Producción de biodiesel a partir de aceites usados: un enfoque hacia la economía circular y la sostenibilidad ambiental

En el actual trabajo se estudió la producción de biodiesel a partir de aceites usados con un enfoque hacia la económica circular y la sostenibilidad ambiental. Para esto, inicialmente se realizó un rastreo bibliográfico en base de datos como ScienceDirect, Google Académico y Scopus envidenciando la...

Full description

Autores:
Pérez Arrieta, Nayelis
Barros, Karelis Johana
Tipo de recurso:
Trabajo de grado de pregrado
Fecha de publicación:
2023
Institución:
Universidad de San Buenaventura
Repositorio:
Repositorio USB
Idioma:
spa
OAI Identifier:
oai:bibliotecadigital.usb.edu.co:10819/13416
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/10819/13416
Palabra clave:
660 - Ingeniería química
Tesis - ingeniería química
Producción de Biodisel
Aceites usados
Sostenibilidad ambiental
Economía circular
Biodisel
Economía circular
Sostenibilidad ambiental
Aceites usados
Aprovechamiento
Residuos
Circular economy
Environmental sustainability
Used oils
Wast
Rights
openAccess
License
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
id SANBUENAV2_8fea750058def974d5bed79b379d1f8a
oai_identifier_str oai:bibliotecadigital.usb.edu.co:10819/13416
network_acronym_str SANBUENAV2
network_name_str Repositorio USB
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Producción de biodiesel a partir de aceites usados: un enfoque hacia la economía circular y la sostenibilidad ambiental
title Producción de biodiesel a partir de aceites usados: un enfoque hacia la economía circular y la sostenibilidad ambiental
spellingShingle Producción de biodiesel a partir de aceites usados: un enfoque hacia la economía circular y la sostenibilidad ambiental
660 - Ingeniería química
Tesis - ingeniería química
Producción de Biodisel
Aceites usados
Sostenibilidad ambiental
Economía circular
Biodisel
Economía circular
Sostenibilidad ambiental
Aceites usados
Aprovechamiento
Residuos
Circular economy
Environmental sustainability
Used oils
Wast
title_short Producción de biodiesel a partir de aceites usados: un enfoque hacia la economía circular y la sostenibilidad ambiental
title_full Producción de biodiesel a partir de aceites usados: un enfoque hacia la economía circular y la sostenibilidad ambiental
title_fullStr Producción de biodiesel a partir de aceites usados: un enfoque hacia la economía circular y la sostenibilidad ambiental
title_full_unstemmed Producción de biodiesel a partir de aceites usados: un enfoque hacia la economía circular y la sostenibilidad ambiental
title_sort Producción de biodiesel a partir de aceites usados: un enfoque hacia la economía circular y la sostenibilidad ambiental
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Pérez Arrieta, Nayelis
Barros, Karelis Johana
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv Ramírez Wilches, Laura Sofía
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Pérez Arrieta, Nayelis
Barros, Karelis Johana
dc.contributor.jury.none.fl_str_mv Cano Mogollón, Cristian Javier
Meza Castellar, Pedro Javier
dc.contributor.researchgroup.none.fl_str_mv Grupo de Investigación Ciencias de las Ingenierías (GICI) (Cartagena)
dc.subject.ddc.none.fl_str_mv 660 - Ingeniería química
topic 660 - Ingeniería química
Tesis - ingeniería química
Producción de Biodisel
Aceites usados
Sostenibilidad ambiental
Economía circular
Biodisel
Economía circular
Sostenibilidad ambiental
Aceites usados
Aprovechamiento
Residuos
Circular economy
Environmental sustainability
Used oils
Wast
dc.subject.other.none.fl_str_mv Tesis - ingeniería química
Producción de Biodisel
Aceites usados
Sostenibilidad ambiental
Economía circular
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv Biodisel
Economía circular
Sostenibilidad ambiental
Aceites usados
Aprovechamiento
Residuos
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv Circular economy
Environmental sustainability
Used oils
Wast
description En el actual trabajo se estudió la producción de biodiesel a partir de aceites usados con un enfoque hacia la económica circular y la sostenibilidad ambiental. Para esto, inicialmente se realizó un rastreo bibliográfico en base de datos como ScienceDirect, Google Académico y Scopus envidenciando la alta productividad literaria e interés por la temática en mención. Se destacaron como países lideres en investigación, India, Brasil, China Estados Unidos y en una menor proporción con respecto a estos Colombia. Seguidamente se estudiaron los factores que intervienen en el proceso de producción como el método de obtención, rendimiento, catalizador y tipos de materias primas. Siendo estos de importancia en la calidad y efectividad del biocombustible. Como principal resultado de la revisión se encontró que la producción de biodiesel a partir de aceites usados tiene gran potencial, debido a que reduce impactos ambientales asociados al uso de combustibles fósiles como la mitigación de Gases Efecto Invernadero y mala disposición de aceites usados de cocina en el mundo (16,5 millones de toneladas) que afectan biosfera acuática y la amenaza a la salud humana. Logrando así, un desarrollo sostenible que se alinea al principal objetivo de la economía circular.
publishDate 2023
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2023
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2024-04-11T22:37:23Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2024-04-11T22:37:23Z
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv Trabajo de grado - Pregrado
dc.type.coar.none.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f
dc.type.content.none.fl_str_mv Text
dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/other
dc.type.version.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
format http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f
status_str acceptedVersion
dc.identifier.citation.none.fl_str_mv Pérez Arrieta, N. & Barros Vanegas, K. J. Producción de biodiesel a partir de aceites usados: un enfoque hacia la economía circular y la sostenibilidad ambiental. [Trabajo de grado de Ingeniería Química]. Universidad de San Buenaventura, Cartagena.
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/10819/13416
identifier_str_mv Pérez Arrieta, N. & Barros Vanegas, K. J. Producción de biodiesel a partir de aceites usados: un enfoque hacia la economía circular y la sostenibilidad ambiental. [Trabajo de grado de Ingeniería Química]. Universidad de San Buenaventura, Cartagena.
url https://hdl.handle.net/10819/13416
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv spa
language spa
dc.relation.references.none.fl_str_mv J. M. Gómez, “Analysis of the variation in the efficiency in the production of biofuels in Latin America,” Estudios Gerenciales, vol. 32, no. 139, pp. 120–126, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.estger.2016.01.001.
J. Delgado, J. Salgado, and R. Perez, “Perspectivas de los biocombustibles en Colombia,” Revista Ingenierias Universidad de Medellin, vol. 14, no. 27, pp. 13–28, May 2015.
K. Amaya, “PRODUCCIÓN DE BIOCOMBUSTIBLE A PARTIR DE RESIDUOS DE FLORA BENTÓNICA DEL DISTRITO DE MARCONA,” Escuela Profesional de Ingenieria ambiental , Lima , 2018.
E. Salinas and V. Gasca, “Los Biocombustibles,” El Cotidiano, vol. 157, no. 0186–1840, pp. 75–82, 2009, [Online]. Available: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=32512739009
F. Ramos, “Biocombustibles,” Universidad Nacional del Sur- Conicet, vol. 25, no. 147, 2016.
S. Cruz, “The nonlinear relation between biofuels and food prices,” Invest Econ, vol. LXXVI, no. 299, pp. 3–50, 2017.
M. L. Gunawan et al., “Palm-oil transformation into green and clean biofuels: Recent advances in the zeolite-based catalytic technologies,” Bioresour Technol Rep, vol. 23, p. 101546, Sep. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.biteb.2023.101546.
M. Jayakumar et al., “A comprehensive outlook on topical processing methods for biofuel production and its thermal applications: Current advances, sustainability and challenges,” Fuel, vol. 349. Elsevier Ltd, Oct. 01, 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2023.128690.
A. Ashfaque et al., “Impact of biodiesel on engine performance and emission,” Mater Today Proc, Aug. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2023.07.275.
W. jie Cong, J. Yang, J. Zhang, Z. Fang, and Z. diao Miao, “A green process for biodiesel and hydrogen coproduction from waste oils with a magnetic metal-organic framework derived material,” Biomass Bioenergy, vol. 175, Aug. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2023.106871.
L. E. Rincón, M. J. Valencia, V. Hernández, L. G. Matallana, and C. A. Cardona, “Optimization of the Colombian biodiesel supply chain from oil palm crop based on techno-economical and environmental criteria,” Energy Econ, vol. 47, pp. 154–167, Jan. 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2014.10.018.
S. Wahyuningrum et al., “Environmental sustainability disclosure in Asian countries: Bibliometric and content analysis,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 411. Elsevier Ltd, Jul. 20, 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.137195.
D. Arias and A. Garcia, “Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. A review,” Revista Nacional de Ingenieria , vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–17, 2018.
S. Brahma et al., “Biodiesel production from mixed oils: A sustainable approach towards industrial biofuel production,” Chemical Engineering Journal Advances, vol. 10. Elsevier B.V., May 15, 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.ceja.2022.100284.
F. Altinok et al., “Application of Anoxybacillus gonensins UF7 lipase as a catalyst for biodiesel production from waste frying oils,” Fuel, vol. 334, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2022.126672.
M. Saad, B. Siyo, and H. Alrakkad, “Preparation and characterization of biodiesel from waste cooking oils using heterogeneous Catalyst(Cat.TS-7) based on natural zeolite,” Heliyon, vol. 9, no. 6, Jun. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15836.
G. Zhang and W. Xie, “ZrMo oxides supported catalyst with hierarchical porous structure for cleaner and sustainable production of biodiesel using acidic oils as feedstocks,” J Clean Prod, vol. 384, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.135594.
Environmental Protection, vol. 148, pp. 1006–1018, Apr. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.psep.2021.02.011.
C. G. Prucca, S. Fracchia, G. A. Eimer, and G. O. Ferrero, “Circular economy of native Euphorbiaceae: From second-generation biodiesel production to animal food. Taking advantage of marginal lands,” Ind Crops Prod, vol. 191, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.115983.
E. Cerdá, “ECONOMÍA CIRCULAR,” Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 2017.
V. Prieto-Sandoval, C. Jaca, and M. Ormazabal, “Economía circular: Relación con la evolución del concepto de sostenibilidad y estrategias para su implementación Circular economy: Relationship with the evolution of the concept of sustainability and strategies for its implementation,” Memoria Investigaciones en Ingeniería, p. 15, 2017.
J. Kirchherr, N. Yang, F. Schulze, M. Heerink, and K. Hartley, “Conceptualizing the Circular Economy (Revisited): An Analysis of 221 Definitions,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling, vol. 194. Elsevier B.V., Jul. 01, 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107001.
G. Guevara, A. Verdesoto, and N. Castro, “Educational research methodologies (descriptive, experimental, participatory, and action research),” Revista Científica Mundo de la Investigación y el conocimiento, no. 3, pp. 163–173, 2020, doi: 10.26820/recimundo/4.(3).julio.2020.163-173.
A. Otero, “ENFOQUES DE INVESTIGACIÓN,” 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326905435
M. Muhammed Niyas and A. Shaija, “Performance evaluation of diesel engine using biodiesels from waste coconut, sunflower, and palm cooking oils, and their hybrids,” Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, vol. 53, Oct. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.seta.2022.102681.
W. jie Cong, J. Yang, J. Zhang, Z. Fang, and Z. diao Miao, “A green process for biodiesel and hydrogen coproduction from waste oils with a magnetic metal-organic framework derived material,” Biomass Bioenergy, vol. 175, Aug. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2023.106871.
P. E. Sineli, D. D. Maza, M. J. Aybar, L. I. C. Figueroa, and S. C. Viñarta, “Bioconversion of sugarcane molasses and waste glycerol on single cell oils for biodiesel by the red yeast Rhodotorula glutinis R4 from Antarctica,” Energy Conversion and Management: X, vol. 16, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2022.100331.
R. Ahmed and K. Huddersman, “Review of biodiesel production by the esterification of wastewater containing fats oils and grease (FOGs),” Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, vol. 110. Korean Society of Industrial Engineering Chemistry, pp. 1–14, Jun. 25, 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.02.045.
F. Yaşar, “Comparision of fuel properties of biodiesel fuels produced from different oils to determine the most suitable feedstock type,” Fuel, vol. 264, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116817.
M. Joyce Nirmala, P. Chandra Sekar, A. Johnson, U. Kizhuveetil, S. Shora, and R. Nagarajan, “A comprehensive review of nanoadditives in Plant-based biodiesels with a special emphasis on essential oils,” Fuel, vol. 351. Elsevier Ltd, Nov. 01, 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2023.128934.
M. Cortés, E. Gata, and A. Pipió, “Biocombustibles: tipos y estrategias de producción,” 2019.
Y. Xie et al., “CaO-MgFe2O4@K2CO3 as a novel and retrievable nanocatalyst for two-step transesterification of used frying oils to biodiesel,” Process Safety and Environmental Protection, vol. 172, pp. 195–210, Apr. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.psep.2023.02.005.
Z. Helwani et al., “Production of high-performance biodiesel with a high oxidation stability through a fractionation method using urea,” S Afr J Chem Eng, vol. 45, pp. 162–171, Jul. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.sajce.2023.05.009.
S. P. J. Kumar, V. K. Garlapati, and R. Banerjee, “Enzymatic biodiesel synthesis from Trichosporon shinodae yeast through circular economy: A greener approach,” Fuel, vol. 325, Oct. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2022.124595.
M. N. Efthymiou, C. Pateraki, H. Papapostolou, C. S. K. Lin, and A. Koutinas, “Restructuring the sunflower-based biodiesel industry into a circular bio-economy business model converting sunflower meal and crude glycerol into succinic acid and value-added co-products,” Biomass Bioenergy, vol. 155, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2021.106265.
A. H. Al-Muhtaseb et al., “Circular economy approach of enhanced bifunctional catalytic system of CaO/CeO2 for biodiesel production from waste loquat seed oil with life cycle assessment study,” Energy Convers Manag, vol. 236, May 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114040.
J. Chen et al., “From ethyl biodiesel to biolubricants: Options for an Indian mustard integrated biorefinery toward a green and circular economy,” Ind Crops Prod, vol. 137, pp. 597–614, Oct. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.04.041.
M. Kiehbadroudinezhad, A. Merabet, and H. Hosseinzadeh-Bandbafha, “A life cycle assessment perspective on biodiesel production from fish wastes for green microgrids in a circular bioeconomy,” Bioresour Technol Rep, vol. 21, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.biteb.2022.101303.
M. V. L. Chhandama, P. K. Rai, and Lalawmpuii, “Coupling bioremediation and biorefinery prospects of microalgae for circular economy,” Bioresource Technology Reports, vol. 22. Elsevier Ltd, Jun. 01, 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.biteb.2023.101479.
V. Díaz, J. C. Leyva-Díaz, M. C. Almécija, J. M. Poyatos, M. del Mar Muñío, and J. Martín-Pascual, “Microalgae bioreactor for nutrient removal and resource recovery from wastewater in the paradigm of circular economy,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 363. Elsevier Ltd, Nov. 01, 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127968.
O. V. Okoro, V. Preat, K. Karimi, L. Nei, F. Debaste, and A. Shavandi, “Optimizing the subcritical water valorization of insect (Hermetia illucens l.) farming waste for biodiesel production,” Chemical Engineering Research and Design, Aug. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.cherd.2023.06.043.
Rozina, M. Ahmad, M. Alruqi, and M. Zafar, “Cleaner production of biodiesel from novel and non-edible seed oil of Chamaerops humilis using recyclable cobalt oxide nanoparticles: A contribution to resilient and sustainable world,” J Clean Prod, vol. 369, Oct. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133378.
R. V. Sreeharsha, N. Dubey, and S. V. Mohan, “Orienting biodiesel production towards sustainability and circularity by tailoring the feedstock and processes,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 414. Elsevier Ltd, Aug. 15, 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.137526.
E. Soares de Carvalho Freitas, L. H. Xavier, L. B. Oliveira, and L. L. N. Guarieiro, “System dynamics applied to second generation biofuel in Brazil: A circular economy approach,” Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, vol. 52, Aug. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.seta.2022.102288.
G. O. Ferrero, E. M. Sánchez Faba, A. A. Rickert, and G. A. Eimer, “Alternatives to rethink tomorrow: Biodiesel production from residual and non-edible oils using biocatalyst technology,” Renew Energy, vol. 150, pp. 128–135, May 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2019.12.114.
O. D. Samuel, T. G. E. Boye, and C. C. Enweremadu, “Financial and parametric study of biodiesel production from hemp and tobacco seed oils in modified fruit blender and prediction models of their fuel properties with diesel fuel,” Bioresour Technol Rep, vol. 12, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.biteb.2020.100599.
M. Venkatesh, J. Ashokraj, P. Raghu Babu, K. J. Sreeram, and M. Suguna Lakshmi, “Recycling of used domestic waste oils: A benign emulsifier-free lubricating material for leather process,” J Clean Prod, vol. 329, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129654.
A. Hamnas and G. Unnikrishnan, “Bio-lubricants from vegetable oils: Characterization, modifications, applications and challenges – Review,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 182. Elsevier Ltd, Aug. 01, 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2023.113413.
J. R. Joshi, K. K. Bhanderi, and J. V. Patel, “A review on bio-lubricants from non-edible oils-recent advances, chemical modifications and applications,” Journal of the Indian Chemical Society, vol. 100, no. 1. Elsevier B.V., Jan. 01, 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.jics.2022.100849.
N. K. Attia, S. A. El-Mekkawi, O. A. Elardy, and E. A. Abdelkader, “Chemical and rheological assessment of produced biolubricants from different vegetable oils,” Fuel, vol. 271, Jul. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117578.
Congreso de la Republica de Colombia, “Proyecto de Ley No 253,” pp. 1–15, 2018.
CVC, “INFORME REGIONAL ACEITE DE COCINA USADO-ACU,” Corporacion Autonoma Regional del Valle del Cauca, 2022.
N. Prajapati, P. Kodgire, and S. Singh, “Comparison of RSM Based FFD and CCD Methods for Biodiesel Production Using Microwave Technique,” Mater Today Proc, vol. 62, no. P13, pp. 6985–6991, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2021.12.379.
K. Abdelbasset et al., “Development of multiple machine-learning computational techniques for optimization of heterogenous catalytic biodiesel production from waste vegetable oil: Development of multiple machine-learning computational techniques for optimization,” Arabian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 15, no. 6, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.103843.
T. Mahlia et al., “Patent landscape review on biodiesel production: Technology updates,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 118. Elsevier Ltd, Feb. 01, 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2019.109526.
M. Ahmed et al., “Recent trends in sustainable biodiesel production using heterogeneous nanocatalysts: Function of supports, promoters, synthesis techniques, reaction mechanism, and kinetics and thermodynamic studies,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 280. Elsevier Ltd, Mar. 15, 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2023.116821.
L. Rocha et al., “Recent advances on biodiesel production from waste cooking oil (WCO): A review of reactors, catalysts, and optimization techniques impacting the production,” Fuel, vol. 348, Sep. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2023.128514.
M. Vera and F. Vargas, “Evaluación técnica y económica de la producción de biodiésel a partir de aceite usado de cocina en Colombia,” Ciencias Unisalle, Bogotá, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://ciencia.lasalle.edu.co/ing_quimica
A. Cruz and A. Fernadez, “Diseño de un sistema de recolección de aceite usado de cocina para la elaboración de jabón artesanal, en el distrito de Piura,” Universidad de Piura, 2021.
dc.rights.accessrights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.coar.none.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
dc.rights.license.*.fl_str_mv Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
dc.rights.uri.*.fl_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/
dc.format.extent.none.fl_str_mv 29 páginas
dc.format.mimetype.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Universidad de San Buenaventura - Cartagena
dc.publisher.branch.none.fl_str_mv Cartagena
dc.publisher.faculty.none.fl_str_mv Facultad de Ingenierías
dc.publisher.place.none.fl_str_mv Cartagena
dc.publisher.program.none.fl_str_mv Ingeniería Química
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Universidad de San Buenaventura - Cartagena
institution Universidad de San Buenaventura
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv https://bibliotecadigital.usb.edu.co/bitstreams/3ea8d1f9-04a4-4412-a027-69251dc338ec/download
https://bibliotecadigital.usb.edu.co/bitstreams/71cd889c-ced1-41c9-a361-8981097d12ea/download
https://bibliotecadigital.usb.edu.co/bitstreams/51b1302b-0257-464b-9d6d-4ae1cc4fb9f6/download
https://bibliotecadigital.usb.edu.co/bitstreams/8ca8c733-a861-4c72-9cb1-11696eede476/download
https://bibliotecadigital.usb.edu.co/bitstreams/95339772-8c09-480e-a208-b6c7f9b2693e/download
https://bibliotecadigital.usb.edu.co/bitstreams/33d5ddba-959a-4e69-bd15-1b9788cdff0f/download
https://bibliotecadigital.usb.edu.co/bitstreams/d6e5af87-f9de-4cff-80fa-5cece86eccec/download
https://bibliotecadigital.usb.edu.co/bitstreams/07c2be39-a863-4723-88c3-e8d8e7d0d143/download
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv 45edbc00e6f3c4ce5d46b641216797da
50f3ad55ebf585d07b25dbd6e7483cce
5310bb89a00d5ead086944535cc857c4
ce8fd7f912f132cbeb263b9ddc893467
39be5188c9ba5fdf42ce0326bbeb1bf0
75978b0455ebfa256d5a2083d1ebcf4f
d544a213c56e28fa7edbbed039a8a4fa
d4d43bbf811109376952d5ff157816d5
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv Repositorio Institucional Universidad de San Buenaventura Colombia
repository.mail.fl_str_mv bdigital@metabiblioteca.com
_version_ 1837099296625786880
spelling Ramírez Wilches, Laura Sofíavirtual::1624-1Pérez Arrieta, Nayelis89499df7-eafe-4372-9fb4-d109f13b202f-1Barros, Karelis Johana7bb476b5-b7ce-47b2-991e-d7aef06c5923-1Cano Mogollón, Cristian Javier07bc274f-9b91-47c6-b0af-df92bbaefe32Meza Castellar, Pedro Javierbcea1f16-000a-415a-8daa-43c7d9fdd192600Grupo de Investigación Ciencias de las Ingenierías (GICI) (Cartagena)2024-04-11T22:37:23Z2024-04-11T22:37:23Z2023En el actual trabajo se estudió la producción de biodiesel a partir de aceites usados con un enfoque hacia la económica circular y la sostenibilidad ambiental. Para esto, inicialmente se realizó un rastreo bibliográfico en base de datos como ScienceDirect, Google Académico y Scopus envidenciando la alta productividad literaria e interés por la temática en mención. Se destacaron como países lideres en investigación, India, Brasil, China Estados Unidos y en una menor proporción con respecto a estos Colombia. Seguidamente se estudiaron los factores que intervienen en el proceso de producción como el método de obtención, rendimiento, catalizador y tipos de materias primas. Siendo estos de importancia en la calidad y efectividad del biocombustible. Como principal resultado de la revisión se encontró que la producción de biodiesel a partir de aceites usados tiene gran potencial, debido a que reduce impactos ambientales asociados al uso de combustibles fósiles como la mitigación de Gases Efecto Invernadero y mala disposición de aceites usados de cocina en el mundo (16,5 millones de toneladas) que afectan biosfera acuática y la amenaza a la salud humana. Logrando así, un desarrollo sostenible que se alinea al principal objetivo de la economía circular.In the current work, the production of biodiesel from used oils was studied with a focus on circular economics and environmental sustainability. For this, initially a bibliographic search was carried out in databases such as ScienceDirect, Google Scholar and Scopus, evidencing the high literary productivity and worldwide interest in the subject in question. India, Brazil, China, the United States and, to a lesser extent, Colombia, stood out as leading countries in research. Next, the factors involved in the production process were studied, such as the method of obtaining, yield, catalyst and types of raw materials. Being these of importance in the quality and effectiveness of the biofuel. As the main result of the review, it was found that the production of biodiesel from used oils has great potential, because it reduces environmental impacts associated with the use of fossil fuels, such as the mitigation of Greenhouse Gases and poor disposal of used cooking oils in the world (16.5 million tons) that affect the aquatic biosphere and threaten human health. Thus, achieving sustainable development that is aligned with the main objective of the circular economyPregradoIngeniero QuímicoBioprocesos y medio ambiente29 páginasapplication/pdfPérez Arrieta, N. & Barros Vanegas, K. J. Producción de biodiesel a partir de aceites usados: un enfoque hacia la economía circular y la sostenibilidad ambiental. [Trabajo de grado de Ingeniería Química]. Universidad de San Buenaventura, Cartagena.https://hdl.handle.net/10819/13416spaUniversidad de San Buenaventura - CartagenaCartagenaFacultad de IngenieríasCartagenaIngeniería QuímicaJ. M. Gómez, “Analysis of the variation in the efficiency in the production of biofuels in Latin America,” Estudios Gerenciales, vol. 32, no. 139, pp. 120–126, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.estger.2016.01.001.J. Delgado, J. Salgado, and R. Perez, “Perspectivas de los biocombustibles en Colombia,” Revista Ingenierias Universidad de Medellin, vol. 14, no. 27, pp. 13–28, May 2015.K. Amaya, “PRODUCCIÓN DE BIOCOMBUSTIBLE A PARTIR DE RESIDUOS DE FLORA BENTÓNICA DEL DISTRITO DE MARCONA,” Escuela Profesional de Ingenieria ambiental , Lima , 2018.E. Salinas and V. Gasca, “Los Biocombustibles,” El Cotidiano, vol. 157, no. 0186–1840, pp. 75–82, 2009, [Online]. Available: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=32512739009F. Ramos, “Biocombustibles,” Universidad Nacional del Sur- Conicet, vol. 25, no. 147, 2016.S. Cruz, “The nonlinear relation between biofuels and food prices,” Invest Econ, vol. LXXVI, no. 299, pp. 3–50, 2017.M. L. Gunawan et al., “Palm-oil transformation into green and clean biofuels: Recent advances in the zeolite-based catalytic technologies,” Bioresour Technol Rep, vol. 23, p. 101546, Sep. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.biteb.2023.101546.M. Jayakumar et al., “A comprehensive outlook on topical processing methods for biofuel production and its thermal applications: Current advances, sustainability and challenges,” Fuel, vol. 349. Elsevier Ltd, Oct. 01, 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2023.128690.A. Ashfaque et al., “Impact of biodiesel on engine performance and emission,” Mater Today Proc, Aug. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2023.07.275.W. jie Cong, J. Yang, J. Zhang, Z. Fang, and Z. diao Miao, “A green process for biodiesel and hydrogen coproduction from waste oils with a magnetic metal-organic framework derived material,” Biomass Bioenergy, vol. 175, Aug. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2023.106871.L. E. Rincón, M. J. Valencia, V. Hernández, L. G. Matallana, and C. A. Cardona, “Optimization of the Colombian biodiesel supply chain from oil palm crop based on techno-economical and environmental criteria,” Energy Econ, vol. 47, pp. 154–167, Jan. 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2014.10.018.S. Wahyuningrum et al., “Environmental sustainability disclosure in Asian countries: Bibliometric and content analysis,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 411. Elsevier Ltd, Jul. 20, 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.137195.D. Arias and A. Garcia, “Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. A review,” Revista Nacional de Ingenieria , vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–17, 2018.S. Brahma et al., “Biodiesel production from mixed oils: A sustainable approach towards industrial biofuel production,” Chemical Engineering Journal Advances, vol. 10. Elsevier B.V., May 15, 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.ceja.2022.100284.F. Altinok et al., “Application of Anoxybacillus gonensins UF7 lipase as a catalyst for biodiesel production from waste frying oils,” Fuel, vol. 334, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2022.126672.M. Saad, B. Siyo, and H. Alrakkad, “Preparation and characterization of biodiesel from waste cooking oils using heterogeneous Catalyst(Cat.TS-7) based on natural zeolite,” Heliyon, vol. 9, no. 6, Jun. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15836.G. Zhang and W. Xie, “ZrMo oxides supported catalyst with hierarchical porous structure for cleaner and sustainable production of biodiesel using acidic oils as feedstocks,” J Clean Prod, vol. 384, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.135594.Environmental Protection, vol. 148, pp. 1006–1018, Apr. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.psep.2021.02.011.C. G. Prucca, S. Fracchia, G. A. Eimer, and G. O. Ferrero, “Circular economy of native Euphorbiaceae: From second-generation biodiesel production to animal food. Taking advantage of marginal lands,” Ind Crops Prod, vol. 191, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.115983.E. Cerdá, “ECONOMÍA CIRCULAR,” Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 2017.V. Prieto-Sandoval, C. Jaca, and M. Ormazabal, “Economía circular: Relación con la evolución del concepto de sostenibilidad y estrategias para su implementación Circular economy: Relationship with the evolution of the concept of sustainability and strategies for its implementation,” Memoria Investigaciones en Ingeniería, p. 15, 2017.J. Kirchherr, N. Yang, F. Schulze, M. Heerink, and K. Hartley, “Conceptualizing the Circular Economy (Revisited): An Analysis of 221 Definitions,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling, vol. 194. Elsevier B.V., Jul. 01, 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107001.G. Guevara, A. Verdesoto, and N. Castro, “Educational research methodologies (descriptive, experimental, participatory, and action research),” Revista Científica Mundo de la Investigación y el conocimiento, no. 3, pp. 163–173, 2020, doi: 10.26820/recimundo/4.(3).julio.2020.163-173.A. Otero, “ENFOQUES DE INVESTIGACIÓN,” 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326905435M. Muhammed Niyas and A. Shaija, “Performance evaluation of diesel engine using biodiesels from waste coconut, sunflower, and palm cooking oils, and their hybrids,” Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, vol. 53, Oct. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.seta.2022.102681.W. jie Cong, J. Yang, J. Zhang, Z. Fang, and Z. diao Miao, “A green process for biodiesel and hydrogen coproduction from waste oils with a magnetic metal-organic framework derived material,” Biomass Bioenergy, vol. 175, Aug. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2023.106871.P. E. Sineli, D. D. Maza, M. J. Aybar, L. I. C. Figueroa, and S. C. Viñarta, “Bioconversion of sugarcane molasses and waste glycerol on single cell oils for biodiesel by the red yeast Rhodotorula glutinis R4 from Antarctica,” Energy Conversion and Management: X, vol. 16, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2022.100331.R. Ahmed and K. Huddersman, “Review of biodiesel production by the esterification of wastewater containing fats oils and grease (FOGs),” Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, vol. 110. Korean Society of Industrial Engineering Chemistry, pp. 1–14, Jun. 25, 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.02.045.F. Yaşar, “Comparision of fuel properties of biodiesel fuels produced from different oils to determine the most suitable feedstock type,” Fuel, vol. 264, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116817.M. Joyce Nirmala, P. Chandra Sekar, A. Johnson, U. Kizhuveetil, S. Shora, and R. Nagarajan, “A comprehensive review of nanoadditives in Plant-based biodiesels with a special emphasis on essential oils,” Fuel, vol. 351. Elsevier Ltd, Nov. 01, 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2023.128934.M. Cortés, E. Gata, and A. Pipió, “Biocombustibles: tipos y estrategias de producción,” 2019.Y. Xie et al., “CaO-MgFe2O4@K2CO3 as a novel and retrievable nanocatalyst for two-step transesterification of used frying oils to biodiesel,” Process Safety and Environmental Protection, vol. 172, pp. 195–210, Apr. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.psep.2023.02.005.Z. Helwani et al., “Production of high-performance biodiesel with a high oxidation stability through a fractionation method using urea,” S Afr J Chem Eng, vol. 45, pp. 162–171, Jul. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.sajce.2023.05.009.S. P. J. Kumar, V. K. Garlapati, and R. Banerjee, “Enzymatic biodiesel synthesis from Trichosporon shinodae yeast through circular economy: A greener approach,” Fuel, vol. 325, Oct. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2022.124595.M. N. Efthymiou, C. Pateraki, H. Papapostolou, C. S. K. Lin, and A. Koutinas, “Restructuring the sunflower-based biodiesel industry into a circular bio-economy business model converting sunflower meal and crude glycerol into succinic acid and value-added co-products,” Biomass Bioenergy, vol. 155, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2021.106265.A. H. Al-Muhtaseb et al., “Circular economy approach of enhanced bifunctional catalytic system of CaO/CeO2 for biodiesel production from waste loquat seed oil with life cycle assessment study,” Energy Convers Manag, vol. 236, May 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114040.J. Chen et al., “From ethyl biodiesel to biolubricants: Options for an Indian mustard integrated biorefinery toward a green and circular economy,” Ind Crops Prod, vol. 137, pp. 597–614, Oct. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.04.041.M. Kiehbadroudinezhad, A. Merabet, and H. Hosseinzadeh-Bandbafha, “A life cycle assessment perspective on biodiesel production from fish wastes for green microgrids in a circular bioeconomy,” Bioresour Technol Rep, vol. 21, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.biteb.2022.101303.M. V. L. Chhandama, P. K. Rai, and Lalawmpuii, “Coupling bioremediation and biorefinery prospects of microalgae for circular economy,” Bioresource Technology Reports, vol. 22. Elsevier Ltd, Jun. 01, 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.biteb.2023.101479.V. Díaz, J. C. Leyva-Díaz, M. C. Almécija, J. M. Poyatos, M. del Mar Muñío, and J. Martín-Pascual, “Microalgae bioreactor for nutrient removal and resource recovery from wastewater in the paradigm of circular economy,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 363. Elsevier Ltd, Nov. 01, 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127968.O. V. Okoro, V. Preat, K. Karimi, L. Nei, F. Debaste, and A. Shavandi, “Optimizing the subcritical water valorization of insect (Hermetia illucens l.) farming waste for biodiesel production,” Chemical Engineering Research and Design, Aug. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.cherd.2023.06.043.Rozina, M. Ahmad, M. Alruqi, and M. Zafar, “Cleaner production of biodiesel from novel and non-edible seed oil of Chamaerops humilis using recyclable cobalt oxide nanoparticles: A contribution to resilient and sustainable world,” J Clean Prod, vol. 369, Oct. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133378.R. V. Sreeharsha, N. Dubey, and S. V. Mohan, “Orienting biodiesel production towards sustainability and circularity by tailoring the feedstock and processes,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 414. Elsevier Ltd, Aug. 15, 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.137526.E. Soares de Carvalho Freitas, L. H. Xavier, L. B. Oliveira, and L. L. N. Guarieiro, “System dynamics applied to second generation biofuel in Brazil: A circular economy approach,” Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, vol. 52, Aug. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.seta.2022.102288.G. O. Ferrero, E. M. Sánchez Faba, A. A. Rickert, and G. A. Eimer, “Alternatives to rethink tomorrow: Biodiesel production from residual and non-edible oils using biocatalyst technology,” Renew Energy, vol. 150, pp. 128–135, May 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2019.12.114.O. D. Samuel, T. G. E. Boye, and C. C. Enweremadu, “Financial and parametric study of biodiesel production from hemp and tobacco seed oils in modified fruit blender and prediction models of their fuel properties with diesel fuel,” Bioresour Technol Rep, vol. 12, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.biteb.2020.100599.M. Venkatesh, J. Ashokraj, P. Raghu Babu, K. J. Sreeram, and M. Suguna Lakshmi, “Recycling of used domestic waste oils: A benign emulsifier-free lubricating material for leather process,” J Clean Prod, vol. 329, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129654.A. Hamnas and G. Unnikrishnan, “Bio-lubricants from vegetable oils: Characterization, modifications, applications and challenges – Review,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 182. Elsevier Ltd, Aug. 01, 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2023.113413.J. R. Joshi, K. K. Bhanderi, and J. V. Patel, “A review on bio-lubricants from non-edible oils-recent advances, chemical modifications and applications,” Journal of the Indian Chemical Society, vol. 100, no. 1. Elsevier B.V., Jan. 01, 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.jics.2022.100849.N. K. Attia, S. A. El-Mekkawi, O. A. Elardy, and E. A. Abdelkader, “Chemical and rheological assessment of produced biolubricants from different vegetable oils,” Fuel, vol. 271, Jul. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117578.Congreso de la Republica de Colombia, “Proyecto de Ley No 253,” pp. 1–15, 2018.CVC, “INFORME REGIONAL ACEITE DE COCINA USADO-ACU,” Corporacion Autonoma Regional del Valle del Cauca, 2022.N. Prajapati, P. Kodgire, and S. Singh, “Comparison of RSM Based FFD and CCD Methods for Biodiesel Production Using Microwave Technique,” Mater Today Proc, vol. 62, no. P13, pp. 6985–6991, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2021.12.379.K. Abdelbasset et al., “Development of multiple machine-learning computational techniques for optimization of heterogenous catalytic biodiesel production from waste vegetable oil: Development of multiple machine-learning computational techniques for optimization,” Arabian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 15, no. 6, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.103843.T. Mahlia et al., “Patent landscape review on biodiesel production: Technology updates,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 118. Elsevier Ltd, Feb. 01, 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2019.109526.M. Ahmed et al., “Recent trends in sustainable biodiesel production using heterogeneous nanocatalysts: Function of supports, promoters, synthesis techniques, reaction mechanism, and kinetics and thermodynamic studies,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 280. Elsevier Ltd, Mar. 15, 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2023.116821.L. Rocha et al., “Recent advances on biodiesel production from waste cooking oil (WCO): A review of reactors, catalysts, and optimization techniques impacting the production,” Fuel, vol. 348, Sep. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2023.128514.M. Vera and F. Vargas, “Evaluación técnica y económica de la producción de biodiésel a partir de aceite usado de cocina en Colombia,” Ciencias Unisalle, Bogotá, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://ciencia.lasalle.edu.co/ing_quimicaA. Cruz and A. Fernadez, “Diseño de un sistema de recolección de aceite usado de cocina para la elaboración de jabón artesanal, en el distrito de Piura,” Universidad de Piura, 2021.info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/660 - Ingeniería químicaTesis - ingeniería químicaProducción de BiodiselAceites usadosSostenibilidad ambientalEconomía circularBiodiselEconomía circularSostenibilidad ambientalAceites usadosAprovechamientoResiduosCircular economyEnvironmental sustainabilityUsed oilsWastProducción de biodiesel a partir de aceites usados: un enfoque hacia la economía circular y la sostenibilidad ambientalTrabajo de grado - Pregradohttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1fTextinfo:eu-repo/semantics/otherinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionComunidad científica y académicaPublicationhttps://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001755775virtual::1624-1https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=aEoi7wQAAAAJ&hl=envirtual::1624-10000-0003-3099-3739virtual::1624-1045ff372-be62-4867-8eb7-e56c2ca3f990virtual::1624-1045ff372-be62-4867-8eb7-e56c2ca3f990virtual::1624-1ORIGINALFormato_Publicacion_Producción de biodiesel a partir de aceites_Nayelis Pérez A_2023.pdfFormato_Publicacion_Producción de biodiesel a partir de aceites_Nayelis Pérez A_2023.pdfapplication/pdf219871https://bibliotecadigital.usb.edu.co/bitstreams/3ea8d1f9-04a4-4412-a027-69251dc338ec/download45edbc00e6f3c4ce5d46b641216797daMD51Producción de biodiesel a partir de aceites_Nayelis Pérez A_2023.pdfProducción de biodiesel a partir de aceites_Nayelis Pérez A_2023.pdfapplication/pdf479339https://bibliotecadigital.usb.edu.co/bitstreams/71cd889c-ced1-41c9-a361-8981097d12ea/download50f3ad55ebf585d07b25dbd6e7483cceMD52CC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8893https://bibliotecadigital.usb.edu.co/bitstreams/51b1302b-0257-464b-9d6d-4ae1cc4fb9f6/download5310bb89a00d5ead086944535cc857c4MD53LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-82079https://bibliotecadigital.usb.edu.co/bitstreams/8ca8c733-a861-4c72-9cb1-11696eede476/downloadce8fd7f912f132cbeb263b9ddc893467MD54TEXTFormato_Publicacion_Producción de biodiesel a partir de aceites_Nayelis Pérez A_2023.pdf.txtFormato_Publicacion_Producción de biodiesel a partir de aceites_Nayelis Pérez A_2023.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain7251https://bibliotecadigital.usb.edu.co/bitstreams/95339772-8c09-480e-a208-b6c7f9b2693e/download39be5188c9ba5fdf42ce0326bbeb1bf0MD55Producción de biodiesel a partir de aceites_Nayelis Pérez A_2023.pdf.txtProducción de biodiesel a partir de aceites_Nayelis Pérez A_2023.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain63292https://bibliotecadigital.usb.edu.co/bitstreams/33d5ddba-959a-4e69-bd15-1b9788cdff0f/download75978b0455ebfa256d5a2083d1ebcf4fMD57THUMBNAILFormato_Publicacion_Producción de biodiesel a partir de aceites_Nayelis Pérez A_2023.pdf.jpgFormato_Publicacion_Producción de biodiesel a partir de aceites_Nayelis Pérez A_2023.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg15792https://bibliotecadigital.usb.edu.co/bitstreams/d6e5af87-f9de-4cff-80fa-5cece86eccec/downloadd544a213c56e28fa7edbbed039a8a4faMD56Producción de biodiesel a partir de aceites_Nayelis Pérez A_2023.pdf.jpgProducción de biodiesel a partir de aceites_Nayelis Pérez A_2023.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg8704https://bibliotecadigital.usb.edu.co/bitstreams/07c2be39-a863-4723-88c3-e8d8e7d0d143/downloadd4d43bbf811109376952d5ff157816d5MD5810819/13416oai:bibliotecadigital.usb.edu.co:10819/134162024-11-26 08:56:53.282http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationalhttps://bibliotecadigital.usb.edu.coRepositorio Institucional Universidad de San Buenaventura Colombiabdigital@metabiblioteca.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