Revisión de la contaminación por nanoplásticos y sus efectos en el medio ambiente, principalmente en los ecosistemas acuáticos.
Propia
- Autores:
-
Bossa García, Laura Ivonne
- Tipo de recurso:
- Trabajo de grado de pregrado
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2020
- Institución:
- Universidad Antonio Nariño
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio UAN
- Idioma:
- spa
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.uan.edu.co:123456789/2039
- Acceso en línea:
- http://repositorio.uan.edu.co/handle/123456789/2039
- Palabra clave:
- nanoplásticos
contaminación marina
efectos
contaminación emergente
nanoplastics
marine pollution
effects
emerging pollution
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
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| dc.title.es_ES.fl_str_mv |
Revisión de la contaminación por nanoplásticos y sus efectos en el medio ambiente, principalmente en los ecosistemas acuáticos. |
| title |
Revisión de la contaminación por nanoplásticos y sus efectos en el medio ambiente, principalmente en los ecosistemas acuáticos. |
| spellingShingle |
Revisión de la contaminación por nanoplásticos y sus efectos en el medio ambiente, principalmente en los ecosistemas acuáticos. nanoplásticos contaminación marina efectos contaminación emergente nanoplastics marine pollution effects emerging pollution |
| title_short |
Revisión de la contaminación por nanoplásticos y sus efectos en el medio ambiente, principalmente en los ecosistemas acuáticos. |
| title_full |
Revisión de la contaminación por nanoplásticos y sus efectos en el medio ambiente, principalmente en los ecosistemas acuáticos. |
| title_fullStr |
Revisión de la contaminación por nanoplásticos y sus efectos en el medio ambiente, principalmente en los ecosistemas acuáticos. |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Revisión de la contaminación por nanoplásticos y sus efectos en el medio ambiente, principalmente en los ecosistemas acuáticos. |
| title_sort |
Revisión de la contaminación por nanoplásticos y sus efectos en el medio ambiente, principalmente en los ecosistemas acuáticos. |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Bossa García, Laura Ivonne |
| dc.contributor.advisor.spa.fl_str_mv |
Ramos, Marcos |
| dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv |
Bossa García, Laura Ivonne |
| dc.subject.es_ES.fl_str_mv |
nanoplásticos contaminación marina efectos contaminación emergente |
| topic |
nanoplásticos contaminación marina efectos contaminación emergente nanoplastics marine pollution effects emerging pollution |
| dc.subject.keyword.es_ES.fl_str_mv |
nanoplastics marine pollution effects emerging pollution |
| description |
Propia |
| publishDate |
2020 |
| dc.date.issued.spa.fl_str_mv |
2020-06-04 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2021-03-01T15:49:09Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2021-03-01T15:49:09Z |
| dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Trabajo de grado (Pregrado y/o Especialización) |
| dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f |
| dc.type.coarversion.none.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 |
| format |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f |
| dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
http://repositorio.uan.edu.co/handle/123456789/2039 |
| dc.identifier.bibliographicCitation.spa.fl_str_mv |
5 gráficos para entender por qué el plástico es una amenaza para nuestro planeta. (2017). Retrieved 2 February 2020, from https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-42304901 Acosta-Coley, I., Duran-Izquierdo, M., Rodriguez-Cavallo, E., Mercado-Camargo, J., Mendez-Cuadro, D., & Olivero-Verbel, J. (2019). Quantification of microplastics along the Caribbean Coastline of Colombia: Pollution profile and biological effects on Caenorhabditis elegans. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 146(May), 574–583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.06.084 Al-Thawadi, S. (2020). Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Aquatic Environments: Challenges and Threats to Aquatic Organisms. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-020-04402-z Andrady, A. L. (2011). Microplastics in the marine environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 62(8), 1596–1605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.05.030 Auta, H. S., Emenike, C. U., & Fauziah, S. H. (2017). Distribution and importance of microplastics in the marine environment A review of the sources, fate, effects, and potential solutions. Environment International, 102, 165–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2017.02.013 Barría, C., Brandts, I., Tort, L., Oliveira, M., & Teles, M. (2020, February 1). Effect of nanoplastics on fish health and performance: A review. Marine Pollution Bulletin. Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110791 Blettler, M. C. M., Garello, N., Ginon, L., Abrial, E., Espinola, L. A., & Wantzen, K. M. (2019). Massive plastic pollution in a mega-river of a developing country: Sediment deposition and ingestion by fish (Prochilodus lineatus). Environmental Pollution, 255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113348 Brack, W., Dulio, V., & Slobodnik, J. (2012). The NORMAN Network and its activities on emerging environmental substances with a focus on effect-directed analysis of complex environmental contamination. Environmental Sciences Europe, 24(1), 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/2190-4715-24-29 Castro, R. O., Silva, M. L. da, & Araújo, F. V. de. (2018). Review on microplastic studies in Brazilian aquatic ecosystems. Ocean and Coastal Management, 165(September), 385–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.09.013 Cedervall T, Hansson LA, Lard M, Frohm B, Linse S (2012) El transporte de la cadena alimentaria de nanopartículas afecta el comportamiento y el metabolismo de las grasas en los peces. PLoS ONE 7 (2): e32254. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0032254 Chae, Y., & An, Y. (2017). Effects of micro- and nanoplastics on aquatic ecosystems : Current research trends and perspectives. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 124(2), 624–632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.01.070 Chae, Y., Kim, D., Kim, S. W., & An, Y. J. (2018). Trophic transfer and individual impact of nano-sized polystyrene in a four-species freshwater food chain. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-18849-y Colombia’s plastic bag tax: A concrete step towards fighting marine litter in the Caribbean. (2017). Retrieved 4 April 2020, from https://www.unenvironment.org/news-and-stories/story/colombias-plastic-bag-tax-concrete-step-towards-fighting-marine-litter da Costa, J. P. (2018). Micro- and nanoplastics in the environment: Research and policymaking. Current Opinion in Environmental Science and Health, 1, 12–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2017.11.002 Derraik, J. G. B. (2002). The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: a review. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 44(9), 842–852. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00220-5 El plástico que comemos Higiene Ambiental. (2019). Retrieved 5 February 2020, from https://higieneambiental.com/higiene-alimentaria/el-plastico-que-comemos Eriksen, M., Maximenko, N., Thiel, M., Cummins, A., Lattin, G., Wilson, S., Hafner, J., Zellers, A., & Rifman, S. (2013). Plastic pollution in the South Pacific subtropical gyre. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 68(1–2), 71–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.12.021 Ferreira, I., Venâncio, C., Lopes, I., & Oliveira, M. (2019). Nanoplastics and marine organisms: What has been studied? Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 67(January), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2019.01.006 Fotopoulou KN, Karapanagioti HK (2012) Surface properties of beached plastics pellets mar environ Res 81:70-77. Galloway, T., Haward, M., Mason, S. A., Hardesty, B. D., & Krause, S. (2020). Science-Based Solutions to Plastic Pollution. One Earth, 2(1), 5–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.01.004 Gigault, J., Halle, A. ter, Baudrimont, M., Pascal, P. Y., Gauffre, F., Phi, T. L., El Hadri, H., Grassl, B., & Reynaud, S. (2018). Current opinion: What is a nanoplastic? Environmental Pollution, 235, 1030–1034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.024 Hidalgo-Ruz, V., & Thiel, M. (2013). Distribution and abundance of small plastic debris on beaches in the SE Pacific (Chile): A study supported by a citizen science project. Marine Environmental Research, 87–88, 12–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.02.015 Klingelhöfer, D., Braun, M., Quarcoo, D., Brüggmann, D., & Groneberg, D. A. (2020). Research landscape of a global environmental challenge: Microplastics. Water Research, 170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115358 Koelmans, A. A., Besseling, E., & Shim, W. J. (2015). Nanoplastics in the Aquatic Environment . Critical Review. 325–340. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16510-3 Kögel, T., Bjorøy, Ø., Toto, B., Marcel, A., & Sanden, M. (2020). Science of the Total Environment Micro- and nanoplastic toxicity on aquatic life : Determining factors. Science of the Total Environment, 709(5817), 136050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136050 Lambert, S., & Wagner, M. (2016). Characterisation of nanoplastics during the degradation of polystyrene. Chemosphere, 145, 265–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.078 Liu, Z., Cai, M., Wu, D., Yu, P., Jiao, Y., Jiang, Q., & Zhao, Y. (2020). Effects of nanoplastics at predicted environmental concentration on Daphnia pulex after exposure through multiple generations. Environmental Pollution, 256, 113506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113506 Lu, Y. y col. Absorción y acumulación de microplásticos de poliestireno en el pez cebra (Danio rerio) y efectos tóxicos en el hígado. Reinar. Sci. Technol. 50, 4054–4060 (2016). https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.6b00183 Marín Galvín, R. (2020). Fisicoquímica y Microbiología de los Medios Acuáticos (2ª ed., Pp. 342-345). Díaz de Santos. Mattsson, K. y col. Comportamiento, fisiología y metabolismo alterados en peces expuestos a nanopartículas de poliestireno. Reinar. Sci. Technol. 49, 553–561 (2014). https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/es5053655 Mendenhall, E., Oceans of plastic: A research agenda to propel policy development. Marine Policy: 2018; pp 291-298. Mendoza, L. M. R., Karapanagioti, H., & Álvarez, N. R. (2018). ScienceDirect Micro ( nanoplastics ) in the marine environment : Current knowledge and gaps. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health, 1, 47–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2017.11.004 Micro y nano plásticos • Ecologistas en Acción. (2019). Retrieved 3 February 2020, from https://www.ecologistasenaccion.org/130388/micro-y-nano-plasticos/ Oliveira, M., & Almeida, M. (2019). Trends in Analytical Chemistry The why and how of micro ( nano ) plastic research. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 114, 196–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2019.02.023 Origen del plástico. (2016). Retrieved 1 April 2020, from https://www.polimertecnic.com/origen-del-plastico/ Parker, L. (2019). Ahogados en un mar de plástico. www.nationalgeographic.com.es. Retrieved 21 March 2020, from https://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/naturaleza/grandes-reportajes/ahogados-mar-plastico_12712/1 Peng, G., Bellerby, R., Zhang, F., Sun, X., & Li, D. (2020). The ocean’s ultimate trashcan: Hadal trenches as major depositories for plastic pollution. Water Research, 168, 115121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115121 Peng, L., Fu, D., Qi, H., Lan, C. Q., Yu, H., & Ge, C. (2020). Micro- and nano-plastics in marine environment: Source, distribution and threats — A review. Science of the Total Environment, 698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134254 Peña-Guzmán, C., Ulloa-Sánchez, S., Mora, K., Helena-Bustos, R., Lopez-Barrera, E., Alvarez, J., & Rodriguez-Pinzón, M. (2019). Emerging pollutants in the urban water cycle in Latin America: A review of the current literature. Journal of Environmental Management, 237(February), 408–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.02.100 Plasticseurope.org. (2019). ¿Qué Son Los Plásticos? Raffino, M. (2020). Plástico. Retrieved 1 April 2020, from https://concepto.de/plastico/#Tipos_de_plastico Reino Unido prohíbe el uso de microplásticos en cosméticos. www.nationalgeographic.com.es. (2020). Retrieved 21 March 2020, from https://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/naturaleza/actualidad/reino-unido-prohibe-uso-microplasticos-cosmeticos_12251 Santos, IR, Friedrich, AC e Ivar do Sul, JA Contaminación de desechos marinos a lo largo de playas tropicales no desarrolladas del noreste de Brasil. Environment Monit Evaluation 148, 455–462 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0175-z Shen, M., Zhang, Y., Zhu, Y., Song, B., Zeng, G., Hu, D., Wen, X., & Ren, X. (2019). Recent advances in toxicological research of nanoplastics in the environment: A review. Environmental Pollution, 252, 511–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.102 Strungaru, S. A., Jijie, R., Nicoara, M., Plavan, G., & Faggio, C. (2019). Micro- (nano) plastics in freshwater ecosystems: Abundance, toxicological impact and quantification methodology. TrAC - Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 110, 116–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2018.10.025 Toledo Martínez, M. (2019). REVISIÓN BIBLIOGRÁFICA DE LOS MÉTODOS DE ANÁLISIS DE MICRO (NANO) PLÁSTICOS EN EL MEDIOAMBIENTE Y EN LA BIOTA MARINA [Ebook] (pp. 6-7). Retrieved from http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/eserv/bibliuned:master-Ciencias-CyTQ-Matoledo/Toledo_Martinez__Maria_Angeles_TFM.pdf Una ola de medidas contra el plástico recorre América Latina y el Caribe. (2018). Retrieved 5 February 2020, from https://www.unenvironment.org/es/noticias-y-reportajes/reportajes/una-ola-de-medidas-contra-el-plastico-recorre-america-latina-y-el |
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reponame:Repositorio Institucional UAN |
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repourl:https://repositorio.uan.edu.co/ |
| url |
http://repositorio.uan.edu.co/handle/123456789/2039 |
| identifier_str_mv |
5 gráficos para entender por qué el plástico es una amenaza para nuestro planeta. (2017). Retrieved 2 February 2020, from https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-42304901 Acosta-Coley, I., Duran-Izquierdo, M., Rodriguez-Cavallo, E., Mercado-Camargo, J., Mendez-Cuadro, D., & Olivero-Verbel, J. (2019). Quantification of microplastics along the Caribbean Coastline of Colombia: Pollution profile and biological effects on Caenorhabditis elegans. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 146(May), 574–583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.06.084 Al-Thawadi, S. (2020). Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Aquatic Environments: Challenges and Threats to Aquatic Organisms. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-020-04402-z Andrady, A. L. (2011). Microplastics in the marine environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 62(8), 1596–1605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.05.030 Auta, H. S., Emenike, C. U., & Fauziah, S. H. (2017). Distribution and importance of microplastics in the marine environment A review of the sources, fate, effects, and potential solutions. Environment International, 102, 165–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2017.02.013 Barría, C., Brandts, I., Tort, L., Oliveira, M., & Teles, M. (2020, February 1). Effect of nanoplastics on fish health and performance: A review. Marine Pollution Bulletin. Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110791 Blettler, M. C. M., Garello, N., Ginon, L., Abrial, E., Espinola, L. A., & Wantzen, K. M. (2019). Massive plastic pollution in a mega-river of a developing country: Sediment deposition and ingestion by fish (Prochilodus lineatus). Environmental Pollution, 255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113348 Brack, W., Dulio, V., & Slobodnik, J. (2012). The NORMAN Network and its activities on emerging environmental substances with a focus on effect-directed analysis of complex environmental contamination. Environmental Sciences Europe, 24(1), 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/2190-4715-24-29 Castro, R. O., Silva, M. L. da, & Araújo, F. V. de. (2018). Review on microplastic studies in Brazilian aquatic ecosystems. Ocean and Coastal Management, 165(September), 385–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.09.013 Cedervall T, Hansson LA, Lard M, Frohm B, Linse S (2012) El transporte de la cadena alimentaria de nanopartículas afecta el comportamiento y el metabolismo de las grasas en los peces. PLoS ONE 7 (2): e32254. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0032254 Chae, Y., & An, Y. (2017). Effects of micro- and nanoplastics on aquatic ecosystems : Current research trends and perspectives. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 124(2), 624–632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.01.070 Chae, Y., Kim, D., Kim, S. W., & An, Y. J. (2018). Trophic transfer and individual impact of nano-sized polystyrene in a four-species freshwater food chain. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-18849-y Colombia’s plastic bag tax: A concrete step towards fighting marine litter in the Caribbean. (2017). Retrieved 4 April 2020, from https://www.unenvironment.org/news-and-stories/story/colombias-plastic-bag-tax-concrete-step-towards-fighting-marine-litter da Costa, J. P. (2018). Micro- and nanoplastics in the environment: Research and policymaking. Current Opinion in Environmental Science and Health, 1, 12–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2017.11.002 Derraik, J. G. B. (2002). The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: a review. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 44(9), 842–852. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00220-5 El plástico que comemos Higiene Ambiental. (2019). Retrieved 5 February 2020, from https://higieneambiental.com/higiene-alimentaria/el-plastico-que-comemos Eriksen, M., Maximenko, N., Thiel, M., Cummins, A., Lattin, G., Wilson, S., Hafner, J., Zellers, A., & Rifman, S. (2013). Plastic pollution in the South Pacific subtropical gyre. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 68(1–2), 71–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.12.021 Ferreira, I., Venâncio, C., Lopes, I., & Oliveira, M. (2019). Nanoplastics and marine organisms: What has been studied? Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 67(January), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2019.01.006 Fotopoulou KN, Karapanagioti HK (2012) Surface properties of beached plastics pellets mar environ Res 81:70-77. Galloway, T., Haward, M., Mason, S. A., Hardesty, B. D., & Krause, S. (2020). Science-Based Solutions to Plastic Pollution. One Earth, 2(1), 5–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.01.004 Gigault, J., Halle, A. ter, Baudrimont, M., Pascal, P. Y., Gauffre, F., Phi, T. L., El Hadri, H., Grassl, B., & Reynaud, S. (2018). Current opinion: What is a nanoplastic? Environmental Pollution, 235, 1030–1034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.024 Hidalgo-Ruz, V., & Thiel, M. (2013). Distribution and abundance of small plastic debris on beaches in the SE Pacific (Chile): A study supported by a citizen science project. Marine Environmental Research, 87–88, 12–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.02.015 Klingelhöfer, D., Braun, M., Quarcoo, D., Brüggmann, D., & Groneberg, D. A. (2020). Research landscape of a global environmental challenge: Microplastics. Water Research, 170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115358 Koelmans, A. A., Besseling, E., & Shim, W. J. (2015). Nanoplastics in the Aquatic Environment . Critical Review. 325–340. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16510-3 Kögel, T., Bjorøy, Ø., Toto, B., Marcel, A., & Sanden, M. (2020). Science of the Total Environment Micro- and nanoplastic toxicity on aquatic life : Determining factors. Science of the Total Environment, 709(5817), 136050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136050 Lambert, S., & Wagner, M. (2016). Characterisation of nanoplastics during the degradation of polystyrene. Chemosphere, 145, 265–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.078 Liu, Z., Cai, M., Wu, D., Yu, P., Jiao, Y., Jiang, Q., & Zhao, Y. (2020). Effects of nanoplastics at predicted environmental concentration on Daphnia pulex after exposure through multiple generations. Environmental Pollution, 256, 113506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113506 Lu, Y. y col. Absorción y acumulación de microplásticos de poliestireno en el pez cebra (Danio rerio) y efectos tóxicos en el hígado. Reinar. Sci. Technol. 50, 4054–4060 (2016). https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.6b00183 Marín Galvín, R. (2020). Fisicoquímica y Microbiología de los Medios Acuáticos (2ª ed., Pp. 342-345). Díaz de Santos. Mattsson, K. y col. Comportamiento, fisiología y metabolismo alterados en peces expuestos a nanopartículas de poliestireno. Reinar. Sci. Technol. 49, 553–561 (2014). https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/es5053655 Mendenhall, E., Oceans of plastic: A research agenda to propel policy development. Marine Policy: 2018; pp 291-298. Mendoza, L. M. R., Karapanagioti, H., & Álvarez, N. R. (2018). ScienceDirect Micro ( nanoplastics ) in the marine environment : Current knowledge and gaps. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health, 1, 47–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2017.11.004 Micro y nano plásticos • Ecologistas en Acción. (2019). Retrieved 3 February 2020, from https://www.ecologistasenaccion.org/130388/micro-y-nano-plasticos/ Oliveira, M., & Almeida, M. (2019). Trends in Analytical Chemistry The why and how of micro ( nano ) plastic research. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 114, 196–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2019.02.023 Origen del plástico. (2016). Retrieved 1 April 2020, from https://www.polimertecnic.com/origen-del-plastico/ Parker, L. (2019). Ahogados en un mar de plástico. www.nationalgeographic.com.es. Retrieved 21 March 2020, from https://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/naturaleza/grandes-reportajes/ahogados-mar-plastico_12712/1 Peng, G., Bellerby, R., Zhang, F., Sun, X., & Li, D. (2020). The ocean’s ultimate trashcan: Hadal trenches as major depositories for plastic pollution. Water Research, 168, 115121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115121 Peng, L., Fu, D., Qi, H., Lan, C. Q., Yu, H., & Ge, C. (2020). Micro- and nano-plastics in marine environment: Source, distribution and threats — A review. Science of the Total Environment, 698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134254 Peña-Guzmán, C., Ulloa-Sánchez, S., Mora, K., Helena-Bustos, R., Lopez-Barrera, E., Alvarez, J., & Rodriguez-Pinzón, M. (2019). Emerging pollutants in the urban water cycle in Latin America: A review of the current literature. Journal of Environmental Management, 237(February), 408–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.02.100 Plasticseurope.org. (2019). ¿Qué Son Los Plásticos? Raffino, M. (2020). Plástico. Retrieved 1 April 2020, from https://concepto.de/plastico/#Tipos_de_plastico Reino Unido prohíbe el uso de microplásticos en cosméticos. www.nationalgeographic.com.es. (2020). Retrieved 21 March 2020, from https://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/naturaleza/actualidad/reino-unido-prohibe-uso-microplasticos-cosmeticos_12251 Santos, IR, Friedrich, AC e Ivar do Sul, JA Contaminación de desechos marinos a lo largo de playas tropicales no desarrolladas del noreste de Brasil. Environment Monit Evaluation 148, 455–462 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0175-z Shen, M., Zhang, Y., Zhu, Y., Song, B., Zeng, G., Hu, D., Wen, X., & Ren, X. (2019). Recent advances in toxicological research of nanoplastics in the environment: A review. Environmental Pollution, 252, 511–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.102 Strungaru, S. A., Jijie, R., Nicoara, M., Plavan, G., & Faggio, C. (2019). Micro- (nano) plastics in freshwater ecosystems: Abundance, toxicological impact and quantification methodology. TrAC - Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 110, 116–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2018.10.025 Toledo Martínez, M. (2019). REVISIÓN BIBLIOGRÁFICA DE LOS MÉTODOS DE ANÁLISIS DE MICRO (NANO) PLÁSTICOS EN EL MEDIOAMBIENTE Y EN LA BIOTA MARINA [Ebook] (pp. 6-7). Retrieved from http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/eserv/bibliuned:master-Ciencias-CyTQ-Matoledo/Toledo_Martinez__Maria_Angeles_TFM.pdf Una ola de medidas contra el plástico recorre América Latina y el Caribe. (2018). 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Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)Acceso abiertohttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Ramos, MarcosBossa García, Laura Ivonne2021-03-01T15:49:09Z2021-03-01T15:49:09Z2020-06-04http://repositorio.uan.edu.co/handle/123456789/20395 gráficos para entender por qué el plástico es una amenaza para nuestro planeta. (2017). Retrieved 2 February 2020, from https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-42304901Acosta-Coley, I., Duran-Izquierdo, M., Rodriguez-Cavallo, E., Mercado-Camargo, J., Mendez-Cuadro, D., & Olivero-Verbel, J. (2019). Quantification of microplastics along the Caribbean Coastline of Colombia: Pollution profile and biological effects on Caenorhabditis elegans. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 146(May), 574–583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.06.084Al-Thawadi, S. (2020). Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Aquatic Environments: Challenges and Threats to Aquatic Organisms. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-020-04402-zAndrady, A. L. (2011). Microplastics in the marine environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 62(8), 1596–1605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.05.030Auta, H. S., Emenike, C. U., & Fauziah, S. H. (2017). Distribution and importance of microplastics in the marine environment A review of the sources, fate, effects, and potential solutions. Environment International, 102, 165–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2017.02.013Barría, C., Brandts, I., Tort, L., Oliveira, M., & Teles, M. (2020, February 1). Effect of nanoplastics on fish health and performance: A review. Marine Pollution Bulletin. Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110791Blettler, M. C. M., Garello, N., Ginon, L., Abrial, E., Espinola, L. A., & Wantzen, K. M. (2019). Massive plastic pollution in a mega-river of a developing country: Sediment deposition and ingestion by fish (Prochilodus lineatus). Environmental Pollution, 255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113348Brack, W., Dulio, V., & Slobodnik, J. (2012). The NORMAN Network and its activities on emerging environmental substances with a focus on effect-directed analysis of complex environmental contamination. Environmental Sciences Europe, 24(1), 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/2190-4715-24-29Castro, R. O., Silva, M. L. da, & Araújo, F. V. de. (2018). Review on microplastic studies in Brazilian aquatic ecosystems. Ocean and Coastal Management, 165(September), 385–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.09.013Cedervall T, Hansson LA, Lard M, Frohm B, Linse S (2012) El transporte de la cadena alimentaria de nanopartículas afecta el comportamiento y el metabolismo de las grasas en los peces. PLoS ONE 7 (2): e32254. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0032254Chae, Y., & An, Y. (2017). Effects of micro- and nanoplastics on aquatic ecosystems : Current research trends and perspectives. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 124(2), 624–632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.01.070Chae, Y., Kim, D., Kim, S. W., & An, Y. J. (2018). Trophic transfer and individual impact of nano-sized polystyrene in a four-species freshwater food chain. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-18849-yColombia’s plastic bag tax: A concrete step towards fighting marine litter in the Caribbean. (2017). Retrieved 4 April 2020, from https://www.unenvironment.org/news-and-stories/story/colombias-plastic-bag-tax-concrete-step-towards-fighting-marine-litterda Costa, J. P. (2018). Micro- and nanoplastics in the environment: Research and policymaking. Current Opinion in Environmental Science and Health, 1, 12–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2017.11.002Derraik, J. G. B. (2002). The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: a review. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 44(9), 842–852. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00220-5El plástico que comemos Higiene Ambiental. (2019). Retrieved 5 February 2020, from https://higieneambiental.com/higiene-alimentaria/el-plastico-que-comemosEriksen, M., Maximenko, N., Thiel, M., Cummins, A., Lattin, G., Wilson, S., Hafner, J., Zellers, A., & Rifman, S. (2013). Plastic pollution in the South Pacific subtropical gyre. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 68(1–2), 71–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.12.021Ferreira, I., Venâncio, C., Lopes, I., & Oliveira, M. (2019). Nanoplastics and marine organisms: What has been studied? Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 67(January), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2019.01.006Fotopoulou KN, Karapanagioti HK (2012) Surface properties of beached plastics pellets mar environ Res 81:70-77.Galloway, T., Haward, M., Mason, S. A., Hardesty, B. D., & Krause, S. (2020). Science-Based Solutions to Plastic Pollution. One Earth, 2(1), 5–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.01.004Gigault, J., Halle, A. ter, Baudrimont, M., Pascal, P. Y., Gauffre, F., Phi, T. L., El Hadri, H., Grassl, B., & Reynaud, S. (2018). Current opinion: What is a nanoplastic? Environmental Pollution, 235, 1030–1034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.024Hidalgo-Ruz, V., & Thiel, M. (2013). Distribution and abundance of small plastic debris on beaches in the SE Pacific (Chile): A study supported by a citizen science project. Marine Environmental Research, 87–88, 12–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.02.015Klingelhöfer, D., Braun, M., Quarcoo, D., Brüggmann, D., & Groneberg, D. A. (2020). Research landscape of a global environmental challenge: Microplastics. Water Research, 170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115358Koelmans, A. A., Besseling, E., & Shim, W. J. (2015). Nanoplastics in the Aquatic Environment . Critical Review. 325–340. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16510-3Kögel, T., Bjorøy, Ø., Toto, B., Marcel, A., & Sanden, M. (2020). Science of the Total Environment Micro- and nanoplastic toxicity on aquatic life : Determining factors. Science of the Total Environment, 709(5817), 136050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136050Lambert, S., & Wagner, M. (2016). Characterisation of nanoplastics during the degradation of polystyrene. Chemosphere, 145, 265–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.078Liu, Z., Cai, M., Wu, D., Yu, P., Jiao, Y., Jiang, Q., & Zhao, Y. (2020). Effects of nanoplastics at predicted environmental concentration on Daphnia pulex after exposure through multiple generations. Environmental Pollution, 256, 113506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113506Lu, Y. y col. Absorción y acumulación de microplásticos de poliestireno en el pez cebra (Danio rerio) y efectos tóxicos en el hígado. Reinar. Sci. Technol. 50, 4054–4060 (2016). https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.6b00183Marín Galvín, R. (2020). Fisicoquímica y Microbiología de los Medios Acuáticos (2ª ed., Pp. 342-345). Díaz de Santos.Mattsson, K. y col. Comportamiento, fisiología y metabolismo alterados en peces expuestos a nanopartículas de poliestireno. Reinar. Sci. Technol. 49, 553–561 (2014). https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/es5053655Mendenhall, E., Oceans of plastic: A research agenda to propel policy development. Marine Policy: 2018; pp 291-298.Mendoza, L. M. R., Karapanagioti, H., & Álvarez, N. R. (2018). ScienceDirect Micro ( nanoplastics ) in the marine environment : Current knowledge and gaps. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health, 1, 47–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2017.11.004Micro y nano plásticos • Ecologistas en Acción. (2019). Retrieved 3 February 2020, from https://www.ecologistasenaccion.org/130388/micro-y-nano-plasticos/Oliveira, M., & Almeida, M. (2019). Trends in Analytical Chemistry The why and how of micro ( nano ) plastic research. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 114, 196–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2019.02.023Origen del plástico. (2016). Retrieved 1 April 2020, from https://www.polimertecnic.com/origen-del-plastico/Parker, L. (2019). Ahogados en un mar de plástico. www.nationalgeographic.com.es. Retrieved 21 March 2020, from https://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/naturaleza/grandes-reportajes/ahogados-mar-plastico_12712/1Peng, G., Bellerby, R., Zhang, F., Sun, X., & Li, D. (2020). The ocean’s ultimate trashcan: Hadal trenches as major depositories for plastic pollution. Water Research, 168, 115121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115121Peng, L., Fu, D., Qi, H., Lan, C. Q., Yu, H., & Ge, C. (2020). Micro- and nano-plastics in marine environment: Source, distribution and threats — A review. Science of the Total Environment, 698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134254Peña-Guzmán, C., Ulloa-Sánchez, S., Mora, K., Helena-Bustos, R., Lopez-Barrera, E., Alvarez, J., & Rodriguez-Pinzón, M. (2019). Emerging pollutants in the urban water cycle in Latin America: A review of the current literature. Journal of Environmental Management, 237(February), 408–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.02.100Plasticseurope.org. (2019). ¿Qué Son Los Plásticos?Raffino, M. (2020). Plástico. Retrieved 1 April 2020, from https://concepto.de/plastico/#Tipos_de_plasticoReino Unido prohíbe el uso de microplásticos en cosméticos. www.nationalgeographic.com.es. (2020). Retrieved 21 March 2020, from https://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/naturaleza/actualidad/reino-unido-prohibe-uso-microplasticos-cosmeticos_12251Santos, IR, Friedrich, AC e Ivar do Sul, JA Contaminación de desechos marinos a lo largo de playas tropicales no desarrolladas del noreste de Brasil. Environment Monit Evaluation 148, 455–462 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0175-zShen, M., Zhang, Y., Zhu, Y., Song, B., Zeng, G., Hu, D., Wen, X., & Ren, X. (2019). Recent advances in toxicological research of nanoplastics in the environment: A review. Environmental Pollution, 252, 511–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.102Strungaru, S. A., Jijie, R., Nicoara, M., Plavan, G., & Faggio, C. (2019). Micro- (nano) plastics in freshwater ecosystems: Abundance, toxicological impact and quantification methodology. TrAC - Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 110, 116–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2018.10.025Toledo Martínez, M. (2019). REVISIÓN BIBLIOGRÁFICA DE LOS MÉTODOS DE ANÁLISIS DE MICRO (NANO) PLÁSTICOS EN EL MEDIOAMBIENTE Y EN LA BIOTA MARINA [Ebook] (pp. 6-7). Retrieved from http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/eserv/bibliuned:master-Ciencias-CyTQ-Matoledo/Toledo_Martinez__Maria_Angeles_TFM.pdfUna ola de medidas contra el plástico recorre América Latina y el Caribe. (2018). Retrieved 5 February 2020, from https://www.unenvironment.org/es/noticias-y-reportajes/reportajes/una-ola-de-medidas-contra-el-plastico-recorre-america-latina-y-elinstname:Universidad Antonio Nariñoreponame:Repositorio Institucional UANrepourl:https://repositorio.uan.edu.co/PropiaPlastics are now consolidated as one of the main pollutants of the environment, not only due to their wide production, but also because once converted into waste they are easily distributed around the planet, mainly in the oceans, converging in the subtropical gyres. Contamination by nanoplastics can cause damage to the different metabolic, morphological, physiological, absorption and behavioural processes of organisms and as a consequence, their impacts can be representative at the cellular and ecosystem level; assessing the impact of these plastics on sediments and aquatic organisms is an emerging problem, as they have already been found in microalgae, fish and shellfish. However, there are large gaps in knowledge about the alterations they cause due to the lack of standardized methods. In this review, the main sources of pollution, the effects on aquatic organisms and the mechanisms involved are described and some ideas are presented about their impacts and the challenges faced by researchers.Los plásticos se consolidan hoy en día como uno de los principales contaminantes del medio ambiente, debido no solamente a su amplia producción, sino a que una vez convertidos en desechos se llegan a distribuir muy fácilmente alrededor del planeta, principalmente en los océanos, convergiendo en los giros subtropicales. La contaminación por nanoplásticos puede provocar daños en los diferentes procesos metabólicos, morfológicos, fisiológicos, de absorción y de comportamiento de los organismos y como consecuencia, sus impactos pueden ser representativos a nivel celular y ecosistémico; evaluar el impacto de estos plásticos sobre los sedimentos y organismos acuáticos es un problema emergente, pues ya se han encontrado en microalgas, peces y mariscos. Sin embargo, existen grandes lagunas en el conocimiento sobre las alteraciones que causan debido a la falta de métodos estandarizados. En esta revisión, se describen las principales fuentes de contaminación, la afectación de los organismos acuáticos y los mecanismos involucrados y se presentan algunas ideas sobre sus impactos y los desafíos que enfrentan los investigadores.Ingeniero(a) AmbientalPregradoPresencialspaUniversidad Antonio NariñoIngeniería AmbientalFacultad de Ingeniería AmbientalBogotá - Surnanoplásticoscontaminación marinaefectoscontaminación emergentenanoplasticsmarine pollutioneffectsemerging pollutionRevisión de la contaminación por nanoplásticos y sus efectos en el medio ambiente, principalmente en los ecosistemas acuáticos.Trabajo de grado (Pregrado y/o Especialización)http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1fhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85ORIGINAL2020LauraIvonneBossaGarcía.pdf2020LauraIvonneBossaGarcía.pdfTrabajo de Gradoapplication/pdf1143684https://repositorio.uan.edu.co/bitstreams/d0416941-f7e0-4982-b8ca-35eb6ef79629/download4dd56e06e08833e88d4cc8c4ae275732MD512020AutorizacióndeAutores.pdf2020AutorizacióndeAutores.pdfAutorización de Autoresapplication/pdf238457https://repositorio.uan.edu.co/bitstreams/c5f0c0c9-b5b0-4b6f-b53f-ee8144596a58/download4905fdf4e844fc844d2dcd792f0c3ea6MD52CC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8811https://repositorio.uan.edu.co/bitstreams/b72fee3e-9ca8-4601-97aa-ba3c238ea943/download9868ccc48a14c8d591352b6eaf7f6239MD53LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-82710https://repositorio.uan.edu.co/bitstreams/d6303dbc-b6dc-4678-926b-94dc74f1cbc1/download2e388663398085f69421c9e4c5fcf235MD54123456789/2039oai:repositorio.uan.edu.co:123456789/20392024-10-09 23:18:11.846https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Acceso abiertoopen.accesshttps://repositorio.uan.edu.coRepositorio Institucional UANalertas.repositorio@uan.edu.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 |