Los suelos del paisaje Alto-Andino de Santa Isabel (Tolima, Colombia) ¿son sumideros de carbono orgánico?

Global climate change is one of the most serious problems of mankind, caused mainly by the increase of CO2and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. It is recognized that net emissions of these gases can be reduced either by reducing their emission or by increasing their removal by depositing in...

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Autores:
Rojas, Andrés Sebastián
Andrade, Hernán J.
Segura M., Milena A.
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2018
Institución:
Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales U.D.C.A
Repositorio:
Repositorio Institucional UDCA
Idioma:
spa
OAI Identifier:
oai:repository.udca.edu.co:11158/1407
Acceso en línea:
https://revistas.udca.edu.co/index.php/ruadc/article/view/662
https://doi.org/10.31910/rudca.v21.n1.2018.662
Palabra clave:
Bosques tropicales
Agroforestería
Bosques tropicales
Cultivos (agricultura)
Densidad del suelo
Agroforestería
Densidad del suelo
Rights
openAccess
License
Derechos Reservados - Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales, 2018
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dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Los suelos del paisaje Alto-Andino de Santa Isabel (Tolima, Colombia) ¿son sumideros de carbono orgánico?
dc.title.alternative.eng.fl_str_mv Soils in high-land landscapes of Santa Isabel (Tolima, Colombia), are they a carbon sink?
title Los suelos del paisaje Alto-Andino de Santa Isabel (Tolima, Colombia) ¿son sumideros de carbono orgánico?
spellingShingle Los suelos del paisaje Alto-Andino de Santa Isabel (Tolima, Colombia) ¿son sumideros de carbono orgánico?
Bosques tropicales
Agroforestería
Bosques tropicales
Cultivos (agricultura)
Densidad del suelo
Agroforestería
Densidad del suelo
title_short Los suelos del paisaje Alto-Andino de Santa Isabel (Tolima, Colombia) ¿son sumideros de carbono orgánico?
title_full Los suelos del paisaje Alto-Andino de Santa Isabel (Tolima, Colombia) ¿son sumideros de carbono orgánico?
title_fullStr Los suelos del paisaje Alto-Andino de Santa Isabel (Tolima, Colombia) ¿son sumideros de carbono orgánico?
title_full_unstemmed Los suelos del paisaje Alto-Andino de Santa Isabel (Tolima, Colombia) ¿son sumideros de carbono orgánico?
title_sort Los suelos del paisaje Alto-Andino de Santa Isabel (Tolima, Colombia) ¿son sumideros de carbono orgánico?
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Rojas, Andrés Sebastián
Andrade, Hernán J.
Segura M., Milena A.
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv Rojas, Andrés Sebastián
Andrade, Hernán J.
Segura M., Milena A.
dc.subject.lemb.spa.fl_str_mv Bosques tropicales
topic Bosques tropicales
Agroforestería
Bosques tropicales
Cultivos (agricultura)
Densidad del suelo
Agroforestería
Densidad del suelo
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv Agroforestería
Bosques tropicales
Cultivos (agricultura)
Densidad del suelo
dc.subject.agrovoc.spa.fl_str_mv Agroforestería
Densidad del suelo
description Global climate change is one of the most serious problems of mankind, caused mainly by the increase of CO2and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. It is recognized that net emissions of these gases can be reduced either by reducing their emission or by increasing their removal by depositing in terrestrial sinks. The soil is the largest carbon (C) sink and mitigates its increase in atmospheric concentration. The rural landscapes in high-land andean zones retain significant amounts of organic soil C (SOC), playing a key role in its global cycle. The objective of this study was to estimate the SOC stocks in the main land uses, and the impacts of land use change in high-land andean landscapes in Santa Isabel, Tolima, Colombia. Three land uses were evaluated: (i) agricultural crops (AC), (ii) silvopastoral systems of pastures with dispersed trees (SPS), and (iii) native forests (NF), estimating bulk density (BD) by cylinder method and the concentration of SOC to a depth of 0-40cm. The BD notably increased by changing from NF to AC and SPS (0.35 to 0.61 and 0.65g/ cm3, respectively). Contrasting, the concentration of SOC was reduced when NF change to agricultural and livestock uses (8.9 to 5.8%). The NF stocked more C than AC and SPS (122.4, 79.6 and 79.8t/ha, respectively), causing a potential emission of 157t CO2/ha in case of deforestation. Opposite processes imply capture of atmospheric carbon. The conservation of NF in high-land Andean zones must be highly considered in national and regional policies.
publishDate 2018
dc.date.issued.spa.fl_str_mv 2018-01
dc.date.accessioned.spa.fl_str_mv 2019-05-13T20:27:54Z
dc.date.available.spa.fl_str_mv 2019-05-13T20:27:54Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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url https://revistas.udca.edu.co/index.php/ruadc/article/view/662
https://doi.org/10.31910/rudca.v21.n1.2018.662
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dc.relation.ispartofseries.spa.fl_str_mv Revista UDCA : Actualidad & Divulgación Científica (Bogotá). -- Vol. 21, No. 1 (Ene.-Jun. 2018). -- páginas 51-59
dc.relation.indexed.spa.fl_str_mv Agricultura
dc.rights.spa.fl_str_mv Derechos Reservados - Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales, 2018
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dc.coverage.spatial.spa.fl_str_mv Tolima (Colombia)
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv Bogotá : Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales, 2018
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spelling Rojas, Andrés SebastiánAndrade, Hernán J.Segura M., Milena A.Tolima (Colombia)2019-05-13T20:27:54Z2019-05-13T20:27:54Z2018-010123-4226https://revistas.udca.edu.co/index.php/ruadc/article/view/662https://doi.org/10.31910/rudca.v21.n1.2018.662307048Global climate change is one of the most serious problems of mankind, caused mainly by the increase of CO2and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. It is recognized that net emissions of these gases can be reduced either by reducing their emission or by increasing their removal by depositing in terrestrial sinks. The soil is the largest carbon (C) sink and mitigates its increase in atmospheric concentration. The rural landscapes in high-land andean zones retain significant amounts of organic soil C (SOC), playing a key role in its global cycle. The objective of this study was to estimate the SOC stocks in the main land uses, and the impacts of land use change in high-land andean landscapes in Santa Isabel, Tolima, Colombia. Three land uses were evaluated: (i) agricultural crops (AC), (ii) silvopastoral systems of pastures with dispersed trees (SPS), and (iii) native forests (NF), estimating bulk density (BD) by cylinder method and the concentration of SOC to a depth of 0-40cm. The BD notably increased by changing from NF to AC and SPS (0.35 to 0.61 and 0.65g/ cm3, respectively). Contrasting, the concentration of SOC was reduced when NF change to agricultural and livestock uses (8.9 to 5.8%). The NF stocked more C than AC and SPS (122.4, 79.6 and 79.8t/ha, respectively), causing a potential emission of 157t CO2/ha in case of deforestation. Opposite processes imply capture of atmospheric carbon. The conservation of NF in high-land Andean zones must be highly considered in national and regional policies.El cambio climático global es uno de los problemas más graves de la humanidad, causado, principalmente, por el aumento de CO2 y otros gases de efecto invernadero en la atmósfera . Se reconoce que las emisiones de estos gases pueden ser reducidas disminuyendo su emisión o aumentando su remoción y depósito, en sumideros terrestres . El suelo es el mayor sumidero de carbono (C) y mitiga su creciente concentración atmosférica . Los paisajes rurales alto-andinos retienen importantes cantidades de C orgánico del suelo (COS), teniendo un papel fundamental en su ciclo global, pero ha sido poco valorado . El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar el COS en los principales usos de la tierra y los impactos del cambio de uso en paisajes alto-andinos en Santa Isabel - Tolima, Colombia . Se evaluaron tres usos del suelo: (i) cultivos agrícolas (CA), (ii) sistemas silvo-pastoriles de pasturas con árboles dispersos (SSP) y (iii) bosques nativos (BN), estimando la densidad aparente, por el método del cilindro y la concentración de COS, a una profundidad de 0-40cm . La densidad aparente, se incrementó notablemente, al cambiar de BN a CA y SSP (0,35 a 0,61 y 0,65g/cm3, respectivamente) . Contrastando, la concentración de COS, se redujo al convertir BN a usos agropecuarios (8,9 a 5,8%) . Los BN almacenaron más C que los CA y SSP (122,4; 79,6 y 79,8t/ha, respectivamente), causando una emisión potencial de 157 t CO2/ha, en caso de deforestación . Procesos contrarios implican captura de C atmosférico . La conservación de BN alto-andinos debe estar altamente considerados en las políticas nacionales y regionales.Incluye referencias bibliográficasapplication/pdfspaBogotá : Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales, 2018Revista UDCA : Actualidad & Divulgación Científica (Bogotá). -- Vol. 21, No. 1 (Ene.-Jun. 2018). -- páginas 51-59AgriculturaDerechos Reservados - Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales, 2018https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAtribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Los suelos del paisaje Alto-Andino de Santa Isabel (Tolima, Colombia) ¿son sumideros de carbono orgánico?Soils in high-land landscapes of Santa Isabel (Tolima, Colombia), are they a carbon sink?Artículo de 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 nombre de la parte o las partes que el Autor Original y/o el Licenciante hubieren designado para la atribución (v.g., un instituto patrocinador, editorial, publicación) en la información de los derechos de autor del Licenciante, términos de servicios o de otras formas razonables; el título de la Obra si está provisto; en la medida de lo razonablemente factible y, si está provisto, el Identificador Uniforme de Recursos (Uniform Resource Identifier) que el Licenciante especifica para ser asociado con la Obra, salvo que tal URI no se refiera a la nota sobre los derechos de autor o a la información sobre el licenciamiento de la Obra; y en el caso de una Obra Derivada, atribuir el crédito identificando el uso de la Obra en la Obra Derivada (v.g., "Traducción Francesa de la Obra del Autor Original," o "Guión Cinematográfico basado en la Obra original del Autor Original"). Tal crédito puede ser implementado de cualquier forma razonable; en el caso, sin embargo, de Obras Derivadas u Obras Colectivas, tal crédito aparecerá, como mínimo, donde aparece el crédito de cualquier otro autor comparable y de una manera, al menos, tan destacada como el crédito de otro autor comparable.
d.	Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra es una composición musical:
i.	Regalías por interpretación y ejecución bajo licencias generales. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública o la ejecución pública digital de la obra y de recolectar, sea individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), las regalías por la ejecución pública o por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo Webcast) licenciada bajo licencias generales, si la interpretación o ejecución de la obra está primordialmente orientada por o dirigida a la obtención de una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.
ii.	Regalías por Fonogramas. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), una agencia de derechos musicales o algún agente designado, las regalías por cualquier fonograma que Usted cree a partir de la obra (“versión cover”) y distribuya, en los términos del régimen de derechos de autor, si la creación o distribución de esa versión cover está primordialmente destinada o dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.
e.	Gestión de Derechos de Autor sobre Interpretaciones y Ejecuciones Digitales (WebCasting). Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra sea un fonograma, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast) y de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, Acinpro), las regalías por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast), sujeta a las disposiciones aplicables del régimen de Derecho de Autor, si esta ejecución pública digital está primordialmente dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.
5. Representaciones, Garantías y Limitaciones de Responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LAS PARTES LO ACORDARAN DE OTRA FORMA POR ESCRITO, EL LICENCIANTE OFRECE LA OBRA (EN EL ESTADO EN EL QUE SE ENCUENTRA) “TAL CUAL”, SIN BRINDAR GARANTÍAS DE CLASE ALGUNA RESPECTO DE LA OBRA, YA SEA EXPRESA, IMPLÍCITA, LEGAL O CUALQUIERA OTRA, INCLUYENDO, SIN LIMITARSE A ELLAS, GARANTÍAS DE TITULARIDAD, COMERCIABILIDAD, ADAPTABILIDAD O ADECUACIÓN A PROPÓSITO DETERMINADO, AUSENCIA DE INFRACCIÓN, DE AUSENCIA DE DEFECTOS LATENTES O DE OTRO TIPO, O LA PRESENCIA O AUSENCIA DE ERRORES, SEAN O NO DESCUBRIBLES (PUEDAN O NO SER ESTOS DESCUBIERTOS). ALGUNAS JURISDICCIONES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE GARANTÍAS IMPLÍCITAS, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.
6. Limitación de responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LO EXIJA EXPRESAMENTE LA LEY APLICABLE, EL LICENCIANTE NO SERÁ RESPONSABLE ANTE USTED POR DAÑO ALGUNO, SEA POR RESPONSABILIDAD EXTRACONTRACTUAL, PRECONTRACTUAL O CONTRACTUAL, OBJETIVA O SUBJETIVA, SE TRATE DE DAÑOS MORALES O PATRIMONIALES, DIRECTOS O INDIRECTOS, PREVISTOS O IMPREVISTOS PRODUCIDOS POR EL USO DE ESTA LICENCIA O DE LA OBRA, AUN CUANDO EL LICENCIANTE HAYA SIDO ADVERTIDO DE LA POSIBILIDAD DE DICHOS DAÑOS. ALGUNAS LEYES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE CIERTA RESPONSABILIDAD, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.
7. Término.
a.	Esta Licencia y los derechos otorgados en virtud de ella terminarán automáticamente si Usted infringe alguna condición establecida en ella. Sin embargo, los individuos o entidades que han recibido Obras Derivadas o Colectivas de Usted de conformidad con esta Licencia, no verán terminadas sus licencias, siempre que estos individuos o entidades sigan cumpliendo íntegramente las condiciones de estas licencias. Las Secciones 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, y 8 subsistirán a cualquier terminación de esta Licencia.
b.	Sujeta a las condiciones y términos anteriores, la licencia otorgada aquí es perpetua (durante el período de vigencia de los derechos de autor de la obra). No obstante lo anterior, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho a publicar y/o estrenar la Obra bajo condiciones de licencia diferentes o a dejar de distribuirla en los términos de esta Licencia en cualquier momento; en el entendido, sin embargo, que esa elección no servirá para revocar esta licencia o que deba ser otorgada , bajo los términos de esta licencia), y esta licencia continuará en pleno vigor y efecto a menos que sea terminada como se expresa atrás. La Licencia revocada continuará siendo plenamente vigente y efectiva si no se le da término en las condiciones indicadas anteriormente.
8. Varios.
a.	Cada vez que Usted distribuya o ponga a disposición pública la Obra o una Obra Colectiva, el Licenciante ofrecerá al destinatario una licencia en los mismos términos y condiciones que la licencia otorgada a Usted bajo esta Licencia.
b.	Si alguna disposición de esta Licencia resulta invalidada o no exigible, según la legislación vigente, esto no afectará ni la validez ni la aplicabilidad del resto de condiciones de esta Licencia y, sin acción adicional por parte de los sujetos de este acuerdo, aquélla se entenderá reformada lo mínimo necesario para hacer que dicha disposición sea válida y exigible.
c.	Ningún término o disposición de esta Licencia se estimará renunciada y ninguna violación de ella será consentida a menos que esa renuncia o consentimiento sea otorgado por escrito y firmado por la parte que renuncie o consienta.
d.	Esta Licencia refleja el acuerdo pleno entre las partes respecto a la Obra aquí licenciada. No hay arreglos, acuerdos o declaraciones respecto a la Obra que no estén especificados en este documento. El Licenciante no se verá limitado por ninguna disposición adicional que pueda surgir en alguna comunicación emanada de Usted. Esta Licencia no puede ser modificada sin el consentimiento mutuo por escrito del Licenciante y Usted.

