Evaluación del comportamiento del escarabajo-plaga Strategus aloeus (coleoptera: scarabaeidae: dynastinae) frente a compuestos orgánicos volátiles que median su comunicación química.

In Colombia, the infestation of Strategus aloeus (Coleoptera, Scarabeidae) in young oil palms (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) produces damages that are reflected in economic losses on this crop of commercial interest. Different strategies have been used for its management, without obtaining satisfactory re...

Full description

Autores:
Arias Puentes, Laura Daniela
Tipo de recurso:
Trabajo de grado de pregrado
Fecha de publicación:
2020
Institución:
Universidad Antonio Nariño
Repositorio:
Repositorio UAN
Idioma:
spa
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.uan.edu.co:123456789/1491
Acceso en línea:
http://repositorio.uan.edu.co/handle/123456789/1491
Palabra clave:
Strategus aloeus, Bioensayos, Laboratorio.
Strategus aloeus, Bioassays, Laboratory.
Rights
openAccess
License
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
id UAntonioN2_33aaadc8212fc986ca02c571e79f50a5
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.uan.edu.co:123456789/1491
network_acronym_str UAntonioN2
network_name_str Repositorio UAN
repository_id_str
dc.title.es_ES.fl_str_mv Evaluación del comportamiento del escarabajo-plaga Strategus aloeus (coleoptera: scarabaeidae: dynastinae) frente a compuestos orgánicos volátiles que median su comunicación química.
title Evaluación del comportamiento del escarabajo-plaga Strategus aloeus (coleoptera: scarabaeidae: dynastinae) frente a compuestos orgánicos volátiles que median su comunicación química.
spellingShingle Evaluación del comportamiento del escarabajo-plaga Strategus aloeus (coleoptera: scarabaeidae: dynastinae) frente a compuestos orgánicos volátiles que median su comunicación química.
Strategus aloeus, Bioensayos, Laboratorio.
Strategus aloeus, Bioassays, Laboratory.
title_short Evaluación del comportamiento del escarabajo-plaga Strategus aloeus (coleoptera: scarabaeidae: dynastinae) frente a compuestos orgánicos volátiles que median su comunicación química.
title_full Evaluación del comportamiento del escarabajo-plaga Strategus aloeus (coleoptera: scarabaeidae: dynastinae) frente a compuestos orgánicos volátiles que median su comunicación química.
title_fullStr Evaluación del comportamiento del escarabajo-plaga Strategus aloeus (coleoptera: scarabaeidae: dynastinae) frente a compuestos orgánicos volátiles que median su comunicación química.
title_full_unstemmed Evaluación del comportamiento del escarabajo-plaga Strategus aloeus (coleoptera: scarabaeidae: dynastinae) frente a compuestos orgánicos volátiles que median su comunicación química.
title_sort Evaluación del comportamiento del escarabajo-plaga Strategus aloeus (coleoptera: scarabaeidae: dynastinae) frente a compuestos orgánicos volátiles que median su comunicación química.
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Arias Puentes, Laura Daniela
dc.contributor.advisor.spa.fl_str_mv Romero Frías, Alicia
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv Arias Puentes, Laura Daniela
dc.subject.es_ES.fl_str_mv Strategus aloeus, Bioensayos, Laboratorio.
topic Strategus aloeus, Bioensayos, Laboratorio.
Strategus aloeus, Bioassays, Laboratory.
dc.subject.keyword.es_ES.fl_str_mv Strategus aloeus, Bioassays, Laboratory.
description In Colombia, the infestation of Strategus aloeus (Coleoptera, Scarabeidae) in young oil palms (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) produces damages that are reflected in economic losses on this crop of commercial interest. Different strategies have been used for its management, without obtaining satisfactory results. Taking into account the severity of the problem, it was proposed to evaluate the behavior of adult insects against volatile organic compounds that have been identified as possible mediators of their chemical communication. This study involved three stages: (1) Definition of the experimental conditions, (2) Evaluation of the behavior of the insect against the compounds, in the laboratory and (3) Statistical validation of the results obtained. From the first, the experimental conditions required for the evaluation of behavior under laboratory conditions were established. The bioassays in a "Y" olfactometer did not allow to establish differences of the adult S. aloeus insects against the evaluated odor sources: 2-butanone, 3-pentanone, sec-butyl acetate, and ethyl 4-methyloctanoate.
publishDate 2020
dc.date.issued.spa.fl_str_mv 2020-06-05
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2021-02-18T17:51:24Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2021-02-18T17:51:24Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Trabajo de grado (Pregrado y/o Especialización)
dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f
dc.type.coarversion.none.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
format http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv http://repositorio.uan.edu.co/handle/123456789/1491
dc.identifier.bibliographicCitation.spa.fl_str_mv  Ahumada, M. L., Calvache, H. H., Cruz, M. A., & Luque, J. E. (1995). Strategus aloeus (L.)(coleóptera: Scarabaeidae): biología y comportamiento en Puerto Wilches (Santander). Revista Palmas, 16(3), 9-16.
 Allou, K., Morin, J. P., Kouassi, P., N’klo, F. H., & Rochat, D. (2006). Oryctes monoceros trapping with synthetic pheromone and palm material in Ivory Coast. Journal of chemical ecology, 32(8), 1743-1754.
 Allou, K., Morin, J. P., Kouassi, P., N'klo, F. H., & Rochat, D. (2008). Sex ratio and female sexual status of the coconut pest, Oryctes monoceros (Coleoptera: Dynastidae), differ in feeding galleries and pheromone-baited traps. Bulletin of entomological research, 98(6), 581-586.
 Arias, N. A., Beltrán, J. A., Guerrero, J. M., & Sánchez, A. C. (2014). Tecnologías para el manejo de la Pudrición del cogollo (PC) de la palma de aceite validadas en las zonas palmeras de Colombia.
 Aya, H. A., Cayón, G., & Martínez, L. (2011). Manejo químico de la Pudrición del cogollo en cuatro materiales de palma de aceite en Tumaco, ColombiaChemical management of the Rot Bud in four oil palm materials in Tumaco, Colombia (No. A-).
 Bachy, A. (1963). Insectes et animaux nuisables au palmier a huile.
 Binns, M.R., Nyrop, J.P., (1992). Sampling insect populations for the purpose of IPM decision making. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 37, 427–453.
 Borrero-Echeverry, F. (2016). Social and Environmental Olfactory Signals Mediate Insect Behavioral Ecology and Evolution. Lomma, Suecia: Department of Plant Protection Biology & Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.
 Blomquist, G.J., Figueroa-Teran, R., Aw, M., Song, M., Gorzalski, A., Abbott, N.L., et al., (2010). Pheromone production in bark beetles. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 40, 699–712.
 Burger, B.V., Petersen, W.G.B. 1991. Semiochemicals of the Scarabaeinae. III. Identification of the attractant for the dung beetle Pachylomerus femoralis in the fruit of the spineless monkey orange tree, Strychnos madagascariensis. Z. Naturforsch. C. 46:1073-1079.
 Calvache, H.; Gomez, P.L. (1991). Comportamiento de las plagas de palma de aceite en Colombia durante 1990. Palmas (Colombia) v.12 no.3, p.7-14.
 Calvache, H. H. (1995). Manejo integrado de plagas de palma de aceite. Revista Palmas, 16(especial), 255-264.
 Child, R. (1964). Coconuts. Tropical Agriculture Series. Longmans. London. 216 p.
 Carrillo-ruiz H, Álvarez HA. Morfometria y relaciones de escalamiento en el escarabajo Strategus. 2014;(January).
 Calvache, G., Franco, B., & Pedro, N. (2010). Manual de plagas de la palma de aceite en Colombia (No. L-0761). Centro de Investigación en Palma de Aceite, Cenipalma [Colombia]
 Cokl, A., & Millar, J. (2009). Biorational Control of Arthropod Pests. Springer. Chap. Manipulation of Insect Signaling for Monitoring and Control of Pest Insects, pages 279–316.
 Comunicaciones Cenipalma, (2018), tomado de: https://www.cenipalma.org.
 Dicke, M. and M.W. Sabelis. (1988). Infochemical terminology: based on cost-benefit analysis rather than origin of compounds. Functional Ecology, 2: 131-139.
 Dickens JC. 1986. Orientation of boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boh. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), to pheromone and volatile host compound in the laboratory. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 12 (1): 91-98.
 El-Sayed, A.M., Suckling, D.M., Wearing, C.H., Byers, J.A., (2006). Potential of mass trapping for long-term pest management and eradication of invasive species. J. Econ. Entomol. 99, 1550–1564.
 Fedepalma (2018), tomado de: http://sispa.fedepalma.org/sispaweb/default.aspx? Control=Pages/produccion. Consultada: 29/03/2019.
 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (fao). (2017). Crops. Recuperado de http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC.
 Galante, E., & Marcos-García, M. A. (1997). Detritívoros Coprófagos y Necrófagos. Los Artrópodos y el Hombre. Sociedad Aragonesa de Entomología. Zaragoza.
 Hallet, RH, Perez Al, Gries, G., Gries, R., Pierce, HD J R , Yue, J., Oehlschlager, AC, Gonzales, LM, y Borden, JH 1995 Agregación de feromonas del escarabajo rinoceronte de coco, Oryctes rhinoceros (L.) (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae). J. Chem. Ecol. 21: 1549-1570.
 Heuskin, S., Verheggen, F.J., Haubruge, E., Wathelet, J., Lognay, G., (2011). The use of semiochemical slow-release devices in integrated pest management strategies. Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ. 15, 459–470.
 Hilker, M., & Meiners, T. (2011). Plants and insect eggs: how do they affect each other. Phytochemistry, 72, 1612–1623.
 Klaschka, U. (2009). Chemical communication by infochemicals.
 Knudsen, J.T., Tollsten, L. and Ervik, F. 2001. Flower scent and pollination in selected neotropical palms.
 Kroschel, J., Zegarra, O., (2010). Attract-and-kill: A new strategy for the management of the potato tuber moths Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) and Symmetrischema tangolias (Gyen) in potato: Laboratory experiments towards optimising pheromone and insecticide concentration. Pest Manag. Sci. 66, 490–496.
 Lever, R.J.A.W. (1969). Pests of the coconut palm. FAO. Rome. 190 p.
 Leskey TC, Prokopy RJ, Wright SE, Phelan PL, Haynes LW. (2001). Evaluation of individual components of plum odor as potential attractants for adult plum curculios. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 27 (1): 1-17.
 Linn, C. E., Campbell, M. G., & Roelofs, W. L. (1986). Male moth sensitivity to multicomponent pheromones: Critical role of female-released blend in determining the functional role of components and active space of the pheromone. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 12(3), 659-668.
 López-Ávila, A., & Rincón, D. F. (2006). Diseño de un olfatómetro de flujo de aire para medir respuestas olfativas de insectos de tamaño mediano y pequeño. Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria, 7(1), 61-65.
 Mesa Dishington, J. (2018). Fedepalma, 55 años de gestión gremial para desarrollar y consolidar la agroindustria de la palma de aceite en Colombia.
 Metcalf, R. (1998). Ultramicrochemistry of insect semiochemicals. Mikrochimica Acta, 129, 167–180.
 Moretto, P., Cosson, B., Krell, F.-T., and Aristophanous, M. 2019. Pollination of Amorphophallus barthlottii and A. abyssinicus subsp. akeassii (Araceae) by dung beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea). Catharsius La Revue. 18:19-36.
 Morón, M. A. and Ratcliffe, B.C. 1990. Descriptions of Strategus larvae with a new key to species based on the larvae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae). Elytron, Vol 4:53-66.
 Oil Wordl, (2016). Tomado de: https://www.oilworld.biz/t/statistics/commodities.
 Pallares, C. H., de la Torre, J. A. A., de Lucas, P. R., Calvache, H. H., Luque, J. E., & Correa, N. (2000). Análisis del comportamiento y comunicación química intraespecífica en Strategus aloeus (L.) (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae-Dynastinae). Revista Palmas, 21(especial,), 185-194.
 Pardo-Locarno, L.C. (1994). Escarabajos (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) de importancia agrícola en Colombia. En: Congreso de la Sociedad Colombiana de Entomología, 21°, Medellín, 27-29 de julio, 1994. Memorias. SOCOLEN, Medellín. p.159-18.
 Pigott, C.J. (1964). Coconut growing. Oxford University Press. London. 109 p.
 Ratcliffe, B. C. 2003. The Dynastinae scarab beetles of Costa Rica and Panamá. Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum 16: 1.506.
 Rochat, D., Ramirez-Lucas, P., Malosse, C., Aldana, R., Kakul, T., & Morin, J. P. (2000). Role of solid-phase microextraction in the identification of highly volatile pheromones of two Rhinoceros beetles Scapanes australis and Strategus aloeus (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae). Journal of Chromatography A, 885(1-2), 433-444.
 Rochat, D., Mohammadpoor, K., Malosse, C., Avand-Faghih, A., Lettere, M., Beauhaire, J., ... & Abdollahi, G. A. (2004). Male aggregation pheromone of date palm fruit stalk borer Oryctes elegans. Journal of chemical ecology, 30(2), 387-407.
 Saïd, I., De La Torre, R. A., Morin, J. P., & Rochat, D. (2006). Adaptation of a four-arm olfactometer for behavioural bioassays of large beetles. Chemoecology, 16(1), 9-16.
 Saïd, I., Hasni, N., Abdallah, Z., Couzi, P., Ouhichi, M., Renou, M., & Rochat, D. (2015). Identification of the aggregation pheromone of the date palm root borer Oryctes agamemnon. Journal of chemical ecology, 41(5), 446-457.
 Sanabria-García, R., Gasca-Álvarez, H. J., & Amat-García, G. (2012). Sinopsis de la Tribu Oryctini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae) de Colombia.
 Saveer, A. M., Becher, P. G., Birgersson, G. R., Hansson, B. S., Witzgall, P., & Bengtsson, M. (2014). Mate recognition and reproductive isolation in the sibling species Spodoptera littoralis and Spodoptera litura. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 2, 18.
 S. Tewari et al, "Chapter 9 - use of pheromones in insect pest management, with special attention to weevil pheromones," in Integrated Pest ManagementAnonymous (2014).
 Velásquez-Vélez, M. I., Saldamando-Benjumea, C. I., & Ríos-Diez, J. D. (2011). Reproductive isolation between two populations of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) collected in corn and rice fields from central Colombia. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 104(4), 826-833.
 Wurmitzer, C., Blüthgen, N., Krell, F.T., Maldonado, B., Ocampo, F., Müller, J.K., and Schmitt, T. 2017. Attraction of dung beetles to herbivore dung and synthetic compounds in a comparative field study. Chemoecology. 27:75-84.
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv instname:Universidad Antonio Nariño
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv reponame:Repositorio Institucional UAN
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv repourl:https://repositorio.uan.edu.co/
url http://repositorio.uan.edu.co/handle/123456789/1491
identifier_str_mv  Ahumada, M. L., Calvache, H. H., Cruz, M. A., & Luque, J. E. (1995). Strategus aloeus (L.)(coleóptera: Scarabaeidae): biología y comportamiento en Puerto Wilches (Santander). Revista Palmas, 16(3), 9-16.
 Allou, K., Morin, J. P., Kouassi, P., N’klo, F. H., & Rochat, D. (2006). Oryctes monoceros trapping with synthetic pheromone and palm material in Ivory Coast. Journal of chemical ecology, 32(8), 1743-1754.
 Allou, K., Morin, J. P., Kouassi, P., N'klo, F. H., & Rochat, D. (2008). Sex ratio and female sexual status of the coconut pest, Oryctes monoceros (Coleoptera: Dynastidae), differ in feeding galleries and pheromone-baited traps. Bulletin of entomological research, 98(6), 581-586.
 Arias, N. A., Beltrán, J. A., Guerrero, J. M., & Sánchez, A. C. (2014). Tecnologías para el manejo de la Pudrición del cogollo (PC) de la palma de aceite validadas en las zonas palmeras de Colombia.
 Aya, H. A., Cayón, G., & Martínez, L. (2011). Manejo químico de la Pudrición del cogollo en cuatro materiales de palma de aceite en Tumaco, ColombiaChemical management of the Rot Bud in four oil palm materials in Tumaco, Colombia (No. A-).
 Bachy, A. (1963). Insectes et animaux nuisables au palmier a huile.
 Binns, M.R., Nyrop, J.P., (1992). Sampling insect populations for the purpose of IPM decision making. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 37, 427–453.
 Borrero-Echeverry, F. (2016). Social and Environmental Olfactory Signals Mediate Insect Behavioral Ecology and Evolution. Lomma, Suecia: Department of Plant Protection Biology & Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.
 Blomquist, G.J., Figueroa-Teran, R., Aw, M., Song, M., Gorzalski, A., Abbott, N.L., et al., (2010). Pheromone production in bark beetles. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 40, 699–712.
 Burger, B.V., Petersen, W.G.B. 1991. Semiochemicals of the Scarabaeinae. III. Identification of the attractant for the dung beetle Pachylomerus femoralis in the fruit of the spineless monkey orange tree, Strychnos madagascariensis. Z. Naturforsch. C. 46:1073-1079.
 Calvache, H.; Gomez, P.L. (1991). Comportamiento de las plagas de palma de aceite en Colombia durante 1990. Palmas (Colombia) v.12 no.3, p.7-14.
 Calvache, H. H. (1995). Manejo integrado de plagas de palma de aceite. Revista Palmas, 16(especial), 255-264.
 Child, R. (1964). Coconuts. Tropical Agriculture Series. Longmans. London. 216 p.
 Carrillo-ruiz H, Álvarez HA. Morfometria y relaciones de escalamiento en el escarabajo Strategus. 2014;(January).
 Calvache, G., Franco, B., & Pedro, N. (2010). Manual de plagas de la palma de aceite en Colombia (No. L-0761). Centro de Investigación en Palma de Aceite, Cenipalma [Colombia]
 Cokl, A., & Millar, J. (2009). Biorational Control of Arthropod Pests. Springer. Chap. Manipulation of Insect Signaling for Monitoring and Control of Pest Insects, pages 279–316.
 Comunicaciones Cenipalma, (2018), tomado de: https://www.cenipalma.org.
 Dicke, M. and M.W. Sabelis. (1988). Infochemical terminology: based on cost-benefit analysis rather than origin of compounds. Functional Ecology, 2: 131-139.
 Dickens JC. 1986. Orientation of boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boh. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), to pheromone and volatile host compound in the laboratory. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 12 (1): 91-98.
 El-Sayed, A.M., Suckling, D.M., Wearing, C.H., Byers, J.A., (2006). Potential of mass trapping for long-term pest management and eradication of invasive species. J. Econ. Entomol. 99, 1550–1564.
 Fedepalma (2018), tomado de: http://sispa.fedepalma.org/sispaweb/default.aspx? Control=Pages/produccion. Consultada: 29/03/2019.
 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (fao). (2017). Crops. Recuperado de http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC.
 Galante, E., & Marcos-García, M. A. (1997). Detritívoros Coprófagos y Necrófagos. Los Artrópodos y el Hombre. Sociedad Aragonesa de Entomología. Zaragoza.
 Hallet, RH, Perez Al, Gries, G., Gries, R., Pierce, HD J R , Yue, J., Oehlschlager, AC, Gonzales, LM, y Borden, JH 1995 Agregación de feromonas del escarabajo rinoceronte de coco, Oryctes rhinoceros (L.) (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae). J. Chem. Ecol. 21: 1549-1570.
 Heuskin, S., Verheggen, F.J., Haubruge, E., Wathelet, J., Lognay, G., (2011). The use of semiochemical slow-release devices in integrated pest management strategies. Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ. 15, 459–470.
 Hilker, M., & Meiners, T. (2011). Plants and insect eggs: how do they affect each other. Phytochemistry, 72, 1612–1623.
 Klaschka, U. (2009). Chemical communication by infochemicals.
 Knudsen, J.T., Tollsten, L. and Ervik, F. 2001. Flower scent and pollination in selected neotropical palms.
 Kroschel, J., Zegarra, O., (2010). Attract-and-kill: A new strategy for the management of the potato tuber moths Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) and Symmetrischema tangolias (Gyen) in potato: Laboratory experiments towards optimising pheromone and insecticide concentration. Pest Manag. Sci. 66, 490–496.
 Lever, R.J.A.W. (1969). Pests of the coconut palm. FAO. Rome. 190 p.
 Leskey TC, Prokopy RJ, Wright SE, Phelan PL, Haynes LW. (2001). Evaluation of individual components of plum odor as potential attractants for adult plum curculios. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 27 (1): 1-17.
 Linn, C. E., Campbell, M. G., & Roelofs, W. L. (1986). Male moth sensitivity to multicomponent pheromones: Critical role of female-released blend in determining the functional role of components and active space of the pheromone. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 12(3), 659-668.
 López-Ávila, A., & Rincón, D. F. (2006). Diseño de un olfatómetro de flujo de aire para medir respuestas olfativas de insectos de tamaño mediano y pequeño. Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria, 7(1), 61-65.
 Mesa Dishington, J. (2018). Fedepalma, 55 años de gestión gremial para desarrollar y consolidar la agroindustria de la palma de aceite en Colombia.
 Metcalf, R. (1998). Ultramicrochemistry of insect semiochemicals. Mikrochimica Acta, 129, 167–180.
 Moretto, P., Cosson, B., Krell, F.-T., and Aristophanous, M. 2019. Pollination of Amorphophallus barthlottii and A. abyssinicus subsp. akeassii (Araceae) by dung beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea). Catharsius La Revue. 18:19-36.
 Morón, M. A. and Ratcliffe, B.C. 1990. Descriptions of Strategus larvae with a new key to species based on the larvae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae). Elytron, Vol 4:53-66.
 Oil Wordl, (2016). Tomado de: https://www.oilworld.biz/t/statistics/commodities.
 Pallares, C. H., de la Torre, J. A. A., de Lucas, P. R., Calvache, H. H., Luque, J. E., & Correa, N. (2000). Análisis del comportamiento y comunicación química intraespecífica en Strategus aloeus (L.) (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae-Dynastinae). Revista Palmas, 21(especial,), 185-194.
 Pardo-Locarno, L.C. (1994). Escarabajos (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) de importancia agrícola en Colombia. En: Congreso de la Sociedad Colombiana de Entomología, 21°, Medellín, 27-29 de julio, 1994. Memorias. SOCOLEN, Medellín. p.159-18.
 Pigott, C.J. (1964). Coconut growing. Oxford University Press. London. 109 p.
 Ratcliffe, B. C. 2003. The Dynastinae scarab beetles of Costa Rica and Panamá. Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum 16: 1.506.
 Rochat, D., Ramirez-Lucas, P., Malosse, C., Aldana, R., Kakul, T., & Morin, J. P. (2000). Role of solid-phase microextraction in the identification of highly volatile pheromones of two Rhinoceros beetles Scapanes australis and Strategus aloeus (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae). Journal of Chromatography A, 885(1-2), 433-444.
 Rochat, D., Mohammadpoor, K., Malosse, C., Avand-Faghih, A., Lettere, M., Beauhaire, J., ... & Abdollahi, G. A. (2004). Male aggregation pheromone of date palm fruit stalk borer Oryctes elegans. Journal of chemical ecology, 30(2), 387-407.
 Saïd, I., De La Torre, R. A., Morin, J. P., & Rochat, D. (2006). Adaptation of a four-arm olfactometer for behavioural bioassays of large beetles. Chemoecology, 16(1), 9-16.
 Saïd, I., Hasni, N., Abdallah, Z., Couzi, P., Ouhichi, M., Renou, M., & Rochat, D. (2015). Identification of the aggregation pheromone of the date palm root borer Oryctes agamemnon. Journal of chemical ecology, 41(5), 446-457.
 Sanabria-García, R., Gasca-Álvarez, H. J., & Amat-García, G. (2012). Sinopsis de la Tribu Oryctini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae) de Colombia.
 Saveer, A. M., Becher, P. G., Birgersson, G. R., Hansson, B. S., Witzgall, P., & Bengtsson, M. (2014). Mate recognition and reproductive isolation in the sibling species Spodoptera littoralis and Spodoptera litura. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 2, 18.
 S. Tewari et al, "Chapter 9 - use of pheromones in insect pest management, with special attention to weevil pheromones," in Integrated Pest ManagementAnonymous (2014).
 Velásquez-Vélez, M. I., Saldamando-Benjumea, C. I., & Ríos-Diez, J. D. (2011). Reproductive isolation between two populations of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) collected in corn and rice fields from central Colombia. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 104(4), 826-833.
 Wurmitzer, C., Blüthgen, N., Krell, F.T., Maldonado, B., Ocampo, F., Müller, J.K., and Schmitt, T. 2017. Attraction of dung beetles to herbivore dung and synthetic compounds in a comparative field study. Chemoecology. 27:75-84.
instname:Universidad Antonio Nariño
reponame:Repositorio Institucional UAN
repourl:https://repositorio.uan.edu.co/
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv spa
language spa
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv Acceso abierto
dc.rights.license.spa.fl_str_mv Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
dc.rights.uri.spa.fl_str_mv https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.coar.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
rights_invalid_str_mv Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
Acceso abierto
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv Universidad Antonio Nariño
dc.publisher.program.spa.fl_str_mv Bioquímica
dc.publisher.faculty.spa.fl_str_mv Facultad de Ciencias
dc.publisher.campus.spa.fl_str_mv Bogotá - Circunvalar
institution Universidad Antonio Nariño
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.uan.edu.co/bitstreams/7637bc0f-f566-4dcc-a6d1-afd0f3f4828a/download
https://repositorio.uan.edu.co/bitstreams/d630d147-8a23-49e5-b4ab-cfcca20f7324/download
https://repositorio.uan.edu.co/bitstreams/a0271791-04db-4d25-8c08-0a4e0c7b7f60/download
https://repositorio.uan.edu.co/bitstreams/025e9225-8a80-4e92-b6ea-7732982edd09/download
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv f1c5f96963776b05e51d8daf5d04c5bf
b342256ae51f5f0c8e33f6e300380cf8
9868ccc48a14c8d591352b6eaf7f6239
2e388663398085f69421c9e4c5fcf235
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv Repositorio Institucional UAN
repository.mail.fl_str_mv alertas.repositorio@uan.edu.co
_version_ 1812928362753032192
spelling Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)Acceso abiertohttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Romero Frías, AliciaArias Puentes, Laura Daniela2021-02-18T17:51:24Z2021-02-18T17:51:24Z2020-06-05http://repositorio.uan.edu.co/handle/123456789/1491 Ahumada, M. L., Calvache, H. H., Cruz, M. A., & Luque, J. E. (1995). Strategus aloeus (L.)(coleóptera: Scarabaeidae): biología y comportamiento en Puerto Wilches (Santander). Revista Palmas, 16(3), 9-16. Allou, K., Morin, J. P., Kouassi, P., N’klo, F. H., & Rochat, D. (2006). Oryctes monoceros trapping with synthetic pheromone and palm material in Ivory Coast. Journal of chemical ecology, 32(8), 1743-1754. Allou, K., Morin, J. P., Kouassi, P., N'klo, F. H., & Rochat, D. (2008). Sex ratio and female sexual status of the coconut pest, Oryctes monoceros (Coleoptera: Dynastidae), differ in feeding galleries and pheromone-baited traps. Bulletin of entomological research, 98(6), 581-586. Arias, N. A., Beltrán, J. A., Guerrero, J. M., & Sánchez, A. C. (2014). Tecnologías para el manejo de la Pudrición del cogollo (PC) de la palma de aceite validadas en las zonas palmeras de Colombia. Aya, H. A., Cayón, G., & Martínez, L. (2011). Manejo químico de la Pudrición del cogollo en cuatro materiales de palma de aceite en Tumaco, ColombiaChemical management of the Rot Bud in four oil palm materials in Tumaco, Colombia (No. A-). Bachy, A. (1963). Insectes et animaux nuisables au palmier a huile. Binns, M.R., Nyrop, J.P., (1992). Sampling insect populations for the purpose of IPM decision making. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 37, 427–453. Borrero-Echeverry, F. (2016). Social and Environmental Olfactory Signals Mediate Insect Behavioral Ecology and Evolution. Lomma, Suecia: Department of Plant Protection Biology & Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Blomquist, G.J., Figueroa-Teran, R., Aw, M., Song, M., Gorzalski, A., Abbott, N.L., et al., (2010). Pheromone production in bark beetles. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 40, 699–712. Burger, B.V., Petersen, W.G.B. 1991. Semiochemicals of the Scarabaeinae. III. Identification of the attractant for the dung beetle Pachylomerus femoralis in the fruit of the spineless monkey orange tree, Strychnos madagascariensis. Z. Naturforsch. C. 46:1073-1079. Calvache, H.; Gomez, P.L. (1991). Comportamiento de las plagas de palma de aceite en Colombia durante 1990. Palmas (Colombia) v.12 no.3, p.7-14. Calvache, H. H. (1995). Manejo integrado de plagas de palma de aceite. Revista Palmas, 16(especial), 255-264. Child, R. (1964). Coconuts. Tropical Agriculture Series. Longmans. London. 216 p. Carrillo-ruiz H, Álvarez HA. Morfometria y relaciones de escalamiento en el escarabajo Strategus. 2014;(January). Calvache, G., Franco, B., & Pedro, N. (2010). Manual de plagas de la palma de aceite en Colombia (No. L-0761). Centro de Investigación en Palma de Aceite, Cenipalma [Colombia] Cokl, A., & Millar, J. (2009). Biorational Control of Arthropod Pests. Springer. Chap. Manipulation of Insect Signaling for Monitoring and Control of Pest Insects, pages 279–316. Comunicaciones Cenipalma, (2018), tomado de: https://www.cenipalma.org. Dicke, M. and M.W. Sabelis. (1988). Infochemical terminology: based on cost-benefit analysis rather than origin of compounds. Functional Ecology, 2: 131-139. Dickens JC. 1986. Orientation of boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boh. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), to pheromone and volatile host compound in the laboratory. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 12 (1): 91-98. El-Sayed, A.M., Suckling, D.M., Wearing, C.H., Byers, J.A., (2006). Potential of mass trapping for long-term pest management and eradication of invasive species. J. Econ. Entomol. 99, 1550–1564. Fedepalma (2018), tomado de: http://sispa.fedepalma.org/sispaweb/default.aspx? Control=Pages/produccion. Consultada: 29/03/2019. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (fao). (2017). Crops. Recuperado de http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC. Galante, E., & Marcos-García, M. A. (1997). Detritívoros Coprófagos y Necrófagos. Los Artrópodos y el Hombre. Sociedad Aragonesa de Entomología. Zaragoza. Hallet, RH, Perez Al, Gries, G., Gries, R., Pierce, HD J R , Yue, J., Oehlschlager, AC, Gonzales, LM, y Borden, JH 1995 Agregación de feromonas del escarabajo rinoceronte de coco, Oryctes rhinoceros (L.) (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae). J. Chem. Ecol. 21: 1549-1570. Heuskin, S., Verheggen, F.J., Haubruge, E., Wathelet, J., Lognay, G., (2011). The use of semiochemical slow-release devices in integrated pest management strategies. Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ. 15, 459–470. Hilker, M., & Meiners, T. (2011). Plants and insect eggs: how do they affect each other. Phytochemistry, 72, 1612–1623. Klaschka, U. (2009). Chemical communication by infochemicals. Knudsen, J.T., Tollsten, L. and Ervik, F. 2001. Flower scent and pollination in selected neotropical palms. Kroschel, J., Zegarra, O., (2010). Attract-and-kill: A new strategy for the management of the potato tuber moths Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) and Symmetrischema tangolias (Gyen) in potato: Laboratory experiments towards optimising pheromone and insecticide concentration. Pest Manag. Sci. 66, 490–496. Lever, R.J.A.W. (1969). Pests of the coconut palm. FAO. Rome. 190 p. Leskey TC, Prokopy RJ, Wright SE, Phelan PL, Haynes LW. (2001). Evaluation of individual components of plum odor as potential attractants for adult plum curculios. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 27 (1): 1-17. Linn, C. E., Campbell, M. G., & Roelofs, W. L. (1986). Male moth sensitivity to multicomponent pheromones: Critical role of female-released blend in determining the functional role of components and active space of the pheromone. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 12(3), 659-668. López-Ávila, A., & Rincón, D. F. (2006). Diseño de un olfatómetro de flujo de aire para medir respuestas olfativas de insectos de tamaño mediano y pequeño. Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria, 7(1), 61-65. Mesa Dishington, J. (2018). Fedepalma, 55 años de gestión gremial para desarrollar y consolidar la agroindustria de la palma de aceite en Colombia. Metcalf, R. (1998). Ultramicrochemistry of insect semiochemicals. Mikrochimica Acta, 129, 167–180. Moretto, P., Cosson, B., Krell, F.-T., and Aristophanous, M. 2019. Pollination of Amorphophallus barthlottii and A. abyssinicus subsp. akeassii (Araceae) by dung beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea). Catharsius La Revue. 18:19-36. Morón, M. A. and Ratcliffe, B.C. 1990. Descriptions of Strategus larvae with a new key to species based on the larvae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae). Elytron, Vol 4:53-66. Oil Wordl, (2016). Tomado de: https://www.oilworld.biz/t/statistics/commodities. Pallares, C. H., de la Torre, J. A. A., de Lucas, P. R., Calvache, H. H., Luque, J. E., & Correa, N. (2000). Análisis del comportamiento y comunicación química intraespecífica en Strategus aloeus (L.) (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae-Dynastinae). Revista Palmas, 21(especial,), 185-194. Pardo-Locarno, L.C. (1994). Escarabajos (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) de importancia agrícola en Colombia. En: Congreso de la Sociedad Colombiana de Entomología, 21°, Medellín, 27-29 de julio, 1994. Memorias. SOCOLEN, Medellín. p.159-18. Pigott, C.J. (1964). Coconut growing. Oxford University Press. London. 109 p. Ratcliffe, B. C. 2003. The Dynastinae scarab beetles of Costa Rica and Panamá. Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum 16: 1.506. Rochat, D., Ramirez-Lucas, P., Malosse, C., Aldana, R., Kakul, T., & Morin, J. P. (2000). Role of solid-phase microextraction in the identification of highly volatile pheromones of two Rhinoceros beetles Scapanes australis and Strategus aloeus (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae). Journal of Chromatography A, 885(1-2), 433-444. Rochat, D., Mohammadpoor, K., Malosse, C., Avand-Faghih, A., Lettere, M., Beauhaire, J., ... & Abdollahi, G. A. (2004). Male aggregation pheromone of date palm fruit stalk borer Oryctes elegans. Journal of chemical ecology, 30(2), 387-407. Saïd, I., De La Torre, R. A., Morin, J. P., & Rochat, D. (2006). Adaptation of a four-arm olfactometer for behavioural bioassays of large beetles. Chemoecology, 16(1), 9-16. Saïd, I., Hasni, N., Abdallah, Z., Couzi, P., Ouhichi, M., Renou, M., & Rochat, D. (2015). Identification of the aggregation pheromone of the date palm root borer Oryctes agamemnon. Journal of chemical ecology, 41(5), 446-457. Sanabria-García, R., Gasca-Álvarez, H. J., & Amat-García, G. (2012). Sinopsis de la Tribu Oryctini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae) de Colombia. Saveer, A. M., Becher, P. G., Birgersson, G. R., Hansson, B. S., Witzgall, P., & Bengtsson, M. (2014). Mate recognition and reproductive isolation in the sibling species Spodoptera littoralis and Spodoptera litura. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 2, 18. S. Tewari et al, "Chapter 9 - use of pheromones in insect pest management, with special attention to weevil pheromones," in Integrated Pest ManagementAnonymous (2014). Velásquez-Vélez, M. I., Saldamando-Benjumea, C. I., & Ríos-Diez, J. D. (2011). Reproductive isolation between two populations of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) collected in corn and rice fields from central Colombia. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 104(4), 826-833. Wurmitzer, C., Blüthgen, N., Krell, F.T., Maldonado, B., Ocampo, F., Müller, J.K., and Schmitt, T. 2017. Attraction of dung beetles to herbivore dung and synthetic compounds in a comparative field study. Chemoecology. 27:75-84.instname:Universidad Antonio Nariñoreponame:Repositorio Institucional UANrepourl:https://repositorio.uan.edu.co/In Colombia, the infestation of Strategus aloeus (Coleoptera, Scarabeidae) in young oil palms (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) produces damages that are reflected in economic losses on this crop of commercial interest. Different strategies have been used for its management, without obtaining satisfactory results. Taking into account the severity of the problem, it was proposed to evaluate the behavior of adult insects against volatile organic compounds that have been identified as possible mediators of their chemical communication. This study involved three stages: (1) Definition of the experimental conditions, (2) Evaluation of the behavior of the insect against the compounds, in the laboratory and (3) Statistical validation of the results obtained. From the first, the experimental conditions required for the evaluation of behavior under laboratory conditions were established. The bioassays in a "Y" olfactometer did not allow to establish differences of the adult S. aloeus insects against the evaluated odor sources: 2-butanone, 3-pentanone, sec-butyl acetate, and ethyl 4-methyloctanoate.En Colombia la infestación de Strategus aloeus (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) en las palmas de aceite jóvenes (Elaeis guineensis Jacq), produce daños que se ven reflejados en pérdidas económicas sobre este cultivo de interés comercial. Para su manejo se han utilizado diferentes estrategias, sin conseguir aún resultados satisfactorios. Teniendo en cuenta la gravedad de la problemática, se planteó evaluar el comportamiento de los insectos adultos de S. aloeus frente a los compuestos orgánicos volátiles (VOCs) que se han identificado como posibles mediadores de su comunicación química. Este estudio implicó tres etapas: (1) Definición de las condiciones experimentales, (2) Evaluación del comportamiento del insecto frente a los compuestos en el laboratorio y (3) Validación estadística de los resultados obtenidos. A partir de la primera fase se establecieron las condiciones experimentales requeridas para la evaluación del comportamiento bajo condiciones de laboratorio. Los bioensayos en un olfatómetro en “Y”; no permitieron establecer diferencias significativas de los insectos adultos de S. aloeus frente a las fuentes de olor evaluadas: 2-butanona, 3-pentanona, acetato de sec-butilo, y 4-metiloctanoato de etilo.Bioquímico(a)PregradoPresencialspaUniversidad Antonio NariñoBioquímicaFacultad de CienciasBogotá - CircunvalarStrategus aloeus, Bioensayos, Laboratorio.Strategus aloeus, Bioassays, Laboratory.Evaluación del comportamiento del escarabajo-plaga Strategus aloeus (coleoptera: scarabaeidae: dynastinae) frente a compuestos orgánicos volátiles que median su comunicación química.Trabajo de grado (Pregrado y/o Especialización)http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1fhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85ORIGINAL2020LauraDanielaAriasPuentes.pdf2020LauraDanielaAriasPuentes.pdfTrabajo de gradoapplication/pdf410611https://repositorio.uan.edu.co/bitstreams/7637bc0f-f566-4dcc-a6d1-afd0f3f4828a/downloadf1c5f96963776b05e51d8daf5d04c5bfMD512020AutorizaziondeAutores.pdf2020AutorizaziondeAutores.pdfAutorizaziondeAutoresapplication/pdf215214https://repositorio.uan.edu.co/bitstreams/d630d147-8a23-49e5-b4ab-cfcca20f7324/downloadb342256ae51f5f0c8e33f6e300380cf8MD52CC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8811https://repositorio.uan.edu.co/bitstreams/a0271791-04db-4d25-8c08-0a4e0c7b7f60/download9868ccc48a14c8d591352b6eaf7f6239MD53LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-82710https://repositorio.uan.edu.co/bitstreams/025e9225-8a80-4e92-b6ea-7732982edd09/download2e388663398085f69421c9e4c5fcf235MD54123456789/1491oai:repositorio.uan.edu.co:123456789/14912024-10-09 23:14:38.023https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Acceso abiertoopen.accesshttps://repositorio.uan.edu.coRepositorio Institucional UANalertas.repositorio@uan.edu.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

Publicaciones similares