Análisis experimental del comportamiento de suelos ultraporosos frente al colapso

Trabajo de investigación

Autores:
Guzmán-Mayorga, Víctor Guillermo
Salinas-Malaver, Juan Carlos
Tipo de recurso:
Trabajo de grado de pregrado
Fecha de publicación:
2023
Institución:
Universidad Católica de Colombia
Repositorio:
RIUCaC - Repositorio U. Católica
Idioma:
spa
OAI Identifier:
oai:repository.ucatolica.edu.co:10983/31189
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/10983/31189
Palabra clave:
Geomorfología de suelos
Ensayo de suelos
Mecánica de suelos
Suelos-Análisis
Porosidad
Normas (Ingeniería)-ASTM D5333-03
620 - Ingeniería y operaciones afines::624 - Ingeniería civil
Colapso
Caolín
Macroporosidad
Potencial de colapso
Índice de colapso
Rights
openAccess
License
Derechos Reservados - Universidad Católica de Colombia, 2023
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dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Análisis experimental del comportamiento de suelos ultraporosos frente al colapso
title Análisis experimental del comportamiento de suelos ultraporosos frente al colapso
spellingShingle Análisis experimental del comportamiento de suelos ultraporosos frente al colapso
Geomorfología de suelos
Ensayo de suelos
Mecánica de suelos
Suelos-Análisis
Porosidad
Normas (Ingeniería)-ASTM D5333-03
620 - Ingeniería y operaciones afines::624 - Ingeniería civil
Colapso
Caolín
Macroporosidad
Potencial de colapso
Índice de colapso
title_short Análisis experimental del comportamiento de suelos ultraporosos frente al colapso
title_full Análisis experimental del comportamiento de suelos ultraporosos frente al colapso
title_fullStr Análisis experimental del comportamiento de suelos ultraporosos frente al colapso
title_full_unstemmed Análisis experimental del comportamiento de suelos ultraporosos frente al colapso
title_sort Análisis experimental del comportamiento de suelos ultraporosos frente al colapso
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Guzmán-Mayorga, Víctor Guillermo
Salinas-Malaver, Juan Carlos
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv Ruge-Cárdenas, Juan Carlos
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Guzmán-Mayorga, Víctor Guillermo
Salinas-Malaver, Juan Carlos
dc.subject.armarc.none.fl_str_mv Geomorfología de suelos
Ensayo de suelos
Mecánica de suelos
Suelos-Análisis
Porosidad
Normas (Ingeniería)-ASTM D5333-03
topic Geomorfología de suelos
Ensayo de suelos
Mecánica de suelos
Suelos-Análisis
Porosidad
Normas (Ingeniería)-ASTM D5333-03
620 - Ingeniería y operaciones afines::624 - Ingeniería civil
Colapso
Caolín
Macroporosidad
Potencial de colapso
Índice de colapso
dc.subject.ddc.none.fl_str_mv 620 - Ingeniería y operaciones afines::624 - Ingeniería civil
dc.subject.proposal.none.fl_str_mv Colapso
Caolín
Macroporosidad
Potencial de colapso
Índice de colapso
description Trabajo de investigación
publishDate 2023
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2023
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2024-06-07T16:24:19Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2024-06-07T16:24:19Z
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv Trabajo de grado - Pregrado
dc.type.coar.none.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f
dc.type.coarversion.none.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/version/c_fa2ee174bc00049f
dc.type.content.none.fl_str_mv Text
dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesis
format http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f
dc.identifier.citation.none.fl_str_mv Guzmán-Mayorga, V. G. & Salinas-Malaver, J. C. (2023). Análisis experimental del comportamiento de suelos ultraporosos frente al colapso. Trabajo de Grado. Universidad Católica de Colombia. Facultad de Ingeniería. Programa de Ingeniería Civil. Bogotá, Colombia.
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/10983/31189
identifier_str_mv Guzmán-Mayorga, V. G. & Salinas-Malaver, J. C. (2023). Análisis experimental del comportamiento de suelos ultraporosos frente al colapso. Trabajo de Grado. Universidad Católica de Colombia. Facultad de Ingeniería. Programa de Ingeniería Civil. Bogotá, Colombia.
url https://hdl.handle.net/10983/31189
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv spa
language spa
dc.relation.references.none.fl_str_mv ASTM International, “Standard Test Method for Measurement of Collapse Potential of Soils”, ASTM D5333-03. Conshohocken: ASTM, 2004.
INVIAS, “Medida del potencial de colapso de un suelo parcialmente saturado”, INV E-157-13. Instituto Nacional de Vías, 2013.
J.E. Jennings and K. Knight, “The additional settlement of foundations due to a collapse of structure of sandy subsoils on wetting”. Proceedings of the 4th International Congress on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, London, vol, 1, pp. 316-319. 1957
K. Knight, “The Collapse of Structures of Sandy Subsoils on Wetting”. MS Thesis, University of Witwatersrand, 1960
L. Barden, A. McGown and K. Collins, “The collapse mechanism in partly saturated soil”. Engineering Geology, 7, pp. 49-60, 1973
L. Barden, A.O. Madedor and G.R. Sides, “Volume change characteristics of unsaturated clay”, Proc. Am. Society Cir. Engineers, 95: S.M. vol. 1, pp. 33-53, 1969
A.K. Larionov, “Structural characteristics of loess soils for evaluating their constructional properties. Proc. Int. Conf. Soil Mech. Found. Eng., 6th, Montreal, vol. 1, pp. 64-68, 1965
J.G. Dudley, “Review of collapsing soil”, Proc. Am. Soc. Cir. Engineers, vol. 96, pp. 925-949, 1970
J.L. White, “Collapsible Soils and Evaporite Karst Hazards Map of the Roaring Fork River Corridor, Garfield, Eagle, and Pitkin Counties, Colorado”, Soil and Karst Hazards. Map Series 34. Denver, CO: Colorado Geological Survey, Department of Natural Resources, 2002
P.C. Knodel, “Characteristics and Problems of Collapsible Soils”, Bureau of Reclamation Denver Office Denver CO 80225. R-92-02, 1992
A.J. Lutenegger and R.T. Saber, “Determination of Collapse Potential of Soils,” Geotechnical Testing Journal, American Society for Testing and Materials, vol. 11. No. 3, pp. 173–178, 1988
V.A. Priklonskii, “Gruntovedenic, Vtoraya Chast”, Gosgeolzdat, Moscow, 1952
W. Clevenger, “Experience with Loess as Foundation Material,” Transactions, American Society of Civil Engineers, vol. 123, pp. 151–170, 1958
N.Y. Denisov, “The Engineering Properties of Loess and Loess Loams”, Gosstroiizdat, Moscow, 1951
H.J. Gibbs, “Properties Which Divide Loose and Dense Uncemented Soils”, Earth Laboratory Report EM-658, Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC, 1961
W.G. Holtz and J.W. Hilf, “Settlement of Soil Foundations Due to Saturation”, Proceedings, Fifth International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Paris, vol. 1, pp. 673–679, 1961
E.R. Redolfi, “Suelos Colapsables”, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Departamento de Construcciones Civiles, 2007
J. Feda, “Colloidal Activity, Shrinking and Swelling of Some Clays” Proceedings, Soil Mechanics Seminar, Loda, Illinois, pp. 531–546, 1964
L.A. Benites, “Geotechnical Properties of the Soils Affected by Piping near the Benson Area, Cochise County, Arizona”, MS Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, 1968
V.I. Krutov and I.V. Tarasova, "A Method for Determining the Magnitude of the 'Inicial Pressure' for Slumping Soils", Osnovanija, Fundamenty i Mekhanika Grunkov, vol. 1, pp. 7 - 9. Translated to Soil Mechanics Foundations, vol. 1, pp. 12–17, 1964
A. Reginatto, "Predicción de la Susceptibilidad al Colapso", 2da Reunión Argentina de Mecánica de Suelos e Ingeniería de Fundaciones. Córdoba, Argentina, 1970
Y.M. Abelev and M.Y. Abelev, "Bases de l'Elaboration des Projets et de la Construction sur les Sols Loessiques Affaissables". Ed. francesa, 1986, Ed.Technique et Documentation Lavoisier, París, 1979
R.L. Handy, “Collapsible Loess in Iowa,” Proceedings, Soil Science Society of America, vol. 37, pp. 281–284, 1973
J.E. Jennings and K. Knight, “A Guide to Construction on or with Materials Exhibiting Additional Settlements Due to ‘Collapse’ of Grain Structure”, Proceedings Sixth Regional Conference for Africa on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Johannesburg, pp. 99–105, 1975
S.P. Clemence and A.O. Finbarr, “Design Considerations for Collapsible Soils”, Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, American Society of Civil Engineers, vol. 107, No. GT3, pp. 305–317, 1981
Z.G. Ling and S.J. Wang, "Collapsibility and Deformation Characteristics of Deep Seated Loess in China", Engineering Geology, vol. 25, pp. 271 – 282, 1988
A. McGrown and K. Collins, “The microfabrics of some expansive and collapsing soils”, pp. 323-332, 1975
M.D. Braja, “Fundamentos de ingeniería geotécnica”, 1a. ed, México: International Thomson, 2001
Ministerio de Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial (2010). REGLAMENTO COLOMBIANO DE CONSTRUCCIÓN SISMO RESISTENTE NSR-10. Comisión asesora permanente para el régimen de construcciones sismo resistentes
A. Zur and G. Wiseman, "A Study of Collapse Phenomena of an Undisturbed Loess", Proc.of the 8º International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Moscu, URSS. vol 2.2, Session 4/43, pp. 265 – 268, 1973
J.A. Ayala, “Evaluación de la colapsibilidad en suelos dispersivos usando técnicas de deformabilidad y erosión inducida”, MS Thesis, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, 2022
S. Uriel and A.A. Serrano, "Propiedades Geotécnicas de los Suelos Volcánicos Colapsables de Baja Densidad en la Cimentación de Presas en las Islas Canarias (España)". Boletín de Información del Laboratorio del Transporte y Mecánica del Suelo, CEDEX. Madrid, España, vol. 105, pp. 21 – 28, Sept-Oct 1974
G.E. Brink, “The identification and characterisation of collapsible soils: a brief review of current practice”. NZGS Symposium 2021. Dunedin, New Zealand, 2021
C.D.F. Rogers, “Types and distribution of collapsible soils”, In Proceedings of NATO Advance Workshop on Genesis and Properties of Collapsible Soils (eds Derbyshire, E., Dijkstra, T. and Smalley, I.J.). Loughborough, April 1994, pp. 1–17, 1995
J.H. Dudley, "Review of Collapsing Soils", Journal of Soils Mechanics and Foundation Division. ASCE. Vol 96 (SM3), pp. 925 – 947, 1970
Y. Zhang, Z. Song, H. Chen, L. Ruean and S. He, “Experimental study on collapsible and structural characteristics of artificially prepared loess material”, Scientific Reports, 2023, vol.13:4113, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-31397-y, 2023
I. Alves, L. Costa, A. Antonino, L. Costa and S. Ferreira, “Microstructural analysis of collapsible soil before and after collapse and with loading and unloading cycle”. MATEC Web of Conferences 337, 01004 (2021). PanAm-UNSAT, 2021
S.M. Haeri, “Hydro-mechanical behavior of collapsible soils in unsaturated soil mechanics context”, The 15th Asian Regional Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Japanese Geotechnical Society Special Publication, 2016
C. Choudhruy and T.V. Bharat, “Wetting-induced collapse behavior of kaolinite: influence of fabric and inundation pressure”, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol. 5(7), 2018
A.L. Hayal, A.M. Al-Gharrawia and M. Fattah, “Collapse Problem Treatment of Gypseous Soil by Nanomaterials”, IJE Transactions C: Aspects vol. 33, No. 9, (September 2020) pp. 1737-1742, 2020
N.A. Ali, “Practical Engineering Behavior of Egyptian Collapsible Soils, Laboratory and In-Situ Experimental Study”, Open Journal of Civil Engineering, 11, pp. 290-300, 2021
S.R.M. Ferreira and S. Fucale, “Evaluation of the Collapsibility of Soils in the Semiarid Region Pernambuco, Brazil”, Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, vol. 83, 1285-1292, 2014
J.E. Bowles, “Foundation Analysis and Design”, Ed. 5, McGraw-Hill, 1997
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv Derechos Reservados - Universidad Católica de Colombia, 2023
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Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
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dc.publisher.faculty.none.fl_str_mv Facultad de Ingenierías
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dc.publisher.program.none.fl_str_mv Ingeniería Civil
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spelling Ruge-Cárdenas, Juan Carlosvirtual::3386-1Guzmán-Mayorga, Víctor Guillermoe7a3a997-9c2a-4f37-9690-5dfff189cc16-1Salinas-Malaver, Juan Carlos0df03313-9997-4ba8-bdb1-9b3a966d583e-12024-06-07T16:24:19Z2024-06-07T16:24:19Z2023Trabajo de investigaciónEl fenómeno de colapso es una anomalía temporal que ocurre en los suelos, gobernada por múltiples factores, tanto intrínsecos, como extrínsecos al material. Las consecuencias de no detectar a tiempo este tipo de patologías en el suelo puede resultar en grandes deformaciones y hasta daños irreparables en una estructura liviana o pesada. La evaluación del grado de colapso está regida por la norma ASTM D5333-03 “Standard Test Method for Measurement of Collapse Potential of Soils”. Para el desarrollo de este trabajo de grado se decidió utilizar un material de base caolinítico, el cual fue caracterizado en relación a sus parámetros índice de enfoque geotécnico. Con el fin de inducir una macroporosidad en las muestras se agregó poliestireno expandido bajo diferentes dosificaciones. También se evaluó el ensayo de colapso bajo tres esfuerzos de inundación (50, 100 y 200 kPa). Los resultados mostraron una clara dependencia de los parámetros de potencial de colapso e índice de colapso, tanto por la cantidad de poliestireno (macroporosidad inducida), como de los esfuerzos de inundación. (Tomado de la fuente).PregradoIngeniero CivilINTRODUCCIÓN 1. GENERALIDADES 2. MARCO DE REFERENCIA 3. METODOLOGIA 4. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSION 5. CONCLUSIONES 6. RECOMENDACIONES BIBLIOGRAFÍA ANEXOS147 páginasapplication/pdfGuzmán-Mayorga, V. G. & Salinas-Malaver, J. C. (2023). Análisis experimental del comportamiento de suelos ultraporosos frente al colapso. Trabajo de Grado. Universidad Católica de Colombia. Facultad de Ingeniería. Programa de Ingeniería Civil. Bogotá, Colombia.https://hdl.handle.net/10983/31189spaUniversidad Católica de ColombiaFacultad de IngenieríasBogotáIngeniería CivilASTM International, “Standard Test Method for Measurement of Collapse Potential of Soils”, ASTM D5333-03. Conshohocken: ASTM, 2004.INVIAS, “Medida del potencial de colapso de un suelo parcialmente saturado”, INV E-157-13. Instituto Nacional de Vías, 2013.J.E. Jennings and K. Knight, “The additional settlement of foundations due to a collapse of structure of sandy subsoils on wetting”. Proceedings of the 4th International Congress on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, London, vol, 1, pp. 316-319. 1957K. Knight, “The Collapse of Structures of Sandy Subsoils on Wetting”. MS Thesis, University of Witwatersrand, 1960L. Barden, A. McGown and K. Collins, “The collapse mechanism in partly saturated soil”. Engineering Geology, 7, pp. 49-60, 1973L. Barden, A.O. Madedor and G.R. Sides, “Volume change characteristics of unsaturated clay”, Proc. Am. Society Cir. Engineers, 95: S.M. vol. 1, pp. 33-53, 1969A.K. Larionov, “Structural characteristics of loess soils for evaluating their constructional properties. Proc. Int. Conf. Soil Mech. Found. Eng., 6th, Montreal, vol. 1, pp. 64-68, 1965J.G. Dudley, “Review of collapsing soil”, Proc. Am. Soc. Cir. Engineers, vol. 96, pp. 925-949, 1970J.L. White, “Collapsible Soils and Evaporite Karst Hazards Map of the Roaring Fork River Corridor, Garfield, Eagle, and Pitkin Counties, Colorado”, Soil and Karst Hazards. Map Series 34. Denver, CO: Colorado Geological Survey, Department of Natural Resources, 2002P.C. Knodel, “Characteristics and Problems of Collapsible Soils”, Bureau of Reclamation Denver Office Denver CO 80225. R-92-02, 1992A.J. Lutenegger and R.T. Saber, “Determination of Collapse Potential of Soils,” Geotechnical Testing Journal, American Society for Testing and Materials, vol. 11. No. 3, pp. 173–178, 1988V.A. Priklonskii, “Gruntovedenic, Vtoraya Chast”, Gosgeolzdat, Moscow, 1952W. Clevenger, “Experience with Loess as Foundation Material,” Transactions, American Society of Civil Engineers, vol. 123, pp. 151–170, 1958N.Y. Denisov, “The Engineering Properties of Loess and Loess Loams”, Gosstroiizdat, Moscow, 1951H.J. Gibbs, “Properties Which Divide Loose and Dense Uncemented Soils”, Earth Laboratory Report EM-658, Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC, 1961W.G. Holtz and J.W. Hilf, “Settlement of Soil Foundations Due to Saturation”, Proceedings, Fifth International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Paris, vol. 1, pp. 673–679, 1961E.R. Redolfi, “Suelos Colapsables”, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Departamento de Construcciones Civiles, 2007J. Feda, “Colloidal Activity, Shrinking and Swelling of Some Clays” Proceedings, Soil Mechanics Seminar, Loda, Illinois, pp. 531–546, 1964L.A. Benites, “Geotechnical Properties of the Soils Affected by Piping near the Benson Area, Cochise County, Arizona”, MS Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, 1968V.I. Krutov and I.V. Tarasova, "A Method for Determining the Magnitude of the 'Inicial Pressure' for Slumping Soils", Osnovanija, Fundamenty i Mekhanika Grunkov, vol. 1, pp. 7 - 9. Translated to Soil Mechanics Foundations, vol. 1, pp. 12–17, 1964A. Reginatto, "Predicción de la Susceptibilidad al Colapso", 2da Reunión Argentina de Mecánica de Suelos e Ingeniería de Fundaciones. Córdoba, Argentina, 1970Y.M. Abelev and M.Y. Abelev, "Bases de l'Elaboration des Projets et de la Construction sur les Sols Loessiques Affaissables". Ed. francesa, 1986, Ed.Technique et Documentation Lavoisier, París, 1979R.L. Handy, “Collapsible Loess in Iowa,” Proceedings, Soil Science Society of America, vol. 37, pp. 281–284, 1973J.E. Jennings and K. Knight, “A Guide to Construction on or with Materials Exhibiting Additional Settlements Due to ‘Collapse’ of Grain Structure”, Proceedings Sixth Regional Conference for Africa on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Johannesburg, pp. 99–105, 1975S.P. Clemence and A.O. Finbarr, “Design Considerations for Collapsible Soils”, Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, American Society of Civil Engineers, vol. 107, No. GT3, pp. 305–317, 1981Z.G. Ling and S.J. Wang, "Collapsibility and Deformation Characteristics of Deep Seated Loess in China", Engineering Geology, vol. 25, pp. 271 – 282, 1988A. McGrown and K. Collins, “The microfabrics of some expansive and collapsing soils”, pp. 323-332, 1975M.D. Braja, “Fundamentos de ingeniería geotécnica”, 1a. ed, México: International Thomson, 2001Ministerio de Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial (2010). REGLAMENTO COLOMBIANO DE CONSTRUCCIÓN SISMO RESISTENTE NSR-10. Comisión asesora permanente para el régimen de construcciones sismo resistentesA. Zur and G. Wiseman, "A Study of Collapse Phenomena of an Undisturbed Loess", Proc.of the 8º International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Moscu, URSS. vol 2.2, Session 4/43, pp. 265 – 268, 1973J.A. Ayala, “Evaluación de la colapsibilidad en suelos dispersivos usando técnicas de deformabilidad y erosión inducida”, MS Thesis, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, 2022S. Uriel and A.A. Serrano, "Propiedades Geotécnicas de los Suelos Volcánicos Colapsables de Baja Densidad en la Cimentación de Presas en las Islas Canarias (España)". Boletín de Información del Laboratorio del Transporte y Mecánica del Suelo, CEDEX. Madrid, España, vol. 105, pp. 21 – 28, Sept-Oct 1974G.E. Brink, “The identification and characterisation of collapsible soils: a brief review of current practice”. NZGS Symposium 2021. Dunedin, New Zealand, 2021C.D.F. Rogers, “Types and distribution of collapsible soils”, In Proceedings of NATO Advance Workshop on Genesis and Properties of Collapsible Soils (eds Derbyshire, E., Dijkstra, T. and Smalley, I.J.). Loughborough, April 1994, pp. 1–17, 1995J.H. Dudley, "Review of Collapsing Soils", Journal of Soils Mechanics and Foundation Division. ASCE. Vol 96 (SM3), pp. 925 – 947, 1970Y. Zhang, Z. Song, H. Chen, L. Ruean and S. He, “Experimental study on collapsible and structural characteristics of artificially prepared loess material”, Scientific Reports, 2023, vol.13:4113, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-31397-y, 2023I. Alves, L. Costa, A. Antonino, L. Costa and S. Ferreira, “Microstructural analysis of collapsible soil before and after collapse and with loading and unloading cycle”. MATEC Web of Conferences 337, 01004 (2021). PanAm-UNSAT, 2021S.M. Haeri, “Hydro-mechanical behavior of collapsible soils in unsaturated soil mechanics context”, The 15th Asian Regional Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Japanese Geotechnical Society Special Publication, 2016C. Choudhruy and T.V. Bharat, “Wetting-induced collapse behavior of kaolinite: influence of fabric and inundation pressure”, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol. 5(7), 2018A.L. Hayal, A.M. Al-Gharrawia and M. Fattah, “Collapse Problem Treatment of Gypseous Soil by Nanomaterials”, IJE Transactions C: Aspects vol. 33, No. 9, (September 2020) pp. 1737-1742, 2020N.A. Ali, “Practical Engineering Behavior of Egyptian Collapsible Soils, Laboratory and In-Situ Experimental Study”, Open Journal of Civil Engineering, 11, pp. 290-300, 2021S.R.M. Ferreira and S. Fucale, “Evaluation of the Collapsibility of Soils in the Semiarid Region Pernambuco, Brazil”, Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, vol. 83, 1285-1292, 2014J.E. Bowles, “Foundation Analysis and Design”, Ed. 5, McGraw-Hill, 1997Derechos Reservados - Universidad Católica de Colombia, 2023info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Geomorfología de suelosEnsayo de suelosMecánica de suelosSuelos-AnálisisPorosidadNormas (Ingeniería)-ASTM D5333-03620 - Ingeniería y operaciones afines::624 - Ingeniería civilColapsoCaolínMacroporosidadPotencial de colapsoÍndice de colapsoAnálisis experimental del comportamiento de suelos ultraporosos frente al colapsoTrabajo de grado - 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