Enterobacteria (Enterobactereacea) isolated from synanthropic flies (Díptera, Calyptratae) in Medellín, Colombia.
Enterobacteria (Enterobacteriaceae) causing enteric diseases can be carried and dispersed through insects that act as mechanical vectors, especially flies (Insecta: Diptera). In this study, enterobacteria associated with synanthropic flies were isolated and identified; four different urban areas in...
- Autores:
-
Cadavid Sánchez, Isabel Cristina
Amat García, Eduardo Carlo
Gómez Piñerez, Luz Miryam
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of investigation
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2015
- Institución:
- Tecnológico de Antioquia
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio Tdea
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:dspace.tdea.edu.co:tdea/1198
- Acceso en línea:
- https://dspace.tdea.edu.co/handle/tdea/1198
- Palabra clave:
- Bacteria
Bacterias
Risk Index
Índice de riesgo
Diarrheal diseases
Mechanical vector
Enfermedades diarreicas
Vector mecánico
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
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Enterobacteria (Enterobactereacea) isolated from synanthropic flies (Díptera, Calyptratae) in Medellín, Colombia. |
| dc.title.alternative.none.fl_str_mv |
Enterobacterias aisladas de moscas sinantrópicas (Diptera, Calyptratae) en Medellín, Colombia |
| title |
Enterobacteria (Enterobactereacea) isolated from synanthropic flies (Díptera, Calyptratae) in Medellín, Colombia. |
| spellingShingle |
Enterobacteria (Enterobactereacea) isolated from synanthropic flies (Díptera, Calyptratae) in Medellín, Colombia. Bacteria Bacterias Risk Index Índice de riesgo Diarrheal diseases Mechanical vector Enfermedades diarreicas Vector mecánico |
| title_short |
Enterobacteria (Enterobactereacea) isolated from synanthropic flies (Díptera, Calyptratae) in Medellín, Colombia. |
| title_full |
Enterobacteria (Enterobactereacea) isolated from synanthropic flies (Díptera, Calyptratae) in Medellín, Colombia. |
| title_fullStr |
Enterobacteria (Enterobactereacea) isolated from synanthropic flies (Díptera, Calyptratae) in Medellín, Colombia. |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Enterobacteria (Enterobactereacea) isolated from synanthropic flies (Díptera, Calyptratae) in Medellín, Colombia. |
| title_sort |
Enterobacteria (Enterobactereacea) isolated from synanthropic flies (Díptera, Calyptratae) in Medellín, Colombia. |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Cadavid Sánchez, Isabel Cristina Amat García, Eduardo Carlo Gómez Piñerez, Luz Miryam |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Cadavid Sánchez, Isabel Cristina Amat García, Eduardo Carlo Gómez Piñerez, Luz Miryam |
| dc.subject.decs.none.fl_str_mv |
Bacteria Bacterias Risk Index Índice de riesgo |
| topic |
Bacteria Bacterias Risk Index Índice de riesgo Diarrheal diseases Mechanical vector Enfermedades diarreicas Vector mecánico |
| dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Diarrheal diseases Mechanical vector Enfermedades diarreicas Vector mecánico |
| description |
Enterobacteria (Enterobacteriaceae) causing enteric diseases can be carried and dispersed through insects that act as mechanical vectors, especially flies (Insecta: Diptera). In this study, enterobacteria associated with synanthropic flies were isolated and identified; four different urban areas in the municipality of Medellín were surveyed. Thirteen taxa of calyptrate flies belonging to four families were identified and classified according to the Mechanical Vector Risk Index (MVRI) value, which is proposed in this study. Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794), Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann, 1819), Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann, 1819), and Musca domestica Linnaeus, 1758 are of high risk; Fannia sp., Atherigona orientalis Schiner, 1868, and Ophyra aenescens (Wiedemann, 1830) of moderate risk; remaining species were classified as low or no risk. Escherichia coli was the most frequent bacterium according to the number of isolations (32%), followed by Klebsiella oxytoca (12%), Pasteurella pneumotropica (11%), and Kluyvera spp. (8%). Raoultella ornithinolitica, Stenotrophomponas maltophilia, and Chryseobacterium menigosepticum were isolated for the first time from flies. Finally, 22 new records of bacteria associated with eight fly species are documented. These results allow us to foresee the existence of a generalist pattern in the interaction between flies and bacteria and indicate that synanthropic flies have a quantifiable potential as vectors of infectious diseases according to the index proposed. |
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2015 |
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2015 |
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2021-04-29T13:06:42Z |
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2021-04-29T13:06:42Z |
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Artículo de revista |
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http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
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Text |
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eng |
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eng |
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37 |
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Caldasia |
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Caldasia. 37(2), 319-332, 2015 |
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application/pdf |
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Medellín, Colombia |
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Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Facultad de Ciencias. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales |
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Bogotá, Colombia |
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http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/caldasia.v37n2.53594 |
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Cadavid Sánchez, Isabel Cristinac589460d-e833-4ada-a76d-4ebfefb43d02Amat García, Eduardo Carlo5812d059-3140-4b5a-a528-c1f545c2e71eGómez Piñerez, Luz Miryam61b0a2ae-56c9-4598-83ad-69018c9163d42021-04-29T13:06:42Z2021-04-29T13:06:42Z20150366-5232https://dspace.tdea.edu.co/handle/tdea/1198Enterobacteria (Enterobacteriaceae) causing enteric diseases can be carried and dispersed through insects that act as mechanical vectors, especially flies (Insecta: Diptera). In this study, enterobacteria associated with synanthropic flies were isolated and identified; four different urban areas in the municipality of Medellín were surveyed. Thirteen taxa of calyptrate flies belonging to four families were identified and classified according to the Mechanical Vector Risk Index (MVRI) value, which is proposed in this study. Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794), Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann, 1819), Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann, 1819), and Musca domestica Linnaeus, 1758 are of high risk; Fannia sp., Atherigona orientalis Schiner, 1868, and Ophyra aenescens (Wiedemann, 1830) of moderate risk; remaining species were classified as low or no risk. Escherichia coli was the most frequent bacterium according to the number of isolations (32%), followed by Klebsiella oxytoca (12%), Pasteurella pneumotropica (11%), and Kluyvera spp. (8%). Raoultella ornithinolitica, Stenotrophomponas maltophilia, and Chryseobacterium menigosepticum were isolated for the first time from flies. Finally, 22 new records of bacteria associated with eight fly species are documented. These results allow us to foresee the existence of a generalist pattern in the interaction between flies and bacteria and indicate that synanthropic flies have a quantifiable potential as vectors of infectious diseases according to the index proposed.Las enterobacterias (Enterobacteriaceae) causan enfermedades entéricas. Este tipo de bacterias se pueden transportar y dispersar a través de insectos que actúan como vectores mecánicos, como las moscas (Insecta: Diptera). En este estudio, se aislaron e identificaron enterobacterias asociadas a moscas sinantrópicas, las cuales se recolectaron en cuatro áreas de diferente uso urbano en el municipio de Medellín. Se identificaron 13 taxones de moscas calipteradas pertenecientes a cuatro familias y se categorizaron según el valor del Índice de Riesgo como Vector Mecánico (IRVM) - propuesto en este estudio -. Las especies Chrysomya megacephala, Lucilia cuprina, Chrysomya albiceps y Musca domestica fueron especies de alto riesgo; Fannia sp., Atherigona orientalis, y Ophyra aenescens de riesgo moderado; y las demás se clasificaron como de bajo o ningún riesgo para transportar patógenos entéricos. Escherichia coli fue la bacteria más frecuente en los aislamientos (32%), seguida por Klebsiella oxytoca (12%), Pasteurella pneumotropica (11%) y Kluyvera spp. (8%). Raoultella ornithinolitica, Stenotrophomponas maltophilia y Chryseobacterium menigosepticum, se aislaron por primera vez asociadas a moscas. Finalmente, se hacen 22 nuevos registros de bacterias asociadas a ocho especies de moscas. Los resultados permiten evidenciar un alto grado de generalismo en la interacción entre moscas y bacterias y que las moscas sinantrópicas tienen un determinado grado potencial como vectores de enfermedades infecciosas de acuerdo con el índice propuestoapplication/pdfengUniversidad Nacional de Colombia. Facultad de Ciencias. Instituto de Ciencias NaturalesBogotá, Colombiahttp://dx.doi.org/10.15446/caldasia.v37n2.53594Enterobacteria (Enterobactereacea) isolated from synanthropic flies (Díptera, Calyptratae) in Medellín, Colombia.Enterobacterias aisladas de moscas sinantrópicas (Diptera, Calyptratae) en Medellín, ColombiaArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Medellín, Colombia332231937CaldasiaCaldasia. 37(2), 319-332, 2015info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2BacteriaBacteriasRisk IndexÍndice de riesgoDiarrheal diseasesMechanical vectorEnfermedades diarreicasVector mecánicoAmat, E., Vélez, C. and Wolff, M. 2008. Illustrated key for identification to genera and species of blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) of Colombia. Caldasia 30: 231-244.Amat, E. 2010. Notes on necrophagous flies (Diptera: Caliptrate) associated to fish carrion in Colombian Amazon. Acta Amazonica 40: 397-400.Baumgartner, D.L. and Greenberg, B. 1985. Distribution and medical ecology of the blow flies. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 78: 565-587.Bellier, C., Bert, F., Durand, F., Retout, S., Belghiti, J., Mentré, F. and Fantin, B. 2008. Risk factors for Enterobacteriaceae bacteremia after liver transplantation. Transplant International 21: 755-763.Boschi-Pinto, C., Velebit L., and Shibuya, K. .2008. Estimating child mortality due to diarrhoea in developing countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 86 (9): 710-717.Buck, M., Woodley, N.E., Borkent, A., Wood, D.M., Pape, T., Vockeroth, Michelsen, J. R.V. and Marshall, S. 2009. Key to dipteral families-Adults. In: Brown, B.V., Borkent, A., Cumming, J. M., Wood, D.M., Woodley, N.E. and Zumbado, M.A (Eds.). Manual of central American Diptera: 95-155. NCR Research press., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.Buenaventura, E., Camacho, G., García, A. and Wolff, M. 2009. Sarcophagidae (Diptera) de importancia forense en Colombia: claves taxonómicas, notas sobre su biología y distribución. Revista Colombiana de Entomología 35: 189-196.Bunchu, N. 2012. Blow fly (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Thailand: distribution, morphological identification and medical importance appraisals. International Journal of Parasitology Research 4: 57-64.Chavasse, D.C., Shier, R.P., Murphy, O.A., Huttly, S.R., Cousens, S.N. and Akhtar, T. 1999. Impact of fly control on childhood diarrhoea in Pakistan: community- randomized trial. Lancet 353: 22-25.Chillcott, J. G. 1961. A revision of the Neartic species of Fanniinae (Diptera: Muscidae). Canadian Entomology 92: 1-295.Fetene, T. and Worku, N. 2009. Public health importance of non-biting cyclorrhaphan flies. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 103: 187-191.Gouveia, C., Asensi, M. 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The life-history and bionomics of Chrysomyia megacephala (Fab.) 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 incorporada en las Obras Colectivas.

b.	Distribuir copias o fonogramas de las Obras, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública, incluyéndolas como incorporadas en Obras Colectivas, según corresponda.

c.	Distribuir copias de las Obras Derivadas que se generen, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública.
Los derechos mencionados anteriormente pueden ser ejercidos en todos los medios y formatos, actualmente conocidos o que se inventen en el futuro. Los derechos antes mencionados incluyen el derecho a realizar dichas modificaciones en la medida que sean técnicamente necesarias para ejercer los derechos en otro medio o formatos, pero de otra manera usted no está autorizado para realizar obras derivadas. Todos los derechos no otorgados expresamente por el Licenciante quedan por este medio reservados, incluyendo pero sin limitarse a aquellos que se mencionan en las secciones 4(d) y 4(e).

4. Restricciones.
La licencia otorgada en la anterior Sección 3 está expresamente sujeta y limitada por las siguientes restricciones:

a.	Usted puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra sólo bajo las condiciones de esta Licencia, y Usted debe incluir una copia de esta licencia o del Identificador Universal de Recursos de la misma con cada copia de la Obra que distribuya, exhiba públicamente, ejecute públicamente o ponga a disposición pública. No es posible ofrecer o imponer ninguna condición sobre la Obra que altere o limite las condiciones de esta Licencia o el ejercicio de los derechos de los destinatarios otorgados en este documento. No es posible sublicenciar la Obra. Usted debe mantener intactos todos los avisos que hagan referencia a esta Licencia y a la cláusula de limitación de garantías. Usted no puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra con alguna medida tecnológica que controle el acceso o la utilización de ella de una forma que sea inconsistente con las condiciones de esta Licencia. Lo anterior se aplica a la Obra incorporada a una Obra Colectiva, pero esto no exige que la Obra Colectiva aparte de la obra misma quede sujeta a las condiciones de esta Licencia. Si Usted crea una Obra Colectiva, previo aviso de cualquier Licenciante debe, en la medida de lo posible, eliminar de la Obra Colectiva cualquier referencia a dicho Licenciante o al Autor Original, según lo solicitado por el Licenciante y conforme lo exige la cláusula 4(c).

b.	Usted no puede ejercer ninguno de los derechos que le han sido otorgados en la Sección 3 precedente de modo que estén principalmente destinados o directamente dirigidos a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada. El intercambio de la Obra por otras obras protegidas por derechos de autor, ya sea a través de un sistema para compartir archivos digitales (digital file-sharing) o de cualquier otra manera no será considerado como estar destinado principalmente o dirigido directamente a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada, siempre que no se realice un pago mediante una compensación monetaria en relación con el intercambio de obras protegidas por el derecho de autor.

c.	Si usted distribuye, exhibe públicamente, ejecuta públicamente o ejecuta públicamente en forma digital la Obra o cualquier Obra Derivada u Obra Colectiva, Usted debe mantener intacta toda la información de derecho de autor de la Obra y proporcionar, de forma razonable según el medio o manera que Usted esté utilizando: (i) el nombre del Autor Original si está provisto (o seudónimo, si fuere aplicable), y/o (ii) el nombre de la parte o las partes que el Autor Original y/o el Licenciante hubieren designado para la atribución (v.g., un instituto patrocinador, editorial, publicación) en la información de los derechos de autor del Licenciante, términos de servicios o de otras formas razonables; el título de la Obra si está provisto; en la medida de lo razonablemente factible y, si está provisto, el Identificador Uniforme de Recursos (Uniform Resource Identifier) que el Licenciante especifica para ser asociado con la Obra, salvo que tal URI no se refiera a la nota sobre los derechos de autor o a la información sobre el licenciamiento de la Obra; y en el caso de una Obra Derivada, atribuir el crédito identificando el uso de la Obra en la Obra Derivada (v.g., "Traducción Francesa de la Obra del Autor Original," o "Guión Cinematográfico basado en la Obra original del Autor Original"). Tal crédito puede ser implementado de cualquier forma razonable; en el caso, sin embargo, de Obras Derivadas u Obras Colectivas, tal crédito aparecerá, como mínimo, donde aparece el crédito de cualquier otro autor comparable y de una manera, al menos, tan destacada como el crédito de otro autor comparable.

d.	Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra es una composición musical:

i.	Regalías por interpretación y ejecución bajo licencias generales. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública o la ejecución pública digital de la obra y de recolectar, sea individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), las regalías por la ejecución pública o por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo Webcast) licenciada bajo licencias generales, si la interpretación o ejecución de la obra está primordialmente orientada por o dirigida a la obtención de una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

ii.	Regalías por Fonogramas. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, los consagrados por la SAYCO), una agencia de derechos musicales o algún agente designado, las regalías por cualquier fonograma que Usted cree a partir de la obra (“versión cover”) y distribuya, en los términos del régimen de derechos de autor, si la creación o distribución de esa versión cover está primordialmente destinada o dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

e.	Gestión de Derechos de Autor sobre Interpretaciones y Ejecuciones Digitales (WebCasting). Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra sea un fonograma, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast) y de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, ACINPRO), las regalías por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast), sujeta a las disposiciones aplicables del régimen de Derecho de Autor, si esta ejecución pública digital está primordialmente dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

5. Representaciones, Garantías y Limitaciones de Responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LAS PARTES LO ACORDARAN DE OTRA FORMA POR ESCRITO, EL LICENCIANTE OFRECE LA OBRA (EN EL ESTADO EN EL QUE SE ENCUENTRA) “TAL CUAL”, SIN BRINDAR GARANTÍAS DE CLASE ALGUNA RESPECTO DE LA OBRA, YA SEA EXPRESA, IMPLÍCITA, LEGAL O CUALQUIERA OTRA, INCLUYENDO, SIN LIMITARSE A ELLAS, GARANTÍAS DE TITULARIDAD, COMERCIABILIDAD, ADAPTABILIDAD O ADECUACIÓN A PROPÓSITO DETERMINADO, AUSENCIA DE INFRACCIÓN, DE AUSENCIA DE DEFECTOS LATENTES O DE OTRO TIPO, O LA PRESENCIA O AUSENCIA DE ERRORES, SEAN O NO DESCUBRIBLES (PUEDAN O NO SER ESTOS DESCUBIERTOS). ALGUNAS JURISDICCIONES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE GARANTÍAS IMPLÍCITAS, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

6. Limitación de responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LO EXIJA EXPRESAMENTE LA LEY APLICABLE, EL LICENCIANTE NO SERÁ RESPONSABLE ANTE USTED POR DAÑO ALGUNO, SEA POR RESPONSABILIDAD EXTRACONTRACTUAL, PRECONTRACTUAL O CONTRACTUAL, OBJETIVA O SUBJETIVA, SE TRATE DE DAÑOS MORALES O PATRIMONIALES, DIRECTOS O INDIRECTOS, PREVISTOS O IMPREVISTOS PRODUCIDOS POR EL USO DE ESTA LICENCIA O DE LA OBRA, AUN CUANDO EL LICENCIANTE HAYA SIDO ADVERTIDO DE LA POSIBILIDAD DE DICHOS DAÑOS. ALGUNAS LEYES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE CIERTA RESPONSABILIDAD, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

7. Término.

a.	Esta Licencia y los derechos otorgados en virtud de ella terminarán automáticamente si Usted infringe alguna condición establecida en ella. Sin embargo, los individuos o entidades que han recibido Obras Derivadas o Colectivas de Usted de conformidad con esta Licencia, no verán terminadas sus licencias, siempre que estos individuos o entidades sigan cumpliendo íntegramente las condiciones de estas licencias. Las Secciones 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, y 8 subsistirán a cualquier terminación de esta Licencia.

b.	Sujeta a las condiciones y términos anteriores, la licencia otorgada aquí es perpetua (durante el período de vigencia de los derechos de autor de la obra). No obstante lo anterior, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho a publicar y/o estrenar la Obra bajo condiciones de licencia diferentes o a dejar de distribuirla en los términos de esta Licencia en cualquier momento; en el entendido, sin embargo, que esa elección no servirá para revocar esta licencia o que deba ser otorgada , bajo los términos de esta licencia), y esta licencia continuará en pleno vigor y efecto a menos que sea terminada como se expresa atrás. La Licencia revocada continuará siendo plenamente vigente y efectiva si no se le da término en las condiciones indicadas anteriormente.

8. Varios.

a.	Cada vez que Usted distribuya o ponga a disposición pública la Obra o una Obra Colectiva, el Licenciante ofrecerá al destinatario una licencia en los mismos términos y condiciones que la licencia otorgada a Usted bajo esta Licencia.

b.	Si alguna disposición de esta Licencia resulta invalidada o no exigible, según la legislación vigente, esto no afectará ni la validez ni la aplicabilidad del resto de condiciones de esta Licencia y, sin acción adicional por parte de los sujetos de este acuerdo, aquélla se entenderá reformada lo mínimo necesario para hacer que dicha disposición sea válida y exigible.

c.	Ningún término o disposición de esta Licencia se estimará renunciada y ninguna violación de ella será consentida a menos que esa renuncia o consentimiento sea otorgado por escrito y firmado por la parte que renuncie o consienta.

d.	Esta Licencia refleja el acuerdo pleno entre las partes respecto a la Obra aquí licenciada. No hay arreglos, acuerdos o declaraciones respecto a la Obra que no estén especificados en este documento. El Licenciante no se verá limitado por ninguna disposición adicional que pueda surgir en alguna comunicación emanada de Usted. Esta Licencia no puede ser modificada sin el consentimiento mutuo por escrito del Licenciante y Usted.
 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