Evaluation of meridic diets suitable for efficient rearing of Heliothis virescens (f.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Heliothis virescens, which attacks the cotton reproductive structures, is considered one of the main pest of this crop in the Americas. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate, monitor and develop new control techniques, under laboratory conditions. Artificial diets can facilitate these tasks, beside...

Full description

Autores:
Zenner de Polanía, Ingeborg
Arévalo Maldonado, Helber Adrian
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2010
Institución:
Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales U.D.C.A
Repositorio:
Repositorio Institucional UDCA
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repository.udca.edu.co:11158/2346
Acceso en línea:
https://revistas.udca.edu.co/index.php/ruadc/article/view/744
Palabra clave:
Tobacco budworm
Rearing techniques
Survival
Generations
Heliothis virescens
Ciclo vital
Rights
openAccess
License
Derechos Reservados - Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales
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dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv Evaluation of meridic diets suitable for efficient rearing of Heliothis virescens (f.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
dc.title.alternative.spa.fl_str_mv Evaluación de dietas merídicas que permiten una cría eficiente de Heliothis virescens (f.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
title Evaluation of meridic diets suitable for efficient rearing of Heliothis virescens (f.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
spellingShingle Evaluation of meridic diets suitable for efficient rearing of Heliothis virescens (f.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Tobacco budworm
Rearing techniques
Survival
Generations
Heliothis virescens
Ciclo vital
title_short Evaluation of meridic diets suitable for efficient rearing of Heliothis virescens (f.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
title_full Evaluation of meridic diets suitable for efficient rearing of Heliothis virescens (f.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
title_fullStr Evaluation of meridic diets suitable for efficient rearing of Heliothis virescens (f.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
title_full_unstemmed Evaluation of meridic diets suitable for efficient rearing of Heliothis virescens (f.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
title_sort Evaluation of meridic diets suitable for efficient rearing of Heliothis virescens (f.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Zenner de Polanía, Ingeborg
Arévalo Maldonado, Helber Adrian
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv Zenner de Polanía, Ingeborg
Arévalo Maldonado, Helber Adrian
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv Tobacco budworm
Rearing techniques
Survival
Generations
topic Tobacco budworm
Rearing techniques
Survival
Generations
Heliothis virescens
Ciclo vital
dc.subject.agrovoc.spa.fl_str_mv Heliothis virescens
Ciclo vital
description Heliothis virescens, which attacks the cotton reproductive structures, is considered one of the main pest of this crop in the Americas. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate, monitor and develop new control techniques, under laboratory conditions. Artificial diets can facilitate these tasks, besides being of low cost and independent of the host plant. In this research three merídic diets, ICRISAT diet 3, modified Greene and modified Shorey & Hale, as well as a natural one, green beans, were evaluated through three consecutive insect’s generations. The H. virescens population evaluated originated form larvae collected in Desmodium sp. at El Espinal, Department of Tolima in Colombia. All diets allowed the rearing of the larval stages showing differences in the developmental time, as well as in the life cycle, the survival, and the larval and the pupal weight. The most promising diet was ICRISAT diet 3, producing a shorter larval developmental time, a lower number of instar stages, highest larval and pupal weights and a near 70% survival up to the adult stage. However, the initial positive characteristics diminished through subsequent insect generations, so it is recommended to improve this diet or to evaluate others which can be used through more continuous generations.
publishDate 2010
dc.date.issued.spa.fl_str_mv 2010-07
dc.date.accessioned.spa.fl_str_mv 2019-10-24T20:01:35Z
dc.date.available.spa.fl_str_mv 2019-10-24T20:01:35Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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url https://revistas.udca.edu.co/index.php/ruadc/article/view/744
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.ispartofseries.spa.fl_str_mv Revista UDCA : Actualidad & Divulgación Científica (Bogotá). -- Vol. 13, No. 2 (Jul.-Dic., 2010). -- páginas 163-173
dc.relation.indexed.spa.fl_str_mv Agricultura
dc.rights.spa.fl_str_mv Derechos Reservados - Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales
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dc.rights.creativecommons.spa.fl_str_mv Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)
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Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)
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dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv Bogotá : Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales, 2010
institution Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales U.D.C.A
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spelling Zenner de Polanía, IngeborgArévalo Maldonado, Helber Adrian2019-10-24T20:01:35Z2019-10-24T20:01:35Z2010-070123-4226https://revistas.udca.edu.co/index.php/ruadc/article/view/744305288Heliothis virescens, which attacks the cotton reproductive structures, is considered one of the main pest of this crop in the Americas. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate, monitor and develop new control techniques, under laboratory conditions. Artificial diets can facilitate these tasks, besides being of low cost and independent of the host plant. In this research three merídic diets, ICRISAT diet 3, modified Greene and modified Shorey & Hale, as well as a natural one, green beans, were evaluated through three consecutive insect’s generations. The H. virescens population evaluated originated form larvae collected in Desmodium sp. at El Espinal, Department of Tolima in Colombia. All diets allowed the rearing of the larval stages showing differences in the developmental time, as well as in the life cycle, the survival, and the larval and the pupal weight. The most promising diet was ICRISAT diet 3, producing a shorter larval developmental time, a lower number of instar stages, highest larval and pupal weights and a near 70% survival up to the adult stage. However, the initial positive characteristics diminished through subsequent insect generations, so it is recommended to improve this diet or to evaluate others which can be used through more continuous generations.Heliothis virescens ataca los órganos reproductivos del algodonero y es, por lo tanto, considerado una de las principales plagas de este cultivo en América. Esto hace necesario la evaluación, el monitoreo y el desarrollo de nuevas técnicas de manejo en condiciones de laboratorio. Las dietas artificiales facilitan esta tarea, además son de bajo costo, y no dependen de la planta huésped. Esta investigación evaluó el efecto de tres dietas merídicas, ICRISAT diet 3, Greene modificada y aquella propuesta por Shorey & Hale, modificada y granos de frijol verde como alimento natural, en el desarrollo de H. virescens durante tres generaciones. La población de H. virescens se originó de larvas colectadas sobre pega-pega Desmodium sp., en El Espinal, Tolima (Colombia). Todas las dietas permitieron criar el estado larval, presentándose diferencias en la duración del ciclo biológico, en la supervivencia y en el peso de larvas y pupas. La dieta que mostró los mejores resultados fue la ICRISAT diet 3, por producir larvas con la menor duración, un menor número de instares, lo mayores pesos de larva y pupa y una supervivencia cercana al 70%. Sin embargo, estas características positivas iniciales, se disminuyeron a través de las generaciones, así que se recomienda mejorar la dieta o evaluar otras que permiten su uso positivo durante varias generaciones.Incluye referencias bibliográficasapplication/pdfengBogotá : Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales, 2010Revista UDCA : Actualidad & Divulgación Científica (Bogotá). -- Vol. 13, No. 2 (Jul.-Dic., 2010). -- páginas 163-173AgriculturaDerechos Reservados - Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientaleshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAtribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Evaluation of meridic diets suitable for efficient rearing of Heliothis virescens (f.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)Evaluación de dietas merídicas que permiten una cría eficiente de Heliothis virescens (f.) 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en las Obras Colectivas;
b.	Distribuir copias o fonogramas de las Obras, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública, incluyéndolas como incorporadas en Obras Colectivas, según corresponda;
c.	Distribuir copias de las Obras Derivadas que se generen, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública.
Los derechos mencionados anteriormente pueden ser ejercidos en todos los medios y formatos, actualmente conocidos o que se inventen en el futuro. Los derechos antes mencionados incluyen el derecho a realizar dichas modificaciones en la medida que sean técnicamente necesarias para ejercer los derechos en otro medio o formatos, pero de otra manera usted no está autorizado para realizar obras derivadas.Todos los derechos no otorgados expresamente por el Licenciante quedan por este medio reservados, incluyendo pero sin limitarse a aquellos que se mencionan en las secciones 4(d) y 4(e).
4. Restricciones.
La licencia otorgada en la anterior Sección 3 está expresamente sujeta y limitada por las siguientes restricciones:
a.	Usted puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra sólo bajo las condiciones de esta Licencia, y Usted debe incluir una copia de esta licencia o del Identificador Universal de Recursos de la misma con cada copia de la Obra que distribuya, exhiba públicamente, ejecute públicamente o ponga a disposición pública. No es posible ofrecer o imponer ninguna condición sobre la Obra que altere o limite las condiciones de esta Licencia o el ejercicio de los derechos de los destinatarios otorgados en este documento. No es posible sublicenciar la Obra. Usted debe mantener intactos todos los avisos que hagan referencia a esta Licencia y a la cláusula de limitación de garantías. Usted no puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra con alguna medida tecnológica que controle el acceso o la utilización de ella de una forma que sea inconsistente con las condiciones de esta Licencia. Lo anterior se aplica a la Obra incorporada a una Obra Colectiva, pero esto no exige que la Obra Colectiva aparte de la obra misma quede sujeta a las condiciones de esta Licencia. Si Usted crea una Obra Colectiva, previo aviso de cualquier Licenciante debe, en la medida de lo posible, eliminar de la Obra Colectiva cualquier referencia a dicho Licenciante o al Autor Original, según lo solicitado por el Licenciante y conforme lo exige la cláusula 4(c).
b.	Usted no puede ejercer ninguno de los derechos que le han sido otorgados en la Sección 3 precedente de modo que estén principalmente destinados o directamente dirigidos a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada. El intercambio de la Obra por otras obras protegidas por derechos de autor, ya sea a través de un sistema para compartir archivos digitales (digital file-sharing) o de cualquier otra manera no será considerado como estar destinado principalmente o dirigido directamente a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada, siempre que no se realice un pago mediante una compensación monetaria en relación con el intercambio de obras protegidas por el derecho de autor.
c.	Si usted distribuye, exhibe públicamente, ejecuta públicamente o ejecuta públicamente en forma digital la Obra o cualquier Obra Derivada u Obra Colectiva, Usted debe mantener intacta toda la información de derecho de autor de la Obra y proporcionar, de forma razonable según el medio o manera que Usted esté utilizando: (i) el nombre del Autor Original si está provisto (o seudónimo, si fuere aplicable), y/o (ii) el nombre de la parte o las partes que el Autor Original y/o el Licenciante hubieren designado para la atribución (v.g., un instituto patrocinador, editorial, publicación) en la información de los derechos de autor del Licenciante, términos de servicios o de otras formas razonables; el título de la Obra si está provisto; en la medida de lo razonablemente factible y, si está provisto, el Identificador Uniforme de Recursos (Uniform Resource Identifier) que el Licenciante especifica para ser asociado con la Obra, salvo que tal URI no se refiera a la nota sobre los derechos de autor o a la información sobre el licenciamiento de la Obra; y en el caso de una Obra Derivada, atribuir el crédito identificando el uso de la Obra en la Obra Derivada (v.g., "Traducción Francesa de la Obra del Autor Original," o "Guión Cinematográfico basado en la Obra original del Autor Original"). Tal crédito puede ser implementado de cualquier forma razonable; en el caso, sin embargo, de Obras Derivadas u Obras Colectivas, tal crédito aparecerá, como mínimo, donde aparece el crédito de cualquier otro autor comparable y de una manera, al menos, tan destacada como el crédito de otro autor comparable.
d.	Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra es una composición musical:
i.	Regalías por interpretación y ejecución bajo licencias generales. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública o la ejecución pública digital de la obra y de recolectar, sea individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), las regalías por la ejecución pública o por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo Webcast) licenciada bajo licencias generales, si la interpretación o ejecución de la obra está primordialmente orientada por o dirigida a la obtención de una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.
ii.	Regalías por Fonogramas. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), una agencia de derechos musicales o algún agente designado, las regalías por cualquier fonograma que Usted cree a partir de la obra (“versión cover”) y distribuya, en los términos del régimen de derechos de autor, si la creación o distribución de esa versión cover está primordialmente destinada o dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.
e.	Gestión de Derechos de Autor sobre Interpretaciones y Ejecuciones Digitales (WebCasting). Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra sea un fonograma, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast) y de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, Acinpro), las regalías por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast), sujeta a las disposiciones aplicables del régimen de Derecho de Autor, si esta ejecución pública digital está primordialmente dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.
5. Representaciones, Garantías y Limitaciones de Responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LAS PARTES LO ACORDARAN DE OTRA FORMA POR ESCRITO, EL LICENCIANTE OFRECE LA OBRA (EN EL ESTADO EN EL QUE SE ENCUENTRA) “TAL CUAL”, SIN BRINDAR GARANTÍAS DE CLASE ALGUNA RESPECTO DE LA OBRA, YA SEA EXPRESA, IMPLÍCITA, LEGAL O CUALQUIERA OTRA, INCLUYENDO, SIN LIMITARSE A ELLAS, GARANTÍAS DE TITULARIDAD, COMERCIABILIDAD, ADAPTABILIDAD O ADECUACIÓN A PROPÓSITO DETERMINADO, AUSENCIA DE INFRACCIÓN, DE AUSENCIA DE DEFECTOS LATENTES O DE OTRO TIPO, O LA PRESENCIA O AUSENCIA DE ERRORES, SEAN O NO DESCUBRIBLES (PUEDAN O NO SER ESTOS DESCUBIERTOS). ALGUNAS JURISDICCIONES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE GARANTÍAS IMPLÍCITAS, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.
6. Limitación de responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LO EXIJA EXPRESAMENTE LA LEY APLICABLE, EL LICENCIANTE NO SERÁ RESPONSABLE ANTE USTED POR DAÑO ALGUNO, SEA POR RESPONSABILIDAD EXTRACONTRACTUAL, PRECONTRACTUAL O CONTRACTUAL, OBJETIVA O SUBJETIVA, SE TRATE DE DAÑOS MORALES O PATRIMONIALES, DIRECTOS O INDIRECTOS, PREVISTOS O IMPREVISTOS PRODUCIDOS POR EL USO DE ESTA LICENCIA O DE LA OBRA, AUN CUANDO EL LICENCIANTE HAYA SIDO ADVERTIDO DE LA POSIBILIDAD DE DICHOS DAÑOS. ALGUNAS LEYES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE CIERTA RESPONSABILIDAD, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.
7. Término.
a.	Esta Licencia y los derechos otorgados en virtud de ella terminarán automáticamente si Usted infringe alguna condición establecida en ella. Sin embargo, los individuos o entidades que han recibido Obras Derivadas o Colectivas de Usted de conformidad con esta Licencia, no verán terminadas sus licencias, siempre que estos individuos o entidades sigan cumpliendo íntegramente las condiciones de estas licencias. Las Secciones 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, y 8 subsistirán a cualquier terminación de esta Licencia.
b.	Sujeta a las condiciones y términos anteriores, la licencia otorgada aquí es perpetua (durante el período de vigencia de los derechos de autor de la obra). No obstante lo anterior, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho a publicar y/o estrenar la Obra bajo condiciones de licencia diferentes o a dejar de distribuirla en los términos de esta Licencia en cualquier momento; en el entendido, sin embargo, que esa elección no servirá para revocar esta licencia o que deba ser otorgada , bajo los términos de esta licencia), y esta licencia continuará en pleno vigor y efecto a menos que sea terminada como se expresa atrás. La Licencia revocada continuará siendo plenamente vigente y efectiva si no se le da término en las condiciones indicadas anteriormente.
8. Varios.
a.	Cada vez que Usted distribuya o ponga a disposición pública la Obra o una Obra Colectiva, el Licenciante ofrecerá al destinatario una licencia en los mismos términos y condiciones que la licencia otorgada a Usted bajo esta Licencia.
b.	Si alguna disposición de esta Licencia resulta invalidada o no exigible, según la legislación vigente, esto no afectará ni la validez ni la aplicabilidad del resto de condiciones de esta Licencia y, sin acción adicional por parte de los sujetos de este acuerdo, aquélla se entenderá reformada lo mínimo necesario para hacer que dicha disposición sea válida y exigible.
c.	Ningún término o disposición de esta Licencia se estimará renunciada y ninguna violación de ella será consentida a menos que esa renuncia o consentimiento sea otorgado por escrito y firmado por la parte que renuncie o consienta.
d.	Esta Licencia refleja el acuerdo pleno entre las partes respecto a la Obra aquí licenciada. No hay arreglos, acuerdos o declaraciones respecto a la Obra que no estén especificados en este documento. El Licenciante no se verá limitado por ninguna disposición adicional que pueda surgir en alguna comunicación emanada de Usted. Esta Licencia no puede ser modificada sin el consentimiento mutuo por escrito del Licenciante y Usted.

