Landslide Susceptibility Analysis on the Vicinity of Bogotá-Villavicencio Road (Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes)

first_pagesettingsOrder Article Reprints Open AccessArticle Landslide Susceptibility Analysis on the Vicinity of Bogotá-Villavicencio Road (Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes) by María Camila Herrera-Coy 1ORCID,Laura Paola Calderón 2,Iván Leonardo Herrera-Pérez 1,3,Paul Esteban Bravo-López 1,...

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Autores:
Herrera Coy, María Camila
Calderon-Cucunuba, Laura Paola
Herrera-Pérez, Iván Leonardo
Bravo-López, Paul Esteban
Conoscenti, Christian
Delgado-García, Jorge
Sánchez-Gómez, Mario
Fernández del Castillo, Tomás
Tipo de recurso:
Article of investigation
Fecha de publicación:
2023
Institución:
Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales U.D.C.A
Repositorio:
Repositorio Institucional UDCA
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repository.udca.edu.co:11158/5447
Acceso en línea:
https://repository.udca.edu.co/handle/11158/5447
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs151538
Palabra clave:
Susceptibilidad a deslizamientos
Deslizamiento de tierras
Carreteras
Rights
openAccess
License
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/legalcode.es
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repository_id_str
dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv Landslide Susceptibility Analysis on the Vicinity of Bogotá-Villavicencio Road (Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes)
title Landslide Susceptibility Analysis on the Vicinity of Bogotá-Villavicencio Road (Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes)
spellingShingle Landslide Susceptibility Analysis on the Vicinity of Bogotá-Villavicencio Road (Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes)
Susceptibilidad a deslizamientos
Deslizamiento de tierras
Carreteras
title_short Landslide Susceptibility Analysis on the Vicinity of Bogotá-Villavicencio Road (Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes)
title_full Landslide Susceptibility Analysis on the Vicinity of Bogotá-Villavicencio Road (Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes)
title_fullStr Landslide Susceptibility Analysis on the Vicinity of Bogotá-Villavicencio Road (Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes)
title_full_unstemmed Landslide Susceptibility Analysis on the Vicinity of Bogotá-Villavicencio Road (Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes)
title_sort Landslide Susceptibility Analysis on the Vicinity of Bogotá-Villavicencio Road (Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes)
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Herrera Coy, María Camila
Calderon-Cucunuba, Laura Paola
Herrera-Pérez, Iván Leonardo
Bravo-López, Paul Esteban
Conoscenti, Christian
Delgado-García, Jorge
Sánchez-Gómez, Mario
Fernández del Castillo, Tomás
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Herrera Coy, María Camila
Calderon-Cucunuba, Laura Paola
Herrera-Pérez, Iván Leonardo
Bravo-López, Paul Esteban
Conoscenti, Christian
Delgado-García, Jorge
Sánchez-Gómez, Mario
Fernández del Castillo, Tomás
dc.subject.lemb.none.fl_str_mv Susceptibilidad a deslizamientos
topic Susceptibilidad a deslizamientos
Deslizamiento de tierras
Carreteras
dc.subject.agrovoc.none.fl_str_mv Deslizamiento de tierras
Carreteras
description first_pagesettingsOrder Article Reprints Open AccessArticle Landslide Susceptibility Analysis on the Vicinity of Bogotá-Villavicencio Road (Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes) by María Camila Herrera-Coy 1ORCID,Laura Paola Calderón 2,Iván Leonardo Herrera-Pérez 1,3,Paul Esteban Bravo-López 1,4ORCID,Christian Conoscenti 2ORCID,Jorge Delgado 1ORCID,Mario Sánchez-Gómez 5,6ORCID andTomás Fernández 1,6,*ORCID 1 Department of Cartographic, Geodetic and Photogrammetric Engineering, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain 2 Department of Earth and Marine Sciences (DiSTeM), University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy 3 Department of Geographic and Environmental Engineering, University of Applied and Environmental Sciences (U.D.C.A.), Bogotá 111166, Colombia 4 Institute for Studies of Sectional Regime of Ecuador (IERSE), University of Azuay, Cuenca 010107, Ecuador 5 Department of Geology, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain 6 Natural Hazards Lab of the Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences, Energy and Environment (CEACTEMA), University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Remote Sens. 2023, 15(15), 3870; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15153870 Received: 11 June 2023 / Revised: 24 July 2023 / Accepted: 31 July 2023 / Published: 4 August 2023 (This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing Techniques for Landslides Studies and Their Hazards Assessment) Download Browse Figures Versions Notes Abstract Landslide occurrence in Colombia is very frequent due to its geographical location in the Andean mountain range, with a very pronounced orography, a significant geological complexity and an outstanding climatic variability. More specifically, the study area around the Bogotá-Villavicencio road in the central sector of the Eastern Cordillera is one of the regions with the highest concentration of phenomena, which makes its study a priority. An inventory and detailed analysis of 2506 landslides has been carried out, in which five basic typologies have been differentiated: avalanches, debris flows, slides, earth flows and creeping areas. Debris avalanches and debris flows occur mainly in metamorphic materials (phyllites, schists and quartz-sandstones), areas with sparse vegetation, steep slopes and lower sections of hillslopes; meanwhile, slides, earth flows and creep occur in Cretaceous lutites, crop/grass lands, medium and low slopes and lower-middle sections of the hillslopes. Based on this analysis, landslide susceptibility models have been made for the different typologies and with different methods (matrix, discriminant analysis, random forest and neural networks) and input factors. The results are generally quite good, with average AUC-ROC values above 0.7–0.8, and the machine learning methods are the most appropriate, especially random forest, with a selected number of factors (between 6 and 8). The degree of fit (DF) usually shows relative errors lower than 5% and success higher than 90%. Finally, an integrated landslide susceptibility map (LSM) has been made for shallower and deeper types of movements. All the LSM show a clear zonation as a consequence of the geological control of the susceptibility.
publishDate 2023
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2023-09-25T20:24:13Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2023-09-25T20:24:13Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2023
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.identifier.citation.spa.fl_str_mv Herrera-Coy, María Camila, Laura Paola Calderón, Iván Leonardo Herrera-Pérez, Paul Esteban Bravo-López, Christian Conoscenti, Jorge Delgado, Mario Sánchez-Gómez, and Tomás Fernández. 2023. "Landslide Susceptibility Analysis on the Vicinity of Bogotá-Villavicencio Road (Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes)" Remote Sensing 15, no. 15: 3870. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs151538
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identifier_str_mv Herrera-Coy, María Camila, Laura Paola Calderón, Iván Leonardo Herrera-Pérez, Paul Esteban Bravo-López, Christian Conoscenti, Jorge Delgado, Mario Sánchez-Gómez, and Tomás Fernández. 2023. "Landslide Susceptibility Analysis on the Vicinity of Bogotá-Villavicencio Road (Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes)" Remote Sensing 15, no. 15: 3870. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs151538
20724292
url https://repository.udca.edu.co/handle/11158/5447
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs151538
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dc.relation.citationedition.spa.fl_str_mv (Ago., 2023) Artículo número 3870
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spelling Herrera Coy, María CamilaCalderon-Cucunuba, Laura PaolaHerrera-Pérez, Iván LeonardoBravo-López, Paul EstebanConoscenti, ChristianDelgado-García, JorgeSánchez-Gómez, MarioFernández del Castillo, Tomás2023-09-25T20:24:13Z2023-09-25T20:24:13Z2023Herrera-Coy, María Camila, Laura Paola Calderón, Iván Leonardo Herrera-Pérez, Paul Esteban Bravo-López, Christian Conoscenti, Jorge Delgado, Mario Sánchez-Gómez, and Tomás Fernández. 2023. "Landslide Susceptibility Analysis on the Vicinity of Bogotá-Villavicencio Road (Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes)" Remote Sensing 15, no. 15: 3870. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs151538https://repository.udca.edu.co/handle/11158/5447https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15153820724292first_pagesettingsOrder Article Reprints Open AccessArticle Landslide Susceptibility Analysis on the Vicinity of Bogotá-Villavicencio Road (Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes) by María Camila Herrera-Coy 1ORCID,Laura Paola Calderón 2,Iván Leonardo Herrera-Pérez 1,3,Paul Esteban Bravo-López 1,4ORCID,Christian Conoscenti 2ORCID,Jorge Delgado 1ORCID,Mario Sánchez-Gómez 5,6ORCID andTomás Fernández 1,6,*ORCID 1 Department of Cartographic, Geodetic and Photogrammetric Engineering, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain 2 Department of Earth and Marine Sciences (DiSTeM), University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy 3 Department of Geographic and Environmental Engineering, University of Applied and Environmental Sciences (U.D.C.A.), Bogotá 111166, Colombia 4 Institute for Studies of Sectional Regime of Ecuador (IERSE), University of Azuay, Cuenca 010107, Ecuador 5 Department of Geology, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain 6 Natural Hazards Lab of the Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences, Energy and Environment (CEACTEMA), University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Remote Sens. 2023, 15(15), 3870; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15153870 Received: 11 June 2023 / Revised: 24 July 2023 / Accepted: 31 July 2023 / Published: 4 August 2023 (This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing Techniques for Landslides Studies and Their Hazards Assessment) Download Browse Figures Versions Notes Abstract Landslide occurrence in Colombia is very frequent due to its geographical location in the Andean mountain range, with a very pronounced orography, a significant geological complexity and an outstanding climatic variability. More specifically, the study area around the Bogotá-Villavicencio road in the central sector of the Eastern Cordillera is one of the regions with the highest concentration of phenomena, which makes its study a priority. An inventory and detailed analysis of 2506 landslides has been carried out, in which five basic typologies have been differentiated: avalanches, debris flows, slides, earth flows and creeping areas. Debris avalanches and debris flows occur mainly in metamorphic materials (phyllites, schists and quartz-sandstones), areas with sparse vegetation, steep slopes and lower sections of hillslopes; meanwhile, slides, earth flows and creep occur in Cretaceous lutites, crop/grass lands, medium and low slopes and lower-middle sections of the hillslopes. Based on this analysis, landslide susceptibility models have been made for the different typologies and with different methods (matrix, discriminant analysis, random forest and neural networks) and input factors. The results are generally quite good, with average AUC-ROC values above 0.7–0.8, and the machine learning methods are the most appropriate, especially random forest, with a selected number of factors (between 6 and 8). The degree of fit (DF) usually shows relative errors lower than 5% and success higher than 90%. Finally, an integrated landslide susceptibility map (LSM) has been made for shallower and deeper types of movements. All the LSM show a clear zonation as a consequence of the geological control of the susceptibility.Incluye referencias bibliográficasapplication/pdfenghttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/legalcode.eshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAtribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/15/3870Landslide Susceptibility Analysis on the Vicinity of Bogotá-Villavicencio Road (Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes)Artículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionTexthttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARThttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Susceptibilidad a deslizamientosDeslizamiento de tierrasCarreterasVillavicencio, Meta, Colombia(Ago., 2023) Artículo número 38703815115Remote sensingPublicationORIGINALremotesensing-15-03870 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en las Obras Colectivas;
b.	Distribuir copias o fonogramas de las Obras, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública, incluyéndolas como incorporadas en Obras Colectivas, según corresponda;
c.	Distribuir copias de las Obras Derivadas que se generen, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública.
Los derechos mencionados anteriormente pueden ser ejercidos en todos los medios y formatos, actualmente conocidos o que se inventen en el futuro. Los derechos antes mencionados incluyen el derecho a realizar dichas modificaciones en la medida que sean técnicamente necesarias para ejercer los derechos en otro medio o formatos, pero de otra manera usted no está autorizado para realizar obras derivadas.Todos los derechos no otorgados expresamente por el Licenciante quedan por este medio reservados, incluyendo pero sin limitarse a aquellos que se mencionan en las secciones 4(d) y 4(e).
4. Restricciones.
La licencia otorgada en la anterior Sección 3 está expresamente sujeta y limitada por las siguientes restricciones:
a.	Usted puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra sólo bajo las condiciones de esta Licencia, y Usted debe incluir una copia de esta licencia o del Identificador Universal de Recursos de la misma con cada copia de la Obra que distribuya, exhiba públicamente, ejecute públicamente o ponga a disposición pública. No es posible ofrecer o imponer ninguna condición sobre la Obra que altere o limite las condiciones de esta Licencia o el ejercicio de los derechos de los destinatarios otorgados en este documento. No es posible sublicenciar la Obra. Usted debe mantener intactos todos los avisos que hagan referencia a esta Licencia y a la cláusula de limitación de garantías. Usted no puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra con alguna medida tecnológica que controle el acceso o la utilización de ella de una forma que sea inconsistente con las condiciones de esta Licencia. Lo anterior se aplica a la Obra incorporada a una Obra Colectiva, pero esto no exige que la Obra Colectiva aparte de la obra misma quede sujeta a las condiciones de esta Licencia. Si Usted crea una Obra Colectiva, previo aviso de cualquier Licenciante debe, en la medida de lo posible, eliminar de la Obra Colectiva cualquier referencia a dicho Licenciante o al Autor Original, según lo solicitado por el Licenciante y conforme lo exige la cláusula 4(c).
b.	Usted no puede ejercer ninguno de los derechos que le han sido otorgados en la Sección 3 precedente de modo que estén principalmente destinados o directamente dirigidos a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada. El intercambio de la Obra por otras obras protegidas por derechos de autor, ya sea a través de un sistema para compartir archivos digitales (digital file-sharing) o de cualquier otra manera no será considerado como estar destinado principalmente o dirigido directamente a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada, siempre que no se realice un pago mediante una compensación monetaria en relación con el intercambio de obras protegidas por el derecho de autor.
c.	Si usted distribuye, exhibe públicamente, ejecuta públicamente o ejecuta públicamente en forma digital la Obra o cualquier Obra Derivada u Obra Colectiva, Usted debe mantener intacta toda la información de derecho de autor de la Obra y proporcionar, de forma razonable según el medio o manera que Usted esté utilizando: (i) el nombre del Autor Original si está provisto (o seudónimo, si fuere aplicable), y/o (ii) el nombre de la parte o las partes que el Autor Original y/o el Licenciante hubieren designado para la atribución (v.g., un instituto patrocinador, editorial, publicación) en la información de los derechos de autor del Licenciante, términos de servicios o de otras formas razonables; el título de la Obra si está provisto; en la medida de lo razonablemente factible y, si está provisto, el Identificador Uniforme de Recursos (Uniform Resource Identifier) que el Licenciante especifica para ser asociado con la Obra, salvo que tal URI no se refiera a la nota sobre los derechos de autor o a la información sobre el licenciamiento de la Obra; y en el caso de una Obra Derivada, atribuir el crédito identificando el uso de la Obra en la Obra Derivada (v.g., "Traducción Francesa de la Obra del Autor Original," o "Guión Cinematográfico basado en la Obra original del Autor Original"). Tal crédito puede ser implementado de cualquier forma razonable; en el caso, sin embargo, de Obras Derivadas u Obras Colectivas, tal crédito aparecerá, como mínimo, donde aparece el crédito de cualquier otro autor comparable y de una manera, al menos, tan destacada como el crédito de otro autor comparable.
d.	Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra es una composición musical:
i.	Regalías por interpretación y ejecución bajo licencias generales. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública o la ejecución pública digital de la obra y de recolectar, sea individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), las regalías por la ejecución pública o por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo Webcast) licenciada bajo licencias generales, si la interpretación o ejecución de la obra está primordialmente orientada por o dirigida a la obtención de una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.
ii.	Regalías por Fonogramas. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), una agencia de derechos musicales o algún agente designado, las regalías por cualquier fonograma que Usted cree a partir de la obra (“versión cover”) y distribuya, en los términos del régimen de derechos de autor, si la creación o distribución de esa versión cover está primordialmente destinada o dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.
e.	Gestión de Derechos de Autor sobre Interpretaciones y Ejecuciones Digitales (WebCasting). Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra sea un fonograma, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast) y de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, Acinpro), las regalías por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast), sujeta a las disposiciones aplicables del régimen de Derecho de Autor, si esta ejecución pública digital está primordialmente dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.
5. Representaciones, Garantías y Limitaciones de Responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LAS PARTES LO ACORDARAN DE OTRA FORMA POR ESCRITO, EL LICENCIANTE OFRECE LA OBRA (EN EL ESTADO EN EL QUE SE ENCUENTRA) “TAL CUAL”, SIN BRINDAR GARANTÍAS DE CLASE ALGUNA RESPECTO DE LA OBRA, YA SEA EXPRESA, IMPLÍCITA, LEGAL O CUALQUIERA OTRA, INCLUYENDO, SIN LIMITARSE A ELLAS, GARANTÍAS DE TITULARIDAD, COMERCIABILIDAD, ADAPTABILIDAD O ADECUACIÓN A PROPÓSITO DETERMINADO, AUSENCIA DE INFRACCIÓN, DE AUSENCIA DE DEFECTOS LATENTES O DE OTRO TIPO, O LA PRESENCIA O AUSENCIA DE ERRORES, SEAN O NO DESCUBRIBLES (PUEDAN O NO SER ESTOS DESCUBIERTOS). ALGUNAS JURISDICCIONES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE GARANTÍAS IMPLÍCITAS, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.
6. Limitación de responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LO EXIJA EXPRESAMENTE LA LEY APLICABLE, EL LICENCIANTE NO SERÁ RESPONSABLE ANTE USTED POR DAÑO ALGUNO, SEA POR RESPONSABILIDAD EXTRACONTRACTUAL, PRECONTRACTUAL O CONTRACTUAL, OBJETIVA O SUBJETIVA, SE TRATE DE DAÑOS MORALES O PATRIMONIALES, DIRECTOS O INDIRECTOS, PREVISTOS O IMPREVISTOS PRODUCIDOS POR EL USO DE ESTA LICENCIA O DE LA OBRA, AUN CUANDO EL LICENCIANTE HAYA SIDO ADVERTIDO DE LA POSIBILIDAD DE DICHOS DAÑOS. ALGUNAS LEYES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE CIERTA RESPONSABILIDAD, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.
7. Término.
a.	Esta Licencia y los derechos otorgados en virtud de ella terminarán automáticamente si Usted infringe alguna condición establecida en ella. Sin embargo, los individuos o entidades que han recibido Obras Derivadas o Colectivas de Usted de conformidad con esta Licencia, no verán terminadas sus licencias, siempre que estos individuos o entidades sigan cumpliendo íntegramente las condiciones de estas licencias. Las Secciones 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, y 8 subsistirán a cualquier terminación de esta Licencia.
b.	Sujeta a las condiciones y términos anteriores, la licencia otorgada aquí es perpetua (durante el período de vigencia de los derechos de autor de la obra). No obstante lo anterior, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho a publicar y/o estrenar la Obra bajo condiciones de licencia diferentes o a dejar de distribuirla en los términos de esta Licencia en cualquier momento; en el entendido, sin embargo, que esa elección no servirá para revocar esta licencia o que deba ser otorgada , bajo los términos de esta licencia), y esta licencia continuará en pleno vigor y efecto a menos que sea terminada como se expresa atrás. La Licencia revocada continuará siendo plenamente vigente y efectiva si no se le da término en las condiciones indicadas anteriormente.
8. Varios.
a.	Cada vez que Usted distribuya o ponga a disposición pública la Obra o una Obra Colectiva, el Licenciante ofrecerá al destinatario una licencia en los mismos términos y condiciones que la licencia otorgada a Usted bajo esta Licencia.
b.	Si alguna disposición de esta Licencia resulta invalidada o no exigible, según la legislación vigente, esto no afectará ni la validez ni la aplicabilidad del resto de condiciones de esta Licencia y, sin acción adicional por parte de los sujetos de este acuerdo, aquélla se entenderá reformada lo mínimo necesario para hacer que dicha disposición sea válida y exigible.
c.	Ningún término o disposición de esta Licencia se estimará renunciada y ninguna violación de ella será consentida a menos que esa renuncia o consentimiento sea otorgado por escrito y firmado por la parte que renuncie o consienta.
d.	Esta Licencia refleja el acuerdo pleno entre las partes respecto a la Obra aquí licenciada. No hay arreglos, acuerdos o declaraciones respecto a la Obra que no estén especificados en este documento. El Licenciante no se verá limitado por ninguna disposición adicional que pueda surgir en alguna comunicación emanada de Usted. Esta Licencia no puede ser modificada sin el consentimiento mutuo por escrito del Licenciante y Usted.

