificial intelligence-based finite element model updating. Structural Control and Health Monitoring, 28(2), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.2671 Drumm, E. C., Boateng-Poku, Y., & Johnson, T. (1990). Estimation of Subgrade Rhesilient Modulus from Standart Tests. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 116(5). Ge, H., Quezada, J. C., Le Houerou, V., & Chazallon, C. (2022). Multiscale analysis of tire and asphalt pavemente interaction via coupling FEM–DEM simulation. Engineering Structures, 256. Ghadimi, B. (2015). Numerical modelling for flexible pavement materials applying advanced finite element approach to develop Mechanistic-Empirical design procedure. Ghadimi, B., & Nikraz, H. (2017). A comparison of implementation of linear and nonlinear constitutive models in numerical analysis of layered flexible pavement. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 18(3), 550–572. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2016.1182055 Gill,K.S.,Jha,j.n.,Choudhary, A. K. (2010). CBR Value Estimation Using Dynamic Cone Penetrometer. Indian Geotechnical Conference – 2010, GEOtrendz, 259–262. Graczyk, M., Rafa, J., & Zofka, A. (2016). The selected problems of multi-layer pavements influence of composite impacts vehicles and climatic factors on the behavior of road pavements. Transportation Research Procedia, 14, 2487–2496. Hadi, M. N. S., & Bodhinayake, B. C. (2003). Non-linear finite element analysis of flexible pavements. Advances in Engineering Software, 34(11–12), 657–662. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0965-9978(03)00109-1 Helwany, S., Dyer, J., & Leidy, J. (1998). Finite-Element Analyses of Flexible Pavements. Journal of Transportation Engineering. Herath, A., Mohammad, L. N., Gaspard, K., & Gudishala, R. (2005). he Use of Dynamic Cone Penetrometer to Predict Resilient Modulus of Subgrade Soils. Geo-Frontiers Congress. Herrera, C., & Ruge, J. C. (2021). Numerical Modeling of Excavations in Bogotá Soft Soils, Considering the Installation Effect of the Diaphragm Wall. Jornadas Geotécnicas XIX y Estructurales XXII. Howard, I. L., Asce, M., & Warren, K. A. (2009). Finite-Element Modeling of Instrumented Flexible Pavements under Stationary Transient Loading. Journal of Transportation Enginnering, 53–61. https://doi.org/10.1061/ASCE0733-947X2009135:253 IDU. (2022). Boletín Técnico Extensión y Estado de la Malla Vial de Bogotá D.C. IDU, & Universidad de los Andes. (2002). Manual de Diseño de Pavimentos para Bogotá D.C. IDU, Universidad Nacional de ColomIDU, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, & Banco de Desarrollo de América Latina. (2013). Guía “Diseño de Pavimentos para Bajos Volúmenes de Tránsito y Vías Locales para Bogotá D.C.”bia, & Banco de Desarrollo de América Latina. (2013). Guía “Diseño de Pavimentos para Bajos Volúmenes de Tránsito y Vías Locales para Bogotá D.C.” INVIAS, & Ministerio de Transporte. (1998). Manual de diseño de pavimentos asfálticos en vías con medios y altos volúmenes de tránsito (p. 109). INVIAS, & Ministerio de Transporte. (2007). Manual de diseño de pavimentos asfálticos para vías con bajos volúmenes de tránsito. In Especificaciones Técnicas (p. 103). Jiang, X., Zeng, C., Gao, X., Liu, Z., & Qiu, Y. (2017). 3D FEM analysis of flexible base asphalt pavement structure under non-uniform tyre contact pressure. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 20(9), 999–1011. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2017.1380803 Karatağ, H., Firat, S., & Işik, N. S. (2017). Evaluation of Flexible Highway Embankment under Repetitive Wheel Loading using Finite Element Analysis. Proceedings of 3rd International Sustainable Buildings Symposium, 6, 705–716. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63709-9_54 Khazanovich, L., & Wang, Q. (2007). MnLayer: High-performance layered elastic analysis program. Transportation Research Record, 2037, 63–75. https://doi.org/10.3141/2037-06 Kurakina, E., & Evtiukov, S. (2020). Impact of static and dynamic loads of vehicles on pavement. E3S Web of Conferences, 164. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016403025 Lee, K.-W. W., Wilson, K., & Hassan, S. A. (2017). Prediction of performance and evaluation of flexible pavement rehabilitation strategies. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition), 4(2), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtte.2017.03.005 Leiva, P., Loría, L. G., & Navas, A. (2011). Comparación entre Modelación de Respuestas de Pavimentos Flexibles con Análisis de Multiccapa Elástica y Elemento Finito. XVI-CILA - Congreso Ibero-Latinoamericano Del Asfalto, 1–11. Li, M., Wang, H., Xu, G., & Xie, P. (2017). Finite element modeling and parametric analysis of viscoelastic and nonlinear pavement responses under dynamic FWD loading. Construction and Building Materials, 141, 23–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.096 Li, Q., Xiao, D. X., Wang, K. C. P., Hall, K. D., & Qiu, Y. (2011). Mechanistic-empirical pavement design guide (MEPDG): A bird’s-eye view. Journal of Modern Transportation, 19(2), 114–133. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.2095-087X.2011.02.007 Li, S., Tang, L., & Yao, K. (2020). Comparison of Two Typical Professional Programs for Mechanical Analysis of Interlayer Bonding of Asphalt Pavement Structure. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5850627 Liu, P., Otto, F., Wang, D., Oeser, M., & Balck, H. (2017). Measurement and evaluation on deterioration of asphalt pavements by geophones. Measurement: Journal of the International Measurement Confederation, 109, 223–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2017.05.066 Liu, P., Xing, Q., Dong, Y., Wang, D., Oeser, M., & Yuan, S. (2017). Application of Finite Layer Method in Pavement Structural Analysis. Applied Sciences, 7(6), 611. https://doi.org/10.3390/app7060611 Luo, J., Huang, H., Qamhia, I. I. A., Tutumluer, E., & Tingle, J. S. (2021). C-flex advanced finite element analysis program for flexible pavement analysis and design. Transportation Research Record, 2675(9), 1238–1249. https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981211006724 Mahajan, G. R., Radhika, B., & Biligiri, K. P. (2022). A critical review of vehicle-pavement interaction mechanism in evaluating flexible pavement performance characteristics. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 23(4), 735–769. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2020.1860806 Mahmoud, O., Rohani, I., & Zaharah, S. (2015). Finite Element Modelling of Flexible Pavement. In Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) (Vol. 2, Issue 1). www.jmest.org Mendoza, C., Caicedo, B., & Duque, J. (2022). Technical report on the compression, structure, and creep behaviors of lacustrine soil deposits in Bogotá, Colombia. Soils and Foundations, 62(5). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2022.101215 Mendoza, C., Caicedo, B., & Lopez-Caballero, F. (2019). Geotechnical behavior of Bogotá lacustrine soil through its geological history. 17th European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, ECSMGE 2019 - Proceedings, 2019-September. https://doi.org/10.32075/17ECSMGE-2019-0017 Misaghi, S., Tirado, C., Nazarian, S., & Carrasco, C. (2021). Impact of pavement roughness and suspension systems on vehicle dynamic loads on flexible pavements. Transportation Engineering, 3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.treng.2021.100045 Mohammad, L. N., Herath, A., Abu-farsakh, M. Y., Gaspard, K., & Gudishala, R. (2008). Prediction of Resilient Modulus of Cohesive Subgrade Soils from Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Test Parameters. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 19(11), 986–992. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2007)19:11(986) Mulungye, R. M., Owende, P. M. O., & Mellon, K. (2007). Finite element modelling of flexible pavements on soft soil subgrades. Materials and Design, 28(3), 739–756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2005.12.006 Nieto, A., Camacho, J., & Ruiz, E. (2009). Parameter Determination for the Elasto-Plastic Models Mohr-Coulomb and Hardening Soil in Clay Soils. Revista Ingenierías Universidad de Medellín Ortiz-Ripoll, J., Miró, R., & Martínez, A. H. (2020). Semi-empirical method for the calculation of shear stress, stiffness and maximum shear strength of bituminous interfaces under in-service conditions. Construction and Building Materials, 258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120374 Pérez, R. F., Rodríguez, J. F., & Caicedo, B. (2022). Stiffness and strength parameters for the hardening soil model of a reconstituted diatomaceous soil. European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2022.2051077 Picoux, B., el Ayadi, A., & Petit, C. (2009). Dynamic response of a flexible pavement submitted by impulsive loading. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 29(5), 845–854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2008.09.001 Portillo, M. (2008). Measured and theoretical response of perpetual pavement structures. The University of Texas at Arlington. Procopal S.A. (2018a). Estudio Geotécnico para Redes. Contrato IDU-1397-2017. Procopal S.A. (2018b). Informe de Diseño de Pavimentos. Contrato IDU-1397-2017. Rahim, a. M., & George, K. P. (2004). Models to estimate subgrade resilient modulus for pavement design. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 6(2), 89–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298430500131973 Reyes-Ortiz, O. J., Camacho-Tauta, J. F., & Reyes-Lizcano, F. A. (2004). Comparación del cálculo de una estructura de pavimento flexible por elementos finitos y cálculo teórico. Ciencia e Ingeniería Neogranadina, 14, 1–7. Rodríguez-Calderon, W., & Pallares-Muñoz, M. R. (2005). Desarrollo de un modelo de elementos finitos para el diseño racional de pavimentos. Tecnura, 9(17), 25–37. Saad, B., Mitri, H., & Poorooshasb, H. (2005). Three-dimensional dynamic analysis of flexible conventional pavement foundation. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 131(6), 460–469. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(2005)131:6(460) Sadeghi, J., Najafabadi, E. R., & Kaboli, M. E. (2015). Development of degradation model for urban asphalt pavement. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 8436(June), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2015.1095912 Sahoo, U. C., & Reddy, K. S. (2010). Effect of nonlinearity in granular layer on critical pavement responses of low volume roads. In International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology (Vol. 3, Issue 6). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290741040 Schanz, T., Vermeer, P. A., & Bonnier, P. G. (1999). The Hardening Soil Model: Formulation and Verification. In Beyond 2000 in Computational Geotechnics - 10 Years of PLAXIS. Thom, N. (2014). Principles of Pavement Engineering (Second). ICE Publishing. Uliniarz, R. (2019). Small Strain Soil Constitutive Models HS-SMALL & RU+MCC - Calibration and Verification. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 471(4). https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/471/4/042030 Varma, S., & Emin Kutay, M. (2015). Backcalculation of viscoelastic and nonlinear flexible pavement layer properties from falling weight deflections. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 8436(March), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2014.993196 Wang, H., & Al-Qadi, I. L. (2013). Importance of Nonlinear Anisotropic Modeling of Granular Base for Predicting Maximum Viscoelastic Pavement Responses under Moving Vehicular Loading. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 139(1), 29–38. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)em.1943-7889.0000465 Wang, H., Zhao, J., Hu, X., & Zhang, X. (2020). Flexible Pavement Response Analysis under Dynamic Loading at Different Vehicle Speeds and Pavement Surface Roughness Conditions. Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part B: Pavements, 146(3), 04020040. https://doi.org/10.1061/jpeodx.0000198 You, L., Man, J., Yan, K., Wang, D., & Li, H. (2020). Combined Fourier-wavelet transforms for studying dynamic response of anisotropic multi-layered flexible pavement with linear-gradual interlayers. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 81, 559–581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2020.01.031 Yuan, X. X., & Nemtsov, I. (2018). Local Calibration of the MEPDG Distress and Performance Models for Ontario’s Flexible Roads: Overview, Impacts, and Reflection. Transportation Research Record, 2672(40), 207–216. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198118759013 Zhao, J., & Wang, H. (2020). Dynamic Pavement Response Analysis under Moving Truck Loads with Random Amplitudes. Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part B: Pavements, 146(2), 04020020. https://doi.org/10.1061/jpeodx.0000173 |
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Derechos Reservados - Universidad Católica de Colombia, 2022 |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
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http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
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Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC 4.0) |
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https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ |
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Derechos Reservados - Universidad Católica de Colombia, 2022 http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ |
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94 páginas |
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application/pdf |
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Universidad Católica de Colombia |
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Facultad de Ingenierías |
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Bogotá |
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Herrera-Cano, Camilo Ernestod3d0abab-22d6-4eca-9b32-ace9e54f6e8b-1Latorre-Balaguera, Ana María914d6b89-51cd-4e20-a25a-1747a3dbfd8e-1Villarreal-Arroyo, Luis Felipe3ac24876-01ef-4955-b286-70d116418111-12024-08-05T21:02:52Z2024-08-05T21:02:52Z2022Trabajo de investigaciónEl trabajo de grado analiza un estructura de pavimento flexible convencional, en términos de esfuerzos y deformaciones para casos de carga estática y dinámica al ser simulada por medio de elementos finitos, aplicando a los materiales granulares y a los suelos blandos de Bogotá el modelo constitutivo HS Small. (Tomado de la fuente).EspecializaciónEspecialista en Ingeniería de Pavimentos1. Introducción 2. Generalidades 3. Objetivos 4. Marco de Referencia 5. Marco Metodológico 6. Presentación y Análisis de Resultados 7. Conclusiones y Recomendaciones 8. Bibliografía94 páginasapplication/pdfLatorre-Balaguera, A. M. & Villarreal-Arroyo, L. F. (2022). Análisis dinámico de una estructura de pavimento flexible apoyada sobre suelos blandos usando elementos finitos. Trabajo de Grado. Universidad Católica de Colombia. Facultad de Ingeniería. Programa de Ingeniería Civil. Especialización en Ingeniería de Pavimentos. Bogotá, Colombiahttps://hdl.handle.net/10983/31342spaUniversidad Católica de ColombiaFacultad de IngenieríasBogotáEspecialización en Ingeniería de PavimentosAhirwar, S. K., & Mandal, J. N. (2017). Finite Element Analysis of Flexible Pavement with Geogrids. Procedia Engineering, 189, 411–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.05.065Albarazi, R. (2020). Evaluation of Roadway Embankment Under Repetitive Axial Loading Using Finite Element Analysis. Lulea University of Technology.Behnke, R., Wollny, I., Hartung, F., & Kaliske, M. (2019). Thermo-mechanical finite element prediction of the structural long-term response of asphalt pavements subjected to periodic traffic load: Tire-pavement interaction and rutting. 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N., Gaspard, K., & Gudishala, R. (2005). he Use of Dynamic Cone Penetrometer to Predict Resilient Modulus of Subgrade Soils. Geo-Frontiers Congress.Herrera, C., & Ruge, J. C. (2021). Numerical Modeling of Excavations in Bogotá Soft Soils, Considering the Installation Effect of the Diaphragm Wall. Jornadas Geotécnicas XIX y Estructurales XXII.Howard, I. L., Asce, M., & Warren, K. A. (2009). Finite-Element Modeling of Instrumented Flexible Pavements under Stationary Transient Loading. Journal of Transportation Enginnering, 53–61. https://doi.org/10.1061/ASCE0733-947X2009135:253IDU. (2022). Boletín Técnico Extensión y Estado de la Malla Vial de Bogotá D.C.IDU, & Universidad de los Andes. (2002). Manual de Diseño de Pavimentos para Bogotá D.C.IDU, Universidad Nacional de ColomIDU, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, & Banco de Desarrollo de América Latina. (2013). Guía “Diseño de Pavimentos para Bajos Volúmenes de Tránsito y Vías Locales para Bogotá D.C.”bia, & Banco de Desarrollo de América Latina. (2013). Guía “Diseño de Pavimentos para Bajos Volúmenes de Tránsito y Vías Locales para Bogotá D.C.”INVIAS, & Ministerio de Transporte. (1998). Manual de diseño de pavimentos asfálticos en vías con medios y altos volúmenes de tránsito (p. 109).INVIAS, & Ministerio de Transporte. (2007). Manual de diseño de pavimentos asfálticos para vías con bajos volúmenes de tránsito. In Especificaciones Técnicas (p. 103).Jiang, X., Zeng, C., Gao, X., Liu, Z., & Qiu, Y. (2017). 3D FEM analysis of flexible base asphalt pavement structure under non-uniform tyre contact pressure. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 20(9), 999–1011. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2017.1380803Karatağ, H., Firat, S., & Işik, N. S. (2017). Evaluation of Flexible Highway Embankment under Repetitive Wheel Loading using Finite Element Analysis. Proceedings of 3rd International Sustainable Buildings Symposium, 6, 705–716. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63709-9_54Khazanovich, L., & Wang, Q. (2007). MnLayer: High-performance layered elastic analysis program. Transportation Research Record, 2037, 63–75. https://doi.org/10.3141/2037-06Kurakina, E., & Evtiukov, S. (2020). Impact of static and dynamic loads of vehicles on pavement. E3S Web of Conferences, 164. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016403025Lee, K.-W. W., Wilson, K., & Hassan, S. A. (2017). Prediction of performance and evaluation of flexible pavement rehabilitation strategies. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition), 4(2), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtte.2017.03.005Leiva, P., Loría, L. G., & Navas, A. (2011). Comparación entre Modelación de Respuestas de Pavimentos Flexibles con Análisis de Multiccapa Elástica y Elemento Finito. XVI-CILA - Congreso Ibero-Latinoamericano Del Asfalto, 1–11.Li, M., Wang, H., Xu, G., & Xie, P. (2017). Finite element modeling and parametric analysis of viscoelastic and nonlinear pavement responses under dynamic FWD loading. Construction and Building Materials, 141, 23–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.096Li, Q., Xiao, D. X., Wang, K. C. P., Hall, K. D., & Qiu, Y. (2011). Mechanistic-empirical pavement design guide (MEPDG): A bird’s-eye view. Journal of Modern Transportation, 19(2), 114–133. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.2095-087X.2011.02.007Li, S., Tang, L., & Yao, K. (2020). Comparison of Two Typical Professional Programs for Mechanical Analysis of Interlayer Bonding of Asphalt Pavement Structure. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5850627Liu, P., Otto, F., Wang, D., Oeser, M., & Balck, H. (2017). Measurement and evaluation on deterioration of asphalt pavements by geophones. Measurement: Journal of the International Measurement Confederation, 109, 223–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2017.05.066Liu, P., Xing, Q., Dong, Y., Wang, D., Oeser, M., & Yuan, S. (2017). Application of Finite Layer Method in Pavement Structural Analysis. Applied Sciences, 7(6), 611. https://doi.org/10.3390/app7060611Luo, J., Huang, H., Qamhia, I. I. A., Tutumluer, E., & Tingle, J. S. (2021). C-flex advanced finite element analysis program for flexible pavement analysis and design. Transportation Research Record, 2675(9), 1238–1249. https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981211006724Mahajan, G. R., Radhika, B., & Biligiri, K. P. (2022). A critical review of vehicle-pavement interaction mechanism in evaluating flexible pavement performance characteristics. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 23(4), 735–769. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2020.1860806Mahmoud, O., Rohani, I., & Zaharah, S. (2015). Finite Element Modelling of Flexible Pavement. In Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) (Vol. 2, Issue 1). www.jmest.orgMendoza, C., Caicedo, B., & Duque, J. (2022). Technical report on the compression, structure, and creep behaviors of lacustrine soil deposits in Bogotá, Colombia. Soils and Foundations, 62(5). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2022.101215Mendoza, C., Caicedo, B., & Lopez-Caballero, F. (2019). Geotechnical behavior of Bogotá lacustrine soil through its geological history. 17th European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, ECSMGE 2019 - Proceedings, 2019-September. https://doi.org/10.32075/17ECSMGE-2019-0017Misaghi, S., Tirado, C., Nazarian, S., & Carrasco, C. (2021). Impact of pavement roughness and suspension systems on vehicle dynamic loads on flexible pavements. Transportation Engineering, 3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.treng.2021.100045Mohammad, L. N., Herath, A., Abu-farsakh, M. Y., Gaspard, K., & Gudishala, R. (2008). 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Importance of Nonlinear Anisotropic Modeling of Granular Base for Predicting Maximum Viscoelastic Pavement Responses under Moving Vehicular Loading. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 139(1), 29–38. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)em.1943-7889.0000465Wang, H., Zhao, J., Hu, X., & Zhang, X. (2020). Flexible Pavement Response Analysis under Dynamic Loading at Different Vehicle Speeds and Pavement Surface Roughness Conditions. Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part B: Pavements, 146(3), 04020040. https://doi.org/10.1061/jpeodx.0000198You, L., Man, J., Yan, K., Wang, D., & Li, H. (2020). Combined Fourier-wavelet transforms for studying dynamic response of anisotropic multi-layered flexible pavement with linear-gradual interlayers. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 81, 559–581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2020.01.031Yuan, X. X., & Nemtsov, I. (2018). Local Calibration of the MEPDG Distress and Performance Models for Ontario’s Flexible Roads: Overview, Impacts, and Reflection. Transportation Research Record, 2672(40), 207–216. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198118759013Zhao, J., & Wang, H. (2020). Dynamic Pavement Response Analysis under Moving Truck Loads with Random Amplitudes. Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part B: Pavements, 146(2), 04020020. https://doi.org/10.1061/jpeodx.0000173Derechos Reservados - Universidad Católica de Colombia, 2022info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Pavimentos flexiblesCargas dinámicas (Pavimentos)-pruebasEsfuerzos y deformaciones- Simulación por computadoresPavimentos de asfaltoMétodo de elementos finitos - Programas para computador620 - Ingeniería y operaciones afines::624 - Ingeniería civilPavimentosGeotecniaSuelosElementos finitosAnálisis dinámico de una estructura de pavimento flexible apoyada sobre suelos blandos usando elementos finitosTrabajo de grado - 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Thumbnailimage/jpeg15532https://repository.ucatolica.edu.co/bitstreams/886734a3-8ef3-4d6e-a35a-b6cecc879f82/download35f7c533eccfa0c6b5ee19e1a3632f69MD511IDENTIFICACIÓN TRABAJO TESIS DE GRADO 18-01-23.pdf.jpgIDENTIFICACIÓN TRABAJO TESIS DE GRADO 18-01-23.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg16708https://repository.ucatolica.edu.co/bitstreams/1453f697-6e36-44e5-8bd3-51700409c0ff/downloade1d002a2954ac917093f18bdb3d8ebabMD51310983/31342oai:repository.ucatolica.edu.co:10983/313422024-08-06 03:00:41.476https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Derechos Reservados - Universidad Católica de Colombia, 2022https://repository.ucatolica.edu.coRepositorio Institucional Universidad Católica de Colombia - 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