Hallazgos clínicos y paraclínicos y su correlación con la detección molecular de Chlamydiapsittaci en aves Psitácidas del centro de recepción de fauna temporal del Distrito y una aproximación a los posibles riegos de salud pública

La clamidiasis aviar o psitacosis, causada por la bacteria Chlamydia psittaci, es una enfermedad zoonótica infecciosa que afecta a gran cantidad de aves. Existen múltiples reportes a nivel mundial sobre la bacteria en aves psitácidas, sin embargo, en el país hay pocas investigaciones. Ante esta situ...

Full description

Autores:
Moyano Ayala, Norela
Tipo de recurso:
Trabajo de grado de pregrado
Fecha de publicación:
2021
Institución:
Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales U.D.C.A
Repositorio:
Repositorio Institucional UDCA
Idioma:
spa
OAI Identifier:
oai:repository.udca.edu.co:11158/3808
Acceso en línea:
https://repository.udca.edu.co/handle/11158/3808
Palabra clave:
Zoonosis
Chlamydophila psittaci
Psittaciformes
Aves
Rights
openAccess
License
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/legalcode.es
id RepoUDCA2_52a8ba807467f2bd777a6465b1ea93dc
oai_identifier_str oai:repository.udca.edu.co:11158/3808
network_acronym_str RepoUDCA2
network_name_str Repositorio Institucional UDCA
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Hallazgos clínicos y paraclínicos y su correlación con la detección molecular de Chlamydiapsittaci en aves Psitácidas del centro de recepción de fauna temporal del Distrito y una aproximación a los posibles riegos de salud pública
title Hallazgos clínicos y paraclínicos y su correlación con la detección molecular de Chlamydiapsittaci en aves Psitácidas del centro de recepción de fauna temporal del Distrito y una aproximación a los posibles riegos de salud pública
spellingShingle Hallazgos clínicos y paraclínicos y su correlación con la detección molecular de Chlamydiapsittaci en aves Psitácidas del centro de recepción de fauna temporal del Distrito y una aproximación a los posibles riegos de salud pública
Zoonosis
Chlamydophila psittaci
Psittaciformes
Aves
title_short Hallazgos clínicos y paraclínicos y su correlación con la detección molecular de Chlamydiapsittaci en aves Psitácidas del centro de recepción de fauna temporal del Distrito y una aproximación a los posibles riegos de salud pública
title_full Hallazgos clínicos y paraclínicos y su correlación con la detección molecular de Chlamydiapsittaci en aves Psitácidas del centro de recepción de fauna temporal del Distrito y una aproximación a los posibles riegos de salud pública
title_fullStr Hallazgos clínicos y paraclínicos y su correlación con la detección molecular de Chlamydiapsittaci en aves Psitácidas del centro de recepción de fauna temporal del Distrito y una aproximación a los posibles riegos de salud pública
title_full_unstemmed Hallazgos clínicos y paraclínicos y su correlación con la detección molecular de Chlamydiapsittaci en aves Psitácidas del centro de recepción de fauna temporal del Distrito y una aproximación a los posibles riegos de salud pública
title_sort Hallazgos clínicos y paraclínicos y su correlación con la detección molecular de Chlamydiapsittaci en aves Psitácidas del centro de recepción de fauna temporal del Distrito y una aproximación a los posibles riegos de salud pública
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Moyano Ayala, Norela
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv Falla Beltrán, Ana Carolina, dir.
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Moyano Ayala, Norela
dc.subject.lemb.none.fl_str_mv Zoonosis
topic Zoonosis
Chlamydophila psittaci
Psittaciformes
Aves
dc.subject.agrovoc.none.fl_str_mv Chlamydophila psittaci
Psittaciformes
Aves
description La clamidiasis aviar o psitacosis, causada por la bacteria Chlamydia psittaci, es una enfermedad zoonótica infecciosa que afecta a gran cantidad de aves. Existen múltiples reportes a nivel mundial sobre la bacteria en aves psitácidas, sin embargo, en el país hay pocas investigaciones. Ante esta situación, este estudio es uno de los primeros en Colombia en abordar el manejo de las aves psitácidas expuestas a C. psittaci. En este trabajo se estudian algunas variables epidemiológicas, signos clínicos, hallazgos de hematología y coprología en aves y su correlación con el hallazgo de Chlamydia psittaci en pruebas moleculares en 177 aves del estudio de Ruiz (2020). Adicionalmente, en vista del potencial zoonótico, se realizó la aproximación al riesgo de salud pública en 21 trabajadores del Centro de Fauna Silvestre Temporal de Bogotá. Como resultado, se obtuvo que la frecuencia respiratoria baja fue significativa para los resultados (hisopado cloacal, materia fecal y consolidado); y la presencia de plumaje quebrado fue significativa para los resultados de las muestras de hisopado cloacal. En las pruebas hematológicas dos aves presentaron varios hallazgos relacionados con la infección y en las pruebas coprológicas no se encontró ningún hallazgo relacionado. Por su parte, respecto a los trabajadores del centro se obtuvo una alta presencia de la bacteria (85,7%) y varios aspectos epidemiológicos relacionados con los resultados positivos para la infección. A partir del estudio se generó un protocolo para el manejo y la toma de muestras aplicable a los distintos centros que manejan aves psitácidas bajo cuidado humano y fue posible dilucidar la importancia de una metodología de manejo estandarizada y de un examen clínico cuidadoso en aves psitácidas positivas a Chlamydia psittaci
publishDate 2021
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2021-02-10T16:25:15Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2021-02-10T16:25:15Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2021-02
dc.type.Es_es.fl_str_mv Trabajo de grado - Pregrado
dc.type.coarversion.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
dc.type.coar.Es_es.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f
dc.type.driver.Es_es.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesis
dc.type.version.Es_es.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
dc.type.content.Es_es.fl_str_mv Text
dc.type.redcol.Es_es.fl_str_mv https://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TP
format http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://repository.udca.edu.co/handle/11158/3808
dc.identifier.instname.Es_es.fl_str_mv Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales
dc.identifier.reponame.Es_es.fl_str_mv UDCA
dc.identifier.repourl.Es_es.fl_str_mv repository.udca.edu.co
url https://repository.udca.edu.co/handle/11158/3808
identifier_str_mv Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales
UDCA
repository.udca.edu.co
dc.language.iso.Es_es.fl_str_mv spa
language spa
dc.relation.references.none.fl_str_mv Abdul-Aziz, T., Fletcher O., Barnes, J. (2016). Avian histopathology. In Avian Histopathology (1st ed., p. 358). Jacksonville, florida: American Association of Avian Patologists.
Alexander, D.J., Bevan, B.J., Lister, S.A. y Bracewell, C.D., 1989. Chlamydia infections in racing pigeons in Great Britain: A retrospective serological survey. Vet. Rec., 125: 239.
Aguirre, A., y Torralba, A. (n.d.). Dispositivo para medida de variables corporales en aves y monitoreo GPS. Universidad de Sevilla. Retrieved from http://bibing.us.es/proyectos/abreproy/12158
Balsamo, G., Maxted, A., Midla, J., Murphy, J., Edling, T., Fish, P., Flammer, K., Hyde, D., Kobayashi, M., Oiulfstad, B., Ritchie, B., Stobierski, M., Ehnert, K., Tully, T. (2017). Compendium of Measures To Control Chlamydia psittaci Infection Among Humans (Psittacosis) and Pet Birds (Avian Chlamydiosis), 2000. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 31(3), 262–282. https://doi.org/10.1647/217-265
Bayramova, F., Jacquier, N., y Greub, G. (2017). Insight in the biology of Chlamydia - related bacteria. Microbes and Infection, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2017.11.008
Bedson, S. y Bland, J. (1932). A Morphological Study Of Psittacosis Virus , With The Descrtption of a Developmental Cycle. The British Journal of Experimental Pathology, 13(5), 461–466.
Bedson, S., Western, G. y Simpson, L. (1930). the aetiology of psittacosis. The Lancet, 345–346.
Bedson, S., y Gostling, J. (1954). A study of the mode of multiplication of psittacosis virus. British Journal of Experimental Pathology, 35(3), 299–308.
Beeckman, D. S. A., y Vanrompay, D. C. G. (2009). Zoonotic Chlamydophila psittaci infections from a clinical perspective. Clin Microbiol Infec, 15, 11–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02669.x
Beeckman, D., y Vanrompay, D. (2010). Biology and intracellular pathogenesis of high or low virulent Chlamydophila psittaci strains in chicken macrophages. Veterinary Microbiology, 141(3–4), 342–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.09.032
Bessetti, J. (2007). PCR inhibition an Introduction to PCR Inhibitors. Retrieved from https://www.promega.es/-/media/files/resources/profiles-in-dna/1001/an-introduction-topcr-inhibitors.pdf?la=es-es
BirdLife International. 2005. Ara ambiguus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2005: e.T22685553A23934059. Downloaded on 14 June 2020.
BirdLife International. 2016. Ara militaris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22685548A93079238. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016- 3.RLTS.T22685548A93079238.en. Downloaded on 14 June 2020.
Bodetti, T.,Jacobson, E., Wan, C., Hafner, L., Pospischil, A., Rose, K., y Timms, P. (2002). Molecular Evidence to Support the Expansion of the Hostrange of Chlamydophila pneumoniae to Include Reptiles as Well as Humans , Horses , Koalas and Amphibians. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 25, 146–152. Retrieved from http://www.urbanfischer.de/journals/sam
Bommana, S., y Polkinghorne, A. (2019). Mini Review : Antimicrobial Control of Chlamydial Infections in Animals : Current Practices and Issues. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10(113), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00113
Braz, M. (2012). Detecção e caracterização molecular de Chlamydophila psittaci E Chlamydophila abortus em aves assintomáticas Aluna : Maria Amador Braz Orientador : Prof . Dr . Marcelo Vasconcelos Meire. UNIVERSIDAD ESTADUAL PAULISTA, ARAÇATUBA. Retrieved from https://repositorio.unesp.br/bitstream/handle /11449/94591/braz_ma_me_araca.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Brumpt, E. 1938. Rickettsia intracellulaire stomacale (Rickettsia culicis N. Sp.) de Culex fatigans. Parasitologie e:153- 158. Ann. de . 1949. Famille des rickettsides. Precis de Parasitologie 1:537,
Burkhart, R.L., and L.A. Page. 1971. Chlamydiosis (ornithosis-psittacosis). In Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of Wild Birds, J.W. Davis, R.C. Anderson, L. Karstad, and D.O. Trainer (eds.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA, U.S.A., pp. 118–140.
Burnard, D., y Polkinghorne, A. (2016). Chlamydial infections in wildlife – conservation threats and or reservoirs of ‘ spill-over ’ infections ? Veterinary Microbiology, 196, 78–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.10.018
Butaye, P., Ducatelle, R., Backer, P., Vermeersch, H., Remon,J., y Haesebrouck, F. (1997). In Vitro Activities of Doxycycline and Enrofloxacin against European Chlamydia psittaci Strains from Turkeys. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 41(12), 2800–2801.
Cadario, M. E., Frutos, M. C., Arias, M. B., Origlia, J. A., Zelaya, V., Madariaga, M. Cecilia, C. (2017). Epidemiological and molecular characteristics of Chlamydia psittaci from 8 human cases of psittacosis and 4 related birds in Argentina. Revista Argentina de Microbiología, 49(4), 323–327.
Casal, J., y Mateu, E. (2003). Tipos de muestreo. Rev. Epidem. Med. Prev., 1, 3–7.
Chiba, N., Arikawa, J., Takashima, I. y Hashimoto, N., 1984, Isolation and serological survey of chlamydiosis in feral pigeons and crows in Hokkaido. Jpn. J. Vet. Sci., 46: 243- 245.
Cong, W., Huang, S., Zhang, X., Zhou, D., Xu, M., Zhao, Q., y Zhu, X. (2014). Chlamydia psittaci exposure in pet birds. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 63, 578–581. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.070003-0
Congreso de Colombia. Ley 84 de 1989 (1989). Colombia: Instututo de Protección y Bienestar Animal. Retrieved from http://www.proteccionanimalbogota. gov.co/sites/default/files/marco-legal/ley_84_de_1989.pdf
Crosse, B. (1990). Psittacosis: a clinical review. Journal of Infection, 21, 251–259.
Crosta, L., Melillo, A., & Schnitzer, P. (2016). CHLAMYDIOSIS (PSITTACOSIS). In B. Speer (Ed.), CURRENT THERAPY IN AVIAN MEDICINE AND SURGERY (first edit, pp. 82–90). St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier Inc.
Del Hoyo, J., Elliot, A. y Sargatal, J. 1997. Handbook of the birds of the world. Vol. 4. Sandgrouse to Cuckoos. Lynx Ediciones. Barcelona, España
Del-Valle, C. (2008). Introducción a la Biologia y Ecologia De las Psitacidas Neotropicales. Asociación de Veterinarios de Vida Silvestre, 4(1), 4–6. Retrieved from https://www.revistas.veterinariosvs.org/index.php/cima/article/view/55
Doneley, Bob. (2016). the phisical examination. In T. & F. Group (Ed.), Avian Medicine and Surgery in Practice Companion and Aviary Birds (2nd ed., pp. 71–76). Boca Raton: CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/b15176
Doss, G. A., y Mans, C. (2017). The Effect of Manual Restraint on Physiological Parameters in Barred Owls ( Strix varia ). Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 31(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1647/2016-167
Dovč, A., Slavec, B., Lindtner-knific, R., Zorman-rojs, O., Račnik, J., Golja, J., y VlahoviĆ, K. (2007). STUDY OF CHLAMYDOPHILA PSITTACI OUTBREAK IN BUDGERIGARS. Bull Vet Inst Pulawy, 51, 343–346.
Ecco, R., Preis, I., Martins, N., Vilela, D., y Shivaprasad, H. (2009). An outbreak of chlamydiosis in captive psittacines. Brazilian Association of Veterinary Pathology, 2(2), 85–90. Retrieved from https://bjvp.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/V.2-N.2-19- 20881_2009_12_30_7_20.pdf
Elder, J., y Brown, C. (1999). Review of techniques for the diagnosis of Chlamydia psittaci infection in psittacine birds. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 541, 539–541. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1177/104063879901100611
Everett, K., y Andersen, A. (1999). Identification of nine species of the Chlamydiaceae using PCRmRFLP. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 9, 803–813. https://doi.org/10.1099/00207713-49-2-803
Fowler, M., y Cubas, Z. (2001). BIOLOGY , MEDICINE , AND SURGERY OF SOUTH AMERICAN WILD ANIMALS. (M. E. Fowler & Z. S. Cubas, Eds.) (firstediti). Iowa, Estados Unidos: Iowa Stte university Press
Frutos, M. (2015). Eco epidemiología de Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydia pneumoniae y Chlamydia pecorum: Impacto en la salud pública. UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CÓRDOBA
Frutos, M. C., Monetti, M., Kiguen, X., Venezuela, F., Ré, V., y Cuffini, C. (2012). Genotyping of C. psittaci in central area of Argentina. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, 74(3), 320–322. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2012.06.027
Frutos, M., Monetti, M., Vaulet, L., Cadario, M., Rodríguez, M., Ré, V., y Cuffini, C. (2015). Genetic diversity of Chlamydia among captive birds from central Argentina Genetic. Avian Pathology, 44(1), 50–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2014.993593
Frutos, M., Monetti, M., Vaulet, L., Cadario, M., Rodríguez, M., Ré, V., y Cuffini, C. (2015). Genetic diversity of Chlamydia among captive birds from central Argentina Genetic. Avian Pathology, 44(1), 50–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2014.993593
Galán, J., Alonso, R., Gutiérrez, J., Rodríguez-domínguez, M., Salinas, J., y Sanbonmatsu, S. (2012). Diagnóstico microbiológico de las infecciones por Chlamydia spp. y especies relacionadas. In R. Cercenado, EmiliaCantón (Ed.), Procedimientos en Microbiología Clínica (pp. 15–18). España: Seimc. Retrieved from https://seimc.org/contenidos/documentoscientificos/procedimientosmicrobiologia/seimcprocedimientomicrobiologia44.pdf
Gálvez, C., Ramirez, G., y Osorio, J. (2009). THE CLINIC LABORATORY IN HEMATOLOGY OF EXOTIC BIRDS. Biosalud, 8, 178–188.
Gerlach, H. (1994). Chlamydia. In AVIAN MEDICINE: principles and application (Vol. 22, pp. 202–203). Lake Worth, florida: Wingers publishing, inc. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1047951111001454
Girling, S. (2004). Diseases of the digestive tract of psittacine birds. In Practice, 26, 146– 153. https://doi.org/10.1136/inpract.26.3.146
González-Hein, G, González, J, y Díaz, MC. (2010). Detección de levaduras en cloaca de dos especies psitácidas nativas en un centro de rehabilitación en Chile. Archivos de medicina veterinaria, 42(2), 105-108. https://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0301- 732X2010000200013
González-Hein, G, González, J, y Díaz, MC. (2010). Detección de levaduras en cloaca de dos especies psitácidas nativas en un centro de rehabilitación en Chile. Archivos de medicina veterinaria, 42(2), 105-108. https://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0301- 732X2010000200013
Grifols J. y Molina R. (1997) Manual Clínico de Aves Exóticas. España: Grass - Iatros; pp. 62-67.
Gunn, A., y Lofstedt, R. (2016). Chlamydiaceae : an update on nomenclature, 2016–2018. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.i4193
Guo, W., Li, J., Kaltenboeck, B., Gong, J., Fan, W., y Wang, C. (2016). Chlamydia gallinacea, not C. psittaci , is the endemic chlamydial species in chicken (Gallus gallus ). Nature Publishing Group, 6, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep19638
Guzman, D., Diaz, O., Avian, D. A., Tully, T., Ciembor, P., Morgan, T., y Ritchie, B. (2010). Evaluating 21-day Doxycycline and Azithromycin Treatments for Experimental Chlamydophila psittaci Infection in Cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus ). Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 24(1), 35–45. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1647/2009-009
Halberstaedter, L., y yon Prowazek, S. Zur Atiologie des Trachoms. Dtsch. Med. Wschr. 33 (1907) 1285-1287.
Harcourt-Brown, N., y Chitty, J. (2005). Manual of Psittacine Birds. British Small Animal Veterinary Association, 200–204.
Harcourt-brown, N. (2009). Psittacine birds. In T. Tully, G. Dorrestein, & A. Jones (Eds.), Handbook of Avian Medicine (Second Edi, pp. 138–168). Jordan Hill, Oxford: Elsevier Limited. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7020-2874-8.00007-9
Harkinezhad, T., Verminnen, K., Buyzere, M. De, Rietzschel, E., Bekaert, S., y Vanrompay, D. (2009a). Prevalence of Chlamydophila psittaci infections in a human population in contact with domestic and companion birds. Journal of Medicine Microbiology, 58, 1207–1212. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.011379-0
Harkinezhad, T., Geens, T., y Vanrompay, D. (2009b). Chlamydophila psittaci infections in birds : A review with emphasis on zoonotic consequences. Veterinary Microbiology, 135, 68–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.09.046
Herrera, I., Khan, S., Kaleta, E, Müller, H., Dolz, G. y Neumann, U. 2001. Serological status for Chlamydophila psittaci, Newcastle disease virus, avian polyoma virus, and Pacheco disease virus in scarlet macaws (Ara macao) kept in captivity in Costa Rica. J. Vet. Med. B. Infec. Dis. Vet. Public Health 48, 721-726.
Hartley J., Stevenson S., Robinson A., Littlewood J., Carder C., Cartledge J., Clark C. y Ridgway G., 2001, Conjunctivitis Due to Chlamydophila felis (Chlamydia psittaci Feline Pneumonitis Agent) Acquired From a Cat: Case Report with Molecular Characterization of Isolates from the Patient and Cat, Journal of Infection, Volume 43, Issue 1, Pages 7-11, ISSN 0163-4453, https://doi.org/10.1053/jinf.2001.0845.
Heatley, J. y Russell, K. (2020). Exotic Animals Laboratory Diagnosis. (K. Heatley, Jill, Russell, Ed.) (first edit). Hoboken, USA: Wiley Blackwell.
Heddema, E. R., Van Hannen, E. J., Duim, B., De Jongh, B. M., Kaan, J. A., Van Kessel, R.,Vandenbroucke-grauls, C. M. J. E. (2006). An outbreak of psittacosis due to Chlamydophila psittaci genotype A in a veterinary teaching hospital. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 55, 1571–1575. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.46692-0
Hedman, J., y Rådström, P. (2013). Overcoming Inhibition in Real-Time Diagnostic PCR. In M. Wilks (Ed.), PCR Detection of Microbial Pathogens (second, pp. 17–47). Springer Science+Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-353-4
Herrmann, R., Rahman, R., Bergström, S., Bonnedahl, J., y Olsen, B. (2000). Chlamydophila abortus in a Brown Skua ( Catharacta antarctica lonnbergi ) from a Subantarctic Island. Applied and environmental microbiology, 66(8), 3654–3656. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.8.3654-3656.2000
Hoppes, S. (2015). Merk Manual Veterinary Manual. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://www.merckvetmanual.com/exotic-and-laboratory-animals/pet-birds/mycoticdiseases-of-pet-birds#v23358529
International Species Information System.(2002). References Ranges for Physiological Data Values. Recuperado de http://www.isis.org
ITIS Report. (2013). Psittaciformes. Retrieved fromhttps://www.itis.gov/servlet/Single Rpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=177404&print_version=PRT&source=t o_print#null
Janeczek, f. y gerberman, h., 1988. comparison of the cell culture method and elisa for detection of chlamydia psittaci. f’soc. symp. avian dis., munich, pp. 296-306.
Johns, J., Luff, J., Shooshtari, M., Zehnder, A., y Borjesson, D. (2009). What is your diagnosis ? Blood smear from an injured red-tailed hawk. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 38(2), 247–252. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-165X.2008.00091.x
Johnston, W., Eidson, M., Smith, K. y Stobierski, M. (2000). Compendium of Measures To Control Chlamydia psittaci Infection Among Humans. Centers for Disease Control & Prevention.
Joseph, L. E. O., Toon, A., Schirtzinger, E. E., Wright, T. F., & Schodde, R. (2012). A revised nomenclature and classification for family-group taxa of parrots (Psittaciformes). Magnolia Press Zootaxa, 40, 26–40
Kaleta, et. al. (2010). Avian host range of Chlamydophila spp . based on isolation , antigen detection and serology. Avian Patology, 32:5(February 2013), 435–462. https://doi.org/10.1080/03079450310001593613
Kalmar, I., Moons, C., Meers, L., y Janssens, G. (2007). Psittacine Birds as Laboratory Animals : Refinements and Assessment of Welfare. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, 46(4), 8–15.
Kalmar, I. D., Dicxk, V., Dossche, L., y Vanrompay, D. (2014). Zoonotic infection with Chlamydia psittaci at an avian refuge centre. The Veterinary Journal, 199(2), 300–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.10.034
Knittler, M., Berndt, A., Böcker, S., Dutow, P., Hänel, F., Heuer, D. y Sachse, K. (2014). Chlamydia psittaci : New insights into genomic diversity , clinical pathology, host – pathogen interaction and anti-bacterial immunity. International Journal of Medical Microbiology, 304(7), 877–893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.06.010
Knittler, M., y Sachse, K. (2015). Chlamydia psittaci: update on an underestimated zoonotic agent. FEMS Pathogens and Disease, 73(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1093/femspd/ftu007
Koski, M. (2002). Dermatologic Diseases in Psittacine Birds : An Investigational Approach. Semi, 11(3), 105–124. https://doi.org/10.1053/saep.
Krawiec, M., Piasecki, T., y Wieliczko, A. (2015). Prevalence of Chlamydia psittaci and Other Chlamydia Species in Wild Birds in Poland. Vector-borne and zoonotic diseases, 15(11), 652–655. https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2015.1814
Laroucau, K., Vorimore, F., Aaziz, R., Solmonson, L., Hsia, R., Bavoil, P. M., y Sachse, K. (2019). Chlamydia buteonis, a new Chlamydia species isolated from a red-shouldered hawk. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 42, 2–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.syapm.2019.06.002
Lanzarot, P., y Rodríguez, C. (2017). ENFERMEDADES MÁS FRECUENTES EN AVES DOMÉSTICAS . ABORDAJE TERAPÉUTICO. Dialnet, 41(402), 1–16. Retrieved from https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6003933
Leybón, J., Hernandez, E., Arch, E., y Rodríguez, A. (2008). Propuesta de un sistema de registro a distancia de la frecuencia cardiorrespiratoria en aves. Revista Mexicana de Ingenieria Biomedica, 29(1), 41–47. Retrieved from https://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/inge/ib-2008/ib081g.pdf
Longbottom, D., y Coulter, L. J. (2003). Animal Chlamydioses and Zoonotic Implications. Elservier Science, 128, 217–244. https://doi.org/10.1053/jcpa.2002.0629
Luescher, A. (2006). Manual of Parrot Behavior. (A. Luescher, Ed.) (first edit). Ames Iowa: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Luescher, A. (2006). Manual of Parrot Behavior. (A. Luescher, Ed.) (first edit). Ames Iowa: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Martínez M. (2001). Diagnóstico microbiológico de Chlamydia trachomatis: Estado actual de un problema. Revista chilena de infectología, 18(4), 275-284. https://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0716-10182001000400006
Mattiello, R. (1995) Anatomofisiologia aviar practica.. [26 pantallas]. Disponible en URL: http://documents.mx/documents/00010547.html (09/06/2020)
Mayer, J., y Donnelly, T. (2013). Clinical Veterinary Advisor. Birds and Exotics Pets. (D. T. Mayer, Jörg, Ed.), Elservier science (1st ed., Vol. 151). United States of America: Elservier Saunders. https://doi.org/10.1145/3132847.3132886
Meyer, K. y Eddie, B. 1953. Characteristics of a psittacosis viral agentisolated frm a turkey. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med83;99-101.
Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible, (2012). Estrategia Nacional para la Prevención y control del tráfico ilegal de especies silvestres: Diagnóstico y Plan de Acción ajustado. República de Coombia.
Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible. Resolución 1912 de 2017 (2017). Republica de Colombia. Retrieved from https://medioambiente.uexternado.edu.co/wpcontent/uploads/sites/19/2017/11/Resolución-1912-de-2017.pdf
Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care. (2019). Management of Avian Chlamydiosis in Birds Guideline. Retrieved from https://www.rcdhu.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Mgmt-of-Avian-Chlamydiosis-Guideline_2019.pdf
Monsalve, S., Miranda, J., y Mattar, S. (2011). Primera evidencia de circulación de Chlamydophila psittaci en Colombia: posible riesgo de salud pública. Revista de Salud Pública, 13(2), 314–326. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0124-00642011000200013
Montesinos, A. (1995). Rinolitos en psitácidas: 11 casos clínicos. Clinica Veterinaria de Pequeños Animaes, 15(1), 111–124.
Morales, C., Murillo, R., & Manrique, J. (2013). PERDIDA DE PLUMAS EN LOROS REALES (AMAZONA OCHROCEPHALA ) EN EL NÚCLEO DE REUBICACIÓN VILLA CISTINA , VEREDA A PIAY - VILLAVICENCIO. UN ABORDAJE CLINICO. Asociación de Veterinarios de Vida Silvestre, 9(2), 31–39
Morange A. De Ia psittocose ou infection speciale determinee par des parruches, Paris: 1895.As cited in: Index-catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon-General's Office, United States Army. 2nd series. VolXI. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1906:78
Morrisey, J. (1999). Gastrointestinal Diseases of Psittacine Birds. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine, 8(2), 66–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1055-937X(99)80038-3
Moroney, J. F., Guevara, R., Iverson, C., Chen, F. M., Skelton, S. K., Messmer, T. O., Butler, J. C. (1998). Detection of Chlamydiosis in a Shipment of Pet Birds , Leading to Recognition of an Outbreak of Clinically Mild Psittacosis in Humans. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 26(6), 1425–1429. Retrieved from https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/26/6/14 25/400284
Moulder, J. (1966). Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. Annual Review of Microbiology, 20, 107–130. Retrieved from doi:10.1146/annurev.mi.20.100166.000543
OIE. (2018). Clamidiosis aviar. Retrieved from https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/esp/Health_standards/tahm/3.03.01_Clamidiosis_avi ar.pdf
Origlia, J., Cadario, M., Frutos, M., Lopez, N., Corva, S., Unzaga, M. y Petruccelli, M. (2018). Detection and molecular characterization of Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia abortus in psittacine pet birds in Buenos Aires province. Revista Argentina de Microbiología, (xx), 6–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ram.2018.04.003
Origlia, J., (mayo del 2020). Actualización en clamidiosis aviar. Conferencia virtual grupo Silvetstre. Conferencia llevada acabo en Argentina.
. Origlia, J., (mayo del 2020). Actualización en clamidiosis aviar. Conferencia virtual grupo Silvetstre. Conferencia llevada acabo en Argentina.
Page L.A. (1959). - Experimental ornithosis in turkeys. Avian Dis., 3, 51-66.
Page L. (1966). Revision of the family chlamydiaceae rake (ricicettsiales): unification of the psittacosislymphogranuloma venereum-trachoma group of organisms in the genus chlamydia jones, rake and stearns, 1945'. international journal of systematic bacteriology, 16:2, pp. 223-252. 2020, febrero 15, De Microbiology Society Base de datos.
Page L.. (1968). Proposal for the recognition of two species in the genus Chlamydia Jones, Rake, and Stearns, 1945'. International journal of systematic bacteriology, 18:1, pp. 51-66. 2020, febrero 15, De Microbiology Society Base de datos.
Palacio, Rubén. 2012a. Lora Común (Amazona ochrocephala). Wiki Aves Colombia. (R. Johnston, Editor). Universidad ICESI. Cali. Colombia.http://www.ices i.edu.co/wiki_aves_colombia/tiki-index.php?page_ref_id= 1505
Palacio, Rubén. 2012b. Lora Real (Amazona farinosa). Wiki Aves Colombia. (R. Johnston, Editor). Universidad ICESI. Cali. Colombia. http://www.icesi.edu.co ./wiki_aves_colombia/tiki-index.php?page_re fid=1520
Palacio, Rubén. 2012c. Cotorra Pechiblanca (Pionites melanocephalus). Wiki Aves Colombia. (R. Johnston, Editor). Universidad ICESI. Cali. Colombia.http://www.icesi.edu .co./wiki_aves_colombia/tiki-index.php?page_ref_id= 1518
Pantchev, A., Sting, R., Bauerfeind, R., Tyczka, J., y Sachse, K. (2009). New realtime PCR tests for species-specific detection of Chlamydophila psittaci and Chlamydophila abortus from tissue samples. The Veterinary Journal, 181(2), 145–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.02.025
Piasecki, T., Chrząstek, K., y Wieliczko, A. (2012). Detection and identification of Chlamydophila psittaci in asymptomatic parrots in Poland. BMC veterinary research, 8, 233. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-6148-8-233
Pilny, A. A., Quesenberry, K. E., Bartick-sedrish, T. E., Latimer, K. S., y Berghaus, R. D. (2012). Evaluation of Chlamydophila psittaci infection and other risk factor for atherosclerosis in pet psittacine birds. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 240(12), 1474–1480.
Pinkerton, H. y Swank, R. (1940). Recovery of Virus Morphologically Identical with Psittacosis from Thiamin-Deficient Pigeons. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 45(2), 704–706. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-45-11805
Pinto, K., Villalobos, F., Fischer, C., Barrientos, C., González-acuña, D., y Troncoso, I. (2018). Detección serológica de Chlamydophila psittaci en psitácidos en cautiverio de la Región del Biobío , Chile, 29(3), 950–956.
Prohl, A., Lohr, M., Ostermann, C., Liebler-tenorio, E., Berndt, A., Schroedl, W., y Reinhold, P. (2015). Enrofloxacin and Macrolides Alone or in Combination with Rifampicin as Antimicrobial Treatment in a Bovine Model of Acute Chlamydia psittaci Infection. PLoS ONE, 10(3), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119736
Prukner-radovcic, E., Horvatek, D., Grozdanic, I. C., y Mazija, H. (2005). Epidemiological investigation of Chlamydophila psittaci in pigeons and free- living birds in Croatia Epidemiological Investigation of Chlamydophila psittaci in Pigeons and Freeliving Birds in Croatia. Veterinary Research Communications, 29(suppl. 1), 17–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-005-0083-4
Pulgarin, P. (2017). Dinámicas de los loros en cautiverio en Colombia : tráfico, mortalidad y liberación. Ornitologia Colombiana, 16, 1–24. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323831433%0ADinámicas
R foundation for statistical computing RC Team (2013).Vienna, Austria.
Raso, T., Nery, S., Milanelo, L., Igayara, C., Reiko, E., Pessoa, J., Pinto, A. (2004). An Outbreak of Chlamydiosis in Captive Blue-Fronted Amazon Parrots ( Amazona aestiva ) in Brazil an Outbreak of Chlamydiosis in Captive Blue-Fronted. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife, 35(1), 94–96. Retrieved from http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1638/02-090
Raso, T., Fernandes, G., Robaldo, N., y Pinto, A. (2006). Chlamydophila psittaci in free-living Blue-fronted Amazon parrots ( Amazona aestiva ) and Hyacinth macaws (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso do Sul , Brazil. Veterinary Microbiology, 117, 235–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.06.025
Raso, T., Friciello, R., Oliveira, A., Araújo, J., y Pinto, A. (2013). Chlamydophila psittaci Infections in Hyacinth Macaws (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) Confiscated in Brazil. Journal Of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 44(1), 169–172. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/1042-7260-44.1.169
Raso, T., Júnior, Â., y Aramis, P. (2002). Evidence Of Chlamydophila psittaci InfectioniIn Captive Amazon Parrots In Brazil. American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, 33(2), 118–121. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/1042- 7260(2002)033[0118:EOCPII]2.0.CO; 2
Ritchie, B., Harrison, G. y Harrison, L. (1994). AVIAN MEDICINE: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATION. Lake Worth, Florida: Wingers Publishing, Inc.
Ritter J. Beitrag zur Frage des Pneumotyphus (Eine Hausepidemie in Uster [Schweiz] betreffend.) Deutsches Archiv Fur Klinische Medizin (Munich) 1880;25:53-96
Roca, B. (2007). Infecciones por clamidias. Anales de medicina interna, 24(6), 292–299.
Rodriguez-Leo, J., Hernández, V., Abou Orm, S., Diaz, Y., Camacho, D., Naillet, A., y Useche, E. (2017). Chlamydia psittaci en aves psitacidas en dos parques zoológicos de venezuela. Acta Biológica Colombiana, 22(3), 394–397. https://doi.org/10.15446/abc.v22n3.64742
Romagnano, A. (1999). Examination and preventive medicine protocols in psittacines. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Exotic Animal Practice, 2(2), 333– 355. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1094-9194(17)30127-5
Rosskopf, W., y Woerpel, R. (1996). Physical Examination of the Avian Patient. In W. Rosskopf & R. Woerpel (Eds.), Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds (third edit, pp. 245– 248). Baltimore, Maryland: Williams & Wilins
Rubiano, L. 2010. Guacamaya Cariseca (Ara severus). Wiki Aves Colombia. (R. Johnston, Editor). Universidad ICESI. Cali. Colombia.http://www.icesi.edu.co/w iki_aves_colombia/tiki-index.php?page_ref_id= 1529
Ruiz, A. (2020). Prevalencia De Chlamydia Psittaci En Aves Psitácidas En El Centro De Recepción De Fauna Temporal Del Convenio De Asociación N° 131 Idpyba – U.D.C.A. Universidad De Ciencias Aplicadas Y Ambientales U.D.C.A.
Sachse, K., Bavoil, P., Kaltenboeck, B., Stephens, R., Kuo, C., Rosselló-móra, R., y Horn, M. (2015a). Emendation of the family Chlamydiaceae: proposal of a single genus, Chlamydia, to include all currently recognized species. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.syapm.2014.12.004
Sachse, K., Kuehlewind, S., Ruettger, A., Schubert, E., y Rohde, G. (2012). More than classical Chlamydia psittaci in urban pigeons. Veterinary Microbiology, 157(3–4), 476–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.01.002
Sachse, K., Laroucau, K., Hotzel, H., Schubert, E., Ehricht, R., y Slickers, P. (2008). Genotyping of Chlamydophila psittaci using a new DNA microarray assay based on sequence analysis of omp A genes. BMC Microbioogy, 8(63), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-8-63
Sachse, K., Laroucau, K., Riege, K., Wehner, S., Dilcher, M., Huot, H., y Marz, M. (2014). Evidence for the existence of two new members of the family Chlamydiaceae and proposal of Chlamydia avium sp . nov . and Chlamydia gallinacea sp. nov. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 37(2), 79–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.syapm.2013.12.004
Sachse, K., Laroucau, K., y Vanrompay, D. (2015b). Avian Chlamydiosis. Springer, 2, 10–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40588-014-0010-y
Santos, F., Leal, D. C., Raso, T. F., Souza, B. M. P. S., Cunha, R. M., Martinez, V. H. R., y Franke, C. R. (2014). Risk factors associated with Chlamydia psittaci infection in psittacine birds. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 63, 458–463. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.060632-0
Schettler, E., Fickel, J., Hotzel, H., Sachse, K., Streich, W. J., Wittstatt, U., y Frandölich, K. (2003). NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS AND CHLAMYDIA PSITTACI IN FREE-LIVING RAPTORS FROM EASTERN GERMANY FREE-LIVING RAPTORS FROM EASTERN GERMANY. Wildlife Disease Association, 39(1), 57–63. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-39.1.57
Schwartz, J. C., y Fraser, W. (1982). Chlamydia psittaci infection in companion birds examined in Florida. Avian diseases, 26(1), 211–213.
Shade, R. (2004). The practical Pionus. Volumen 1: Pet Pionus parrots. Pennsylvania: Mindo press LLC.
Siegel, H. (1980). Physiological stress in Birds. Oxford Journals, 30(8), 529–534. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1307973 .
Smith, et. al. (2010). Compendium of Measures To Control Chlamydophila psittaci Infection Among Humans ( Psittacosis ) and Pet Birds ( Avian Chlamydiosis ), 2010 Compendium of Measures To Control Chlamydophila psittaci Infection Among Humans ( Psittacosis ) and Pet Birds. National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians.
Song, J. W., & Chung, K. C. (2010). Observational studies: cohort and case-control studies. Plastic and reconstructive surgery, 126(6), 2234–2242. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181f44abc
Soto, C., y Bert, E. (2010). Valoraciones clínicas de los problemas respiratorios en las aves ornamentales - Clinical evaluations of the respiratory problems in ornamental birds. Revista Electronica de Veterinaria, 11(11B).
Speer, B. (2016). Current Therapy in Avian Medicine and Surg. (B. Speer, Ed.), Current Therapy In Avian Medicine And Surgery (first edit). St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier Inc.
Spenser, E. L. (1991). Common Infectious Diseases of Psittacine Birds Seen in Practice. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 21(6), 1213–1230. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0195-5616(91)50133-9
Staub, E., Marti, H., Biondi, R., Levi, A., Donati, M., Ann, C. y Borel, N. (2018). Novel Chlamydia species isolated from snakes are temperature- sensitive and exhibit decreased susceptibility to azithromycin. Scientific Reports, 8(5660), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-23897-z
Stewardson, A. J., y Grayson, L. (2010). Psittacosis. Elservier Science, 24, 7–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2009.10.003
Taylor-brown, A., Bachmann, N., Borel, N., y Polkinghorne, A. (2016). Cultureindependent genomic characterisation of Candidatus Chlamydia sanzinia , a novel uncultivated bacterium infecting snakes. BMC Genomics, 17(710), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-016-3055-x
Taylor-brown, A., Spang, L., Borel, N., y Polkinghorne, A. (2017). Cultureindependent metagenomics supports discovery of uncultivable bacteria within the genus Chlamydia. Scientific Reports, 7(10661), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-10757-
The Center for Food Security and Public Health. (2017). Clamidiosis Aviar, http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/psittacosis.pdf
Tsai, S. S., Park, J. H., Hirai, K., y Itakura, C. (1992). Aspergillosis and candidiasis in psittacine and passeriforme birds with particular reference to nasal lesions. Taylor & Francis, 21(4), 699–709. https://doi.org/10.1080/03079459208418892
University of Georgia, (2007). Confernce UGA.pdf. Georgia: College of veterinary medicine, University of Georgia. Retrieved from http://vet.uga.edu/ivcvm/courses/afip/conf07/wsc12/c01.htm
Van Buuren, C., Dorrestein, G., y van Dijk,J.. (1994). Chlamydia psittaci infections in birds: A review on the pathogenesis and histopathological features. Veterinary Quarterly, 16(1), 38–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/01652176.1994.9694414
Vande, Y., Versteele, C., Thijs, E., De Spiegeleer, A., Boelens, J., Vanrompay, D., … Vermaelen, K. (2018). An unusual presentation of a case of human psittacosis. Respiratory Medicine Case Reports, 23, 138–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmcr.2018.01.010
Vanrompay, D. Ducatelle, R. y Haesebrouck, F., 1991. Diagnosis of avian chlamydiosis: specificity of the modified Gimnez staining on smears and comparison of the sensitivity of isolation on smears and comparison of the sensitivity of isolation in eggs and three different cell cultures. J. Vet. Med. B., 39: 105-l 12.
Vanrompay, D., Ducatelle, R., y Haesebrouck, F. (1995). Chlamydia psittaci infections : a review with emphasis on avian chlamydiosis. Veterinary Microbiology, 1135(95).
Vanrompay, D., y Harkinezhad, T. (2007). Chlamydophila psittaci Transmission from Pet Birds to Humans, 13(7), 7–9
Vanrompay, D. (2020). Avian Chlamydiosis. In D. Swayne (Ed.), Disease of poultry (Fourteenth, pp. 1086–1107). John Wilry & Sons, Inc.
Van Zeeland, Y., y Schoemaker, N. (2014a). Plumage disorders in psittacine birds - part 1 : feather abnormalities. FECAVA, 24(1), 34–47.
Van Zeeland, Y., y Schoemaker, N. (2014b). Plumage disorders in psittacine birds - part 2 : feather damaging behaviour. EJCAP, 24(2), 24–36.
Vorimore, F., Hsia, R., Huot-creasy, H., Bastian, S., Deruyter, L., Passet, A. y Laroucau, K. (2014). Isolation of a New Chlamydia species from the Feral Sacred Ibis (Threskiornis aethiopicus): Chlamydia ibidis. PLoS ONE, 8(9), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0074823
Wannaratana, S., Thontiravong, A., y Amonsin, A., Pakpinyo, S. (2017). Persistence of Chlamydia psittaci in Various Temperatures and Times Persistence of Chlamydia psittaci in Various Temperatures and Times. Avian Disease, 61(1), 40–45. Retrieved from http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1637/11475-072216-Reg%0ABioOne
Wilson, I. (1997). Inhibition and Facilitation of Nucleic Acid Amplification. Applied And Environmental Microbiology, 63(10), 3741–3751. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC168683/pdf/633741.pdf
Yung, A.P. y Grayson, M.L. (1988), Psittacosis — a review of 135 cases. Medical Journal of Australia, 148: 228-233. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1988.tb99430.x
dc.relation.indexed.none.fl_str_mv Agricultura
dc.rights.eng.fl_str_mv https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/legalcode.es
dc.rights.coar.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
dc.rights.uri.Es_es.fl_str_mv https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
dc.rights.accessrights.Es_es.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.creativecommons.Es_es.fl_str_mv Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)
rights_invalid_str_mv https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/legalcode.es
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.extent.Es_es.fl_str_mv 121 páginas : gráficas, ilustraciones
dc.format.mimetype.Es_es.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.coverage.spatial.none.fl_str_mv Bogotá, Colombia
dc.publisher.faculty.Es_es.fl_str_mv Faculta de Ciencias Agropecuarias
dc.publisher.place.Es_es.fl_str_mv Bogotá : Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales, 2021
dc.publisher.program.Es_es.fl_str_mv Medicina Veterinaria
institution Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales U.D.C.A
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv https://repository.udca.edu.co/bitstreams/95ba98b6-f141-49e7-a697-9b1a2337ccbb/download
https://repository.udca.edu.co/bitstreams/f532828f-888b-454b-aced-980c7f2fbb4b/download
https://repository.udca.edu.co/bitstreams/9afbbc93-7b37-40e0-aa98-700499f15efe/download
https://repository.udca.edu.co/bitstreams/d71e98c4-10c6-42e5-8983-5cd5dd5f7d40/download
https://repository.udca.edu.co/bitstreams/4efc3c09-6326-43ba-bab3-15c3c199c519/download
https://repository.udca.edu.co/bitstreams/9a89908e-5321-4d47-a5e5-180f7a3fcbac/download
https://repository.udca.edu.co/bitstreams/3adb668f-4184-4b53-b6cb-3daaefb1e018/download
https://repository.udca.edu.co/bitstreams/83bcc5f7-1397-4bc0-9577-167d176f923b/download
https://repository.udca.edu.co/bitstreams/c9585089-5940-47c6-91df-fa648a26b7de/download
https://repository.udca.edu.co/bitstreams/15c46940-d428-489f-9baa-41f36173c74b/download
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv 0668b45e487dc0286a2c03aa8fd0522f
2c52b2bc662bdee468102dbac39a7eaa
6bcaa204111032269cfa57348d01d42f
f661acf14bedbf9f5d13897a0387e751
1a089ca0a110c1614f2b64f6f73a1d22
d784fa8b6d98d27699781bd9a7cf19f0
e1c06d85ae7b8b032bef47e42e4c08f9
808662ccfb41763860a9ea735bf2a73f
c1f199ebbcc5850bb372583f0f7c37e3
f36f2d7a3b85d17be8cc5ff7f23dd7e1
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv Repositorio - Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales UDCA.
repository.mail.fl_str_mv bdigital@metabiblioteca.com
_version_ 1814213290081910784
spelling Falla Beltrán, Ana Carolina, dir.Moyano Ayala, NorelaBogotá, Colombia2021-02-10T16:25:15Z2021-02-10T16:25:15Z2021-02https://repository.udca.edu.co/handle/11158/3808Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y AmbientalesUDCArepository.udca.edu.coLa clamidiasis aviar o psitacosis, causada por la bacteria Chlamydia psittaci, es una enfermedad zoonótica infecciosa que afecta a gran cantidad de aves. Existen múltiples reportes a nivel mundial sobre la bacteria en aves psitácidas, sin embargo, en el país hay pocas investigaciones. Ante esta situación, este estudio es uno de los primeros en Colombia en abordar el manejo de las aves psitácidas expuestas a C. psittaci. En este trabajo se estudian algunas variables epidemiológicas, signos clínicos, hallazgos de hematología y coprología en aves y su correlación con el hallazgo de Chlamydia psittaci en pruebas moleculares en 177 aves del estudio de Ruiz (2020). Adicionalmente, en vista del potencial zoonótico, se realizó la aproximación al riesgo de salud pública en 21 trabajadores del Centro de Fauna Silvestre Temporal de Bogotá. Como resultado, se obtuvo que la frecuencia respiratoria baja fue significativa para los resultados (hisopado cloacal, materia fecal y consolidado); y la presencia de plumaje quebrado fue significativa para los resultados de las muestras de hisopado cloacal. En las pruebas hematológicas dos aves presentaron varios hallazgos relacionados con la infección y en las pruebas coprológicas no se encontró ningún hallazgo relacionado. Por su parte, respecto a los trabajadores del centro se obtuvo una alta presencia de la bacteria (85,7%) y varios aspectos epidemiológicos relacionados con los resultados positivos para la infección. A partir del estudio se generó un protocolo para el manejo y la toma de muestras aplicable a los distintos centros que manejan aves psitácidas bajo cuidado humano y fue posible dilucidar la importancia de una metodología de manejo estandarizada y de un examen clínico cuidadoso en aves psitácidas positivas a Chlamydia psittaciAvian chlamydia or psittacosis, caused by the bacteria Chlamydia psittaci, is an infectious zoonotic disease that affects large numbers of birds. There are multiple reports worldwide about this bacteria in psittacine birds, however, there are few researches in the country. Given this situation, this study is one of the first in Colombia to address the management of psittacine birds exposed to C. psittaci. This work studies some epidemiological variables, clinical signs, findings of hematology and coprology samples in birds and its correlation with the finding of Chlamydia psittaci in molecular tests in 177 birds of Ruiz's study (2020). Additionally, considering the zoonotic potential, the public health risk was addressed in 21 workers of the Temporary Wildlife Center of Bogotá. As a result, low respiratory frequency was significant for the results (cloacal swab, fecal and consolidated matter); and the presence of broken plumage was significant for the results of the cloacal swab samples. Two birds presented several findings related to infection on hematological tests and no related findings were found on stool tests. On the other hand, regarding the workers of the center, there was a high presence of the bacteria (85.7%) and several epidemiological aspects related to the positive results for the infection. The study allowed the elaboration of a protocol for the handling and sampling applicable to the different centers that shelter psittacine birds under human care as well as to elucidate the importance of both a standardized methodology of handling and a careful clinical examination in psittacine birds positive to Chlamydia psittaci.Incluye bibliografíaPregradoMédico(a) Veterinario121 páginas : gráficas, ilustracionesapplication/pdfspahttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/legalcode.eshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAtribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Hallazgos clínicos y paraclínicos y su correlación con la detección molecular de Chlamydiapsittaci en aves Psitácidas del centro de recepción de fauna temporal del Distrito y una aproximación a los posibles riegos de salud públicaTrabajo de grado - Pregradohttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1finfo:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionTexthttps://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TPhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85ZoonosisChlamydophila psittaciPsittaciformesAvesAbdul-Aziz, T., Fletcher O., Barnes, J. (2016). Avian histopathology. In Avian Histopathology (1st ed., p. 358). Jacksonville, florida: American Association of Avian Patologists.Alexander, D.J., Bevan, B.J., Lister, S.A. y Bracewell, C.D., 1989. Chlamydia infections in racing pigeons in Great Britain: A retrospective serological survey. Vet. Rec., 125: 239.Aguirre, A., y Torralba, A. (n.d.). Dispositivo para medida de variables corporales en aves y monitoreo GPS. Universidad de Sevilla. Retrieved from http://bibing.us.es/proyectos/abreproy/12158Balsamo, G., Maxted, A., Midla, J., Murphy, J., Edling, T., Fish, P., Flammer, K., Hyde, D., Kobayashi, M., Oiulfstad, B., Ritchie, B., Stobierski, M., Ehnert, K., Tully, T. (2017). Compendium of Measures To Control Chlamydia psittaci Infection Among Humans (Psittacosis) and Pet Birds (Avian Chlamydiosis), 2000. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 31(3), 262–282. https://doi.org/10.1647/217-265Bayramova, F., Jacquier, N., y Greub, G. (2017). Insight in the biology of Chlamydia - related bacteria. Microbes and Infection, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2017.11.008Bedson, S. y Bland, J. (1932). A Morphological Study Of Psittacosis Virus , With The Descrtption of a Developmental Cycle. The British Journal of Experimental Pathology, 13(5), 461–466.Bedson, S., Western, G. y Simpson, L. (1930). the aetiology of psittacosis. The Lancet, 345–346.Bedson, S., y Gostling, J. (1954). A study of the mode of multiplication of psittacosis virus. British Journal of Experimental Pathology, 35(3), 299–308.Beeckman, D. S. A., y Vanrompay, D. C. G. (2009). Zoonotic Chlamydophila psittaci infections from a clinical perspective. Clin Microbiol Infec, 15, 11–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02669.xBeeckman, D., y Vanrompay, D. (2010). Biology and intracellular pathogenesis of high or low virulent Chlamydophila psittaci strains in chicken macrophages. Veterinary Microbiology, 141(3–4), 342–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.09.032Bessetti, J. (2007). PCR inhibition an Introduction to PCR Inhibitors. Retrieved from https://www.promega.es/-/media/files/resources/profiles-in-dna/1001/an-introduction-topcr-inhibitors.pdf?la=es-esBirdLife International. 2005. Ara ambiguus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2005: e.T22685553A23934059. Downloaded on 14 June 2020.BirdLife International. 2016. Ara militaris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22685548A93079238. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016- 3.RLTS.T22685548A93079238.en. Downloaded on 14 June 2020.Bodetti, T.,Jacobson, E., Wan, C., Hafner, L., Pospischil, A., Rose, K., y Timms, P. (2002). Molecular Evidence to Support the Expansion of the Hostrange of Chlamydophila pneumoniae to Include Reptiles as Well as Humans , Horses , Koalas and Amphibians. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 25, 146–152. Retrieved from http://www.urbanfischer.de/journals/samBommana, S., y Polkinghorne, A. (2019). Mini Review : Antimicrobial Control of Chlamydial Infections in Animals : Current Practices and Issues. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10(113), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00113Braz, M. (2012). Detecção e caracterização molecular de Chlamydophila psittaci E Chlamydophila abortus em aves assintomáticas Aluna : Maria Amador Braz Orientador : Prof . Dr . Marcelo Vasconcelos Meire. UNIVERSIDAD ESTADUAL PAULISTA, ARAÇATUBA. Retrieved from https://repositorio.unesp.br/bitstream/handle /11449/94591/braz_ma_me_araca.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=yBrumpt, E. 1938. Rickettsia intracellulaire stomacale (Rickettsia culicis N. Sp.) de Culex fatigans. Parasitologie e:153- 158. Ann. de . 1949. Famille des rickettsides. Precis de Parasitologie 1:537,Burkhart, R.L., and L.A. Page. 1971. Chlamydiosis (ornithosis-psittacosis). In Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of Wild Birds, J.W. Davis, R.C. Anderson, L. Karstad, and D.O. Trainer (eds.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA, U.S.A., pp. 118–140.Burnard, D., y Polkinghorne, A. (2016). Chlamydial infections in wildlife – conservation threats and or reservoirs of ‘ spill-over ’ infections ? Veterinary Microbiology, 196, 78–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.10.018Butaye, P., Ducatelle, R., Backer, P., Vermeersch, H., Remon,J., y Haesebrouck, F. (1997). In Vitro Activities of Doxycycline and Enrofloxacin against European Chlamydia psittaci Strains from Turkeys. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 41(12), 2800–2801.Cadario, M. E., Frutos, M. C., Arias, M. B., Origlia, J. A., Zelaya, V., Madariaga, M. Cecilia, C. (2017). Epidemiological and molecular characteristics of Chlamydia psittaci from 8 human cases of psittacosis and 4 related birds in Argentina. Revista Argentina de Microbiología, 49(4), 323–327.Casal, J., y Mateu, E. (2003). Tipos de muestreo. Rev. Epidem. Med. Prev., 1, 3–7.Chiba, N., Arikawa, J., Takashima, I. y Hashimoto, N., 1984, Isolation and serological survey of chlamydiosis in feral pigeons and crows in Hokkaido. Jpn. J. Vet. Sci., 46: 243- 245.Cong, W., Huang, S., Zhang, X., Zhou, D., Xu, M., Zhao, Q., y Zhu, X. (2014). Chlamydia psittaci exposure in pet birds. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 63, 578–581. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.070003-0Congreso de Colombia. Ley 84 de 1989 (1989). Colombia: Instututo de Protección y Bienestar Animal. Retrieved from http://www.proteccionanimalbogota. gov.co/sites/default/files/marco-legal/ley_84_de_1989.pdfCrosse, B. (1990). Psittacosis: a clinical review. Journal of Infection, 21, 251–259.Crosta, L., Melillo, A., & Schnitzer, P. (2016). CHLAMYDIOSIS (PSITTACOSIS). In B. Speer (Ed.), CURRENT THERAPY IN AVIAN MEDICINE AND SURGERY (first edit, pp. 82–90). St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier Inc.Del Hoyo, J., Elliot, A. y Sargatal, J. 1997. Handbook of the birds of the world. Vol. 4. Sandgrouse to Cuckoos. Lynx Ediciones. Barcelona, EspañaDel-Valle, C. (2008). Introducción a la Biologia y Ecologia De las Psitacidas Neotropicales. Asociación de Veterinarios de Vida Silvestre, 4(1), 4–6. Retrieved from https://www.revistas.veterinariosvs.org/index.php/cima/article/view/55Doneley, Bob. (2016). the phisical examination. In T. & F. Group (Ed.), Avian Medicine and Surgery in Practice Companion and Aviary Birds (2nd ed., pp. 71–76). Boca Raton: CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/b15176Doss, G. A., y Mans, C. (2017). The Effect of Manual Restraint on Physiological Parameters in Barred Owls ( Strix varia ). Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 31(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1647/2016-167Dovč, A., Slavec, B., Lindtner-knific, R., Zorman-rojs, O., Račnik, J., Golja, J., y VlahoviĆ, K. (2007). STUDY OF CHLAMYDOPHILA PSITTACI OUTBREAK IN BUDGERIGARS. Bull Vet Inst Pulawy, 51, 343–346.Ecco, R., Preis, I., Martins, N., Vilela, D., y Shivaprasad, H. (2009). An outbreak of chlamydiosis in captive psittacines. Brazilian Association of Veterinary Pathology, 2(2), 85–90. Retrieved from https://bjvp.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/V.2-N.2-19- 20881_2009_12_30_7_20.pdfElder, J., y Brown, C. (1999). Review of techniques for the diagnosis of Chlamydia psittaci infection in psittacine birds. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 541, 539–541. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1177/104063879901100611Everett, K., y Andersen, A. (1999). Identification of nine species of the Chlamydiaceae using PCRmRFLP. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 9, 803–813. https://doi.org/10.1099/00207713-49-2-803Fowler, M., y Cubas, Z. (2001). BIOLOGY , MEDICINE , AND SURGERY OF SOUTH AMERICAN WILD ANIMALS. (M. E. Fowler & Z. S. Cubas, Eds.) (firstediti). Iowa, Estados Unidos: Iowa Stte university PressFrutos, M. (2015). Eco epidemiología de Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydia pneumoniae y Chlamydia pecorum: Impacto en la salud pública. UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CÓRDOBAFrutos, M. C., Monetti, M., Kiguen, X., Venezuela, F., Ré, V., y Cuffini, C. (2012). Genotyping of C. psittaci in central area of Argentina. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, 74(3), 320–322. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2012.06.027Frutos, M., Monetti, M., Vaulet, L., Cadario, M., Rodríguez, M., Ré, V., y Cuffini, C. (2015). Genetic diversity of Chlamydia among captive birds from central Argentina Genetic. Avian Pathology, 44(1), 50–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2014.993593Frutos, M., Monetti, M., Vaulet, L., Cadario, M., Rodríguez, M., Ré, V., y Cuffini, C. (2015). Genetic diversity of Chlamydia among captive birds from central Argentina Genetic. Avian Pathology, 44(1), 50–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2014.993593Galán, J., Alonso, R., Gutiérrez, J., Rodríguez-domínguez, M., Salinas, J., y Sanbonmatsu, S. (2012). Diagnóstico microbiológico de las infecciones por Chlamydia spp. y especies relacionadas. In R. Cercenado, EmiliaCantón (Ed.), Procedimientos en Microbiología Clínica (pp. 15–18). España: Seimc. Retrieved from https://seimc.org/contenidos/documentoscientificos/procedimientosmicrobiologia/seimcprocedimientomicrobiologia44.pdfGálvez, C., Ramirez, G., y Osorio, J. (2009). THE CLINIC LABORATORY IN HEMATOLOGY OF EXOTIC BIRDS. Biosalud, 8, 178–188.Gerlach, H. (1994). Chlamydia. In AVIAN MEDICINE: principles and application (Vol. 22, pp. 202–203). Lake Worth, florida: Wingers publishing, inc. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1047951111001454Girling, S. (2004). Diseases of the digestive tract of psittacine birds. In Practice, 26, 146– 153. https://doi.org/10.1136/inpract.26.3.146González-Hein, G, González, J, y Díaz, MC. (2010). Detección de levaduras en cloaca de dos especies psitácidas nativas en un centro de rehabilitación en Chile. Archivos de medicina veterinaria, 42(2), 105-108. https://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0301- 732X2010000200013González-Hein, G, González, J, y Díaz, MC. (2010). Detección de levaduras en cloaca de dos especies psitácidas nativas en un centro de rehabilitación en Chile. Archivos de medicina veterinaria, 42(2), 105-108. https://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0301- 732X2010000200013Grifols J. y Molina R. (1997) Manual Clínico de Aves Exóticas. España: Grass - Iatros; pp. 62-67.Gunn, A., y Lofstedt, R. (2016). Chlamydiaceae : an update on nomenclature, 2016–2018. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.i4193Guo, W., Li, J., Kaltenboeck, B., Gong, J., Fan, W., y Wang, C. (2016). Chlamydia gallinacea, not C. psittaci , is the endemic chlamydial species in chicken (Gallus gallus ). Nature Publishing Group, 6, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep19638Guzman, D., Diaz, O., Avian, D. A., Tully, T., Ciembor, P., Morgan, T., y Ritchie, B. (2010). Evaluating 21-day Doxycycline and Azithromycin Treatments for Experimental Chlamydophila psittaci Infection in Cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus ). Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 24(1), 35–45. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1647/2009-009Halberstaedter, L., y yon Prowazek, S. Zur Atiologie des Trachoms. Dtsch. Med. Wschr. 33 (1907) 1285-1287.Harcourt-Brown, N., y Chitty, J. (2005). Manual of Psittacine Birds. British Small Animal Veterinary Association, 200–204.Harcourt-brown, N. (2009). Psittacine birds. In T. Tully, G. Dorrestein, & A. Jones (Eds.), Handbook of Avian Medicine (Second Edi, pp. 138–168). Jordan Hill, Oxford: Elsevier Limited. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7020-2874-8.00007-9Harkinezhad, T., Verminnen, K., Buyzere, M. De, Rietzschel, E., Bekaert, S., y Vanrompay, D. (2009a). Prevalence of Chlamydophila psittaci infections in a human population in contact with domestic and companion birds. Journal of Medicine Microbiology, 58, 1207–1212. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.011379-0Harkinezhad, T., Geens, T., y Vanrompay, D. (2009b). Chlamydophila psittaci infections in birds : A review with emphasis on zoonotic consequences. Veterinary Microbiology, 135, 68–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.09.046Herrera, I., Khan, S., Kaleta, E, Müller, H., Dolz, G. y Neumann, U. 2001. Serological status for Chlamydophila psittaci, Newcastle disease virus, avian polyoma virus, and Pacheco disease virus in scarlet macaws (Ara macao) kept in captivity in Costa Rica. J. Vet. Med. B. Infec. Dis. Vet. Public Health 48, 721-726.Hartley J., Stevenson S., Robinson A., Littlewood J., Carder C., Cartledge J., Clark C. y Ridgway G., 2001, Conjunctivitis Due to Chlamydophila felis (Chlamydia psittaci Feline Pneumonitis Agent) Acquired From a Cat: Case Report with Molecular Characterization of Isolates from the Patient and Cat, Journal of Infection, Volume 43, Issue 1, Pages 7-11, ISSN 0163-4453, https://doi.org/10.1053/jinf.2001.0845.Heatley, J. y Russell, K. (2020). Exotic Animals Laboratory Diagnosis. (K. Heatley, Jill, Russell, Ed.) (first edit). Hoboken, USA: Wiley Blackwell.Heddema, E. R., Van Hannen, E. J., Duim, B., De Jongh, B. M., Kaan, J. A., Van Kessel, R.,Vandenbroucke-grauls, C. M. J. E. (2006). An outbreak of psittacosis due to Chlamydophila psittaci genotype A in a veterinary teaching hospital. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 55, 1571–1575. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.46692-0Hedman, J., y Rådström, P. (2013). Overcoming Inhibition in Real-Time Diagnostic PCR. In M. Wilks (Ed.), PCR Detection of Microbial Pathogens (second, pp. 17–47). Springer Science+Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-353-4Herrmann, R., Rahman, R., Bergström, S., Bonnedahl, J., y Olsen, B. (2000). Chlamydophila abortus in a Brown Skua ( Catharacta antarctica lonnbergi ) from a Subantarctic Island. Applied and environmental microbiology, 66(8), 3654–3656. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.8.3654-3656.2000Hoppes, S. (2015). Merk Manual Veterinary Manual. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://www.merckvetmanual.com/exotic-and-laboratory-animals/pet-birds/mycoticdiseases-of-pet-birds#v23358529International Species Information System.(2002). References Ranges for Physiological Data Values. Recuperado de http://www.isis.orgITIS Report. (2013). Psittaciformes. Retrieved fromhttps://www.itis.gov/servlet/Single Rpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=177404&print_version=PRT&source=t o_print#nullJaneczek, f. y gerberman, h., 1988. comparison of the cell culture method and elisa for detection of chlamydia psittaci. f’soc. symp. avian dis., munich, pp. 296-306.Johns, J., Luff, J., Shooshtari, M., Zehnder, A., y Borjesson, D. (2009). What is your diagnosis ? Blood smear from an injured red-tailed hawk. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 38(2), 247–252. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-165X.2008.00091.xJohnston, W., Eidson, M., Smith, K. y Stobierski, M. (2000). Compendium of Measures To Control Chlamydia psittaci Infection Among Humans. Centers for Disease Control & Prevention.Joseph, L. E. O., Toon, A., Schirtzinger, E. E., Wright, T. F., & Schodde, R. (2012). A revised nomenclature and classification for family-group taxa of parrots (Psittaciformes). Magnolia Press Zootaxa, 40, 26–40Kaleta, et. al. (2010). Avian host range of Chlamydophila spp . based on isolation , antigen detection and serology. Avian Patology, 32:5(February 2013), 435–462. https://doi.org/10.1080/03079450310001593613Kalmar, I., Moons, C., Meers, L., y Janssens, G. (2007). Psittacine Birds as Laboratory Animals : Refinements and Assessment of Welfare. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, 46(4), 8–15.Kalmar, I. D., Dicxk, V., Dossche, L., y Vanrompay, D. (2014). Zoonotic infection with Chlamydia psittaci at an avian refuge centre. The Veterinary Journal, 199(2), 300–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.10.034Knittler, M., Berndt, A., Böcker, S., Dutow, P., Hänel, F., Heuer, D. y Sachse, K. (2014). Chlamydia psittaci : New insights into genomic diversity , clinical pathology, host – pathogen interaction and anti-bacterial immunity. International Journal of Medical Microbiology, 304(7), 877–893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.06.010Knittler, M., y Sachse, K. (2015). Chlamydia psittaci: update on an underestimated zoonotic agent. FEMS Pathogens and Disease, 73(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1093/femspd/ftu007Koski, M. (2002). Dermatologic Diseases in Psittacine Birds : An Investigational Approach. Semi, 11(3), 105–124. https://doi.org/10.1053/saep.Krawiec, M., Piasecki, T., y Wieliczko, A. (2015). Prevalence of Chlamydia psittaci and Other Chlamydia Species in Wild Birds in Poland. Vector-borne and zoonotic diseases, 15(11), 652–655. https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2015.1814Laroucau, K., Vorimore, F., Aaziz, R., Solmonson, L., Hsia, R., Bavoil, P. M., y Sachse, K. (2019). Chlamydia buteonis, a new Chlamydia species isolated from a red-shouldered hawk. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 42, 2–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.syapm.2019.06.002Lanzarot, P., y Rodríguez, C. (2017). ENFERMEDADES MÁS FRECUENTES EN AVES DOMÉSTICAS . ABORDAJE TERAPÉUTICO. Dialnet, 41(402), 1–16. Retrieved from https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6003933Leybón, J., Hernandez, E., Arch, E., y Rodríguez, A. (2008). Propuesta de un sistema de registro a distancia de la frecuencia cardiorrespiratoria en aves. Revista Mexicana de Ingenieria Biomedica, 29(1), 41–47. Retrieved from https://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/inge/ib-2008/ib081g.pdfLongbottom, D., y Coulter, L. J. (2003). Animal Chlamydioses and Zoonotic Implications. Elservier Science, 128, 217–244. https://doi.org/10.1053/jcpa.2002.0629Luescher, A. (2006). Manual of Parrot Behavior. (A. Luescher, Ed.) (first edit). Ames Iowa: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.Luescher, A. (2006). Manual of Parrot Behavior. (A. Luescher, Ed.) (first edit). Ames Iowa: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.Martínez M. (2001). Diagnóstico microbiológico de Chlamydia trachomatis: Estado actual de un problema. Revista chilena de infectología, 18(4), 275-284. https://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0716-10182001000400006Mattiello, R. (1995) Anatomofisiologia aviar practica.. [26 pantallas]. Disponible en URL: http://documents.mx/documents/00010547.html (09/06/2020)Mayer, J., y Donnelly, T. (2013). Clinical Veterinary Advisor. Birds and Exotics Pets. (D. T. Mayer, Jörg, Ed.), Elservier science (1st ed., Vol. 151). United States of America: Elservier Saunders. https://doi.org/10.1145/3132847.3132886Meyer, K. y Eddie, B. 1953. Characteristics of a psittacosis viral agentisolated frm a turkey. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med83;99-101.Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible, (2012). Estrategia Nacional para la Prevención y control del tráfico ilegal de especies silvestres: Diagnóstico y Plan de Acción ajustado. República de Coombia.Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible. Resolución 1912 de 2017 (2017). Republica de Colombia. Retrieved from https://medioambiente.uexternado.edu.co/wpcontent/uploads/sites/19/2017/11/Resolución-1912-de-2017.pdfMinistry of Health and Long-Term Care. (2019). Management of Avian Chlamydiosis in Birds Guideline. Retrieved from https://www.rcdhu.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Mgmt-of-Avian-Chlamydiosis-Guideline_2019.pdfMonsalve, S., Miranda, J., y Mattar, S. (2011). Primera evidencia de circulación de Chlamydophila psittaci en Colombia: posible riesgo de salud pública. Revista de Salud Pública, 13(2), 314–326. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0124-00642011000200013Montesinos, A. (1995). Rinolitos en psitácidas: 11 casos clínicos. Clinica Veterinaria de Pequeños Animaes, 15(1), 111–124.Morales, C., Murillo, R., & Manrique, J. (2013). PERDIDA DE PLUMAS EN LOROS REALES (AMAZONA OCHROCEPHALA ) EN EL NÚCLEO DE REUBICACIÓN VILLA CISTINA , VEREDA A PIAY - VILLAVICENCIO. UN ABORDAJE CLINICO. Asociación de Veterinarios de Vida Silvestre, 9(2), 31–39Morange A. De Ia psittocose ou infection speciale determinee par des parruches, Paris: 1895.As cited in: Index-catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon-General's Office, United States Army. 2nd series. VolXI. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1906:78Morrisey, J. (1999). Gastrointestinal Diseases of Psittacine Birds. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine, 8(2), 66–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1055-937X(99)80038-3Moroney, J. F., Guevara, R., Iverson, C., Chen, F. M., Skelton, S. K., Messmer, T. O., Butler, J. C. (1998). Detection of Chlamydiosis in a Shipment of Pet Birds , Leading to Recognition of an Outbreak of Clinically Mild Psittacosis in Humans. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 26(6), 1425–1429. Retrieved from https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/26/6/14 25/400284Moulder, J. (1966). Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. Annual Review of Microbiology, 20, 107–130. Retrieved from doi:10.1146/annurev.mi.20.100166.000543OIE. (2018). Clamidiosis aviar. Retrieved from https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/esp/Health_standards/tahm/3.03.01_Clamidiosis_avi ar.pdfOriglia, J., Cadario, M., Frutos, M., Lopez, N., Corva, S., Unzaga, M. y Petruccelli, M. (2018). Detection and molecular characterization of Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia abortus in psittacine pet birds in Buenos Aires province. Revista Argentina de Microbiología, (xx), 6–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ram.2018.04.003Origlia, J., (mayo del 2020). Actualización en clamidiosis aviar. Conferencia virtual grupo Silvetstre. Conferencia llevada acabo en Argentina.. Origlia, J., (mayo del 2020). Actualización en clamidiosis aviar. Conferencia virtual grupo Silvetstre. Conferencia llevada acabo en Argentina.Page L.A. (1959). - Experimental ornithosis in turkeys. Avian Dis., 3, 51-66.Page L. (1966). Revision of the family chlamydiaceae rake (ricicettsiales): unification of the psittacosislymphogranuloma venereum-trachoma group of organisms in the genus chlamydia jones, rake and stearns, 1945'. international journal of systematic bacteriology, 16:2, pp. 223-252. 2020, febrero 15, De Microbiology Society Base de datos.Page L.. (1968). Proposal for the recognition of two species in the genus Chlamydia Jones, Rake, and Stearns, 1945'. International journal of systematic bacteriology, 18:1, pp. 51-66. 2020, febrero 15, De Microbiology Society Base de datos.Palacio, Rubén. 2012a. Lora Común (Amazona ochrocephala). Wiki Aves Colombia. (R. Johnston, Editor). Universidad ICESI. Cali. Colombia.http://www.ices i.edu.co/wiki_aves_colombia/tiki-index.php?page_ref_id= 1505Palacio, Rubén. 2012b. Lora Real (Amazona farinosa). Wiki Aves Colombia. (R. Johnston, Editor). Universidad ICESI. Cali. Colombia. http://www.icesi.edu.co ./wiki_aves_colombia/tiki-index.php?page_re fid=1520Palacio, Rubén. 2012c. Cotorra Pechiblanca (Pionites melanocephalus). Wiki Aves Colombia. (R. Johnston, Editor). Universidad ICESI. Cali. Colombia.http://www.icesi.edu .co./wiki_aves_colombia/tiki-index.php?page_ref_id= 1518Pantchev, A., Sting, R., Bauerfeind, R., Tyczka, J., y Sachse, K. (2009). New realtime PCR tests for species-specific detection of Chlamydophila psittaci and Chlamydophila abortus from tissue samples. The Veterinary Journal, 181(2), 145–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.02.025Piasecki, T., Chrząstek, K., y Wieliczko, A. (2012). Detection and identification of Chlamydophila psittaci in asymptomatic parrots in Poland. BMC veterinary research, 8, 233. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-6148-8-233Pilny, A. A., Quesenberry, K. E., Bartick-sedrish, T. E., Latimer, K. S., y Berghaus, R. D. (2012). Evaluation of Chlamydophila psittaci infection and other risk factor for atherosclerosis in pet psittacine birds. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 240(12), 1474–1480.Pinkerton, H. y Swank, R. (1940). Recovery of Virus Morphologically Identical with Psittacosis from Thiamin-Deficient Pigeons. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 45(2), 704–706. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-45-11805Pinto, K., Villalobos, F., Fischer, C., Barrientos, C., González-acuña, D., y Troncoso, I. (2018). Detección serológica de Chlamydophila psittaci en psitácidos en cautiverio de la Región del Biobío , Chile, 29(3), 950–956.Prohl, A., Lohr, M., Ostermann, C., Liebler-tenorio, E., Berndt, A., Schroedl, W., y Reinhold, P. (2015). Enrofloxacin and Macrolides Alone or in Combination with Rifampicin as Antimicrobial Treatment in a Bovine Model of Acute Chlamydia psittaci Infection. PLoS ONE, 10(3), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119736Prukner-radovcic, E., Horvatek, D., Grozdanic, I. C., y Mazija, H. (2005). Epidemiological investigation of Chlamydophila psittaci in pigeons and free- living birds in Croatia Epidemiological Investigation of Chlamydophila psittaci in Pigeons and Freeliving Birds in Croatia. Veterinary Research Communications, 29(suppl. 1), 17–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-005-0083-4Pulgarin, P. (2017). Dinámicas de los loros en cautiverio en Colombia : tráfico, mortalidad y liberación. Ornitologia Colombiana, 16, 1–24. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323831433%0ADinámicasR foundation for statistical computing RC Team (2013).Vienna, Austria.Raso, T., Nery, S., Milanelo, L., Igayara, C., Reiko, E., Pessoa, J., Pinto, A. (2004). An Outbreak of Chlamydiosis in Captive Blue-Fronted Amazon Parrots ( Amazona aestiva ) in Brazil an Outbreak of Chlamydiosis in Captive Blue-Fronted. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife, 35(1), 94–96. Retrieved from http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1638/02-090Raso, T., Fernandes, G., Robaldo, N., y Pinto, A. (2006). Chlamydophila psittaci in free-living Blue-fronted Amazon parrots ( Amazona aestiva ) and Hyacinth macaws (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso do Sul , Brazil. Veterinary Microbiology, 117, 235–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.06.025Raso, T., Friciello, R., Oliveira, A., Araújo, J., y Pinto, A. (2013). Chlamydophila psittaci Infections in Hyacinth Macaws (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) Confiscated in Brazil. Journal Of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 44(1), 169–172. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/1042-7260-44.1.169Raso, T., Júnior, Â., y Aramis, P. (2002). Evidence Of Chlamydophila psittaci InfectioniIn Captive Amazon Parrots In Brazil. American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, 33(2), 118–121. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/1042- 7260(2002)033[0118:EOCPII]2.0.CO; 2Ritchie, B., Harrison, G. y Harrison, L. (1994). AVIAN MEDICINE: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATION. Lake Worth, Florida: Wingers Publishing, Inc.Ritter J. Beitrag zur Frage des Pneumotyphus (Eine Hausepidemie in Uster [Schweiz] betreffend.) Deutsches Archiv Fur Klinische Medizin (Munich) 1880;25:53-96Roca, B. (2007). Infecciones por clamidias. Anales de medicina interna, 24(6), 292–299.Rodriguez-Leo, J., Hernández, V., Abou Orm, S., Diaz, Y., Camacho, D., Naillet, A., y Useche, E. (2017). Chlamydia psittaci en aves psitacidas en dos parques zoológicos de venezuela. Acta Biológica Colombiana, 22(3), 394–397. https://doi.org/10.15446/abc.v22n3.64742Romagnano, A. (1999). Examination and preventive medicine protocols in psittacines. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Exotic Animal Practice, 2(2), 333– 355. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1094-9194(17)30127-5Rosskopf, W., y Woerpel, R. (1996). Physical Examination of the Avian Patient. In W. Rosskopf & R. Woerpel (Eds.), Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds (third edit, pp. 245– 248). Baltimore, Maryland: Williams & WilinsRubiano, L. 2010. Guacamaya Cariseca (Ara severus). Wiki Aves Colombia. (R. Johnston, Editor). Universidad ICESI. Cali. Colombia.http://www.icesi.edu.co/w iki_aves_colombia/tiki-index.php?page_ref_id= 1529Ruiz, A. (2020). Prevalencia De Chlamydia Psittaci En Aves Psitácidas En El Centro De Recepción De Fauna Temporal Del Convenio De Asociación N° 131 Idpyba – U.D.C.A. Universidad De Ciencias Aplicadas Y Ambientales U.D.C.A.Sachse, K., Bavoil, P., Kaltenboeck, B., Stephens, R., Kuo, C., Rosselló-móra, R., y Horn, M. (2015a). Emendation of the family Chlamydiaceae: proposal of a single genus, Chlamydia, to include all currently recognized species. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.syapm.2014.12.004Sachse, K., Kuehlewind, S., Ruettger, A., Schubert, E., y Rohde, G. (2012). More than classical Chlamydia psittaci in urban pigeons. Veterinary Microbiology, 157(3–4), 476–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.01.002Sachse, K., Laroucau, K., Hotzel, H., Schubert, E., Ehricht, R., y Slickers, P. (2008). Genotyping of Chlamydophila psittaci using a new DNA microarray assay based on sequence analysis of omp A genes. BMC Microbioogy, 8(63), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-8-63Sachse, K., Laroucau, K., Riege, K., Wehner, S., Dilcher, M., Huot, H., y Marz, M. (2014). Evidence for the existence of two new members of the family Chlamydiaceae and proposal of Chlamydia avium sp . nov . and Chlamydia gallinacea sp. nov. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 37(2), 79–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.syapm.2013.12.004Sachse, K., Laroucau, K., y Vanrompay, D. (2015b). Avian Chlamydiosis. Springer, 2, 10–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40588-014-0010-ySantos, F., Leal, D. C., Raso, T. F., Souza, B. M. P. S., Cunha, R. M., Martinez, V. H. R., y Franke, C. R. (2014). Risk factors associated with Chlamydia psittaci infection in psittacine birds. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 63, 458–463. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.060632-0Schettler, E., Fickel, J., Hotzel, H., Sachse, K., Streich, W. J., Wittstatt, U., y Frandölich, K. (2003). NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS AND CHLAMYDIA PSITTACI IN FREE-LIVING RAPTORS FROM EASTERN GERMANY FREE-LIVING RAPTORS FROM EASTERN GERMANY. Wildlife Disease Association, 39(1), 57–63. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-39.1.57Schwartz, J. C., y Fraser, W. (1982). Chlamydia psittaci infection in companion birds examined in Florida. Avian diseases, 26(1), 211–213.Shade, R. (2004). The practical Pionus. Volumen 1: Pet Pionus parrots. Pennsylvania: Mindo press LLC.Siegel, H. (1980). Physiological stress in Birds. Oxford Journals, 30(8), 529–534. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1307973 .Smith, et. al. (2010). Compendium of Measures To Control Chlamydophila psittaci Infection Among Humans ( Psittacosis ) and Pet Birds ( Avian Chlamydiosis ), 2010 Compendium of Measures To Control Chlamydophila psittaci Infection Among Humans ( Psittacosis ) and Pet Birds. National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians.Song, J. W., & Chung, K. C. (2010). Observational studies: cohort and case-control studies. Plastic and reconstructive surgery, 126(6), 2234–2242. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181f44abcSoto, C., y Bert, E. (2010). Valoraciones clínicas de los problemas respiratorios en las aves ornamentales - Clinical evaluations of the respiratory problems in ornamental birds. Revista Electronica de Veterinaria, 11(11B).Speer, B. (2016). Current Therapy in Avian Medicine and Surg. (B. Speer, Ed.), Current Therapy In Avian Medicine And Surgery (first edit). St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier Inc.Spenser, E. L. (1991). Common Infectious Diseases of Psittacine Birds Seen in Practice. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 21(6), 1213–1230. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0195-5616(91)50133-9Staub, E., Marti, H., Biondi, R., Levi, A., Donati, M., Ann, C. y Borel, N. (2018). Novel Chlamydia species isolated from snakes are temperature- sensitive and exhibit decreased susceptibility to azithromycin. Scientific Reports, 8(5660), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-23897-zStewardson, A. J., y Grayson, L. (2010). Psittacosis. Elservier Science, 24, 7–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2009.10.003Taylor-brown, A., Bachmann, N., Borel, N., y Polkinghorne, A. (2016). Cultureindependent genomic characterisation of Candidatus Chlamydia sanzinia , a novel uncultivated bacterium infecting snakes. BMC Genomics, 17(710), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-016-3055-xTaylor-brown, A., Spang, L., Borel, N., y Polkinghorne, A. (2017). Cultureindependent metagenomics supports discovery of uncultivable bacteria within the genus Chlamydia. Scientific Reports, 7(10661), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-10757-The Center for Food Security and Public Health. (2017). Clamidiosis Aviar, http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/psittacosis.pdfTsai, S. S., Park, J. H., Hirai, K., y Itakura, C. (1992). Aspergillosis and candidiasis in psittacine and passeriforme birds with particular reference to nasal lesions. Taylor & Francis, 21(4), 699–709. https://doi.org/10.1080/03079459208418892University of Georgia, (2007). Confernce UGA.pdf. Georgia: College of veterinary medicine, University of Georgia. Retrieved from http://vet.uga.edu/ivcvm/courses/afip/conf07/wsc12/c01.htmVan Buuren, C., Dorrestein, G., y van Dijk,J.. (1994). Chlamydia psittaci infections in birds: A review on the pathogenesis and histopathological features. Veterinary Quarterly, 16(1), 38–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/01652176.1994.9694414Vande, Y., Versteele, C., Thijs, E., De Spiegeleer, A., Boelens, J., Vanrompay, D., … Vermaelen, K. (2018). An unusual presentation of a case of human psittacosis. Respiratory Medicine Case Reports, 23, 138–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmcr.2018.01.010Vanrompay, D. Ducatelle, R. y Haesebrouck, F., 1991. Diagnosis of avian chlamydiosis: specificity of the modified Gimnez staining on smears and comparison of the sensitivity of isolation on smears and comparison of the sensitivity of isolation in eggs and three different cell cultures. J. Vet. Med. B., 39: 105-l 12.Vanrompay, D., Ducatelle, R., y Haesebrouck, F. (1995). Chlamydia psittaci infections : a review with emphasis on avian chlamydiosis. Veterinary Microbiology, 1135(95).Vanrompay, D., y Harkinezhad, T. (2007). Chlamydophila psittaci Transmission from Pet Birds to Humans, 13(7), 7–9Vanrompay, D. (2020). Avian Chlamydiosis. In D. Swayne (Ed.), Disease of poultry (Fourteenth, pp. 1086–1107). John Wilry & Sons, Inc.Van Zeeland, Y., y Schoemaker, N. (2014a). Plumage disorders in psittacine birds - part 1 : feather abnormalities. FECAVA, 24(1), 34–47.Van Zeeland, Y., y Schoemaker, N. (2014b). Plumage disorders in psittacine birds - part 2 : feather damaging behaviour. EJCAP, 24(2), 24–36.Vorimore, F., Hsia, R., Huot-creasy, H., Bastian, S., Deruyter, L., Passet, A. y Laroucau, K. (2014). Isolation of a New Chlamydia species from the Feral Sacred Ibis (Threskiornis aethiopicus): Chlamydia ibidis. PLoS ONE, 8(9), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0074823Wannaratana, S., Thontiravong, A., y Amonsin, A., Pakpinyo, S. (2017). Persistence of Chlamydia psittaci in Various Temperatures and Times Persistence of Chlamydia psittaci in Various Temperatures and Times. Avian Disease, 61(1), 40–45. Retrieved from http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1637/11475-072216-Reg%0ABioOneWilson, I. (1997). Inhibition and Facilitation of Nucleic Acid Amplification. Applied And Environmental Microbiology, 63(10), 3741–3751. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC168683/pdf/633741.pdfYung, A.P. y Grayson, M.L. (1988), Psittacosis — a review of 135 cases. Medical Journal of Australia, 148: 228-233. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1988.tb99430.xAgriculturaFaculta de Ciencias AgropecuariasBogotá : Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales, 2021Medicina VeterinariaPublicationORIGINALTESIS FINAL NORELA MOLANO AYALA.pdfTESIS FINAL NORELA MOLANO AYALA.pdfapplication/pdf4558465https://repository.udca.edu.co/bitstreams/95ba98b6-f141-49e7-a697-9b1a2337ccbb/download0668b45e487dc0286a2c03aa8fd0522fMD51DOCUMENTO NORELA.pdfDOCUMENTO NORELA.pdfapplication/pdf74221https://repository.udca.edu.co/bitstreams/f532828f-888b-454b-aced-980c7f2fbb4b/download2c52b2bc662bdee468102dbac39a7eaaMD52autorización NMA 2.pdfautorización NMA 2.pdfapplication/pdf1398045https://repository.udca.edu.co/bitstreams/9afbbc93-7b37-40e0-aa98-700499f15efe/download6bcaa204111032269cfa57348d01d42fMD53LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-814775https://repository.udca.edu.co/bitstreams/d71e98c4-10c6-42e5-8983-5cd5dd5f7d40/downloadf661acf14bedbf9f5d13897a0387e751MD54TEXTTESIS FINAL NORELA MOLANO AYALA.pdf.txtTESIS FINAL NORELA MOLANO AYALA.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain297482https://repository.udca.edu.co/bitstreams/4efc3c09-6326-43ba-bab3-15c3c199c519/download1a089ca0a110c1614f2b64f6f73a1d22MD55DOCUMENTO NORELA.pdf.txtDOCUMENTO NORELA.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain2https://repository.udca.edu.co/bitstreams/9a89908e-5321-4d47-a5e5-180f7a3fcbac/downloadd784fa8b6d98d27699781bd9a7cf19f0MD57autorización NMA 2.pdf.txtautorización NMA 2.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain2https://repository.udca.edu.co/bitstreams/3adb668f-4184-4b53-b6cb-3daaefb1e018/downloade1c06d85ae7b8b032bef47e42e4c08f9MD59THUMBNAILTESIS FINAL NORELA MOLANO AYALA.pdf.jpgTESIS FINAL NORELA MOLANO AYALA.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg3148https://repository.udca.edu.co/bitstreams/83bcc5f7-1397-4bc0-9577-167d176f923b/download808662ccfb41763860a9ea735bf2a73fMD56DOCUMENTO NORELA.pdf.jpgDOCUMENTO NORELA.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg5246https://repository.udca.edu.co/bitstreams/c9585089-5940-47c6-91df-fa648a26b7de/downloadc1f199ebbcc5850bb372583f0f7c37e3MD58autorización NMA 2.pdf.jpgautorización NMA 2.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg6534https://repository.udca.edu.co/bitstreams/15c46940-d428-489f-9baa-41f36173c74b/downloadf36f2d7a3b85d17be8cc5ff7f23dd7e1MD51011158/3808oai:repository.udca.edu.co:11158/38082024-05-09 14:29:52.588https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/legalcode.esopen.accesshttps://repository.udca.edu.coRepositorio - Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales UDCA.bdigital@metabiblioteca.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