Strategies for reducing methane emissions from ruminants
There is irrefutable evidence that human activities are affecting the global climate through the production of Green House Gases (GHG) of which methane (CH4) has a high warming potential. Enteric fermentation and manure from ruminants represent about 30 to 40% of the total anthropogenic CH4 emission...
- Autores:
-
Lascano, Carlos E
Carulla, Juan E.
Vargas, Juan De Jesús
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of journal
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2011
- Institución:
- Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales U.D.C.A
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio Institucional UDCA
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repository.udca.edu.co:11158/3583
- Acceso en línea:
- https://repository.udca.edu.co/handle/11158/3583
- Palabra clave:
- Climate change
Greenhouse gases
Cattle
Sheep
Goats
Dietary manipulation
Rumen manipulation
Animal breeding
Intensification
Modelling
Cambio climático
Gases de efecto invernadero
Ovinos
Rumen
Modelling
- Rights
- closedAccess
- License
- Derechos Reservados - Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales
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Strategies for reducing methane emissions from ruminants |
| dc.title.alternative.spa.fl_str_mv |
Estratégias para a Redução da Emissão de Metano por Ruminantes |
| title |
Strategies for reducing methane emissions from ruminants |
| spellingShingle |
Strategies for reducing methane emissions from ruminants Climate change Greenhouse gases Cattle Sheep Goats Dietary manipulation Rumen manipulation Animal breeding Intensification Modelling Cambio climático Gases de efecto invernadero Ovinos Rumen Modelling |
| title_short |
Strategies for reducing methane emissions from ruminants |
| title_full |
Strategies for reducing methane emissions from ruminants |
| title_fullStr |
Strategies for reducing methane emissions from ruminants |
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Strategies for reducing methane emissions from ruminants |
| title_sort |
Strategies for reducing methane emissions from ruminants |
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Lascano, Carlos E Carulla, Juan E. Vargas, Juan De Jesús |
| dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv |
Lascano, Carlos E Carulla, Juan E. Vargas, Juan De Jesús |
| dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Climate change Greenhouse gases Cattle Sheep Goats Dietary manipulation Rumen manipulation Animal breeding Intensification Modelling |
| topic |
Climate change Greenhouse gases Cattle Sheep Goats Dietary manipulation Rumen manipulation Animal breeding Intensification Modelling Cambio climático Gases de efecto invernadero Ovinos Rumen Modelling |
| dc.subject.agrovoc.spa.fl_str_mv |
Cambio climático Gases de efecto invernadero Ovinos Rumen Modelling |
| description |
There is irrefutable evidence that human activities are affecting the global climate through the production of Green House Gases (GHG) of which methane (CH4) has a high warming potential. Enteric fermentation and manure from ruminants represent about 30 to 40% of the total anthropogenic CH4 emissions. This paper summarizes existing technologies to reduce enteric CH4 emissions in ruminants given emphasis to dietary and rumen manipulation, animal selection/ breeding and improvement of production systems. Differences in enteric CH4 production among animal species based on anatomy of the GI tract, digestive physiology, rumen fermentation and grazing habits are also discussed. Inhibition of enteric CH4 emission is possible through the use of ionophores, organic acids and oils. Feeding plants containing secondary metabolites (i.e. tannins and saponins) can reduce CH4 production. Breeding for improved feed conversion efficiency (lower residual feed intake) is likely to reduce total and per unit product CH4 emissions. Results using the IPCC Tier II model predict that goats and high producing dairy cattle can potentially produce less CH4 emissions per unit of milk than Cebu cattle or sheep, while small ruminants (goats and sheep) produce less CH4 per unit of live weight gain (meat) than cattle. The introduction of improved high quality forages and the implementation of efficient pasture utilization practices (grazing system and stocking rate) can result in most cases in improved animal production and in increased absolute CH4 emissions, but in reduced CH4 per unit of animal product. |
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2011 |
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2011 |
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2020-09-09T16:35:32Z |
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2020-09-09T16:35:32Z |
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Lascano, C. E., Carulla, J. E., & Vargas, J. J. (2011). Strategies for reducing methane emissions from ruminants. Rev. Bras. Geogr. Física, 6, 1315-1335 |
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https://repository.udca.edu.co/handle/11158/3583 |
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Lascano, C. E., Carulla, J. E., & Vargas, J. J. (2011). Strategies for reducing methane emissions from ruminants. Rev. Bras. Geogr. Física, 6, 1315-1335 |
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https://repository.udca.edu.co/handle/11158/3583 |
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eng |
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eng |
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Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física;Vol.6 (2011) -- páginas 1315-1335 |
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Derechos Reservados - Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales |
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Lascano, Carlos ECarulla, Juan E.Vargas, Juan De Jesús2020-09-09T16:35:32Z2020-09-09T16:35:32Z2011Lascano, C. E., Carulla, J. E., & Vargas, J. J. (2011). Strategies for reducing methane emissions from ruminants. Rev. Bras. Geogr. Física, 6, 1315-1335https://repository.udca.edu.co/handle/11158/3583There is irrefutable evidence that human activities are affecting the global climate through the production of Green House Gases (GHG) of which methane (CH4) has a high warming potential. Enteric fermentation and manure from ruminants represent about 30 to 40% of the total anthropogenic CH4 emissions. This paper summarizes existing technologies to reduce enteric CH4 emissions in ruminants given emphasis to dietary and rumen manipulation, animal selection/ breeding and improvement of production systems. Differences in enteric CH4 production among animal species based on anatomy of the GI tract, digestive physiology, rumen fermentation and grazing habits are also discussed. Inhibition of enteric CH4 emission is possible through the use of ionophores, organic acids and oils. Feeding plants containing secondary metabolites (i.e. tannins and saponins) can reduce CH4 production. Breeding for improved feed conversion efficiency (lower residual feed intake) is likely to reduce total and per unit product CH4 emissions. Results using the IPCC Tier II model predict that goats and high producing dairy cattle can potentially produce less CH4 emissions per unit of milk than Cebu cattle or sheep, while small ruminants (goats and sheep) produce less CH4 per unit of live weight gain (meat) than cattle. The introduction of improved high quality forages and the implementation of efficient pasture utilization practices (grazing system and stocking rate) can result in most cases in improved animal production and in increased absolute CH4 emissions, but in reduced CH4 per unit of animal product.Há fortes evidências que as atividades humanas estão afetando o clima global por meio da produção de Gases de Efeito Estufa (GEE), dos quais o metano (CH4) tem elevado potencial de aquecimento. A fermentação entérica e o esterco dos ruminantes representam cerca de 30 a 40% do total das emissões antropogênicas de CH4. Este artigo traz um resumo de tecnologias existentes para reduzir as emissões de CH4 entéricas dos ruminantes, com ênfase à manipulação dietética e ruminal, à seleção/reprodução animal e à melhoria dos sistemas de produção. As diferenças na produção de CH4 entérica entre as espécies animais com base na anatomia do trato gastrointestinal, fisiologia digestiva, fermentação ruminal e nos hábitos de pastejo também são discutidas. A inibição da emissão de CH4 entérica é possível por meio do uso de ionóforos, ácidos orgânicos e óleos. Plantas alimentares contendo metabólitos secundários (taninos e saponinas i.e.) também podem reduzir a produção de CH4. O uso de animais reprodutores para melhorar a eficiência de conversão alimentar (menor consumo residual) pode contribuir com a redução da emissão total de CH4, além de reduzir a emissão por unidade de produto. Resultados utilizando o modelo IPCC nível II prevê que caprinos e vacas de elevada produção leiteira podem apresentar menor emissão de CH4 por unidade de produto em comparação com animais zebuínos e ovinos, enquanto os pequenos ruminantes (caprinos e ovinos) produzem menos CH4 por unidade de ganho de peso corporal (carne), em relação aos bovinos. A melhoria da qualidade das forragens e a implementação de práticas eficientes de uso das pastagens (sistema de pastejo e taxas de lotação) podem na maioria dos casos promover maior produção animal e incrementar a emissão absoluta de CH4, mas também reduzir a emissão de CH4 por unidade de produto animal.Incluye referencias bibliográficasapplication/pdfengRevista Brasileira de Geografia Física;Vol.6 (2011) -- páginas 1315-1335Derechos Reservados - Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientaleshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessAtribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_14cbhttps://periodicos.ufpe.br/revistas/rbgfe/article/viewFile/232794/26794Strategies for reducing methane emissions from ruminantsEstratégias para a Redução da Emissão de Metano por RuminantesArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionTexthttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARThttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Climate changeGreenhouse gasesCattleSheepGoatsDietary manipulationRumen manipulationAnimal breedingIntensificationModellingCambio climáticoGases de efecto invernaderoOvinosRumenModellingPublicationORIGINALART. 157.pdfART. 157.pdfapplication/pdf324375https://repository.udca.edu.co/bitstreams/09c57c3e-3090-4bd4-bc20-b352014a56f5/download63b330b64e9e5ea23a4fbc995498b295MD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-814775https://repository.udca.edu.co/bitstreams/b6dd9af8-80f2-485f-8669-73d03b9dc9d6/downloadf661acf14bedbf9f5d13897a0387e751MD52TEXTART. 157.pdf.txtART. 157.pdf.txtExtracted 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en las Obras Colectivas;
b.	Distribuir copias o fonogramas de las Obras, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública, incluyéndolas como incorporadas en Obras Colectivas, según corresponda;
c.	Distribuir copias de las Obras Derivadas que se generen, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública.
Los derechos mencionados anteriormente pueden ser ejercidos en todos los medios y formatos, actualmente conocidos o que se inventen en el futuro. Los derechos antes mencionados incluyen el derecho a realizar dichas modificaciones en la medida que sean técnicamente necesarias para ejercer los derechos en otro medio o formatos, pero de otra manera usted no está autorizado para realizar obras derivadas.Todos los derechos no otorgados expresamente por el Licenciante quedan por este medio reservados, incluyendo pero sin limitarse a aquellos que se mencionan en las secciones 4(d) y 4(e).
4. Restricciones.
La licencia otorgada en la anterior Sección 3 está expresamente sujeta y limitada por las siguientes restricciones:
a.	Usted puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra sólo bajo las condiciones de esta Licencia, y Usted debe incluir una copia de esta licencia o del Identificador Universal de Recursos de la misma con cada copia de la Obra que distribuya, exhiba públicamente, ejecute públicamente o ponga a disposición pública. No es posible ofrecer o imponer ninguna condición sobre la Obra que altere o limite las condiciones de esta Licencia o el ejercicio de los derechos de los destinatarios otorgados en este documento. No es posible sublicenciar la Obra. Usted debe mantener intactos todos los avisos que hagan referencia a esta Licencia y a la cláusula de limitación de garantías. Usted no puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra con alguna medida tecnológica que controle el acceso o la utilización de ella de una forma que sea inconsistente con las condiciones de esta Licencia. Lo anterior se aplica a la Obra incorporada a una Obra Colectiva, pero esto no exige que la Obra Colectiva aparte de la obra misma quede sujeta a las condiciones de esta Licencia. Si Usted crea una Obra Colectiva, previo aviso de cualquier Licenciante debe, en la medida de lo posible, eliminar de la Obra Colectiva cualquier referencia a dicho Licenciante o al Autor Original, según lo solicitado por el Licenciante y conforme lo exige la cláusula 4(c).
b.	Usted no puede ejercer ninguno de los derechos que le han sido otorgados en la Sección 3 precedente de modo que estén principalmente destinados o directamente dirigidos a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada. El intercambio de la Obra por otras obras protegidas por derechos de autor, ya sea a través de un sistema para compartir archivos digitales (digital file-sharing) o de cualquier otra manera no será considerado como estar destinado principalmente o dirigido directamente a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada, siempre que no se realice un pago mediante una compensación monetaria en relación con el intercambio de obras protegidas por el derecho de autor.
c.	Si usted distribuye, exhibe públicamente, ejecuta públicamente o ejecuta públicamente en forma digital la Obra o cualquier Obra Derivada u Obra Colectiva, Usted debe mantener intacta toda la información de derecho de autor de la Obra y proporcionar, de forma razonable según el medio o manera que Usted esté utilizando: (i) el nombre del Autor Original si está provisto (o seudónimo, si fuere aplicable), y/o (ii) el nombre de la parte o las partes que el Autor Original y/o el Licenciante hubieren designado para la atribución (v.g., un instituto patrocinador, editorial, publicación) en la información de los derechos de autor del Licenciante, términos de servicios o de otras formas razonables; el título de la Obra si está provisto; en la medida de lo razonablemente factible y, si está provisto, el Identificador Uniforme de Recursos (Uniform Resource Identifier) que el Licenciante especifica para ser asociado con la Obra, salvo que tal URI no se refiera a la nota sobre los derechos de autor o a la información sobre el licenciamiento de la Obra; y en el caso de una Obra Derivada, atribuir el crédito identificando el uso de la Obra en la Obra Derivada (v.g., "Traducción Francesa de la Obra del Autor Original," o "Guión Cinematográfico basado en la Obra original del Autor Original"). Tal crédito puede ser implementado de cualquier forma razonable; en el caso, sin embargo, de Obras Derivadas u Obras Colectivas, tal crédito aparecerá, como mínimo, donde aparece el crédito de cualquier otro autor comparable y de una manera, al menos, tan destacada como el crédito de otro autor comparable.
d.	Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra es una composición musical:
i.	Regalías por interpretación y ejecución bajo licencias generales. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública o la ejecución pública digital de la obra y de recolectar, sea individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), las regalías por la ejecución pública o por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo Webcast) licenciada bajo licencias generales, si la interpretación o ejecución de la obra está primordialmente orientada por o dirigida a la obtención de una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.
ii.	Regalías por Fonogramas. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), una agencia de derechos musicales o algún agente designado, las regalías por cualquier fonograma que Usted cree a partir de la obra (“versión cover”) y distribuya, en los términos del régimen de derechos de autor, si la creación o distribución de esa versión cover está primordialmente destinada o dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.
e.	Gestión de Derechos de Autor sobre Interpretaciones y Ejecuciones Digitales (WebCasting). Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra sea un fonograma, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast) y de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, Acinpro), las regalías por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast), sujeta a las disposiciones aplicables del régimen de Derecho de Autor, si esta ejecución pública digital está primordialmente dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.
5. Representaciones, Garantías y Limitaciones de Responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LAS PARTES LO ACORDARAN DE OTRA FORMA POR ESCRITO, EL LICENCIANTE OFRECE LA OBRA (EN EL ESTADO EN EL QUE SE ENCUENTRA) “TAL CUAL”, SIN BRINDAR GARANTÍAS DE CLASE ALGUNA RESPECTO DE LA OBRA, YA SEA EXPRESA, IMPLÍCITA, LEGAL O CUALQUIERA OTRA, INCLUYENDO, SIN LIMITARSE A ELLAS, GARANTÍAS DE TITULARIDAD, COMERCIABILIDAD, ADAPTABILIDAD O ADECUACIÓN A PROPÓSITO DETERMINADO, AUSENCIA DE INFRACCIÓN, DE AUSENCIA DE DEFECTOS LATENTES O DE OTRO TIPO, O LA PRESENCIA O AUSENCIA DE ERRORES, SEAN O NO DESCUBRIBLES (PUEDAN O NO SER ESTOS DESCUBIERTOS). ALGUNAS JURISDICCIONES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE GARANTÍAS IMPLÍCITAS, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.
6. Limitación de responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LO EXIJA EXPRESAMENTE LA LEY APLICABLE, EL LICENCIANTE NO SERÁ RESPONSABLE ANTE USTED POR DAÑO ALGUNO, SEA POR RESPONSABILIDAD EXTRACONTRACTUAL, PRECONTRACTUAL O CONTRACTUAL, OBJETIVA O SUBJETIVA, SE TRATE DE DAÑOS MORALES O PATRIMONIALES, DIRECTOS O INDIRECTOS, PREVISTOS O IMPREVISTOS PRODUCIDOS POR EL USO DE ESTA LICENCIA O DE LA OBRA, AUN CUANDO EL LICENCIANTE HAYA SIDO ADVERTIDO DE LA POSIBILIDAD DE DICHOS DAÑOS. ALGUNAS LEYES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE CIERTA RESPONSABILIDAD, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.
7. Término.
a.	Esta Licencia y los derechos otorgados en virtud de ella terminarán automáticamente si Usted infringe alguna condición establecida en ella. Sin embargo, los individuos o entidades que han recibido Obras Derivadas o Colectivas de Usted de conformidad con esta Licencia, no verán terminadas sus licencias, siempre que estos individuos o entidades sigan cumpliendo íntegramente las condiciones de estas licencias. Las Secciones 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, y 8 subsistirán a cualquier terminación de esta Licencia.
b.	Sujeta a las condiciones y términos anteriores, la licencia otorgada aquí es perpetua (durante el período de vigencia de los derechos de autor de la obra). No obstante lo anterior, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho a publicar y/o estrenar la Obra bajo condiciones de licencia diferentes o a dejar de distribuirla en los términos de esta Licencia en cualquier momento; en el entendido, sin embargo, que esa elección no servirá para revocar esta licencia o que deba ser otorgada , bajo los términos de esta licencia), y esta licencia continuará en pleno vigor y efecto a menos que sea terminada como se expresa atrás. La Licencia revocada continuará siendo plenamente vigente y efectiva si no se le da término en las condiciones indicadas anteriormente.
8. Varios.
a.	Cada vez que Usted distribuya o ponga a disposición pública la Obra o una Obra Colectiva, el Licenciante ofrecerá al destinatario una licencia en los mismos términos y condiciones que la licencia otorgada a Usted bajo esta Licencia.
b.	Si alguna disposición de esta Licencia resulta invalidada o no exigible, según la legislación vigente, esto no afectará ni la validez ni la aplicabilidad del resto de condiciones de esta Licencia y, sin acción adicional por parte de los sujetos de este acuerdo, aquélla se entenderá reformada lo mínimo necesario para hacer que dicha disposición sea válida y exigible.
c.	Ningún término o disposición de esta Licencia se estimará renunciada y ninguna violación de ella será consentida a menos que esa renuncia o consentimiento sea otorgado por escrito y firmado por la parte que renuncie o consienta.
d.	Esta Licencia refleja el acuerdo pleno entre las partes respecto a la Obra aquí licenciada. No hay arreglos, acuerdos o declaraciones respecto a la Obra que no estén especificados en este documento. El Licenciante no se verá limitado por ninguna disposición adicional que pueda surgir en alguna comunicación emanada de Usted. Esta Licencia no puede ser modificada sin el consentimiento mutuo por escrito del Licenciante y Usted.

 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